Turing Test

In Turing test, the

interrogator need to
communicate and
distinguish which one is
machine and human
Turing Test: Is Machine own
intelligence?
 Proposed by Alan Turing (1950)
 Turing Test: A human communicates with a
computer via a teletype(msg). If the
human can’t tell he is talking to a computer
or another human, it passes.
 Natural language processing
 knowledge representation
 automated reasoning
 machine learning
 Add vision and robotics to get the total
Turing test.
Brief History of AI
2002 •Hybrid technology, Intelligent Agent,
Collaborative Intelligence, Humanoid,
Sociable Machines
•Deep Blue beats human Chess master
1990 •Data Mining, Face Recognition, Decision Support System
•Tutoring System, Fuzzy System, Commercial AI system
1980 •Machine Learning, Speech Recognition
1970 •Machine Vision, Natural Language Processing
•Expert Systems
1951 •Dartmouth Conference - The Birth of AI
•The Turing Test
1940
•Neural Computation
•1st Electronic Comp.
•The Boolean Logic
1832 •The Birth of Analytical Engine
AI Matrix
 Fundamental of AI

Artificial
Intelligence “Understanding of
Human
Mind”
“Augmentation •Cognitive science,
of Human Abilities” developmental psychology,
linguistic, philosophy.
•Engineering, mathematics,
economics, computer science,
operational research.
Augmenting Human Abilities

 To develop intelligent system

that capable to diagnose, to
recognize, to predict, to
reason, …..etc (as human
counterparts)
Car Plate Recognition System
 Example: biometrics, speech
recognition, decision support
system, image recognition,
etc.

Power Transformer Fault

Detection
Courtesy: CAIRO
Understanding Human Mind
 To model how our mind works.
– for better human-machine
interaction, understand
mental related disorder,
coordination.
 E.g: humanoid COG from AI COG: to understand human
Lab MIT, Infanoid from Japan.
social interaction

INFANOID: to understand
infant-adult interaction

Courtesy: CSAIL, MIT

 Characteristics of AI Systems

 Symbolical processing
 Solve problem by symbolic representation, rather
than number
 Heuristics
 Short-cut, rules of thumb, reduce the problem scope
 Making conclusion & inference
 Explaining,  from experience (data..data..data)
 Non-Algorithmic
 Procedures are quite robust, not tied to the step by
step
AI as different approach in
computing world
“AI and Our Intelligence”

Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence

Consistent Keep on changing … chaotic

Easy to replicate No way! .. (can people

download their memory?)
Cheap Toooo expensive
Documental Hard to be documented
There are steps needed Creativity is the key

Symbolical input Five / six senses

A bit narrow down Broad mind! (experience tells)
 AI and Conventional Computing

AI Computing Paradigm Conventional Computing

Paradigm

Based on well defined problem and Steps by steps solution and not that
representation ~ dynamic! robust enough

Symbolical manipulation More to numerical manipulation

Qualitative aspect Quantitative aspect

Capable to infer decision No!

Class work
 To write a short report on your personal interests in the field of
AI.
Revisited!
 What we have learn in this class?
 Intelligent & AI definition
 The history
 The Fundamental of AI
 Intelligence: AI vs. ‘ours’

 Now Onwards~
 AI Application
 AI ‘big’ family
 The Philosophical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Applications using Artificial Intelligence

 GOOGLE : self-organizing searching engine (web mining).

 Microsoft Word: office assistant (intelligent agent + decision
theoretic reasoning), spelling checker (natural language
processing).
 Washing Machine: automated setting (neural networks and
fuzzy logic).
 Digital camera (Sony) with DVD burner: image stabilizer
(neural networks and fuzzy logic).
 Hotmail, Yahoo e-mail spam filtering: data mining.
AI is around us!

MS Word + office
assistant
Searching function in
search engine
Office assistant

Intelligent washing
machine

Game
Junk mail filtering
Branches of AI
Machine Learning
Speech Understanding
Automatic
Programming Robotic
Natural Language Game Playing
Processing
Neural Network
Expert System
Fuzzy Logic
Intelligent Tutor AI Genetic Algorithm
Computer Vision Tree

Linguistics Computer Science

Psychology Management &
Philosophy Management Science
Electrical Engineering
Expert System
 known as knowledge based system
 is a computer program that contains the knowledge and analytical skills of one or
more human experts, related to a specific subject.
 Human Experts  Get Their ‘Knowledge’ + ‘experience’ covert to rule program in
computer!
 Application
 Mycin - Diagnose infectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics
Artificial Neural Network
 Imitate how human brain work then act
according to information received
 Interconnected neuron; Received signal
(Input)  transmit through neuron 
process/learning  send back the output to
other neuron (output)
Biological NN
 Application
 Pattern recognition, e.g. X1 w1
handwritten characters or face w2
identification. X2
 Diagnosis or mapping symptoms to w3 ∑ f Y
a medical case. X3
 Speech recognition wn
 Human Emotion Detection
Xn ANN
Machine Learning/Data Mining
 design and development of algorithms and techniques that
allow computers to "learn“.
 AIM: The major focus of machine learning research is to
extract information from data automatically
 Application: language processing, syntactic pattern recognition,
search engines, medical diagnosis, bioinformatics and
cheminformatics, detecting credit card fraud, stock market
analysis, classifying DNA sequences, speech and handwriting
recognition, object recognition in computer vision, game
playing and robot locomotion..

Machine
Huge Data from Information/
Learning
database knowledge
algorithm
Computer Vision
 concerned with the theory for building
artificial systems that obtain information
from images and apply to the computer
system
 The image data can take many forms, such
as a video sequence, views from multiple
cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a
medical scanner.
 Applications of computer vision systems include systems for:
 Controlling processes (e.g. an industrial robot or an autonomous vehicle).
 Detecting events (e.g. for visual surveillance or people counting).
 Organizing information (e.g. for indexing databases of images and image
sequences).
 Modeling objects or environments (e.g. industrial inspection, medical image
analysis or topographical modeling).
 Interaction (e.g. as the input to a device for computer-human interaction).
Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy : Blurred, Fluffy, Frayed or Indistinct
 To overcome ‘world’ problem which are covered by uncertenties
 Today temperature is 40 C
 Today is really hot
 Based on fuzzy set : degree to which events occur rather than the
likelihood of their occurrence (probability)
 Application
 Air conditioners
 Cameras
 Digital image processing,
(such as edge detection)
 Rice cookers
 Dishwashers
 Elevators
 Washing machines
 other home appliances
 Video game artificial intelligence
More..
 Intelligent tutoring system (ITS), broadly defined, is any computer system that
provides direct customized instruction or feedback to students, i.e. without the
intervention of human beings
 Genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique used in computing to find exact or
approximate solutions to optimization and search problems.. Idea comes from human
chromosomes or the genotype or the genome
 Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computational
linguistics. It studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human
languages.
Philosophical Foundations
of
Artificial Intelligence
Philosophical Questions in AI
How can mind arise from nonmind? (This is the
mind-body problem.)

How can there be “free will” in the mind, if

the brain is subject to the laws of nature?

What does it mean to “know” or “understand”

something?

Can we mechanise the discovery of

knowledge?
More Questions
Is there such a thing as a priori
knowledge?
What is the structure of knowledge?

Can mind exist in something other than a brain?

What do we communicate when we

communicate with language?
 1. The Theological Objection
“Thinking is a function of man’s
immortal soul. God has given an
immortal soul to every man and
woman, but not to any other animal
or to machines. Hence no animal or
machine can think.”
2. The ‘Heads in the Sand’ Objection

“The consequences of machines

thinking would be too dreadful. Let
us hope and believe that they cannot
do so.”

Can they ‘destroy’ the world?

3. The Mathematical Objection

“There are limitations to the powers of

discrete state machines” therefore
there are questions that humans can
answer, but not machines.
4. The Argument from Consciousness

“Not until a machine can write a sonnet or

compose a concerto because of thoughts and
emotions felt, and not by the chance fall of
symbols, could we agree that machine equals
brain - that is, not only write it but know that it
had written it. No mechanism could feel (and
not merely artificially signal, an easy
contrivance) pleasure at its successes, grief
when its valves fuse, be warmed by flattery, be
made miserable by its mistakes, be charmed
by X, be angry or depressed when it cannot get
what it wants.”
5. Arguments from Various Disabilities

“I grant you that you can make

machines do all the things that you
have mentioned but you will never be
able to make one to do X.”
6. Lady Lovelace’s Objection
”The Analytical Engine has no
pretensions to originate anything. It
can do whatever we know how to
order it to perform.”
“A machine can ‘never do anything
really new’.”
7. Arguments from Continuity in the
Nervous System

“The nervous system is certainly not a

discrete-state machine. A small error in
the information about the size of a
nervous impulse impinging (imposing)
on a neuron, may make a large
difference to the size of the outgoing
impulse. It may be argued that, this
being so, one cannot expect to be able
to mimic the behaviour of the nervous
system with a discrete-state machine.”
8. The Argument from Informality of
Behaviour

“It is not possible to produce a set of

rules purporting to describe what a man
should do in every conceivable set of
circumstances. … To attempt to provide
rules of conduct to cover every
eventuality… appears to be impossible.”
 Historical and Current Trends
of
Artificial Intelligence
(Go read the below slides yourselves)
 Historical Trends of AI 1950-2000
 Programming a Computer for Playing Chess
 The Turing Test
 Programming language for artificial intelligence
 General Motors assembly line (Welding Arm)
 General-purpose mobile robot, “first electronic person.”
 WABOT-1, the first anthropomorphic robot, was built in Japan at
Waseda University. Its features included moveable limbs, ability
to see, and ability to converse.
 Historical Trends of AI 1950-2000
 The Stanford Cart, a remote controlled, tv-equipped mobile
robot was created by then- mechanical engineering grad student
James L. Adams in 1961. In 1979, a “slider,” or mechanical
swivel that moved the TV camera from side-to-side, was added
by Hans Moravec, then-PhD student. The cart successfully
crossed a chair-filled room without human interference in
approximately five hours, making it one of the earliest examples
of an autonomous vehicle.
 Historical Trends of AI 1950-2000
 In 1980 WABOT-2 was built at Waseda University. This inception
of the WABOT allowed the humanoid to communicate with
people as well as read musical scores and play music on an
electronic organ.
 Historical Trends of AI 1950-2000
 1999: In line with Furby, Sony introduced AIBO (Artificial
Intelligence RoBOt), a $2,000 robotic pet dog crafted to “learn”
by interacting with its environment, owners, and other AIBOs.
Its features included the ability to understand and respond to
100+ voice commands and communicate with its human owner.
Current Century Trends
 2000: Professor Cynthia Breazeal developed
Kismet, a robot that could recognize and
simulate emotions with its face. It was
structured like a human face with eyes, lips,
eyelids, and eyebrows.
 2000: Honda releases ASIMO, an artificially
intelligent humanoid robot.
 2002: i-Robot released Roomba, an
autonomous robot vacuum that cleans while
avoiding obstacles.
Current Century Trends
 2007: Computer science professor Fei Fei Li and colleagues
assembled ImageNet, a database of annotated (marked) images
whose purpose is to aid in object recognition software research.
 2010: ImageNet launched the ImageNet Large Scale Visual
Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC), their annual AI object
recognition competition.
 2010: Microsoft launched Kinect for Xbox 360, the first gaming
device that tracked human body movement using a 3D camera
and infrared detection.
Current Century Trends
 2011: Watson, a natural language question answering computer created by
IBM
 2011: Apple released Siri, a virtual assistant on Apple iOS operating
systems. Siri uses a natural-language user interface to infer, observe, answer,
and recommend things to its human user. It adapts to voice commands and
projects an “individualized experience” per user.
 2012: Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng (Google researchers) trained a large neural
network of 16,000 processors to recognize images of cats (despite giving no
background information) by showing it 10 million unlabeled images from
YouTube videos.
Current Century Trends
 2013: A research team from Carnegie Mellon University
released Never Ending Image Learner (NEIL), a semantic
machine learning system that could compare and analyze image
relationships.
 2014-2015: Microsoft released Cortana, their version of a
virtual assistant similar to Siri on iOS.
 2014: Amazon created Amazon Alexa, a home assistant that
developed into smart speakers that function as personal
assistants.
Current Century Trends
 2015: Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, and Steve Wozniak among
3,000 others signed an open letter banning the development
and use of autonomous weapons (for purposes of war.)
 2015-2017: Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo, a computer program
that plays the board game Go, defeated various (human)
champions.
Current Century Trends
 2016: A humanoid robot named Sophia is created by Hanson
Robotics. She is known as the first “robot citizen.” What
distinguishes Sophia from previous humanoids is her likeness to
an actual human being, with her ability to see (image
recognition), make facial expressions, and communicate through
AI.
Current Century Trends
 2016: Google released Google Home, a smart
speaker that uses AI to act as a “personal
assistant” to help users remember tasks, create
appointments, and search for information by voice.
 2017: The Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research
lab trained two “dialog agents” (chatbots) to
communicate with each other in order to learn how
to negotiate. However, as the chatbots conversed,
they diverged from human language (programmed
in English) and invented their own language to
communicate with one another – exhibiting artificial
intelligence to a great degree.
Current Century Trends
 2018: Alibaba (Chinese tech group) language processing AI outscored
human intellect at a Stanford reading and comprehension test. The Alibaba
language processing scored “82.44 against 82.30 on a set of 100,000
questions” – a narrow defeat, but a defeat nonetheless.
 2018: Samsung introduced Bixby, a virtual assistant. Bixby’s functions
include Voice, where the user can speak to and ask questions,
recommendations, and suggestions; Vision, where Bixby’s “seeing” ability is
built into the camera app and can see what the user sees (i.e. object
identification, search, purchase, translation, landmark recognition); and
Home, where Bixby uses app-based information to help utilize and interact
with the user (e.g. weather and fitness applications.)
 AI in 2019 and beyond
 Chatbots + virtual assistants: Strengthened chatbot and
virtual assistant automation for heightened user experience
 Natural language processing (NLP): Increased NLP abilities
for artificially intelligent apps, including (and especially for)
chatbots and virtual assistants
AI in 2019 and beyond
 Machine Learning and Automated Machine
Learning: ML will shift toward AutoML
algorithms to allow developers and programmers
to solve problems without creating specific
models
 Autonomous vehicles: Despite some bad press
surrounding various faulty self-driving vehicles, it’s safe
to assume there will be a stronger push to automate the
process of driving product from point A to point B to
1. Save on the cost of human labor
2. Optimize the process of purchase-shipment-arrival
to consumer via self-driving vehicles that – in
essence – won’t get tired behind the wheel
Be Relax and Take a long Breath How you
feel?
Human Vision (1)

50
Human Vision (2)

51
Human Vision (3)

52
Relax
 Test：How many human faces in the
picture？