Solar Inverter

DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR INVERTER 2021
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR INVERTER”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL ENGENEERING
SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student(s) (Full Name) Enrollment No.
1. Kasimsab abdulrashid mugali 1916110206

2. Shrikant Jagannath Bansode 1916110225
3. Krishna Madan Hubalikar 1916110213
4. Samiulla Aminso Attar 1916110210
5. Mahantesh Shilisidha Ghungargaon 1916110214
GUIDED BY
Mrs.F.B.Nadaf
i
MAULANA AZAD POLYTECHIC COLLEGE,SOLAPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR
INVERTER” Was successfully completed by Student of sixth semester Diploma in (Electrical
engineering).
1. Kasimsab Abdulrashid Mugali 1916110206
2. Shrikant Jagannath Bansode 1916110225
3. Krishna Madan Hubalikar 1916110213
4. Samiulla Aminso Attar 1916110210
5. Mahantesh Shilishidha Ghungargaon 1916110214

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in Electrical Engeneering
and submitted to the Department of Electrical Department of Maulana Azad Polytechnic
college,Solapur work carried out during a period for the academic year 2020-21 as per
curriculum
Mrs.F.B.Nadaf Mrs.F.B.Nadaf
Guide HOD
External Principle
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide

Mrs.F.B.Nadaf as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR
INVERTER , which also helped me in doing a lot of research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Date : Kasimsab Abdulrashid Mugali
Place : 1916110206
Third year
3
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• We know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works
or inventions of another person as if they were one’s own. We know that
plagiarism not only includes verbatim copying, but also the extensive use
of another person’s ideas without proper acknowledgement (which
includes the proper use of quotation marks). We know that plagiarism
covers this sort of use of material found in textual sources and from the
Internet.
• We acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong.
• We understand that my research must be accurately referenced. We have

followed the rules and convention concerning referencing, citation and the
use of quotation as set out in the Departmental Guide.
• This project work is our own work, or our group’s unique group project
work. We acknowledge that copying someone else is work or part of it, is
wrong, and that submitting identical work to others constitutes a form of
plagiarism.
• We have not allowed, nor will we in the future allow, anyone to copy our
work with the intention of passing it off as their own work.
Mr. KASIMSAB ABDULRASHID MUGALI
Mr. SHRIKANT JAGANNATH BANSODE
Mr. KRISHNA MADAN HUBALIKAR
Mr. SAMIULLA AMINSO ATTAR
Mr. MAHANTESH SHILISIDHA

GHUMGARGAON
4
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Report of the UG Project Work entitled
DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR INVERTER. Which is being
submitted to the maulana azad plolytechnic college, solapur Lonere in Partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the diploma of Engineering in the
department of Electrical Engineering, is a bonafide report of the work carried out
by us. The material contained in this report has not been submitted to any
University or Institution for the award of any degree.
Mr. KASIMSAB ABDULRASHID MUGALI
Mr. SHRIKANT JAGANNATH BANSODE
Mr. KRISHNA MADAN HUBALIKAR
Mr. SAMIULLA AMINSO ATTAR
Mr. MAHANTESH SHILISIDHA

GHUMGARGAON
5
INDEX
Page No
Chapter Name
 List of Figures 7
 List of Tables 8
 Abstract 9
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION

• General Introduction 11
• Summary 41
•
• BUSSINESS PLAN AND COMMERCIAL ASPECTS
• Market Survey 42
• Feasibility 43
•
• CONCLUSION
• Advantages 44
• Disadvantages 45
• Future Scope 46
• Conclusion 47
• References 48
6
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No Contents Page No
3.1 Block Diagram of Project 8
4.1 PV Cell 11
4.2 Monocrystalline Silicon Cell 12
4.3 Polycrystalline Silicon Cell 12
4.4 Thin Film Panel 13
4.5 Solar Cell construction 14
4.6 V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell 15
4.7 V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell 17
4.8 Symbol of MOSFET 19
4.9 Pin Diagram of IC CD4047 20
4.10 Block Diagram of IC CD4047 21
4.11 Centre-tap transformer 23
4.12 Relay 23
5.1 Simulation of Simple Inverter using CD4047 IC 25
6.1 Solar Power Inverter 27
7.1 Per Capita Energy Consumption 30
7
LIST OF TABLE
Table Content Page

No. No.
4.2 List of Components 10
8
Abstract
The high energy demand and the constant depletion of the fossil
fuels lead us to shift our focus to renewable energy sources which are not
only the future unlimited source of energy, it is also eco-friendly and viable
for the environment. Solar energy is the oldest form of Renewable Energy.
This Project focuses on the design of Solar Inverter which is required to
run AC loads which is mostly used as consumable purpose. The power
output of the designed inverter is 200W, input voltage is 12V, Output is
220 V, 50Hz square or sine wave output.
A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate

current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs
in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there
is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e
phones, MP3 players, etc. where there is power stored in the form of
battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and
forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house
hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run
in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are
thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the normal electric one then it
is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in
abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.
Our project is divided into 2 parts:

• Simulation of Solar Inverter by using MATLAB software.
• Design of Solar Inverter.
The main scope of the project is, the photovoltaic cells are
converting the sunlight into electricity a charge controller is used. PV cells
are bundled together in modules or panels to produce higher voltages and
increased power. As the sunlight varies in intensity the electricity, so
generated. Usually charges through the charge a set of batteries for storing
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the energy. The main concept of this project is to design a solar energy-
based inverter for household applications.
The hardware requirements of this project include Step up

Transformer, Bridge- MOSFETs drive, Solar Panel, MOSFET driver,
Voltage regulator, PWM inverter IC, and Battery. Sun powered vitality is
changed to electrical vitality with the assistance of photovoltaic cells. This
vitality is put away in batteries amid daytime for the operation reason at
whatever point required. The proposed framework is intended to use
sunlight- based vitality for home burdens utilizing an inverter.
ADVANTAGES:
• This is an ecofriendly means of power generation

• There is no requirement of electricity
• It can be used in rural area where as the electricity not available
• Reduction in consumption from conventional sources of energy
• It acts as a power backup solution
Keywords: MATLAB, Proteus8 Professional, etc.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
• General Introduction
In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental
concern, alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be
investigated. One such alternative is solar energy. Solar energy is quite simply the
energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth.
The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process that converts about
650,000,0001tons of hydrogen to helium every second. The process creates heat and
electromagnetic radiation.
The heat remains in the sun and is instrumental in maintaining the
thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-
red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions. Only a
very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation
that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used
today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even
fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals
whose life was dependent upon the sun. Much of the world's required energy can be
supplied directly by solar power. More still can be provided indirectly. The
practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In
addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted. Due to the nature
of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy
generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector
simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other
forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone).
The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar
energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At
night or during heavy cloud cover, for example, the amount of energy produced by
the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy
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produced during the 2 periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the
productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for
the situations when the amount of energy required is greater than both what is
being produced and what is stored in the container.
Motivation
The motivation of this project use the renewable energy sources like solar,
wind, etc. The use of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels has many
adverse side effects. Their combustion products produce pollution, acid rain and
global warming which are currently major global concerns. Conversion to clean
energy sources can improve the quality of life throughout the planet earth, not only
for humans, but for its flora and fauna as well. Consequently, the use of renewable
energy can contribute to environmental protection not only for the present generation
but for future generations as well.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC)
output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current
(AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the
use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions
adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking
and anti-islanding protection
• Problem Statement
The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing, and
conventional energy resources are diminishing and are even threatened to be
depleted. Moreover; their prices are rising. For these reasons, the need for alternative
energy sources has become indispensable, and solar energy in particular has proved
to be a very promising alternative because of its availability and pollution-free
nature. Due to the increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of photovoltaic cells
and the improvement of the switching technology used for power conversion, our
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goal is to design an inverter powered by PV panels and that could supply stand-alone
AC loads.
Solar panels produce direct currents (DC), and to connect these panels to the
electricity grid or use them in other industrial applications, we should have an AC
output at a certain required voltage level and frequency. The conversion from DC to
AC is essentially accomplished by means of a DC-AC inverter, which is the
major component in the system. Yet, the output of the solar panels is not
continuously constant and is related to the instantaneous sunlight intensity and
ambient temperature.
1.4 Report Outline

The main objective of our project is to design and construct a PV based system
that produces electric energy and operates in dual mode, supplying stand-alone AC
loads, while minimizing its cost and size. The system’s main property is to production of
quality electricity from a renewable source to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and the
associated emissions of pollutants.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Energy is the key influencing factor for development in all sectors i.e.,
Industrial, Commercial, Agriculture, Domestic etc. as per capita energy consumption is
one of the indicators of national development status. per capita energy consumption is
about 600 units in our country, where as it is 1400 units in China, 6898 units in
Germany, 13,000 units in U.S.A. World average is about 2430 units.
India is the third largest Country in the world in terms of generation and
consumption levels. The total installed capacity of Power projects India is 3,74,199
Mega Watt, of this thermal mode of power generation including coal, gas and oil
contributes 61.8%, Hydro contributes 12.2%, Nuclear 1.8% and Renewable energy
24.2%. The present national peak deficit stands at 10.1%.
The use of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels has many adverse
side effects. Their combustion products produce pollution, acid rain and global warming
which are currently major global concerns. Conversion to clean energy sources can
improve the quality of life throughout the planet earth, not only for humans, but for its
flora and fauna as well. Consequently, the use of renewable energy can contribute to
environmental protection not only for the present generation but for future generations as
well.
• Review of past work done
The trends in the past have shown that we study the solar pv system and how
to implement the solar power inverter in various ways. Here we have built the simulation
of solar inverter in Proteus software. Our project to decide to built in cost effective and
also study the different research papers and the solar power inverter the input of solar
panel and give to charge controller and battery. The inverter it is convert to the DC to
AC supply, for this project we decide to load of 250 Watt. Basically, the components
involved in solar system are PV panel, DC-DC Converter, Battery, Inverter.
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• DPR on “GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTIC (SPV) POWER

PLANT”, under Rooftop and other Small Solar Power Generation Program
(RPSSGP) and Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), by PHTO

ENERGY SYSTEM LIMITED. In this paper we study designed DC-DC
Converter, Inverter, Micro controller circuitry and some additional accessories to
improve the overall performance of the system.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of
Solar Power Inverter. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220
volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not
only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most
appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in
the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special
inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery
charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid.
• Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians,
Trainers and Engineers by Solanki C.S, Prentice Hall India Learning Private
Limited (2013). This manual represents the how to use and handle the solar
panel when installation time.
• Designing of Solar Based Inverter for Rural Area Application RIT
Vishakhapatnam, India.The basis of this work is to provide electricity to villages
and rural areas where there are fewer facilities for power transfer. The power
transfer costs high which the rural area people cannot afford. To reduce this
problem to some extent we can make use of renewable energy (solar energy).
The solar panels produce DC power which we will convert to AC power
using inverter operation. But present generation Inverters produce only square
pulse or Sinusoidal wave with many harmonics and less efficient. This power may
damage the inductor loads and reduce the efficiency. To overcome this problem
lots of money needs to be invested which isnot always affordable for the people
who live in villages. In this work we are designing different inverters using with
SG3525A PWM IC, ARDUINO for providing proper switching pulses to the
MOSFETs to get maximum efficient output from inverter and this also helps in
increasing the life cycle of the inverter. The cost of this inverter is less and the
villagers can efficiently make use of it for at least 20 years by installing this
system
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• Summary
The solar power inverter for designing all basic concepts study and the output
of solar PV panel DC and it converts the AC Voltage by inverter. For this project it is
the capacity of 200Watt.
For controlling the input voltage of solar panel, it is controlled by charge
controller. The charge controller it provides protection of overcharging for battery and
give the constant output voltage of solar panel. The inverter circuit is simulating in
proteus software and output is PWM waveform shape.
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`CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Energy plays vital role for development in all sectors. With depletion of
fossil fuels used for power generation and increase in demand for power, the gap
between supply and demand is becoming more. Renewable energy sources can only
provide solution to face this energy crisis. Out of renewable energy options, solar energy
is the most potential source for all tropical countries.
Sun radiates 180 billion MW of energy over Earth Just one hour of this energy
could meet power needs of entire planet for a year. India receives 5000 Trillion KWhrs
of energy from SUN per annum. This energy is clean, pollution free and inexhaustible
and is available free and in abundance. MNRE, Government of India is promoting
utilization of the solar energy for different applications since 1980’s.
Basically, the components involved in solar system are PV panel, DC-DC

Converter, Battery, Inverter. The Same components are present in our system with some
additional accessories to improve the overall performance of the system. Efficiency of
the system can be drastically increase by using microcontroller for PWM control in place
of PWM generator hardware circuit.
There are two types of sources for electrical power generation. One is
conventional and other is non- conventional. Today to generate most of electrical power
conventional sources like coal, gas, nuclear power generators are used. Some of
conventional source are polluted the environment to generate the electricity. And nuclear
energy is not much preferable because of its harmful radiation effect on the mankind.
After some of ten years conventional sources will not sufficient enough to fulfill the
requirements of the mankind. So, some of the electrical power should be generated by
non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind. With the continuously reducing the
cost of PV power generation and the further intensification of energy crisis, PV power
generation technology obtains more and more application.
17
The main objective of our project is to design and construct a PV based system
that produces electric energy and operates in dual mode, supplying stand-alone
AC loads, while minimizing its cost and size. The system’s main property is to
production of quality electricity from a renewable source to reduce dependence on fossil
fuels and the associated emissions of pollutants.
• Block Diagram:
Fig.3.1 Block Diagram of Solar Power Inverter
• Design of cost-effective solar power inverter.

• Controlling the solar panel output by using charge controller.
• Power generated by solar panel.
The main objective of our project is to design and construct a PV based system that
produces electric energy and operates in dual mode, supplying stand-alone AC loads,
while minimizing its cost and size. The system’s main property is to production of
quality electricity from a renewable source to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and the
associated emissions of pollutants.
• PV Panel:
Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting
solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibits the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprised of a
array of cells containing a photovoltaic material. The PV generator is formed by the
combination of many PV cells connected in series and parallel to provide the desired
value of the output voltage and current. PV Panel is connected to solar charge controller.
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• Solar Charge Controller:

The primary function of a charge controller in a Solar Home System (SHS) is
to maintain the battery at highest possible state of charge, when PV module charges
the battery the charge controller protects the battery from overcharge and disconnects the
load to prevent deep discharge. Ideally, charge controller directly controls the state of
charge of the battery. Without charge control, the current from the module will flow into
a battery proportional to the irradiance, whether the battery needs to be charging or not.
If the battery is fully charged, unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to
reach exceedingly high levels, causing severe gassing, electrolyte loss.
• Inverter:
It is used to convert the input DC voltage from the battery into output AC
voltage. Inverter used here doesn’t produce a pure sinusoidal output rather it generates
square AC which is connected to almost all the appliances now-a-days except some high
frequency appliances. We are using two MOSETs inverter instead of four MOSFETs
inverter which will reduce the overall cost of project.
After adding protection circuits/components for over voltage protection, over

current protection, over load protection this project will be a complete solution to the
energy crises problem.
• Battery:
Here Battery means the series of batteries that are connected in parallel. The
battery will store the energy produced by Panel. This block is connected to the Inverter.
Battery used in our system is standard 12 V battery from any company.
3.3 Summary:
For the solar power inverter all required data will be conformed as the give project
block diagram. The output voltage of solar panel is not constant so the output required
for inverter is 12V DC therefore the charge controller to provides constant output and
overvoltage protection for battery and solar panel.
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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Hardware prototype mainly consists of the components which we will be

using at the time of project implementation. In this chapter we have focused on the
detail study of each and every hardware component which will be used.
The objective is to build a prototype that has the ability to run the AC load by
converting DC to AC voltage.
• Design of cost-effective solar power inverter.
• Controlling the solar panel output by using charge controller.
• Power generated by solar panel
• Component List Table No 4.1 List of Components
Components Ratings
Solar PV Panel 30V(OCV), 8.56A(SC),200Watt
IC CD4047 15V
Charge Controller 12V,10A
Power MOSFET 100V,22A
Battery 12V 60Ah
Single Phase Transformer 12-0-12/230V, 10A
Relay 12V
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• Component Description:
• Solar PV Cell
A
PV cell is used for converting photon into electron and with sun light incident, electrical
energy is generated. A selenium-or silicon-based solar cell exhibits open- circuit voltage
of only 0.5V and short-circuit cell current of the order of 1milliampere for 6.4cm² area
of the cell at 6458-meter candles. Therefore, a large number of such silicon or selenium
solar cells need to be connected in series and parallel to provide any significant power.
Fig 4.1: PV Cell.
• Types of Photovoltaic Cell:

At the present time, most commercial photovoltaic cells are manufactured from
silicon, the same material from which sand is made. In this case, however, the silicon is
extremely pure. Other, more exotic materials such as gallium arsenide are just
beginning to make their way into the field.
The four general types of silicon photovoltaic cells are:
• Monocrystalline silicon cell
• Polycrystalline silicon cell
• Amorphous / thin film panel
Monocrystalline Silicon Cell:
Monocrystalline solar panels are generally thought of as a premium solar product.

The main advantages of monocrystalline panels are higher efficiencies and sleeker
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aesthetics. To make solar cells for monocrystalline solar panels, silicon is formed into
bars and cut into wafers. These types of panels are called
“monocrystalline” to indicate that the silicon used is single-crystal silicon. Because the
cell is composed of a single crystal, the electrons that generate a flow of electricity have
more room to move. As a result, monocrystalline panels are more efficient than their
polycrystalline counterparts.
Fig 4.2 : Monocrystalline Silicon Cell
Polycrystalline Silicon Cell:
Polycrystalline solar panels generally have lower efficiencies than

monocrystalline options, but their advantage is a lower price point. In addition,
polycrystalline solar panels tend to have a blue hue instead of the black hue of
monocrystalline panels.
Polycrystalline solar panels are also made from silicon. However, instead of
using a single crystal of silicon, manufacturers melt many fragments of silicon together
to form the wafers for the panel. Polycrystalline solar panels are also referred to as
“multi-crystalline,” or many-crystal silicon. Because there are many crystals in each cell,
there is less freedom for the electrons to move. As a result, polycrystalline solar panels
have lower efficiency ratings than monocrystalline panels.
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Fig 4.3: Polycrystalline Silicon Cell
Amorphous / thin film panel:
Amorphous cells offer higher efficiency than the other two. They are your most efficient
cell in the market today, although they do require twice as much surface area for the
same power output as a monocrystalline blanket or panel. However, they are more
flexible and can handle higher temperatures better.
Amorphous cells are constructed from a fine layer of silicon, which enables solar
panels to be more flexible and therefore lightweight. Amorphous cells can withstand
higher temperatures without output being affected, compared to poly or mono crystalline
cells. Amorphous cells perform better in low light conditions compared to even the most
efficient monocrystalline panels. This is because they can absorb a wider band of the
visible light spectrum due to the uni-solar triple junction cell technology.
Fig 4.4: Amorphous / Thin film panel
• Working of Solar PV Cell:
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A solar cell is basically a junction diode, although its construction it is little

bit different from conventional p-n junction diodes. A very thin layer of p-type
semiconductor is grown on a relatively thicker n-type semiconductor. We then apply a
few finer electrodes on the top of the p-type semiconductor layer.
When light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily enter in the
junction, through very thin p-type layer. The light energy, in the form of photons,
supplies sufficient energy to the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs. The
incident light breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the junction. The free
electrons in the depletion region can quickly come to the n-type side of the junction.
Fig 4.5: Working Solar PV Cell
The basic steps in the operation of a solar cell are:
• the generation of light-generated carriers;
• the collection of the light-generated carries to generate a current;
• the generation of a large voltage across the solar cell; and
• The dissipation of power in the load and in parasitic resistances.
The generation of current in a solar cell, known as the "light-generated

current", involves two key processes. The first process is the absorption of incident
24
photons to create electron-hole pairs. Electron-hole pairs will be generated in the solar
cell provided that the incident photon has an energy greater than that of the band gap.
However, electrons (in the p-type material), and holes (in the n-type material) are meta-
stable and will only exist, on average, for a length of time equal to the minority carrier
lifetime before they recombine. If the carrier recombines, then the light- generated
electron-hole pair is lost and no current or power can be generated.
A second process, the collection of these carriers by the p-n junction, prevents
this recombination by using a p-n junction to spatially separate the electron and the hole.
The carriers are separated by the action of the electric field existing at the p- n
junction. If the light-generated minority carrier reaches the p-n junction, it is swept
across the junction by the electric field at the junction, where it is now a majority carrier.
If the emitter and base of the solar cell are connected together (i.e., if the solar cell is
short-circuited),the light-generated carriers flow through the external circuit.
Photovoltaic Effect:
The collection of light-generated carriers does not by itself give rise to power
generation. In order to generate power, a voltage must be generated as well as a current.
Voltage is generated in a solar cell by a process known as the "photovoltaic effect". The
collection of light-generated carriers by the p-n junction causes a movement of electrons
to the n-type side and holes to the p-type side of the junction. Under short circuit
conditions, there is no build-up of charge, as the carriers exit the device as light-
generated current.
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Fig 4.6: V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell
However, if the light-generated carriers are prevented from leaving the solar
cell, then the collection of light-generated carriers causes an increase in the number of
electrons on the n-type side of the p-n junction and a similar increase in holes in the p-
type material. This separation of charge creates an electric field at the junction which is
in opposition to that already existing at the junction, thereby reducing the net electric
field. Since the electric field represents a barrier to the flow of the forward bias diffusion
current, the reduction of the electric field increases the diffusion current. A new
equilibrium is reached in which a voltage exists across the p- n junction. The
current from the solar cell is the difference between I L and the forward bias current.
Under open circuit conditions, the forward bias of the junction increases to a point where
the light-generated current is exactly balanced by the forward bias diffusion current, and
the net current is zero. The voltage required to cause these two
currents to balance is called the "open-circuit voltage". The following animation shows
the carrier flows at short-circuit and open-circuit conditions.
Factors affecting on Solar panel:
• Radiation:
26
Solar radiation data are a fundamental input for solar energy applications such
as photovoltaic systems for electricity generation, solar collectors for heating, solar air
conditioning climate control in buildings and passive solar devices. Several empirical
formulae have been developed to calculate the solar radiation using various parameters.
Measurements may be direct or indirect. Direct methods are those involving the
use of devices such as pyrheliometers and pyranometers at radiation stations. Indirect
methods use satellite data, the number of sunshine hours, or extrapolation to arrive at
values for radiation at a place.
• Temperature
Module performance is generally rated under Standard Test Conditions (STC):

irradiance of 1,000 W/m², solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C.
All electrical parameters of solar module depend on temperature. The module output
decreases with increase in temperature. The loss of power as defined by Temperature
coefficients.
Fill Factor:
The short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage are the maximum current
and voltage respectively from a solar cell. However, at both of these operating points,
the power from the solar cell is zero. The "fill factor", more commonly known by its
abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with Voc and Isc, determines the
maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power
from the solar cell to the product of Voc and Isc. Graphically, the FF is a measure of the
"squareness" of the solar cell and is also the area of the largest rectangle which will fit in
the IV curve.
27
Fig 4.7: V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell
• Efficiency:
The efficiency is the most commonly used parameter to compare the

performance of one solar cell to another. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy
output from the solar cell to input energy from the sun. In addition to reflecting the
performance of the solar cell itself, the efficiency depends on the spectrum and intensity
of the incident sunlight and the temperature of the solar cell. Therefore, conditions under
which efficiency is measured must be carefully controlled in order to compare the
performance of one device to another. Terrestrial solar cells are measured under AM1.5
conditions and at a temperature of 25°C. Solar cells intended for space use are measured
under AM0 conditions. Recent top efficiency solar cell results are given in the page
Solar Cell Efficiency Results.
The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the fraction of incident power which
is converted to electricity and is defined as:
where Voc is the open-circuit voltage; where

Isc is the short-circuit current; and where FF
is the fill factor
where η is the efficiency
28
• Effect of light intensity:
Changing the light intensity incident on a solar cell changes all solar cell
parameters, including the short-circuit current, the open-circuit voltage, the FF, the
efficiency and the impact of series and shunt resistances. The light intensity on a solar
cell is called the number of suns, where 1 sun corresponds to standard illumination at
AM1.5, or 1 kW/m2. For example, a system with 10 kW/m2 incident on the solar cell
would be operating at 10 suns, or at 10X. A PV module designed to operate under 1 sun
conditions is called a "flat plate" module while those using concentrated sunlight are
called "concentrators".
29
• Advantages:
• Salient and low maintenance
• Solid states with no moving parts
• High-quality powers
• Life times of 20 to30 years
• Flexible and reliable
• Modular and expandable
• Application:
• Coast guard navigation
• Off-grid and grid- connected homes
• Rail road signaling
• Satellites and space station
• Outdoor lightning’s
• Telecommunication and water pumping, etc.
• PV PANEL SPECIFICATIONS:
• Open circuit voltage: Voc = 22.24 volt.
• Short circuit current: Isc =7.91 ampere.
• Maximum voltage: Vmp =18.36 volt.
• Maximum current: = Imp =7.35 ampere.
• Maximum power at STC: =Pmax: 135Wp.
30
• Operating Temperature/Humidity: = -40°C to +85C/85%.
• Power MOSFET
MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a special

type of field-effect transistor (FET) that works by electronically varying the width of a
channel along which charge carriers (electrons or holes) flow. The wider the channel, the
better the device conducts. The charge carriers enter the channel at the source, and exit
via the drain. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on an electrode called
the gate, which is located physically between the source and the drain and is insulated
from the channel by an extremely thin layer of metal oxide.
The MOSFET has certain advantages over

the conventional junction FET, or JFET. Because the gate is insulated electrically
from the channel, no current flows between the gate and the channel, no matter what
the gate voltage (as long as it does not become so great that it causes physical
breakdown of the metallic oxide layer). Thus, the MOSFET has practically infinite
impedance . This makes MOSFETs useful for power amplifiers. The devices are
also well suited to high- speed switching applications. Some integrated circuits (ICs)
contain tiny MOSFETs and are used in computers.
Fig 4.8 : MOSFET
31
Because the oxide layer is so thin, the MOSFET is susceptible to permanent

damage by electrostatic charges. Even a small electrostatic buildup can destroy a
MOSFET permanently. In weak-signal radio-frequency (RF) work, MOSFET devices do
not generally perform as well as other types of FET.
• IC CD4047
The CD4047B is capable of operating in either the monostable or astable mode.

It requires an external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external resistor (between
the pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width in the monostable mode, and the
output frequency in the astable mode. Astable operation is enabled by a high level on the
astable input or low level on the astable input. A frequency twice that of Q is available at
the Oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed.
32
Fig.4.9: Pin Diagram of IC CD4047
Features:
• Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V to 15V.
• High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD (typ.)
• Low power consumption: special CMOS oscillator configuration.
• Monostable (one-shot) or astable (free-running) operation.
• True and complemented buffered outputs.

• Only one external R and C required.
Block Diagram:
33
Fig. 4.10: Block Diagram of IC CD4047
Recommended Operating Conditions:
DC Supply Voltage (VDD) :- 3V to 15V DC
Input Voltage (VIN) : −0.5V to VDD +0.5V DC Storage
Temperature Range (TS): −65°C to +150°C Operating
Temperature Range (TA): −40°C to +85°C
• Center Tapped Single Phase Transformer
A common topology for DC-AC power converter circuits uses a pair of transistors
to switch DC current through the center-tapped winding of a step-up transformer.
34
Fig 4.11: Centre-tap transformer
In electronics, a centre tap is a connection made to a point half way along a

winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a
potentiometer. Taps are sometimes used on inductors for the coupling of signals, and
may not necessarily be at the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end. A common
application of this is in the Hartley oscillator. Inductors with taps also permit the
transformation of the amplitude of alternating current (AC) voltages for the purpose of
power conversion.
• Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an

electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also
used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a separate low power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from over load or faults.
35
Fig.4.12: Relay
Summary
To build a prototype of the project it is necessary that we should have a proper

knowledge of all the hardware components which will be using in the prototype
building. Hence here we have studied each and every component in detail with their
working and rating and also their application.
36
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1. Introduction:
A simulation is an approximate imitation of the operation of a process or

system that represents its operation over time.
Simulation technology for performance tuning safety engineering, testing,

training, education. Often, computer experiments are used to study simulation models.
Simulation is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems or human systems to
gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the
eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also
used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it
may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or
it may simply not exist.
It provides an important method of analysis which is easily verified, communicated,

and understood. Across industries and disciplines, simulation modelling provides
valuable solutions by giving clear insights into complex systems.
• List of Software:
• PROTEUS 8 Professional
• Proteus:
Proteus is a software package for computer-aided design of electronic circuits.

The package is a system of circuit simulation based on models of electronic components
adopted in PSpice. A distinctive feature of the Proteus Professional package is the ability
to simulate the operation of programmable devices: microcontrollers, microprocessors,
DSP, and more. Additionally, the Proteus package includes a PCB design system.
37
Proteus Professional can simulate the following microcontrollers: 8051, ARM7, AVR,
Motorola, PIC, Basic Stamp. The component library contains reference data.
Features of Proteus:
• ISIS has wide range of components in its library. It has sources, signal
generators, measurement and analysis tools like oscilloscope, voltmeter,
ammeter etc., probes for real time monitoring of the parameters of the circuit,
switches, displays, loads like motors and lamps, discrete components like
resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, digital and analog Integrated
circuits, semi-conductor switches, relays, microcontrollers, processors, sensors
etc.
• Proteus component library contains a large number of components, and they are
stored in 36 different categories in the library. It includes basic components,
semiconductors, microcontroller components, COMS and TTL components, PLD
and FPGA components, debugging tools, storage devices, integrated operational
amplifiers, ADC and DAC devices, etc. The user can expand the existing
components library through the product line supplier, and also can modify or
create libraries according to the design needs.
• Proteus virtual application development technology for the microcontroller
comprehensive design projects includes five steps: the development of system
solutions, Proteus circuit design, virtual system simulation, physical production
and testing.
38
Fig 5.1: Simulation of Simple inverter using CD4047 IC
Summary
Simulation modeling solves real-world problems safely and efficiently. It

provides an important method of analysis which is easily verified, communicated, and
understood. Across industries and disciplines, simulation modeling provides valuable
solutions by giving clear insights into complex systems Simulation enables
experimentation on a valid digital representation of a system. Unlike physical modeling,
such as making a scale copy of a building, simulation modeling is computer based and
uses algorithms and equations. Simulation software provides a dynamic environment for
the analysis of computer models while they are running, including the possibility to view
them in 2D or 3D.
39
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1. General Introduction
The most common power inverter is 12V to 230V inverter. Perhaps that is
because 12V batteries are common. This type of power inverter usually draws current
from a DC battery. This battery should be able to provide a high flow of electric current.
Normally lead acid batteries can server this purpose well. This current is then converted
to 230V square wave alternative current so that we may empower those electric
appliances which work on 230V instead of 12V
Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the
silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole. If this happens within range
of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to
the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality. This flow of
electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product of
these two is power. The solar energy is stored in the battery from Photo-Voltaic cells
with the help of charging circuit.
Fig. 6.1: Solar Power Inverter
40
Difference between Normal Inverter & Solar Inverter
Sr Parameter Normal Inverter Solar Inverter

No
1 Charging option Electricity Electricity and solar
2 Save Electricity No Save up to 90%
bill
3 Backup time 4-6 hours 8 hours
4 Connected battery up to 5 years 8-10 years
life
5 Price Starting Rs. 3500 Starting Rs. 3600
6.2 Summery
The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds within,
ranging from the long run economic benefits to the important environmental advantages.
This work will mark one of the few attempts and contributions in the Arab world, in the
field of renewable energy; where such projects could be implemented extensively. With
the increasing improvements in solar cell technologies and power electronics, such
projects would have more value added and should receive more attention and support.
41
CHAPTER 7
BUSSINESS PLAN AND COMMERCIAL ASPECTS
7.1. Market Survey:
As the world strives to strike the right balance between energy security,
economic development and environment sustainability, solar power has emerged as one
of the most viable sources of renewable energy to tackle this problem. What started as an
experimental form of energy production by Bell Labs in 1954, solar PV technology
today is all set to transform the world’s energy dynamics.
The solar energy sector has been a focal point of huge investments in the form of R&D
and innovation, not only aimed towards higher power generation and efficiency, but also
from the point of view of energy storage, financial models as well as integration of
renewable energy resources into the existing grid infrastructure. Several exciting new
technologies are either in the pipeline or already in the market, and are set to have a
positive impact on the industry going forward.
The growth of India’s solar power capacity has been truly exponential, from a
minuscule 10 MW solar energy generation capacity in 2010 to 30 GW in 2019. This
giant stride can be mainly attributed to reduction in costs and increased demand for solar
installation, accelerated by favourable government policies along the way. The support
for solar industry gained further momentum when Prime Minister Narendra Modi
announced an increase in India’s solar capacity target to 100 GW by year 2022, and also
raised a capital subsidy of INR 150 billion as preliminary support. The solar revolution
in India is truly underway, and has provided impetus to several Indian companies to
enhance capacities for manufacturing solar modules, solar module mounting structures,
solar power packs, solar generators, solar inverters, etc., in addition to providing world-
class land based solar EPC and rooftop solar EPC services Owing to such a bullish
market scenario, the solar sector in India and globally, is expanding at a rapid pace and
adoption of solar energy is at an all-time high. To cater to this booming demand, several
key initiatives are being undertaken to facilitate this change. These trends can be clubbed
42
into certain key areas like solar technology, financing, sourcing, operations &
maintenance (O&M), etc.
Fig.7.1 Per Capita Energy Consumption (2019)
7.2 Feasibility:
The global solar energy market is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 17%
during the forecast period of 2020-2025. Factors such as rising concerns about climate
change, the health effects of air pollution, energy security and energy access, along with
volatile oil prices in recent times, have led to the need to produce and use an alternative,
low-carbon technology options such as renewables, which in turn is expected to drive
the market during the forecast period. Moreover, supportive government policies in
different nations across the globe, declining solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, and
associated system prices and increasing manufacturing capacity across the globe are
likely to promulgate the market. However, with the reduced cost of natural gas that is
leading to an improvement in the economics of power generation from gas-fired power
plants, the growth of the market is likely to be hampered.
43
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
• Advantages
• There is no requirement of electricity and manpower to operate the

device.
• With no moving parts involved, its efficiency is further enhanced.
• It acts as a power backup solution.
• Circuit can be checked with 12 volt (DC) universal power supply.
• It is one of the methods of renewable generation.
• This is an eco-friendly means of power generation.
• It can be used in distant villages where transmission cost is much high.
• Reduction in consumption from conventional sources of energy.
• Constant and uninterrupted supply.
44
• Disadvantages
• Initial cost of installation is very high.
• Area required for installation is large.
• It will be less effective in rainy days.
• Protection system installation is very high.
• Cause problems to eye sight because of solar reflectors.
45
• Future Scope
As whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy crisis, our
project will help to reduce these problems by using solar energy to generate
electricity. Solar energy is an infinite source of energy. Main motto of our project is to
promote use of renewable energy sources. This project is most useful in our life
because in this project one time investment fixed on life time. In future one day
nonrenewable energy will end then we will use to the renewable energy.
The solar inverter made by us is just a prototype for making future projects
which incorporate advanced technologies like micro controlled solar tracking, charge
control, etc. this is to show that solar inverters are very cheap and easy to
install so that the energy demands are shifted on using renewable sources of energy.
There is more advancements pending in this field which will revolutionize the energy
stream and solar energy will be playing the most important role of all.
46
• Conclusion
Photovoltaic power production is gaining more significance as a renewable energy

source due to its many advantages. These advantages include everlasting pollution
free energy production scheme, ease of maintenance, and direct sunbeam to
electricity conversion.However, the high cost of PV installations still forms an
obstacle for this technology. More over the PV panel output power fluctuates as the
weather conditions, such as the insolation level, and cell temperature.
The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds
within, ranging from the long run economic benefits to the important environmental
advantages. This work will mark one of the few attempts and contributions in the
Arab world, in the field of renewable energy; where such projects could be
implemented extensively. With the increasing improvements in solar cell
technologies and power electronics, such projects would have more value added and
should receive more attention and support.
47
References
 https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-make-solar-
inverter-circuit/
 https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/solar-inverter-
circuit-diagram
 https://maker.pro/custom/projects/solar-inverter-for-home
48

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DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR INVERTER 2021

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Name of Student(s) (Full Name) Enrollment No.

1. Kasimsab abdulrashid mugali 1916110206

MAULANA AZAD POLYTECHIC COLLEGE,SOLAPUR

1. Kasimsab Abdulrashid Mugali 1916110206

2. Shrikant Jagannath Bansode 1916110225

3. Krishna Madan Hubalikar 1916110213

4. Samiulla Aminso Attar 1916110210

5. Mahantesh Shilishidha Ghungargaon 1916110214

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide

about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Date : Kasimsab Abdulrashid Mugali

Code of Ethics for Plagiarism

• We acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong.

• We understand that my research must be accurately referenced. We have

Mr. SHRIKANT JAGANNATH BANSODE

Mr. KRISHNA MADAN HUBALIKAR

Mr. SAMIULLA AMINSO ATTAR

Mr. MAHANTESH SHILISIDHA

DESIGN OF COST- EFFECTIVE SOLAR INVERTER. Which is being

submitted to the maulana azad plolytechnic college, solapur Lonere in Partial

department of Electrical Engineering, is a bonafide report of the work carried out

University or Institution for the award of any degree.

Mr. KASIMSAB ABDULRASHID MUGALI

Mr. SHRIKANT JAGANNATH BANSODE

Mr. KRISHNA MADAN HUBALIKAR

Mr. SAMIULLA AMINSO ATTAR

Mr. MAHANTESH SHILISIDHA

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION

Fig No Contents Page No

3.1 Block Diagram of Project 8

4.2 Monocrystalline Silicon Cell 12

4.3 Polycrystalline Silicon Cell 12

4.4 Thin Film Panel 13

4.5 Solar Cell construction 14

4.6 V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell 15

4.7 V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell 17

4.8 Symbol of MOSFET 19

4.9 Pin Diagram of IC CD4047 20

4.10 Block Diagram of IC CD4047 21

4.11 Centre-tap transformer 23

5.1 Simulation of Simple Inverter using CD4047 IC 25

6.1 Solar Power Inverter 27

7.1 Per Capita Energy Consumption 30

Table Content Page

4.2 List of Components 10

A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate

Our project is divided into 2 parts:

The hardware requirements of this project include Step up

• This is an ecofriendly means of power generation

Keywords: MATLAB, Proteus8 Professional, etc.

1.4 Report Outline

• Review of past work done

• DPR on “GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTIC (SPV) POWER

(RPSSGP) and Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), by PHTO

Basically, the components involved in solar system are PV panel, DC-DC

Fig.3.1 Block Diagram of Solar Power Inverter

Our project is divided into 3 parts:

• Design of cost-effective solar power inverter.