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    The document discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atomic models have changed from Democritus' solid sphere model to Dalton's early model, Thomson's "plum pudding" model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, and Schrodinger's wave model which describes electron probability distributions. It examines scientists' discoveries of each subatomic particle and

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    Week5Q3 LAS Science8 Final

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    The document discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atomic models have changed from Democritus' solid sphere model to Dalton's early model, Thomson's "plum pudding" model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, and Schrodinger's wave model which describes electron probability distributions. It examines scientists' discoveries of each subatomic particle and

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    The document discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atomic models have changed from Democritus' solid sphere model to Dalton's early model, Thomson's "plum pudding" model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, and Schrodinger's wave model which describes electron probability distributions. It examines scientists' discoveries of each subatomic particle and

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    158 views8 pages

    Week5Q3 LAS Science8 Final

    Uploaded by

    Frances Datuin
    The document discusses the structure of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how atomic models have changed from Democritus' solid sphere model to Dalton's early model, Thomson's "plum pudding" model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's planetary model, and Schrodinger's wave model which describes electron probability distributions. It examines scientists' discoveries of each subatomic particle and

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    of 8

    8

    Department of Education-Region III


    TARLAC CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION
    Juan Luna St., Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City 2300
    Email address: [email protected]/ Tel. No. (045) 470 - 8180

    Science
    Quarter 3: Week 5
    Learning Activity Sheets
    Science 8

    Name of Learner: ____________________________ Date: ____________


    Section: ___________________________________ Q3W5

    Atoms: Inside Out

    Background Information

    Structure of an Atom

    An atom has a central nucleus. This is surrounded by electrons arranged in shells.


    The nuclei of all atoms contain subatomic particles called protons. The nuclei of most atoms
    also contain neutrons.
    Our current model of the atom can be broken down into three constituents’ parts
    – protons, neutron, and electrons. Each of these parts has an associated charge, with
    protons carrying a positive charge, electrons having a negative charge,
    and neutrons possessing no net charge.
    Proton

    Protons were discovered by Ernest


    Rutherford in the year 1919, when he
    performed his gold foil experiment. He
    projected alpha particles (helium nuclei) at gold
    foil, and the positive alpha particles were
    deflected. He concluded that protons exist in a
    nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge.
    The atomic number or proton number is the
    number of protons present in an atom. The
    atomic number determines an element (e.g.,
    the element of atomic number 6 is carbon).
    Figure 1 Structure of Atom
    Electron

    Electrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph Thomson in 1897. After many
    experiments involving cathode rays, J.J. Thomson demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric
    charge of cathode rays. He confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are
    negatively-charged; these cathode rays became known as electrons. Robert Millikan, through
    oil drop experiments, found the value of the electronic charge.

    Electrons are located in an electron cloud, which is the area surrounding the nucleus
    of the atom. There is usually a higher probability of finding an electron closer to the nucleus
    of an atom. Electrons can abbreviate as e-. Electrons have a negative charge that is equal
    in magnitude to the positive charge of the protons. However, their mass is considerably less
    than that of a proton or neutron (and as such is usually considered insignificant). Unequal
    amounts of protons and electrons create ions: positive cations or negative anions.

    Neutron
    Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, when he demonstrated that
    penetrating radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles. Neutrons are located in the
    nucleus with the protons. Along with protons, they make up almost all of the mass of the
    atom. The number of neutrons is called the neutron number and can be found by subtracting
    the proton number from the atomic mass number. The neutrons in an element determine
    2
    the isotope of an atom, and often its stability. The number of neutrons is not necessarily equal
    to the number of protons.

    Compare and Contrast the Three Subatomic Particles


    Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. This is a tiny, dense region at the center
    of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (+1)(+1) and a mass of 1 atomic
    mass unit (amu)Together with neutrons, they make up virtually all of the mass of an atom.
    Unlike protons and electrons, which are electrically charged, neutrons have no
    charge—they are electrically neutral. That's why the neutrons in the diagram above are
    labeled n0n0. The zero stands for "zero charge". The mass of a neutron is slightly greater
    than the mass of a proton, which is 1 atomic mass unit (amu). A neutron also has about the
    same diameter as a proton. Neutrons are in every atom (with one exception), and they
    are bound together with other neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus.
    Even though electrons, protons, and neutrons are all types of subatomic particles, they
    are not all the same size. When you compare the masses of electrons, protons, and neutrons,
    what you find is that electrons have an extremely small mass, compared to either protons or
    neutrons. On the other hand, the masses of protons and neutrons are fairly similar, although
    technically, the mass of a neutron is slightly larger than the mass of a proton. Because
    protons and neutrons are so much more massive than electrons, almost all of the mass of
    any atom comes from the nucleus, which contains all of the neutrons and protons.

    Different Models of an Atom

    An atomic model represents what the structure of an atom could look like, based on
    what we know about how atoms behave. It is not necessarily a true picture of the exact
    structure of an atom.
    During the Last 200 years, many experiments performed by scientist have established
    what is inside atom. They believed that an atom is mostly empty space. The nucleus is a
    region at the center of an atom and contains most of the atom’s mass. Below is the figure on
    the models of an atom.

    Democritus (400-300 B.C)

    Democritus’s model stated that matter consists of


    invisible particles called atoms and a void (empty
    space). He stated that atoms are indestructible and
    unchangeable. Also that they are homogenous,
    meaning they have no internal structure. His atomic
    model was solid, and stated all atoms differ in size,
    shape, mass, position and arrangement, with a void
    exists between them.
    Figure 2 Democritus Model
    3
    John Dalton (1803)

    He proposed that all matter is composed of very small things which


    he called atoms. This was not a completely new concept as the
    ancient Greeks (notably Democritus) had proposed that all matter
    is composed of small, indivisible (cannot be divided) objects. When
    Dalton proposed his model electrons and the nucleus were
    unknown.

    Figure 2 Dalton’s Model of Atom


    J.J Thomson (1897)

    After the electron was discovered by J.J.


    Thomson in 1897, people realized that atoms
    were made up of even smaller particles than
    they had previously thought. However, the
    atomic nucleus had not been discovered yet
    and so the “plum pudding model” was put
    forward in 1904. In this model, the atom is
    made up of negative electrons that float in
    a “soup” of positive charge, much like plums
    in a pudding or raisins in a fruit cake. In 1906,
    Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize for his
    work in this field. However, even with the Plum
    Pudding Model, there was still no Figure 3 Plum Pudding Model
    understanding of how these electrons in the
    atom were arranged.

    Ernest Rutherford (1909)

    Rutherford carried out some experiments which led to


    a change in ideas around the atom. His new model
    described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged
    core called a nucleus surrounded by lighter, negatively
    charged electrons. This model is sometimes known as
    the nuclear atom model.

    Figure 4 Rutherford’s Model of Atom


    Niels Bohr (1913)

    According to the Bohr model often referred to as


    planetary model the electrons encircle the nucleus
    of the atom in specific allowable paths called
    orbits. These electrons travel in circular orbits around
    the nucleus similar in the structure of the solar system,
    except electrostatic forces rather than gravity provide
    attraction

    Figure 5 Bohr’s Model of Atom

    4
    Erwin Schrodinger (1926-Present)

    He combined the equations for the behavior


    of waves with the de Broglie equation to generate
    a mathematical model for the distribution of
    electrons in an atom. The advantage of this model
    is that it consists of mathematical equations known
    as wave functions that satisfy the requirements
    placed on the behavior of electrons. The
    disadvantage is that it is difficult to imagine a
    physical model of electrons as waves. Figure 6 Schrodinger’s Model of Atom

    The Schrodinger model assumes that the electron is a wave and tries to describe
    the regions in space, or orbitals, where electrons are most likely to be found. Instead
    of trying to tell us where the electron is at any time, the Schrodinger model describes the
    probability that an electron can be found in a given region of space at a given time.
    This model no longer tells us where the electron is; it only tells us where it might be. The
    three coordinates that come from Schrodinger's wave equations are the principal (n),
    angular (l), and magnetic (m) quantum numbers. These quantum numbers describe
    the size, shape, and orientation in space of the orbitals on an atom.

    Learning Competency:

    Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a particular atom.


    S8MT-IIIe-f-10

    Activity 1 – Is it True or False?

    Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.

    ___________1. An atom has a central nucleus.


    ___________2. In neutral atoms there are always equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
    ___________3. Protons, electrons and neutrons are found in the nucleus
    ___________4. Electrons, protons, and neutrons are all types of subatomic particles and
    have the same size
    ___________5. The atom is the smallest particle of matter.
    ___________6. Democritus’ atom is a uniform sphere of matter.
    ___________7. Rutherford demonstrated that the atom was mostly empty space.
    ___________8. In the Schrodinger model of an atom, the nucleus of the atom is at the
    center of an electron cloud.
    ___________9. The masses of protons and neutrons are fairly similar, although technically,
    the mass of a proton is slightly larger than the mass of a neutron.
    __________10. It was Dalton who proposed the raisin bread model of an atom.

    Activity 2 – What is Inside the Atom?

    Directions: Label the parts of an atom by using the words inside the box.

    Proton Electron Neutron


    Nucleus Electron Cloud

    5
    1.

    2.

    4.
    5.

    3.

    Activity 3– Answer me!

    Directions: Write in the blank the correct answer to the questions given.

    1. What type of charge does proton have? ____________________________________


    2. Which two subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom? _____________
    3. What is the charge of an atom? ___________________________________________
    4. What model of atom explains that the atom is made up of negative electrons that float
    in a “soup” of positive charge? ___________________________________________
    5. Who proposed that the electrons could only orbit the nucleus in certain special orbits
    at different energy levels around the nucleus? _______________________________
    6. Who proposed the present model of atom that consists of mathematical equations
    known as wave functions that satisfy the requirements placed on the behavior of
    electrons?___________________________________________________________
    7. Who discovered the neutrons? __________________________________________
    8. Who discovered the protons? ___________________________________________
    9. Who discovered the electrons? __________________________________________
    10. According to Schrodinger Model, where are electrons located?_________________

    Activity 4 - Art Attack!

    Directions: Using any available art materials at home illustrate one among the Atomic
    Model listed below and briefly explain it.

    a. Thomson’s Model c. Bohr’s Model


    b. Rutherford’s Model d. Schrodinger’s Model

    6
    Reflection

    In your own opinion, which among the presented model explains the concept of an atom
    clearly?

    ______________________________________
    ______________________________________
    ______________________________________
    ______________________________________

    Reference

    Pia C. Campo et.al Science 8 Learner’s Material. First Edition 2013 Printed in the
    Philippines by the Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat
    (DepEd-IMCS), pp. 171 – 184

    Glencoe Focus on Physical Science. 2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., pp.254 –
    260

    “Models of Atom” Accessed January 22,2021, https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-


    10/the-atom/04-the-atom-02

    “Subatomic Particles”, Accessed January 22,2021,


    https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_M
    aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_At
    om/Sub-Atomic_Particles

    “The Properties of Proton, Neutron and Electron” , Accessed January 22,2021


    https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_M
    aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_At
    om/Sub-Atomic_Particles

    “What are the Parts of an Atom” Accessed January 22,2021 https://phys.org/news/2015-12-


    atom.html

    7
    Answers Key

    Activity 1 – Is it True or False?

    1. TRUE
    2. FALSE
    3. FALSE
    4. FALSE
    5. TRUE
    6. FALSE
    7. TRUE
    8. TRUE
    9. FALSE
    10. FALSE

    Activity 2 – What is Inside the Atom?

    1. Proton
    2. Neutron
    3. Electron
    4. Nucleus
    5. Electron cloud

    Activity 3 - Answer me!

    1. Positive
    2. Proton and neutron
    3. Neutral
    4. Plum pudding model
    5. Niels Bohr
    6. Erwin Schrodinger
    7. James Chadwick
    8. Ernest Rutherford
    9. J.J Thomson
    10. Electron cloud

    Activity 4- Art Attack!

    Answers may vary

    Prepared by:

    Leah O. Abaya
    Writer/ Illustrator

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