Choi 1

Annotated Bibliography
Primary

"Allied Armies Land in France in the Havre-Cherbourg Area; Great Invasion Is Underway." New
York Times, 6 June 1944. New York Timesmachine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/06/06/issue.html. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.

This is the front page of the New York Times after D-Day. By looking at the headlines, I
gained a better picture of how significant the landings were. The newspaper can be found
on the "D-Day" page of my website.

"Allie's Smashing Drive into France." The Times of India, 7 June 1944. New York Public Library,
www.nypl.org/blog/2018/06/06/front-page-look-back-d-day.

In a blog post, the New York Public Library published different D-Day headlines from
around the world. To show some of the different reactions, I put the front page of The
Times of India on the "D-Day" page of my website. Although I knew that this was
considered an important event around the world, it was fascinating to see regions that I
typically didn't hear about when reading about WWII and their reactions.

"Allies Sweep to Troyes, Nazi Rout Grows; German Commander Surrenders in Paris; Rumania
Declares War, Bulgaria to Quit." New York Times, 26 Aug. 1944. New York
Timesmachine, timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/08/26/issue.html.
Accessed 28 Feb. 2021.

This is the front cover of the New York Times on August 26, 1944. Some of the articles
talked about the liberation of Paris. I displayed this on the "Impact" page of my website.

Annotated Map of Europe, August 29, 1939. 1939. Time Magazine, Time USA,
time.com/3182658/world-war-ii-map. Accessed 10 Feb. 2021. Map.

This map was created by Time Magazine in 1939 to show the political climate in Europe
on August 28, 1939, only weeks before Britain and France declared war against
Germany. This map was published in the magazine's September 4, 1939 issue. I decided
to place this map on the "Outbreak" page of my website to display the tensions rising in
the region before the war, and I thought the map would help provide more context behind
France and Britain's declarations of war as well as how rapidly these situations changed.

Bass, Jeff. Painting of Virginia Hall Transmitting Messages from France. C. 2006. Smithsonian
Magazine, Smithsonian Institution,
www.smithsonianmag.com/history/wanted-the-limping-lady-146541513/. Accessed 24
Feb. 2021.

This is a painting of Virginia Hall transmitting messages from France by Jeff Bass. This
portrait is a part of the CIA's Fine Art Collection and was made with a donation from
 Choi 2

Robert Guggenheime. This painting can be found on the "OSS" page of my website and
was found on the Smithsonian Magazine's website.

Beaton, Cecil. Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon. 1943. National Portrait Gallery, London,
www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw18381/Anthony-Eden-1st-Earl-of-Avon?
LinkID=mp00186&search=sas&sText=anthony+eden&role=sit&rNo=1. Accessed 18
Feb. 2021.

This is a portrait of Anthony Eden in 1943. This is from the British National Archives,
and this photo can be found on the "SOE" page of my website.

Bertillon, Suzanne. "Review of OSS Chain of Command." c. 1945. Central Intelligence Agency,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/REVIEW%20OF%200SS%20CHAIN%201942_0001.p
df. Accessed 24 Feb. 2021.

This was released by the CIA as a result of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. In c.
1945, Suzanne Bertillon, a former Vichy government worker, and informant of Virginia
recounted her wartime experiences, and this source helped me learn more about the type
of information Virginia collected in her first SOE trip to France. I was able to gain a
better picture of her work, how she used her cover, and the types of people she interacted
with.

Central Intelligence Agency. Mediterranean Basin - Shaded Relief. C. 1958. National Archives,
www.loc.gov/resource/g3201cm.gct00279/?sp=1&r=-0.056,-0.04,1.111,0.489,0.
Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. Map.

This is a map created by the CIA in about 1958 depicting the Mediterranean Basin. It is a
part of the CIA's terrain board collection and can be found on the "Afterward" page of
my website.

---. "Virginia Hall Goillot Fitness Report." 22 Apr. 1965. Central Intelligence Agency,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/526e4e95993294098d5176bf. Accessed 3 Mar.
2021.

This is a fitness report of Virginia Hall's from her time in the CIA, and this report details
her activity in the CIA. Although parts were censored, I learned more about the jobs
Virginia held in the CIA and the opinions of her employers held of her. This can be found
on the "Afterward" page of my website.

Chamberlain, Neville. "Home Defence (Security) Executive. Special Operations Executive." 19

July 1940. British National Archives,
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9024128. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021. Letter.

This memorandum from the War Cabinet and the British National Archives describes the
circumstances under which the SOE was to be formed, it's role, and it's early leaders.
 Choi 3

This helped me understand why the SOE was needed. This document can be found on the
"SOE" page of my website.

Churchill's 'Their Finest Hour' Speech. June 1940. winstonchurchill.com, International Churchill
Society, winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/their-finest-hour/.
Accessed 12 Feb. 2021.

This is an annotated copy of Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech. This is from the
Churchill Archives and was found on the International Churchill Society's website. This
can be found on the "Outbreak" page of my website.

The CIA Training Facility Named after Virginia Hall. C. 2017. Washington Post,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/07/11/the-nazis-were-closing-in-on-a
-spy-known-as-the-limping-lady-she-fled-across-mountains-on-a-wooden-leg/. Accessed
2 Mar. 2021.

This is a photo of the CIA training facility named after Virginia Hall. It shows me the
prominence of her role in the intelligence community and how the CIA's perception of
her has changed. This photo can be found on the "Afterward" page of my website.

Committee on Professional Women in the Overt Offices. "Report of the Committee on

Professional Women in the Overt Offices." 1 Nov. 1953. Central Intelligence Agency,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/526e4e95993294098d51767c. Accessed 1 Mar.
2021. Memo.

This is a part of the documents released by the CIA under the Freedom of Information
Act, and this document is within the From Typist to Trailblazer: The Evolving View of
Women in the CIA's Workforce collection of documents. This particular document is a
report on an analysis comparing women in the CIA and career opportunities to men.
From this, I learned about the factors that the CIA observed that resulted in less women
in certain positions and the stereotypes held about the suitability of women in CIA roles.

Cormeau, Yvonne Beatrice. "CORMEAU, YVONNE BEATRICE (ORAL HISTORY) 09:58

29:13." Imperial War Museums, 9 Feb. 1984,
www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80007171. Accessed 29 Nov. 2020. Interview.

This is the first reel of five oral histories commissioned by the Imperial War Museums of
Yvonne Beatrice Cormeau, an SOE officer in Section F who was a prolific radio operator
in France. Hearing an SOE officer talk about their experiences in the field and on D-Day
helped visualize what it was like to live in France during the war, and I heard a firsthand
account of a female agent's unique wartime experience. She also talked about the dangers
of being a radio operator, which led to my understanding of the immense risks Virginia
Hall and others took to carry out their jobs.

Coster, Howard. (Edward) Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton. 1940. National Portrait
Gallery,
 Choi 4

www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw44561/Edward-Hugh-John-Neale-Dalton-
Baron-Dalton? Accessed 18 Feb. 2021.

This photo from the United Kingdom's National Portrait Gallery shows Hugh Dalton, the
first leader of the SOE, in 1940. This photo can be found on the "Need" page of my
website.

d'Artois, Sonia. "I, SPY." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 31, no. 1,
Autumn 2018, p. 44+. Gale OneFile: World History,
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A548322446/PPWH?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=PPWH&xid=0
6d3cdc4. Accessed 12 Nov. 2020.

This is the accounting of the experiences of a SOE officer, Sonia D'Artois, in France
during WWII originally published in the Coronet museum in 1955. I learned more about
the dangers of working as an intelligence officer and how officers in France would
communicate with those in Britain. Not only did I learn about the experiences of an SOE
officer, I also learned more about the intentions behind sending officers to France, and I
learned how the officers were trained before they left for occupied areas.

"D-Day Greatest Combined Operation In World's History (1944)." YouTube, uploaded by British
Pathé, 13 Apr. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNtfjndy_1o. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is a newsreel from June, 1944 after D-Day. It describes D-Day as the "Greatest
Combined Operation in World's History," and it was posted to YouTube by British Pathé.
I chose to use a clip from this video on the "D-Day" page of my website to show how
news organizations were reacting, what was immediately known about the operation, and
to show footage from D-Day.

"D-Day to Germany, 1944." YouTube, uploaded by National Archives, 2 June 2014,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJVaa0RAUGg.

This video consists of edited private footage with narration of the Normandy Invasion,
channel crossing, Utah Beach, Paris liberation, and the entry of Aachen, Germany. This
video is from the collection of Jack Lieb with footage from 1944, and this was posted to
the National Archive's YouTube channel. I chose to use a small clip of this video that
featured a city in the South of France on my home page to create a striking visual and
because that was the region where Virginia primarily operated.

Department of Defense. Map of Germany's Expansion during World War II. C. 1947. National
Archives, catalog.archives.gov/id/169157881. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. Map.

This is a map that shows the expansion of German territory over the course of WWII.
This map is from the National Archives and was created c. 1947. This map can be found
on the "Impact" page of my website.
 Choi 5

---. Normandy Beachhead. 19 July 1944. National Archives, catalog.archives.gov/id/176888222.

Accessed 28 Feb. 2021.

This photo from the National Archives depicts a transfer point on Normandy Beach with
cargo. This photo can be found on the "Impact" page of my website.

---. Ruins of Normandy. 1945. National Archives, catalog.archives.gov/id/176888852. Accessed

28 Feb. 2021.

This photograph shows the ruins of Normandy in 1945 shortly after the end of WWII.
This photograph from the National Archives can be found on the "Citation" page of my
website.

Donovan, William J. "Memorandum for the President from William J. Donovan Regarding
Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) Award to Virginia Hall." Received by Harry S.
Truman, 12 May 1945. National Archives, catalog.archives.gov/id/595672. Accessed 2
Mar. 2021. Memo.

This is a memorandum from William J. Donovan, head of the OSS to the President,
Henry Truman, regarding the Distinguished Cross Award for Virginia Hall. This helped
me understand the magnitude of Virginia's actions alongside the facts I've read.

Hall, Virginia. "Activity Report of Virginia Hall." 30 Sept. 1944. DocsTeach, National Archives,
www.docsteach.org/documents/document/activity-report-of-virginia-hall. Accessed 3
Mar. 2021.

DocsTeach is a website run by the National Archives and the National Archives
Foundation, and it seeks to make documents from the National Archives available as
resources for teachers. This is an activity report written by Virginia Hall on September
30, 1944. It describes her resistance work in France, interactions with resistance groups
for sabotage, and more. Only selected pages are shown on my website.

---. "Bathroom Offices in Vichy." New York Post, 4 Sept. 1941.

This is a scanned copy of an article Virginia Hall wrote for the New York Post, and it is in
possession of the SPYSCAPE museum. After coming in contact with the museum, I was
able to use this newspaper in my research and a copy of this article can be found on the
"F Section" page of my website. Reading this article helped me understand the type of
details of everyday life Virginia was communicating through her articles and put it's
importance into perspective.

Hitler with an Ear Stretched out to Hear Careless Talk. C. 1940. British National Archives,
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/prop/home_front/INF3_0238.htm. Accessed
23 Feb. 2021.
 Choi 6

This is a British WWII poster warning against loosely sharing information. I found this
poster in the British National Archives, and this can be found on the "Establishment"
page of my website.

Huddle, J. K. "Efficiency Report 1937." 30 Sept. 1937. The Text Message, National Archives,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/16/the-secrets-of-the-office-of-strategic-service
s-personnel-records/#jp-carousel-15923. Accessed 4 Feb. 2021. Memo.

Much like the efficiency report by J.K. Huddle in 1936, this report was made by the same
inspector a year later. This report builds upon the previous report yet adds more specifics
as to why Virginia couldn't advance, including her disability. This can be found on the
"Early Life" page of my website.

---. "Efficiency Report 1936." 7 Aug. 1936. The Text Message, National Archives,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/16/the-secrets-of-the-office-of-strategic-service
s-personnel-records/#jp-carousel-15923. Accessed 4 Feb. 2021. Memo.

This is a report on the work of Virginia Hall in the State Department by J.K. Huddle, who
was an inspector, and this told me how Virginia was perceived by the State Department.
But the greatest value this source had was that it allowed me to compare official reports
of Virginia's quality of work to how it was described in other sources. This document is
from the National Archives blog, The Text Message.

Imperial War Museums. www.iwm.org.uk. Accessed 24 Feb. 2021.

The Imperial War Museums (IWM) is a collection of British Museums. The IWM holds a
plethora of different sources, both resources created by the museums (ie. oral histories,
interviews, etc.). The IWM also has a large collection of photographs. I used many of
those photos throughout my website.

The title of the photograph, the date of creation, and location of each photograph on my
website is as follows:

Outbreak
The German Army enters Paris; June, 1940

Need
The London Blitz; September 7, 1940
Bomb damage in the centre of Coventry, following the German air raid on the night of 14
November 1940; November 14, 1940
Bomb Damage in Southeast London; 1940

SOE
Oxford Street; February, 1941
Members of the Maquis and British officers in the Queyras Valley; August 1944
 Choi 7

F Section
Mouzon, France; c. 1940
French Refugees Travel from Occupied to Unoccupied France: c. 1941

Heckler
Supply Drops to French Resistance in Vercors; July, 1944
The French Resistance in the Hautes-Alpes, France; July, 1944
Clandestine broadcast to London by a wireless operator of the French Resistance; c.
1942
Member of the FFI in Dreux, August; 1944

Establishment
Two Bristol Blenheim Mark IVs of No. 139 Squadron RAF based at Plivot, in flight over
northern France; c. 1940

OSS
Square silk map depicting France and the low countries; created c. 1942

D-Day
La Liberté Pour la France; 1944
"French children playing in a pool on the beach at Arromanches while a ship discharges
its cargo in the background."; June 7, 1944
A Sherman tank of the 27th Canadian Armoured Regiment; June 6, 1944

Legacy
Field Marshal Montgomery in Paris; May 25, 1945

Annotated Bibliography
Painting of Air Raid on London; 1940

"Invasion Opens: Allied Air-borne Troop Lands Near Mouth of Seine Port of Le Havre
Bombarded by Fleet - Tip of Normandy Peninsula Occupied - German Naval Units Fight
Landings." The Boston Daily Globe, 6 June 1944. New York Public Library,
www.nypl.org/blog/2018/06/06/front-page-look-back-d-day. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.

The New York Public Library published the front page of the Boston Globe in a blog post
about newspapers' reactions to D-Day. I was able to learn what the world immediately
knew about the landings and their reactions. The front page can be found on the "D-Day"
page of my website.

Keep Mum – She's Not so Dumb. C. 1942. British National Archive,

www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/prop/home_front/INF3_0229.htm. Accessed
23 Feb. 2021.

This wartime British poster depicts a woman who is a spy and getting men to tell her
valuable information. The poster helped me better understand the concerns of the British
 Choi 8

in terms of leaked information during the war. This poster can be found on the
"Establishment" page of my website.

"Letter Describing Hall's Accident." Received by Secretary of State, 25 Dec. 1933. The Text
Message, National Archives,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/16/the-secrets-of-the-office-of-strategic-service
s-personnel-records/#jp-carousel-15921. Letter.

This letter was sent to the Secretary of State in Washington D.C. from a member of the
American embassy in Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey to describe Virginia Hall's accident. The
letter was found on the National Archives blog, The Text Message which featured
documents from Virginia Hall's personal file that aren't available digitized elsewhere. The
letter can be found on the "Early Life" page of my website to help show the
circumstances of her accident and the conditions under which her leg was amputated.

Lorna Catling Collection. Virginia Hall's Driver License. C. 1931. Time Magazine,
time.com/5793511/virginia-hall-100-women-of-the-year/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is one of Virginia Hall's driver licenses from the 1930s. It is most likely a European
license and was provided to Time Magazine by Lorna Catling, Virginia's niece. This can
be found on the "F Section" page of my website.

"Maryland Woman Is Driving Ambulance for French Army." Baltimore Sun, 12 June 1940.
Baltimore Sun,
baltimoresun.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=39387485&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIU
zI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM3MzYwNDQ5MywiaWF0I
joxNjEzNjkzMTk5LCJleHAiOjE2MTM3Nzk1OTl9.G2ialcZryD76nGI59OQpbCkpg7Yj
lK7zRYpC5b8bBAI. Accessed 18 Feb. 2021.

This article from the archives of the Baltimore Sun is about Virginia's joining of French
ambulance corps. Through this article, I learned that Virginia enlisted without informing
her family and that her mother was very worried for her. This article helped me better
understand her situation in life.

Ministry of Economic Warfare. "S.I.S. and S.O.E." Received by Anthony Eden, 31 Mar. 1942.
British National Archives, discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C13430384.
Accessed 18 Feb. 2021. Letter.

This letter was sent to Anthony Eden in March of 1942 from someone in the Ministry of
Economic Warfare. The letter is available in the British National Archives grouped
together with other documents that detail the relationship between the S.O.E. and the
S.I.S., another British intelligence agency. For its importance in describing the tensions
that existed between the groups and the overlapping duties between the two, excerpts
from this letter can be found on my website.
 Choi 9

The New York Times. "Britain and France at War at 6 A.M.; Hitler Won't Halt Attack on Poles;
Chamberlain Calls Europe to Fight." New York Times, 3 Sept. 1939. New York
Timesmachine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/09/04/93953319.html?pageNumber=1.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2021.

This is the front page of the New York Times after Britain and France entered WWII on
September 3, 1939. This article from the New York Times shows how the onset of the war
was viewed by Americans alongside what the motives behind the declaration of war from
Britain and France were.

Office of Strategic Services. F-Section Circuits. Report by Participating American Personnel of

OSS. c. 1944. French National Archives. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This collection of documents from the French National Archives includes many reports
from different circuits in France including those from Virginia and her colleagues. Even
without the passing of time, agents realized the wide breadth of work Hall did and its
magnitude, which is made clear by these documents. Furthermore, Virginia's personal
reports gave me insight as to the work she did accompanied by specific numbers which
helped me understand her role in France.

---, compiler. Operational Group Command. C. 1945. United States Military Special Operations
Command, www.soc.mil/OSS/assets/operational-groups-overview.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb.
2021.

This document is from the United States Military Special Operations Command and
shows the organization of the Office of Strategic Services alongside maps of the work of
the OSS. From this document, I used the following charts/map labeled as : "OSS
Operational Group Command Booklet," showing OSS organization on the
"Establishment" page and the "OSS Operations in Southern France" map.

---. "Origin and Development of Resistance in France." 1944 - 1945. Archives Nationales,
www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/con
sultationIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053870&udId=cu00dirn5vy-lvaezsm72a1z&details=t
rue&gotoArchivesNums=false&auSeinIR=true. Accessed 24 Feb. 2021.

This document was made by the OSS after the liberation of France to record the
resistance and France and the OSS's interactions with the resistance. This enormous
document details the different methods of communication used by the OSS and its
impact. This document is from the National Archives of France and is a part of their
collection of records on the Office of Strategic Services.

---, compiler. Special Operations Field Manual - Strategic Services. C. 1944. United States Army
Special Operations Command, www.soc.mil/OSS/assets/special-operations-fm.pdf.
Accessed 23 Feb. 2021.
 Choi 10

This is a manual for OSS agents created shortly before or during 1944 to provide a
guideline on how to act in the Special Operations section of the OSS. This source helped
me understand the motives of the different departments of the OSS.

"Paris Delivered (1944)." YouTube, uploaded by British Pathé, 13 Apr. 2014,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUz2XvgaIEo. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021.

This video from British Pathé shows a newsreel from Paris after liberation in 1944. The
video showed celebrations, French leaders, and continuous fighting against Germans that
remained in the city by Allied troops, members of the Resistance, and members of the
Free French Interior. A clip of this video can be found on the "Impact" page of my
website.

Pat Keely. This Was Our Finest Hour. June 1940. British National Archives,
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/prop/home_front/INF3_0137.htm. Accessed
28 Feb. 2021.

This is a British WWII propaganda photograph from 1940 whose slogan is derived from
Churchill's "This Was Their Finest Hour" speech. This poster can be found on the
"Outbreak" page of my website.

Photograph of Virginia Hall Receiving Award. 1945. National Archives,

catalog.archives.gov/id/595150. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021.

This is a photograph of Virginia Hall receiving the Distinguished Service Cross from
William Donovan in 1945. This photograph is from the National Archives and can be
found on the "Impact" page of my website.

"Radio-Londres - Les Français Parlent aux Français - Honneur and Patrie." YouTube, uploaded by
Archives Radio, 1 Nov. 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVTGBLgMT1E. Accessed
24 Feb. 2021.

These are clippings of les messages personnels that were aired by Radio Londres from
the BBC to France during World War II from 1943 - 1944 from Archives Radio, a French
group. Furthermore, in the clip I use on the "Aftermath" page of my website, you can
hear the beginnings of Beethoven's Fifth played; the rhythms were "V" in morse code for
victory. Since the messages personnels were used as codes to communicate signals, this
recording helped me understand the methods of communication used and a clip can be
found on the "D-Day" page of my website.

Roland Park County School Class of 1924, compiler. Roland Park County School Yearbook.
1924. Baltimore Sun,
www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-county/bs-md-co-virginia-hall-marker-2018
0404-story.html. Accessed 31 Jan. 2021.
 Choi 11

This is Virginia Hall's page from her high school yearbook in 1924. As a result of a lack
of primary sources about Virginia Hall's youth, this yearbook helped me gain a better
sense of her personality and interests. The page can be found on the "Early Life" page of
my website.

"SOE Note Mentioning a Meeting Between Phillippe de Vomécourt and 'Gloria.'" 1942. Musée
de la Résistance,
museedelaresistanceenligne.org/musee/mediatheque/mediatheque.php?r_Champ=&r_text
e=virginia+hall&r_DateMonth=&r_Date=&r_Genre=&r_LieuPays=&r_Lieu=&r_LieuD
pt=&r_LieuVille=&r_Types=&r_Partenaire=&r_Partenaire2=&r_Tri=1. Accessed 2 Mar.
2021. Letter.

This is an SOE memo describing how there failed to be a meeting between Phillippe de
Vomécourt and a member of the "Gloria'' circuit. Since the Gloria circuit was to interact
with Hall, its fall put her in jeopardy, and this memo showed me the perils of
miscommunication. The title for this memo was translated from its original French to use
in my website and can be found on the "Heckler" page.

"Special Operations Executive (SOE) Organisation: Relations between SOE and the Secret
Intelligence Service (SIS)." 1940 Jul 19 - 1942 Nov 14. British National Archives,
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C13430384. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is a compilation of documents from throughout WWII referring to the relationship

between the SIS and SOE, both British war/intelligence agencies. The date of creation of
these documents range from 1940 Jul 19 to 1942 Nov 14, and this compilation consists of
memos, letters, and more. Through these documents, I learned about the evolving role of
the SOE, the conflicts that arose with other groups, and opposition against the SOE.

Spofford, Edward W. A Birds-eye View of the Heart of Baltimore. Norman T.A. Munder & Co.,
1912. National Archives, www.loc.gov/item/75694536/. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. Map.

This is a sketch of Baltimore from an aerial view by Edward W. Spofford that was
published in 1912. This map is sourced from the Library of Congress and can be found
on the "Early Life" page of my website. I chose to use this photo to show what Virginia
Hall's home city looked like around the time she was born.

State Department. "Functions and Scope of Colonel Donovan's Activities." Received by Foreign
Office No 4939, 31 Oct. 1941. British National Archives,
discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C6564973. Accessed 22 Feb. 2021. Letter.

This is a telegram from the State Department in Washington D.C. to the Foreign Office in
London describing Colonel Donovan's responsibilities as he worked to develop the OSS
before its official creation. Through this telegram, I learned more about what the goals of
the OSS were.
 Choi 12

"Statement from USSOCOM on SECDEF's Women in Service Review Decision." YouTube,

uploaded by United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), 3 Dec. 2015,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgfmBANgBk8. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This video is a statement from the commander of the United States Special Operations
Command (USSOCOM) addressing the Secretary of Defense in 2015's decision to
integrate all military positions, career fields, and specialties to women. In this video they
showed their support and cited the OSS as a previous example of where women were
given combative roles in Special Operations. I chose to use a quote from this video to
exemplify how the actions of the OSS still have significance today.

"Text of Chamberlain Address." New York Times, 3 Sept. 1939. New York Timesmachine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/09/03/112716531.html?pageNumber=1.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2021.

This article from the New York Times displays the text of Prime Minister Chamberlain of
Britain's address regarding Britain's declaration of war against Germany. This speech
clearly displays the events that sparked Britain's declaration of war and France's as well.

"'This Was Their Finest Hour…' | Animated speech by Winston Churchill." YouTube, uploaded
by Royal Air Force, 17 June 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9amZ8McoBA.
Accessed 12 Feb. 2021.

To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Britain, the Royal Air Force
published a recording of Winston Churchill's "Their Finest Hour" speech from June 18,
1940. I chose to display this clip on the "Outbreak" page of my website to show the
climate of Britain when the SOE was established and to show what goals and priorities
the government had.

Truman, Henry S. "Citation for Virginia Hall for the Distinguished Service Cross." c. 1945.
National Archives, catalog.archives.gov/id/595152. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. Memo.

This is the citation for Virginia's Distinguished Service Cross. This provided a great
summary of Virginia's actions in France and helped me paint a more clear picture of how
important her contributions are. This can be found on the "Citation" page of my website.

Type 111 MKII Radio (Virginia Hall). International Spy Museum,

www.spymuseum.org/exhibition-experiences/about-the-collection/collection-highlights/t
ype-111-mkii-radio-virginia-hall/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is a photograph of the Type 111MKII Radio used by Virginia Hall in France in 1944.
This was used to send intelligence through morse code and can be found on the "OSS"
page of my website.
 Choi 13

Undated Self Portrait of Virginia Hall. Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian Institution,

www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-spy-known-limping-lady-helped-allies-win-wwii
-180971889/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2021.

This is an undated self portrait of Virginia Hall; this photo is a part of the Lorna Catling
Collection, the private collection of Virginia Hall's niece. This photo can be found on the
"Legacy" page of my website.

United States Mint. Office of Strategic Services Bronze Medal. 2018. United States Mint,
www.usmint.gov/news/image-library/silver-bronze-medals#oss. Accessed 8 Apr. 2021.

In 2018, Congress commissioned a Congressional Gold Medal commemorating the OSS.

On the rear of the medal, Hall's code name for her prosthetic leg, Cuthbert, is inscribed. I
chose to use this image on the "Impact" page of my website because I thought it was
interesting that Hall and her prosthetic leg was noted in such a way.

United States Office of War Information. Winston Churchill. Mar. 1943. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/2017696565/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2021.

This photograph shows Winston Churchill in 1943 and is from the United States Office
of War Information. The photo can be found on the "Need" page of my website and is
sourced from the Library of Congress.

U.S. Coast Guard. Photograph of the Normandy Invasion. 6 June 1944. National Archives,
catalog.archives.gov/id/513173. Accessed 24 Feb. 2021.

This photo shows the Coast Guard arriving in Normandy on D-Day. This photo is from
the National Archives (U.S.) and can be found on the "D-Day" page of my website.

"Victim of Accident in Turkey." The Evening Sun [Baltimore, Maryland], 9 Jan. 1934. Baltimore
Sun,
baltimoresun.newspapers.com/clip/39407738/09-jan-1934-victim-of-accident-in-turkey/.
Accessed 4 Feb. 2021.

"Victim of Accident in Turkey" gave me a lot of perspective on the early life of Virginia
Hall. To begin, the fact that her accident was published in the paper alongside with a
picture of her shows me the prominence of her family in Baltimore, and the article relays
to me the information immediately known to Mrs. Hall after the accident. This article can
be found on the "Early Life" page of my website.

"Virginia Goillot Dead; Agent in World War II." New York Times, 14 July 1982. New York
Timesmachine, timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1982/07/14/issue.html.
Accessed 2 Mar. 2021.

This is an obituary for Virginia Hall in the New York Times. This article showed me what
people knew about Virginia at the time of her death. I gained perspective on the amount
 Choi 14

of information that was known about her work. It can be found on the "Afterward" page
of my website.

The Wolves at the Door: The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy. 2004.

I was given permission to use photographs entrusted to Judith L. Pearson, an author, who
I had the chance to speak with in February, 2021. The photographs were featured in her
book, Wolves at the Door: The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy.
Photographs from her collection can be found throughout my website and are seen below.

Thesis
The Hall's 110 acre farm in Rural Maryland; undated
Virginia shortly after the war; c. 1945

Early Life:
Virginia and her brother John; c. 1920

F Section:
Virginia hiking, c. 1922

Establishment:
A self-portrait sketched by Aramis (Henry Laussucq) in the field, 1944

OSS:
Sketch of Virginia by Aramis (Henry Laussuq), 1944. National Archives
"Virginia broadcast radio transmissions in July, 1944 from this barn in Le Chambon sur
Lignon in the Haute-Loire région." c. 2002

Heckler:
"Virginia with members of her parachute reception committee." c. 1944

D-Day:
"This demolition is typical of the sort Virginia's group inflicted on the Nazis. This train
was in the midst of crossing the Pont de Chamelières when detonation occurred." August
2, 1944

Impact:
"Virginia with the two Americans who parachuted onto the Yssingeaux Plateau.
Lieutenant Henry Riley is on the left and Lieutenant Paul Goillot is on the right. Between
them is French Lieutenant Aimart." c. 1944

Afterward:
"Virginia, left, and Paul with an unknown friend, touring their yard at their Maryland
home" c. 1982
 Choi 15

Secondary

The Associated Press. "Posthumous Honors for a Trailblazing Female Spy." New York Times, 11
Dec. 2006. New York Times. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article talks about new recognition gained by Virginia Hall in the early 2000s.
Through the article, I learned that in 2006, Virginia's contributions were re-acknowledged
by the British, French, and American governments. Reading this article really put into
perspective how important Virginia's job was, and the article quoted a member of
Virginia's family and different governments.

Breaks, Katherine. "Ladies of the OSS: The Apron Strings of Intelligence in World War II."
American Intelligence Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, Summer 1922, pp. 91-96. JSTOR,
www-jstor-org.ncc.idm.oclc.org/stable/pdf/44326212.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SY
C-5187_SYC-5188%2Ftest&refreqid=fastly-default%3A0cc7d4363cd3f59dd596d0d73e
c9f15d. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is a thesis written by a Yale student in 1992 about the women in the OSS.This article
not only showed me how women were in the OSS all around the world, but Breaks also
told stories about specific women and the risks they took to accomplish their jobs.
Furthermore, I learned that although the OSS was inclusive of women, there were still
less opportunities for them than their male counterparts as well as the stereotypes women
faced.

"British, French Honor U.S. Spy Virginia Hall." All Things Considered, 12 Dec. 2006. Gale
Literature Resource Center,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A155808078/LitRC?u=jeric34891&sid=LitRC&xid=7e768678.
Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is an interview between Lorna Catling, Virginia Hall's niece, and a radio host from
the show "All Things Considered" in 2006. I accessed this interview through the Gale
Literature Resource Center. As Ms. Catling was Hall's niece, this interview helped me
learn more about Virginia's personal life and that Virginia didn't talk about her wartime
work nor her time in the CIA with even friends and family.

Carlomango, Cameron. Women in a Man's War: The Employment of Female Agents in the
Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946. 2019. Chapman U, MA thesis. Chapman
University Digital Commons,
digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=war_and_socie
ty_theses. Accessed 13 Dec. 2020.

This was a thesis written in the spring of 2019, and this thesis provided many primary
quotes for my website. By reading these, I gained a very full picture of the opposition
against both the SOE and it's employment of women, and I learned why the combatant
role of SOE and OSS female agents and their participation in the war was so significant. I
 Choi 16

also learned more about the distinctive role held by Virginia Hall in France, the various
methods of communication utilized, and why female spies actually held some advantages
when it came to living behind a cover.

CIA Museum Staff. "Notes from Our Attic: A Curator's Pocket History of the CIA." Central
Intelligence Agency,
www.cia.gov/resources/publications/notes-from-our-attic-a-curators-pocket-history-of-th
e-cia/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This is a document from the CIA and it's museum staff that shows the history of the CIA
and intelligence agencies in America through artifacts at the CIA museum. Although I
had certainly read about the feats of the OSS, seeing some of the tools utilized by its
members for subterfuge truly helped me understand that part of the reason the OSS was a
success was due to its resourcefulness. Furthermore, this document helped me understand
why the CIA was formed, and the ways it's goals and organization differed from the OSS.

Daniel. "The Secrets of the Office of Strategic Services Personnel Records: Spotlight on Virginia
Hall." The Text Message, National Archives, 16 Apr. 2020,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2020/04/16/the-secrets-of-the-office-of-strategic-service
s-personnel-records/#jp-carousel-15921. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

The Text Message is a blog from the National Archives, and it discussed the many
records the National Archives holds on Virginia Hall. These documents range from her
time as an employee at the State Department to her time in the OSS and CIA. The post
also discussed the work of the OSS and the records pertaining to the group in the
National Archives.

"Daredevil in Disguise; The Remarkable Story of the American Woman with Only One Leg Who
Spied for Britain during the Second World War." Sunday Times (London, England), 24
Mar. 2019, p. 34. Gale Academic OneFile,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A579946681/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=c5acda9
4. Accessed 3 Jan. 2021.

This article, published in the Sunday Times, helped expand my understanding of Virginia
Hall's work in France. This article also quoted from her SOE personnel files, which I then
used in my website. I learned more about why her work in France was significant, how
that worked was an example of important communication during WWII, and her role in
France.

Elder, Greg. "Faces of Defense Intelligence: Virginia Hall - the 'Limping Lady.'" Defense
Intelligence Agency, 27 Oct. 2016,
www.dia.mil/News/Articles/Article-View/Article/988284/faces-of-defense-intelligence-v
irginia-hall-the-limping-lady/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.
 Choi 17

Virginia was featured as one of the Defense Intelligence Agency's Faces of Defense in
2016. The article describes the specifics of her contributions and life. Like many other
sources, this article was a testament to how her story is valuable and re-emerging.

Goodman, Michael E. The CIA and Other American Spies. Mankato, Creative Education, 2013.

This book described many of the main operations of the CIA and the development of
American intelligence groups. This book gave me valuable context on the history of
intelligence collection in America and the missions of the CIA; both of which helped me
in the creation of my website.

Inside the Stories of the Most Daring Women Spies of World War II. TIME USA, 2 Oct. 2020,
time.com/5892932/a-call-to-spy-real-history/. Accessed 12 Nov. 2020.

This article was written for the Time magazine and talks about some of the women in the
SOE during WWII. I learned more about the individual tasks members of the SOE would
do such as maintain communication between Britain and France. I also learned about the
dire consequences the spies faced after being caught.

Knezevich, Alison. "Woman Who Nazis Called 'Most Dangerous of All Allied Spies'
Memorialized in Baltimore County." Baltimore Sun, 7 Apr. 2018. The Baltimore Sun,
www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-county/bs-md-co-virginia-hall-marker-2018
0404-story.html. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article from the Baltimore Sun describes the achievements of Virginia Hall and local
tributes to her in Maryland. Furthermore, this article told me about where her stories are
going. For example, at the time of the article, a new biography was upcoming, there was
a CIA building named after her, and there are talks of movies being created.

Lake, Eli. "Secret Weapons." Newsweek, 24 Sept. 2012. Academic Search Complete,
ncc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h
&AN=80138780&site=ehost-live. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article sourced from the Academic Search Complete database is about the role of
women in the American intelligence community and provided primary quotes for my
website. It talks about the many barriers women have had to overcome, and cites specific
examples where women analysts and agents have changed the course of history and the
extent of women's contributions to the CIA throughout its existence. Virginia Hall is
mentioned in this article as a woman who wasn't given the opportunities she was
qualified for, in part, due to her gender.

Laneri, Raquel. "She Was a Post Columnist — and a Heroic WWII Spy." New York Post, 13 Jan.
2018. New York Post,
nypost.com/2018/01/13/she-was-a-post-columnist-and-a-heroic-wwii-spy/. Accessed 3
Mar. 2021.
 Choi 18

Virginia's cover when she first went into France was as a journalist for the New York
Post. This article describes how a member of the Post reacted at the time. Furthermore,
while writing this article, the journalist consulted many historians who studied Virginia
Hall.

Lineberry, Cate. "WANTED: The Limping Lady." Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian

Institution, 1 Feb. 2007,
www.smithsonianmag.com/history/wanted-the-limping-lady-146541513/.

I read this article from the Smithsonian Magazine early in my research. This article
provided a great synopsis of Hall's work in Europe and helped me understand where to
guide my research. Furthermore, this article contained many photographs that first
introduced me to her work.

Martin, Amy J. "America's Evolution of Women and Their Roles in the Intelligence
Community." Journal of Strategic Security, vol. 8, Fall 2015. JSTOR,
www-jstor-org.ncc.idm.oclc.org/stable/pdf/26465249.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SY
C-5187_SYC-5188%2Ftest&refreqid=fastly-default%3A0cc7d4363cd3f59dd596d0d73e
c9f15d. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article from the Journal of Strategic Strategy describes the ever evolving role of
women in America's intelligence community. This article taught me about the long
history of women as clandestine agents alongside the unique hurdles they faced
throughout their careers due to their gender and the CIA's work to address these
concerns. This article helped me understand better the struggles Virginia had during her
intelligence career.

McIntosh, Elizabeth P. Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS. Annapolis, Naval Institute
Press, 2009.

As a previous OSS agent, the authority provided many primary quotes in this book in the
form of testimonies from former OSS agents which can be found throughout my website.
I learned about the challenges women faced as employees of both the OSS and CIA. I
also read the testimonies of agents' experience working with Virginia Hall and the
methods of communication they used.

Meyer, Roger. "World War II's Most Dangerous Spy." The American Legion Magazine, vol. 165,
Oct. 2008, p. 54, archive.legion.org/handle/20.500.12203/2612. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

Throughout my research, I have stumbled across a quote about how Virginia Hall was the
Allies most wanted spy, yet these quotes often weren't properly credited. I found this
article in hopes of tracking down the original quote, but although this magazine article
didn't provide that, I learned more about Virginia's education and her accomplishments in
France.
 Choi 19

Mitchell, Don. The Lady Is a Spy: Virginia Hall, World War II Hero of the French Resistance.
New York, Scholastic Focus, an imprint of Scholastic, 2019.

This biography was a really in depth look into the life of Virginia Hall. This was a very
important resource throughout my research because it included many supporting primary
sources like the articles Virginia Hall wrote for the New York Post. This book helped me
figure out where I wanted to guide my research, and the many quotes helped me
understand what Virginia's wartime environment was like.

Morris, Nigel. "The Special Operations Executive 1940 - 1946." BBC, 17 Feb. 2011,
www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_01.shtml. Accessed 16 May 2021.

This article from the BBC talks about many aspects of the SOE such as their recruitment
methods, training, work, and more. Reading this article helped me understand the wide
variety of tasks the SOE undertook and provided quotes that helped me measure the
massive impact of their work.

Murry, Kailah M. "Five Years Later: Women, Combat Operations, and Revisiting 'The Other
Fifty Percent.'" American Intelligence Journal, vol. 34, 2017. JSTOR,
www-jstor-org.ncc.idm.oclc.org/stable/pdf/26497121.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SY
C-5187_SYC-5188%2Ftest&refreqid=fastly-default%3A0cc7d4363cd3f59dd596d0d73e
c9f15d. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article in the American Intelligence Journal describes the history of women in
combative roles and their roles in the intelligence community. This article is arguing that
more women should be employed in combative roles like in the intelligence community. I
found this very interesting because during WWII, women of the SOE and OSS were
taking on dual responsibilities as civilian combatants as well as intelligence officers.

Pearson, Judith L. The Wolves at the Door: The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy.
New York, Lyons, 2009.

Ms. Pearson's biography of Virginia Hall informed me on all aspects of her life, including
the codes she used, one of which inspired the title of my website. I also learned about the
importance of Virginia's actions. After speaking with Ms. Pearson and reading her book, I
solidified the areas of Virginia's life I wanted to cover on my website.

Purnell, Sonia. "Virginia Hall Was America's Most Successful Female WWII Spy. But She Was
Almost Kept From Serving." Time, 9 Apr. 2019. Academic Search Complete,
ncc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h
&AN=135823481&site=ehost-live. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article written by Sonia Purnell, talks about the struggles Virginia faced throughout
her career due to her gender and disability. I learned that although she was very capable,
she was oftentimes underestimated because of the prejudices others held. Furthermore,
 Choi 20

this article really showed me the contributions Virginia made to the intelligence
community and how she paved a path for other female intelligence agents to follow.

---. A Woman of No Importance: The Untold Story of the American Spy Who Helped Win World
War II. New York, Viking, an imprint of Penguin Random House, 2019.

This book is a truly in depth biography that took quotes from many non-digitized records
which greatly aided my research. Furthermore, this biography helped me formulate my
own opinions on the actions of Virginia Hall and included many supplementary details on
Virginia's colleagues. This widened my perspective as I learned about the many people
who had contributed to her and the Allie's success.

Rose, Sarah. D-Day Girls: The Spies Who Armed the Resistance, Sabotaged the Nazis, and
Helped Win World War II. New York, Broadway Books, 2020.

Originally, I had been planning on researching the women of the SOE, and this book was
a large factor in that decision. The book not only described the many unique sacrifices
and challenges women faced, it also taught me the magnitude of the SOE and OSS'
contributions to Allied success on D-Day. This book also helped me gain a better idea of
the methods of communication used by the SOE and OSS such as the use of radios, the
BBC, paper messages, couriers, and more.

Schoettler, Carl. "A Cloak-and-Dagger Life Is Exposed for All to See." Baltimore Sun, 24 Nov.
2004.

This article from the Baltimore Sun contains many messages sent by Virginia from
France to London. It describes how documents pertaining to her are being shown in an
exhibit for the National Archives. Through this article, I saw what type of
communications Virginia sent.

Shapira, Ian. "The Nazis were closing in on a spy known as 'The Limping Lady.' She fled across
mountains on a wooden leg." Washington Post, 11 July 2017. Washington Post,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/07/11/the-nazis-were-closing-in-on-a
-spy-known-as-the-limping-lady-she-fled-across-mountains-on-a-wooden-leg/. Accessed
2 Mar. 2021.

This article describes the lasting legacy and remembrance of Virginia Hall. From this
article, I learned about the various tributes there are to her like a CIA training facility,
movie deals, and books. By reading this article, I learned more about how her story has
been embraced in recent years.

Stafford, David. Britain and European Resistance, 1940-1945: A Survey of the Special
Operations Executive, with Documents. Place of publication not identified, David
Stafford, 2013.
 Choi 21

This book by David Stafford helped me learn more about the objectives of the SOE, and
how Britain contributed to Resistance groups around Europe. In particular, this book
helped me learn more about the founding of the SOE as other books I was able to obtain
focused either on specific sections of the SOE, or certain groups of people. Primary
quotes listed in this book can be found in my website.

Thomas, Gordon, and Greg Lewis. Shadow Warriors of World War II: The Daring Women of the
OSS AndSOE. Chicago, Chicago Review Press, 2017.

Throughout my project, I've been trying to show the experiences of women in the SOE,
OSS, and in the intelligence community. This book helped me gain the information
necessary to accurately do so. Through its descriptions of female agents wartime
experiences, I learned about the unique challenges they faced.

"The Tip of the Spear: From Virginia Hall to Gina Haspel." YouTube, uploaded by The OSS
Society, 29 Oct. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ini_ufv2Xrg. Accessed 5 Apr. 2021.

This video is made to show the contributions of the women in the OSS and CIA to
women in the intelligence community, centered around the appointment of Gina Haspel
as the first female director of the CIA in 2018. Published by the OSS Society, this video
shows clips of Haspel and colleagues talking about how the work of women like Virginia
Hall made it possible for her to occupy the role. Clips from this video can be found on the
"Legacy" page of my website.

"United States : Faces of Defense Intelligence: Virginia Hall - the Limping Lady." Mena Report,
29 Oct. 2016. Gale Academic OneFile,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A469256712/AONE?u=nysl_li_jhsch&sid=AONE&xid=37b9b3
a9. Accessed 3 Jan. 2021.

Through this article, I learned more about the early life and career of Virginia Hall. This
article, I was able to gain a better understanding of why Hall was recruited to the SOE,
the methods of communication she used, and her education both prior to and for her
clandestine career.

Yellin, Emily. "D-DAY / 60 Years Later : Hero and Villain: Contrasting Wartime Roles for
Women." New York Times, 10 June 2004. New York Times,
www.nytimes.com/2004/06/10/news/dday-60-years-later-hero-and-villaincontrasting-war
time-roles-for-women.html. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021.

This article from the New York Times compares two women in WWII, one of which was
Virginia Hall. The other woman was Mildred Gillars, an American who ended up being a
Nazi radio broadcaster. In addition to telling me more about Virginia's accomplishments,
this article helped me understand the wide breadth of roles women took on during WWII.

---. Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front during World War II. New
York, Free Press, 2005.
 Choi 22

This was a very valuable and interesting book that informed me about the shift in
women's roles during WWII in all industries. Virginia Hall was mentioned as well, but I
believe the most valuable thing I took out of this book was an understanding of how and
why women's positions at home quickly during WWII, the jobs they took up, and the
importance this work had on the war.