Methods of Design Discharge
Methods of Design Discharge
Methods of Design Discharge
Empirical methods: some of the most commonly used methods for flood
estimation in India.
1. Dicken’s formula
2. Ryve’s formula
3. Inglis formula
4. Nawab jang bahudur’s formula
5. Creager’s formula
6. Khosla’s formula
7. Besson’s formula
The abutments and piers of a bridge cause obstruction to the natural flow of
river or stream.
Rise of water level on the upstream side is known as afflux.
Importance of afflux
Economic span of a bridge is the one which reduces the overall cost of the
bridge to be a minimum.
Assumptions: It is possible to find out a mathematical expression for the
economic span of a bridge with the help of the following assumptions:
1. The bridge consists of equal spans.
2. The bridge is an arch bridge or a girder bridge.
3. The cost of abutment with their foundations is nearly constant.
4. The cost of one pier with its foundation is nearly constant.
5. The cost of superstructure per span varies directly as the square of span.
L = Total length of bridge
l = length of one span
n = Number of span = L/l
P = cost of one pier with its foundation
C = cost of bridge excluding cost of abutments.
Cost of bridge = Cist of superstructure + Cost of piers + Cost of abutments
C = Cost of superstructure + Cost of piers……1
According to the assumption no. 5,
Cost of superstructure per span l2
= a l2
Cost of superstructure for n spans = n a l2…..2
As n indicates number of spans, the number of piers would be (n-1) and hence,
Cost of piers = (n-1) P…….3
Substituting 2 & 3 in equation 1
C = n a l2 + (n-1) P
= n a (L/n)2 + (n-1) P
= aL2/n + (n-1) P
For C to be minimum, dC/dn = 0
- a L2/n2 + P = 0
- a l2 + P = 0 ( L/n = l)
P = a l2
Following are the cases in which it is not possible to adopt the economic
span as worked out from the above considerations:
1. Dead load of superstructure
2. Foundations of piers
3. Height of piers
4. Increase in span
5. Miscellaneous reasons
Forces to be considered For design
2. Longitudinal forces
4. Seismic force