Hindusthan College of Engineering And Technology

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC

AUTONOMOUS II SEMESTER UG DEGREE INTERNAL EXAMINATIONS

PART A
1. Define friction. (Understanding)
Friction is the contact resistance exerted by one body when the second body moves or tends to move past the first
body. Friction is a retarding force that always acts opposite to the motion or to the tendency to move.
2. Classify types of friction. (Remembering)
In engineering applications, we come across the following two types of friction.
i) Dry friction
a) Static friction
b) Dynamic or Kinetic friction
ii) Fluid friction
3. Define limiting friction. (Understanding)
The maximum friction that can be generated between two static surfaces in contact with each other. Once a
force applied to the two surfaces exceeds the limiting friction, motion will occur. For two dry surfaces,
the limiting friction is a product of the normal reaction force and the coefficient of limiting friction
4. Write an expression for the coefficient of friction. (Remembering)

5. Write an expression for the angle of friction. (Remembering)

F=Frictional Force
R=normal reaction
6. State laws of static friction. (Understanding)
1. The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to move.
2. The magnitude of the force of friction is exactly equal to the force which tends to move the body.
3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the surfaces of
contact.
4. The frictional force does not depends on the shape and area of contact of the bodies.
7. State laws of dynamic friction. (Understanding)
1. The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body is moving.
2. The magnitude of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces.
3. The co-efficient of dynamic or kinetic friction is less than the co-efficieint of static friction.
8. Define angle of repose. (Understanding)
The maximum inclination of the plane at which a body can remain in equilibriun over the plane entirely by the
assistance of friction is called the angle of repose.
9. What is a self-locking screw? (Understanding)
Once we remove the applied moment, if the raised load is maintained at the same position then we call it as a
self-locking screw.
10. What is the slip of a belt? (Understanding)
Slip in the belt drive is a phenomenon of the relative motion between belt and pulley. Due to insufficient grip of
friction between pulley and belt, there are some relative motion in between those two is present; this motion is
called slip of the belt.
11. Write an expression to determine tension ratio in belt friction. (Remembering)
 T1 and T2= Tension in belt drive
12. Define rolling resistance.
The force that resists the motion of a body rolling on a surface is called the rolling resistance or the rolling
friction.
 PART B(14 Marks)
1. Block 2 rests on block 1 and is attached by a horizontal rope AB to the wall as
shown in fig. What force P is necessary to cause motion of block 1 to impend?
The co-efficient of friction between the block is 1/4 and between the floor and
block 1 is 1/3. Mass of the blocks 1 and 2 are 14 kg and 9 kg respectively.
2. What should be the value of the angle θ so that motion of the 390 N block impends down the
plane as shown in fig.? The coefficient of friction μ for all surfaces is 1/3.
3. An effort of 200 N is required just to move a certain body up an inclined plane of angle 15˚,
the force is acting parallel to the plane. If the angle of inclination of the plane is made 20˚,
the effort required being again parallel to the plane, is found to be 230 N. Find the weight of
the body and the coefficient of friction.
4. Find the force P inclined at an angle of 32˚ to the inclined plane making an angle of 25˚ with
the horizontal plane to slide a block weighing 125 kN (i) up the inclined plane (ii) Down the
inclined plane, when μ = 0.5.
5. A uniform ladder of weight 1000 N and of length 4 m rests on a horizontal ground and leans
against a smooth vertical wall. The ladder makes an angle of 60˚ with horizontal. When a
man of weight 750 N stands on the ladder at a distance 3 m from the top of the ladder, the
ladder just impend to slide. Determine the co-efficient of friction between the ladder and the
floor.
6. A 7 m long ladder rests against a vertical wall, with which it makes an angle of 45˚ and on a
floor. If a man whose weight is one half that of the ladder climbs it, at what distance along
the ladder will he be, when the ladder is about to slip? Take co-efficient of friction between
the ladder and the wall is 1/3 and that between the ladder and the floor is 1/2.
7. A block overlying a 10˚ wedge on a horizontal floor and leaning against a vertical wall and
weighing 1500 N is to be raised by applying a horizontal force to the wedge. Assuming co-
efficient of friction between all the surfaces in contact to be 0.3, determine the minimum
horizontal force to be applied to raise the block.
8. In a screw jack, the pitch of the square threaded screw is 5.5 mm and the mean diameter is 70
mm. The force exerted in turning the screw is applied at the end of the lever 210 mm long
measured from the axis of the screw. If the co-efficient of friction of the screw jack is 0.07,
calculate the force required at the end of the lever to (i) raise a weight of 30 kN and (ii) lower
the same weight.
 PART C (10 Marks)
1. A body of weight 100 N is placed on a rough horizontal plane, and pushed by a force of 45 N
as shown in fig., to just cause sliding over the horizontal plane. Determine the co-efficient of
friction in both the cases.
2. A man can pull horizontally with a force of 450 N. A mass of 350 kg is resting on a
horizontal surface for which the co efficient of friction is 0.20. The vertical cable of a crane is
attached to the top of the block as shown in fig. What will be the tension in the cable if the
man is just able to start the block to the right?
3. A 100 kg mass is lifted by a rope, rolling on a cylinder of 150 mm dia as shown in fig.
Determine the force required on the other side if the coefficient of friction is 0.20.

4. A rope is wrapped three times around a rod as shown in fig. Determine the force required on
the free end of the rope, to support a load of 20 kN weight. The coefficient of friction
between the rope and rod is 0.30.
5. A wheel of weight 1000 N and diameter 600 mm is required to move on a horizontal surface.
If the co-efficient of rolling resistance is 15 mm, calculate the force required to roll the wheel
without slipping.