ASSINGMENT # 1

• Subject: eduction for sustainable development.

• Course code: EDUC3146.
• Topic: challenges SD & sustainable solutions.

• Submitted by:Alia inayat. Roll No: mcf2001768

Submitted to:mam iqra munir.

TRUST INSTITUTE OF EDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE

SESSION: 2020-2021
what is the wastemangment?
Waste management can be defined as all the activities that are required to
manage waste from the point of collecting the waste to recycling and
monitoring.

Waste in waste management refers to unwanted or unusable material

that is produced through the activity of humans and can have different
forms. Waste can be liquid, solid, or gas with each having its disposal
method and way of managing the waste.

Besides the state of the matter, there are also different types of waste,
such as household, biological, commercial and industrial waste. Some
types of waste can form a threat to the environment and human health,
such as radioactive and chemical waste. These types of waste are called
hazardous waste.

The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such

waste on the environment and human health. A big part of waste
management deals with municipal solid waste, which is created by
industrial, commercial, and household activity.

Written by Sam on October 14, 2016. Posted in Construction, environmental, hazardous

waste, lifestyle, recycling, waste management

Why Is Waste Management

Important?
Why is waste management important? Unlike hundreds of years ago, most of our
waste increasingly belongs in the biodegradable category. This means simple waste
management techniques such as burying and burning aren’t as effective any more.
Here’s a few reasons why waste management is very important today… Waste
management can be profitable Recycling and waste management can lead to bigger
profits for companies – especially in the food industry. Simply by planning and
portioning ingredients, as well as keeping an efficient supply chain, companies such
as restaurants, supermarkets and food factories can boost profits by as much as
10%. This also applies to other industries such as construction – where tightening
up stock control can save on waste and increase profits. Boost company
reputation Efficient waste management and recycling can boost your reputation in
your industry. Potential and existing customers will see you as a responsible and
sustainable company that cares about the environment, the future and the
population.

It preserves the environment Unfortunately we can’t simply burn all waste we come
across. This is because it releases toxins, pollutes the air and can even contribute
towards the destruction of the ozone layer. Some waste is hazardous and may
cause harm to the environment.

This includes plants, animals and habitats. Toxic materials can kill off living things
and pollute bodies of water such as lakes and rivers. Reduces production costs An
incredible benefit of waste management is it can cut overall production costs in the
long run. Recycling helps to conserve natural resources such as glass, plastic, paper
and oil. Reusing these materials will place less strain on our natural resources and
lower the cost of production.

Increases safety in the workplace and community Waste materials can be harmful
to your workers, as well as the surrounding environment. It can save your employees
and visitors from illness and accidents at work. This could include anything from
putting your rubbish in the bin to sorting out waste into the correct recycling
containers. Adheres to CO2 targets Carbon Reduction Commitment targets can be
set by local authorities, designed to reduce CO2 emissions. The 2008 Climate
Change Act in the UK is one of the world’s first legal climate change initiatives. The
idea is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% between the years 1990 and
2050. Effective waste management can cover this act, so your company will be up to
date with all legal requirements regarding waste

Environmental impacts

Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious
problems. In the UK much is buried in landfill sites – holes in the ground,
sometimes old quarries, sometimes specially dug. Some waste will
eventually rot, but not all, and in the process it may smell, or generate
methane gas, which is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect.
Leachate produced as waste decomposes may cause pollution. Badly-
managed landfill sites may attract vermin or cause litter.
Incinerating waste also causes problems, because plastics tend to produce
toxic substances, such as dioxins, when they are burnt. Gases from
incineration may cause air pollution and contribute to acid rain, while the
ash from incinerators may contain heavy metals and other toxins. Because
of these problems there are active campaigns against waste incineration.
Greenpeace actively worked on these issues and some information,
including a map of UK waste incinerators, can be found by searching
the Greenpeace website for waste incineration. However, burning waste
can generate energy and there are operational schemes. The Renewable
Energy Association website provides more information including a map of
biomass and energy from waste projects.

Throwing away things wastes resources. It wastes the raw materials and
energy used in making the items and it wastes money. Reducing
waste means less environmental impact, less resources and energy used
and saves money.

sustainable food.

Sustainable eating is about choosing foods that are healthful to our

environment and our bodies. According the 2019 EAT-Lancet commission
on healthy diets from sustainable food systems, a global shift toward more
plant-based foods would help feed the world's growing population a
nutritious and sustainable diet.

SOLUTIONS.

Recycling

The best solution is recycling of the solid waste. It is the process of

converting waste into some new or usable product thereby
preventing waste disposal. Obviously landfill method of disposal has many
limitations. Landfills are likely to cause air water and land pollution in spite
of utmost care taken.
CRADLE TO CRADLE

The Cradle-to-Cradle approach wants to tackle the packaging waste in the beginning so
no waste management methods are needed. In Cradle-to-Cradle design biological and technical
cycles are developed in such a way that used materials will not lead to waste, but that these
materials are fully used again.

Biodegradable

If you produce biodegradable waste you can send it for recycling into
compost. You can treat biodegradable waste on an industrial scale by
either composting or anaerobic digestion. Composting is more suitable for
fibrous materials. Anaerobic digestion is more suitable for wet wastes and
sludges that degrade easily.

Composting production local

Composting is the fifth tier of EPA's Food Recovery Hierarchy. ... Like yard
waste, food waste scraps can also be composted. Composting these
wastes creates a product that can be used to help improve soils, grow the
next generation of crops, and improve water quality.

Diet

A sustainable diet is one that is generally healthful and has a low impact on
the environment and food supply. Adopting a sustainable diet can help
maintain an individual's health while also making sure the planet has
enough resources to feed future generations of humans.

FOOD SECURITY

Food Security and Sustainability is imperative to feed the growing

population and minimize the effects of climate change. How food is grown
and produced, what types of foods are consumed and how much food is
wasted have major impacts on the sustainability of the
world's food system.

Pesticides

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and have considerable benefits by

contributing to a sustainable production of food and feed. If used
improperly or in an inappropriate manner, they also can present
unacceptable risks to human and animal health and to the environment.

sustainable water

Sustainable water means a nation that can be water self-sufficient:

ensuring there is enough water to meet multiple needs, from agriculture to
municipal and industrial. ... Sustainable water also means that the
economics stack up in matching supply and demand and the water delivery
process is as efficient as possible.

Potable

Potable water requires some of the strictest standards of quality in terms of bacteriological
and chemical pollutants. These standards are often governed by national governments;
international recommendations can be found from the World Health Organization
(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html). Drinking water
must be freshwater and should be free of pathogens and free of harmful chemicals.

Techniques for sustainable water supply in agriculture include organic farming practices which
limit substances that would contaminate water, efficient water delivery, micro-irrigation systems,
adapted water lifting technologies, zero tillage, rainwater harvesting, runoff farming, and drip
irrigation (efficient method.

SHORTAGES
Shortages of water could become a major obstacle to
public health and development. ... The global health burden associated
with these conditions is staggering, with an estimated 1.6 million deaths
every year from diseases associated with lack of access to safe
drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.

If there is no water that can be used to help water the crops, then you are going to have people
that are going hungry. Animals will also die, which will result in a lack of meat as well. Water
scarcity, in short, causes starvation to occur en masse for both people and animals that are
located in the area.

CONSERVATION

Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to

sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the
hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future human demand.
Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how
much water is used.

SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES EXTRACTION AT A LOCAL

Natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, and ecosystem services are a part of the
real wealth of nations. They are the natural capital out of which other forms of capital are made.
They contribute towards fiscal revenue, income, and poverty reduction.

The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge. Natural resources are
central to human wellbeing. We cannot live without the clean air we breathe, the plants we eat, or
the water we drink. ... Together, natural resources make up a dense web of interdependence,
forming ecosystems that also include humans.

In short, raw material extraction and processing always impact on the environment, resulting as
they do in soil degradation, water shortages, biodiversity loss, damage to ecosystem functions
and global warming exacerbation. ... Products need energy and water, as well as land for
shipping, marketing and use.
Renewable clean energy is probably the most obvious example of sustainability. Here are three
examples. Solar energy: Once the sun's electromagnetic radiation is captured, it produces
electricity and heat. Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.

REGIONAL

Widespread conflict and human rights violations, spurred by unsustainable water

and energy supplies, coupled with climate change, are causing the displacement of
the population, as well as environmental migration. Poor conservation of the
environment and inadequate treatment of pollutants led to the degradation of
chronically depleted water resources and the trans-boundary movement of pollutants
from one political entity to another, endangering the drinking water quality and
contributing to the ongoing conflicts in the region. Thus, the role of water in
improving human lives has never been more important, as stated by the UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [1]. The sustainable management of water
resources and the quality of water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers plays a key role in
meeting the challenge of climate change and in achieving a secure food supply and
improved public health.

The continuous and severe drought over the past few years has raised water scarcity
issues and water quality degradation in the region is worsening. As noted by Tal and
Abed (2010) and by Schoenfeld (2011), the possibility of dealing with these issues
requires experts detached from the political conflict and able to work across
geopolitical borders. The involvement of scientists from neighboring nations and the
international community is considered the right avenue to address regional issues.

Objectives
• ·

To establish a regional alliance of chemists and water engineers to interact

and discuss the different aspects of hydrology and transboundary water
quality.

• ·
 To encourage the multinational activities required to address regional
challenges, facilitating the exchange of information and ideas on water
chemistry, and harmonizing the approaches available for the scientific
community to evaluate water suitability for human consumption and to
handle multiple uses of water, while avoiding potential conflicts between the
riparian countries.

• ·

To highlight sustainable management strategies for resources that prevent the

depletion of the transboundary surface- and groundwater aquifers and the
deterioration of water quality, developing closer relations between neighbors
and strengthening water security for all.

• ·

To discuss selected case studies and potential mitigation strategies to motivate

appropriate multinational actions against transboundary anthropogenic and
emerging pollutants.

• ·

To suggest supplementary research to confront issues of food and energy

security, the environment, and climate change, as required.

• ·

To recommend applicable standards, enabling valid water monitoring across

the region

National and global level

Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic

development, healthy ecosystems and for human survival itself. It is vital for reducing the
 global burden of disease and improving the health, welfare and productivity of

populations.

The strategies include education of society in water conservation, soil conservation,

ground water recharging, and water preservation reservoirs, implementation of stringent

laws by the government for maintaining the existing water resources afresh to provide

adequate quantity of good quality water to the society.

At the social level, sustainability can foster the development of people, communities and

cultures to help achieve reasonable and fairly-distributed quality of life, healthcare and

education across the globe.

TRANSPORTATION

abstract

There is now broad agreement that present trends in world transportation system
are not sustainable. Many have concluded that fundamental changes in technology,
operation, design, and financing are needed. In all societies, including developed
and developing, regardless of their development in various fields, New
technologies will have different negative consequences in long term. Concerns
about environmental quality, social equity, economic vitality, and treatment of
climate change due to increasing CO2 have converged to produce a growing
interest in the alternative approach to sustainable development. Development of
sustainable is very important in every pattern especially in this century, so in the
discussion of sustainable development is very important. Sustainable development
at the transportation sector can be divided into three major sections: society,
economy, and environment. Transportation sustainable development requires
balancing to achieve the minimum expectations in these three sectors. For
increasing the role of transportation in sustainable development, we need to use
some strategies for increasing sustainability. These strategies include promoting
public transportation, demand management, improving road management, pricing
policies, vehicle technology improvement, using clean fuels, cultural enhancement,
and transportation planning. This paper evaluates the role of transportation and the
effect of using these strategies in sustainable development.
Everyone benefits from sustainable transportation because it means that
we are keeping the air cleaner through alternative transportation choices,
such as riding a bike to work, car sharing, using public transportation, and
using electric vehicles instead of gas powered vehicles.
What does sustainable transportation mean?
Sustainable transportation means taking into consideration the effects of
your mode of travel on the environment and climate.
Benefits of sustainable transportation
There are innumerable benefits of sustainable transportation.

Here are a few of them:

• Health Benefits: cycling, walking, roller blading are all great ways
to improve your heart health while taking it easy on the
environment.
• Stress Reduction: taking the bus or other public transportation
takes the stress of bad weather, other drivers, and road rage out of
your daily commute.
• Save Money: people save money by not using their cars every day,
saving on gas and maintenance.
o cities save money by less damage to roads, meaning less
construction and maintenance needed to sustain them.
• Less congestion: less traffic means people can get where they need
to be faster when using highway specific mass transit like city buses
o less traffic also means fewer accidents
• Job Creation: mass transit and energy-efficient cars require people
working in construction, design, technology, maintenance and
manufacturing, among other fieldswhat is.

How does transportation affect the environment?

Transportation has a huge effect on the environment with nearly 30% of

greenhouse gases in the United States coming from vehicle emissions.

With deliveries moving into neighborhoods (to your front door, actually)
this figure is going to keep rising.
Think about it, ordering from Amazon is about as routine as going grocery
shopping these days. You can get an item delivered basically any day of the
week. Supply trucks are not limited to driving on weekdays, delivery trucks
are a constant fixture on our roads these days.

While, yes, it is convenient to get items you ordered delivered in a timely

fashion right to your door, it is also important to consider the
environmental impact we are causing for our own convenience.

Amazon prime makes it really easy to order a single, cheap item delivered
to your door any time of day or week. Maybe next time you forget to order
toothpaste, just pick it up from the grocery store next time you’re there
instead of ordering it by itself from Amazon. Just something to think about.

TRANSPORTATION AND SOCIETY

Sustainable in the transportation sector can help lower median income

part of the community to satisfy their transport needs. Expansion of
infrastructure in this sector can create new and more employment
opportunities and thus the unemployment levels in the community will be
reduced.

AUTOMOBILE

People are more likely to drive if they can or are accustomed to. People in
multi-person families are less likely to walk or use bus, especially families
with children. An environment that attracts people’s interest and provides
activity opportunities encourages people to walk on short trips. Influencing
people’s choice of transport mode on short trips should be an important
part of efforts encouraging the use of non-automobile alternatives.

A sustainable transportation system is one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety,
congestion, and access to social and economic opportunity are of such levels that they can be
sustained into the indefinite future without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own transportation needs. Each of the stakeholders in the transportation system-local,
state, and federal governments; the fuel and motor-vehicle industries; and public-transportation
providers, users, and other-will have roles to play in moving toward sustainability. The motor-
vehicle industry, as manufacturers of the vehicles that are used for 99 percent of the personal
ground veh-km of travel, will need to participate proactively with all of the stakeholders in the
transportation system as it addresses the challenges and opportunities in the areas of fuel
consumption, emissions, congestion, safety, and access.

MASTRANSIT(e.g.train.bus)

to purchase the securities and obligations of, or to make loans (1) to public and private transit
companies, and railroads providing commuter service, in standard metropolitan areas as defined
by the Federal Committee on Standard Metropolitan Areas, to finance the purchase of new
equipment, other than buses, for the ...

The environmental impacts of transport can be reduced by reducing the weight of vehicles,
sustainable styles of driving, reducing the friction of tires, encouraging electric and hybrid
vehicles, improving the walking and cycling environment in cities, and by enhancing the role of
public transport, especially electric ..

Mass transit puts people into less carbon footprint

producing transportation modes, and makes cities more sustainable. Mass
transit provides opportunities for each
person, transportation professionals, and government agencies to make
cities more sustainable and to affect big change.

Robust mass transit helps reduce a cities toxic emissions and greenhouse gases by lessening
single-automobile usage. Mass transit has numerous ways to be more sustainable by including
sustainable elements in operations, and preventing environmental damage, saving energy, and
reducing the use of fossil fuels.

BICYCLE

Cycling causes virtually no environmental damage, promotes health through physical activity,
takes up little space and is economical, both in direct user costs and public infrastructure costs.
In short, cycling is environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.

Bikes are efficient and reliable, too as you may travel around three times as fast as walking for
the same amount of energy. ... In contrast, bicycles are considered as one of the eco-friendliest
means of transport as they produce zero pollution. Namely, 20 bicycles can be parked in the
same space as only 1 car.
Cycling is an eco-friendly transportation option that gets cars off the road. ... Even if you can't
ride your bike all the way to work, many buses and trains have places where cyclists can store
their bikes in between stops. This way you can ride your bike, and use public transportation
when needed, to commute.

Examples of sustainable transportation include walking, cycling, transit, carpooling, car sharing,
and green vehicles. ... Leaving your car at home and taking more sustainable modes of
transportation will provide benefits for yourself and the City. These include: Reduced traffic
congestion.

HYBRID

Hybrid transportation is the use of vehicles propelled by more than one form of energy. ... Every
internal combustion engine (an engine that burns fuel in cylinders to drive pistons) can turn only
a fraction of the energy into its fuel into useful mechanical motion.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer a fuel- efficient solution that combines
an electric motor based drivetrain with the conventional internal
combustion engine (ICE) to reduce fuel con- sumption and vehicle
emissions.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: by moving more people with fewer vehicles, public
transportation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. public transportation produces
significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions per passenger mile than private vehicles.

There are three main types of hybrid vehicle; full hybrids, mild hybrids and plug-in hybrids. A full
hybrid (FHEV) can run on just the combustion engine (i.e. diesel/petrol), the electric engine (i.e.
power from batteries), or a combination. The Toyota Prius is the most commonly known
example of this.

There are two different types of hybrid systems:

• parallel and series hybrids.

• In a parallel hybrid bus, the combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to
the transmission independently. ...
 • A series hybrid bus is exclusively propelled by the electric motor.

ELECTRIC

Electric Transportation. Overview. Electricity is a domestically produced transportation fuel that

will transform our nation's transportation sector. Today, the technology and infrastructure exist
to promote transportation applications that move both people and goods using electricity as a
fuel.

Transportation: Electricity is widely used by public mass transit systems

and by electric vehicles across the world. Electricity is used as fuel by
railway networks in many countries. Electricity is also used to charge
batteries for electric vehicles.

Plug-in electric vehicles are powered by electricity produced by domestic sources such as coal,
natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy. By tapping into domestic energy sources, these
vehicles help states diversify the transportation fuel mix and increase the use of local energy
resources.

HYDROGEN

Hydrogen can become a promising fuel for sustainable transportation by

providing clean, reliable, safe, convenient, customer friendly, and affordable
energy. ... Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines could enhance
system efficiencies, offer higher power outputs per vehicle, and emit lower
amounts of greenhouse gases.

Today, hydrogen is transported from the point of production to the point of use via pipeline and
over the road in cryogenic liquid tanker trucks or gaseous tube trailers.

CARSHARE

Among these modes, carsharing represents a unique way

of transportation since it provides a private, flexible and convenient mode
of transportation for short periods (by the hour or minute), which may
make this mode of transportation attractive for short-distance daily-needs
trips.
Cars can play an important role in the transition towards a more sustainable transport future.
While the urgent demands of climate change and congestion ensure that current levels of car
dependency and use are unacceptable, retention of some access to the freedoms and carrying
capacities of the car may make the transition towards the use of alternatives for the majority of
mobility needs more palatable. Car sharing, where members have access to a fleet of vehicles
which can be booked for short-term use, fulfils this need by filling the gaps in timetables,
networks and capacity left by active and public transport. Car sharing will not emerge to fulfill its
role in a sustainable transport future, however, without the support of reliable public and active
transport infrastructure, nor will it become a popular alternative to private car use without
fostering cultural acceptance of sharing.

BIKESHARE

A bicycle-sharing system, public bicycle scheme, or public bike share (PBS) scheme, is
a shared transport service in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a
short term basis for a price or free. ... The user returns the bike by placing it in the dock, which
locks it in place.

Compared to walking, shared bikes significantly shorten the amount of

time required to reach a public transport station. Moreover, they eliminate
several inconveniences of private bicycles, such as the risk of theft, or the
search for parking space.

Not only do bike-share systems intend to reduce traffic congestion, they

also aim to reduce air pollution through decreased automobile usage, and
indirectly through the reduction of congestion.

Thirdly, bike sharing has positive environmental effectiveness and health effectiveness,
including reducing congestion, improving air quality by replacing private vehicles in short trips
and improving the health of residents (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy
2018).

ANALYSE the efficiency of diffirent modes of transportation and compare

Resulting greenhouse gas emissions?

Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet warmer. Human activities
are responsible principles to make it easy for people to walk, bike, or take
shorter car trips. We can reduce GHGs from shipping by shifting some
packages from long-haul trucks to more efficient rail or marine vessels.
Truck drivers can better optimize their delivery routes.

2 . By Technology :

Weight reduction and improvements to engines and tires are just a few
of the ways today's cars and trucks are becoming more fuel efficient.

Some advanced technology vehicles—all electric vehicles and hydrogen

fuel cell vehicles—are fuel efficient and emit zero harmful tailpipe
emissions.

3 . Fuel :

There are many lower carbon transportation fuels in the market today
and more in development. These include biofuels, renewable natural gas,
electricity, and hydrogen.

● EPA Programs to Reduce Carbon Pollution from Transportation :

EPA is addressing climate change by taking the following actions to

reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector. Many of these
programs have benefits beyond cutting carbon. For example, decreasing
fuel consumption can reduce our dependence on foreign oil and save
consumers money at the pump.

● Setting GHG Emissions Standards for Cars and Trucks :

EPA and DOT issued a joint rule-making that set GHG emissions and fuel
economy standards for the largest sources of greenhouse gases from
transportation, including cars, light trucks, and heavy-duty trucks.
● Light-duty GHG regulations for passenger vehicles and trucks are
projected to:

> Cut 6 billion metric tons of GHG emissions over the lifetimes of the
vehicles sold in model years 2012-2025 and allowing manufacturers
flexibility in meeting the standards;

> Nearly double the fuel efficiency while protecting consumer choice; and

> Reduce America’s dependence on oil and provide significant savings for
consumers at the pump.

● Heavy-duty GHG regulations are projected to:

> Reduce CO2 emissions by about 270 million metric tons over the life of
vehicles built under the program, saving about 530 million barrels of oil;
and

> The proposed “Phase 2” program includes standards that would further
reduce GHG emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of medium and
heavy-duty trucks.