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CBSE 12th Commerce CBSE Projects Economics

Waste Management Project

with 2 Case Studies –
Economics

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROJECT:

Waste
age m ent
Man

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the

activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes the
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste,
together with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management process. It is important to let cildren learn
from a young age about waste management, the best
way for it is a waste management project.

Waste can be solid, liquid, pr gas & each type has

different methods of disposal and management. Waste
management deals with all types of waste including
industrial, biological and household. In some cases,
waste can pose a threat to human health.

Health issues are associated with the entire process of

waste management. Health issues are associated can
also arise indirectly or directly. Directly through the
handling of solid waste and directly through the
consumption of water soil and food.

Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the

extraction and processing of raw materials waste
management are intended to reduce the adverse
effects of waste on human health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management practices are not
uniform among countries (developed and developing
nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and
residential and industrial sectors can all take different
approaches.

Proper management of waste is important for building

sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge
for many developing countries and cities. Effective
waste management is quite expensive, usually
comprising 20 % – 50% of the municipal budget.

IMPORTANCE OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT:
Managing waste is a tedious take and thus the role of
waste management services comes into play. Each
organization has its way of tackling waste or trash. But,
waste management services can extend a helping hand
in managing the waste more efficiently and effectively.
Some of the various techniques and practices which
are an extremely important part of waste management
services include :

1. Proper Mechanism For Waste

Collection:

Be it school, company, factories or corporate office

proper disposal of waste materials is important for
every organisation. Hence each organization can aim at
providing adequate baskets, bins and barrels for
collecting waste materials to ensure good hygiene

2. Regular Cleaning & Waste

Removal Practices:

All interior spaces of any organization ranging from

schools, commercial buildings, etc must be well
maintained and properly cleaned. It would generally
include the removal of sanitary and food waste, trash
and other waste materials. This would ensure a healthy
working environment for the public, employees,
workforce, teachers, etc.

3. Greener Practices For Cleaning:

Waste can be categorized into biodegradable and non-

biodegradable. Further mores. It can be subdivided
into recyclable. Such categorization can help to clean in
a better way through safe and eco-friendly means.
Green practices should thus be encouraged in
organizations for the health and safety of employees.

PRINCIPLE OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT:
Population and household growth in Hertfordshire put
increasing pressure on waste management in the
country.

Consequently, the need to actively manage waste

streams in Hertfordshire has never been more
significant.

Sustainable waste management can be actively

addressed through the planning process in the
following ways :

Reducing the number of materials required for the

building.

Reducing the amount of waste generated

Management of construction and demolition

waste.

Materials specifications (e.g. use of reclaimed and

recycled materials)

Provision of recycling space facilities.

TYPES OF DUSTBINS:

1. Green Bin:

The green coloured bin is used to dump biodegradable

waste. The bin could be used to dispose of off
wet/organic material including cooked food/leftover
food, vegetable/fruit peels, eggshell rotten eggs,
chicken/fish bones, tea bags/coffee grinds, coconut
shells and garden waste including fallen leaves/twigs or
the puja flowers/garlands will all go into the green bin.

2. Blue Bin:

The blue coloured bin is used for segregating dry or

recyclable left over. This category includes waste like
plastic covers, bottles, boxes, cups, toffee wrappers,
soap or chocolate wrappers and paper waste including
magazines, newspaper, tetra packs, cardboard cartons,
pizza boxes or paper cups/plates will have to be thrown
into the white bin. Metallic items like tins/can foil paper
and containers and even the dry waste including
cosmetics, hairs, rubber/thermocol (polystyrene), old
mops/dusters/sponges.

3. Black Bin:

Black bins, make up the third category, which is used

for domestic hazardous waste like sanitary napkins,
diapers, blades, bandages, CFL, tube lights, printer
cartridges, broken cells, expired medicine etc.

METHODS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL:
The nationally accepted framework or approach for
achieving reductions in waste arisings and sustainable
waste management is the waste hierarchy.

Various Methods of Waste Disposal:

Although there are many methods of disposing of

waste, in the section let’s take a look at some of the
most commonly used methods that you should know
about the waste management

Landfills:

Throwing daily waste/garbage in landfills is the most

popularly used method of waste disposal used today.
This process of waste disposal focuses on the land.
Landfills are commonly found in developing countries.

There is a process used that eliminates the orders and

danger of waste before it is placed into the ground.
While it is true this is the most popular form of waste
disposal, it is certainly for from the only procedure and
one that many also bring with it an assortment of
space.

This method is becoming lets these days, thanks to the

lack of space available and the strong presence of
methane and other landfill gases, both of which can
cause numerous contamination problems.

Landfills give rise to air and water population which

severely affects the environment and can prove fatal to
the lives.

Incineration/Combustion:

Incineration or combustion is a type of disposal method

in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high
temperatures. The process eventually converts them
into residues and gaseous products. The biggest
advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce
the volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 per cent of the
original volume. Additionally, it also decreases the
spaces they take up while also reducing the stress on
landfills.

Incinerators are primarily used in thermal treatment

where solid waste materials are converted to heat, gas,
steam, and ash. Incineration is also widely popular in
countries where landfill space is no longer available,
such as the US and Japan.

Recovery & Recycling:

Resource recovery is the process of taking the useful

discarded item for a specific next use. These discarded
items are then processed to extract or recover
materials and resources or convert them to energy in
the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel. Recycling is
the process of converting waste products into new
products to prevent energy usage and consumption of
fresh raw materials. Recycling is the third component of
the reducing, reusing and recycling waste hierarchy.

The idea behind recycling is to reduce energy usage,

reduce the volume of landfills, reduce air and water
pollution reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
preserve natural resources for future use.

Plasma Gasification:

Plasma gasification is another form of waste

management plasma that is primarily an electrically
charged or high ionized gas. Lighting is one type of
plasma that produces temperatures that exceed
12,600’F with this method of waste disposal, a vessel
uses characteristic plasma torches operating at
+10,000’F which is creating a gasification zone till
3,000’F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into
a gas.

During the treatment of solid waste by plasma

gasification, the waste’s molecular bonds are broken
down as a result of the intense heat in the vessels and
the elemental components. Thanks to the process, the
destruction of waste and dangerous materials are
found. This form of waste disposal provides renewable
energy and an assortment of other fantastic benefits.

Composting:

Composting is an easy and natural biodegradation

process that takes organic wastes i.e. remains of plants
and garden and kitchen waste and turns them into
nutrient-rich food for your plants. Composting, normally
used for organic farming occurs by allowing organic
materials to sit in one place for months until microbes
decompose them.

Note that composting is often deemed to be one of the

best methods of waste disposal as it can turn unsafe
organic products into downsides. Some people have
found it to be slow, while others have observed that it
takes a lot of space. But regardless of these issues,
many people are still embracing home composting
approaches to manage and reduce waste.

WHAT IS LIQUID WASTE?

waste management project

Liquid waste is a major problem in the world, due to

approximately 71% of the earth’s surface being covered
in water. According to the environmental protection
agency (EPA), liquid waste is defined as any waste
material that passes the definition of a “liquid” This
means that the material must, “pass through a 0.45-
micron filter at a pressure differential of 75 psi,”
according to the EPA’s provided definition of a liquid

The main producers of liquid waste are animals

and human beings as the natural excretion of
waste is flushed into sewage and waste lines.

MANAGEMENT OF LIQUID
WASTE:
There are three stages for the treatment of sewage
water they are :

1. Primary Treatment:

It is the process of mechanically removing the solid

materials present in the water through metal screening.
Gruit chambers and sedimentation. Metal screening
removes large floating objects such as a small pieces of
wood, rags, masses of garbage and dead insects and
animals. The gruit chamber allows the settlement of
heavier solids such as sand into the bottom layer.

The wastewater is then allowed to pass into a big

sedimentation tank where the liquid spends about 6.8
hours. During this time about 50 to 70 % of the solids
settle down under the influence of gravitational force.
During the process, a small amount of decomposition
takes place by the microorganisms present in sewage
breaking down the organic matter present.

The organic matter after breaking down settles down

into a larger called sludge. This sludge is removed
mechanically primary treatment removes about 60 per
cent of floating solid bodies, 30 per cent of oxygen
demanding wastes, 20 per cent of nitrogen
compounds, and 10 per cent of phosphorous
compounds.

2. Secondary Treatment:

It is the biological oxidation of organic matter. It is

achieved by filter method or by sludge process. In the
filter method, the wastewater is sprinkled over the
surface of a bed of small stones one to two meters
deep. When the water percolates through the stone
bed, a very complex biological growth of algae, fungi,
protozoa and bacteria occurs. By their formation, the
wastewater gets oxidised. The oxidised wastewater is
then passed into the sedimentation tanks.

The sludge process is a modern method of

management of wastewater. The liquid from the
sedimentation tank is mixed with sludge collected from
the final tank. This sludge is called active sludge as it is
rich in aerobic bacteria. (bacteria that can survive only
in presence of oxygen). The activated sludge is then
subjected to aeration. By aeration, the organic matter
of waste liquid gets oxidised into carbon dioxide, water
and nutrients. Organisms causing diseases like typhoid
cholera are destroyed in the stage.

The oxidised waste liquid is then passed into a

secondary sedimentation tank where activated sludge
is collected. The volume and characteristics of the
sludge are reduced through anaerobic (devoid of
oxygen) autodigestion. In this process, complex
compounds are broken down into the water, carbon
dioxide, methane and ammonia. This substance works
as a good fertilizer.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

The residue from the earlier two treatment processes

still leaves about 10 per cent of suspended solid
bodies, 10 per cent oxygen demanding wastes, 30 per
cent of nitrogen and 70 per cent phosphorous. This
tertiary treatment method is an advanced form of a
chemical and physical process. The most common
methods in this treatment are the precipitation of
suspended particles, filtration with carbon to resolve to
dissolve organic compounds and reverse osmosis by
passage through a membrane to remove dissolve.
Organic-inorganic materials. Chlorination is also
required at the end to remove disease-causing bacteria
and other germs.

IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY:

1. Waste Management Costs:

Costs most commonly associated with waste

management are the capital cost of infrastructure and
equipment and the labour costs of those employed
within the system. The costs can be considerably high,
especially for a city or region that has to establish new
infrastructure.

The costs relate to the type and performance of the

system; local factors; and the amount of waste that is
generated therefore ideally the amounts collected and
treated financing of waste management is an ongoing
challenge for many developing economies,
municipalities have an insufficient budget and access
to finance or funding to carry out basic solid waste
management operation such as collect and safe
disposal.

The current policy trend is moving toward investment in

projects and infrastructure that promote the green
economy concept, particularly for low carbon growth.

2. Waste Prevention:

Through the implementation of waste prevention and

waste minimisation practices economic savings can be
made across the entire production and manufacturing
recycling is one of the main areas receiving funding.
Compared to the total amount of donor funds awarded
to green projects, these amounts are shamefully and
unreasonably low however by raising awareness of the
significant contribution that the waste sector can make
to the economy this potential could and should be
increased.

3. Recycling & Recovery:

‘waste’ itself is an economic concept given that it

implies that resources are produced and used in ways
that lead to their disposal as waste, the loss of those
resources is an economic loss. When resources can be
saved, reused, recovered or used more efficiently there
is a net economic gain. The materials recovery industry
makes a significant contribution to the economy. The
figure below shows the materials recovery industry
turnover for the UK and the significant development in
recent years.

4. Residual Waste:

When residual waste is minimised, through waste
prevention measures, recycling and recovery