MODULE 6

Tourism Network and Supply Components

I. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. To discuss the direct and indirect components of the tourism network;
2. To explain the tourism supply components
3. To compare the different types of tourist accommodation;
4. To enumerate and describe the classifications of hotels;
5. To be acquainted with the basic standard requirements for restaurants.

II. CONTENT

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY COMPONENTS

The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality network, which includes both the public
and private sectors. Travel industry defined as “composite of organizations both, public and
private, that are involved in the development, production, and marketing of products and
services to serve the needs of the travelers” (Gee, Choy, and Makens 1997). This definition is
illustrated in the figure below:

Category I

Travel Agency
Hotel
Retail Shops Travel Publications Services Indirectly to
Restaurants Direct Providers to THE TRAVELER
Airlines
Ground Transportation T

Category II

Contract Food Services Contract

Laundry DIRECT
Food Suppliers PROVIDERS
Tour Organizers Directly to
Support THE TRAVELER

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 Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality
Faculty: LIEZEL M MACALALAD

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Category II Tourism PROVIDERSSUPPORT

Developmental
Contract Food Services Organizations
Contract Laundry
DIRECT SERVICES
Food Suppliers
Tour Organizers
Affects
Directly and

Travel PublicationsTHE TRAVELER Indirectly

Figure. The Direct and Indirect Components of the Tourism Network (Travel Industry)
Source: Hudman, Lloyd and Donald Hawkins. Tourism in Contemporary Society: An Introductory Text. Prentice Hall
1989.

The First Category, direct providers, include businesses that are associated with travel, such as
airlines, hotels, restaurants, ground transportation, travel agencies, and retail shops. These businesses
provide services, activities, and products that are consumed and/ or purchased directly by travelers. They
represent the sectors of the industry that are visible to the travelers.
The second category, support services, lend support to direct providers. It includes specialized
services such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, and travel research
firms. It also includes basic supplies and services such as contract laundry and contract food services.
Support services provide goods and services for both the traveler and for organizations that sell goods and
services directly but not exclusively to tourists.
The third category, tourism developmental organizations, is different form the first two, since it
includes planners, government agencies, financial institutions, real estate developers, and educational and
vocational training institutions.

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SUPPLY COMPONENTS

Tourism and hospitality supply components are classified into five main categories:

1. Natural resources - include elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as
climate, landforms, terrain, flora and fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty, and water supply for
drinking, sanitation and similar uses;
2. Infrastructure - consists of all underground and surface developmental construction such as
water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical and communications systems and the
like;
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Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

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3. Superstructure – the above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger traffic
terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainment, museums, stores,
and similar structures;
4. Transportation and transportation equipment - include items such as ships, airplanes, trains,
buses, limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation
facilities; and
5. Hospitality resources- include the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the
successful hosting of tourists. Also included are the cultural resources of an area such as fine arts,
literature, history, music, dramatic art, dancing, and shopping.

NATURAL RESOURCES

The natural resources of a destination area provide an excellent asset to sell to tourists. The
physical characteristics of an area can be generalized as natural scenery, climate, and environment. The
natural scenery is a combination of the general topography, flora and fauna, proximity to lakes, rivers, seas,
islands and islets, hot and mineral water springs, caverns, waterfalls, and the like. The greater the variety
and uniqueness of the scenery, the more appealing it is. The appeal can be increased if the area has a
“comfortable” climate. A comfortable cold climate is determined by the wind –chill factor – a term used to
express how temperatures feels to the exposed skin. A comfortable warm climate is determined by the
combination of humidity, temperature and wind.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure consists of all the underground and surface developmental construction of a region,
which is made up of water systems, communication networks, healthcare facilities, transportation terminals,
power sources, sewage/ drainage areas, streets/ highways, and security systems.

1. Water. Sufficient quantity of pure water is essential. A typical resort requires 350 to 400 gallons of water
per room per day. An 18-hole golf course will 600, 000 to 1 million gallons of water per day, depending on
the region on which it is located.
2. Power. The important things to consider are that adequate supply of power is available to meet peak load
requirements, that continuity of service is assumed, and that the type of power supplied is compatible with
that used by the target markets of the destination.
3. Communication. It is necessary that the telephone and/or telegraph service is available. 4.
Sewage/drainage. Sewer demand is often placed at 90% of domestic water demand. Although water
storage reservoir and sewage treatment plants can be designed on the basis of maximum average demand,
transmission lines must be designed on the basis of maximum peak demand.
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5. Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities provided will depend on the number of visitors expected, their
ages, the type of activities in which they will engage, and local geographical factors. 6. Streets/ highways.
The availability of first class roads adds greatly to the accessibility of a region . the following are certain
ways to make the use of highways more interesting to tourists: a. provide close-up range views of local
scenes;
b. change the elevation;
c. develop viewpoints and overlooks;
d. independently align dual-lane highways to fit into the land contour; and
e. select thin tress to reveal views.

7. Transportation terminals. The following are the problems in terminal facilities and ground transportation.
a. General. There is an almost complete lack of coordination among the three modes of air, rail, and bus.
There is also noticeable lack of consistency in standards and procedures within each mode. b. Air. Long
walks are required in many terminals.
c. Rail. Parking is inconvenient and inadequate near larger terminals; use of facilities by local
transients and inadequate cleaning procedures lead to crowded and unsanitary waiting rooms and
restrooms; security to prevent thefts is lacking; information and directional maps are not provided on most
rail terminals; special transportation to and from rail terminals is not provided; urban transit and taxi service
are often inadequate.
d, Bus terminals are dirty and crowded due to use by unauthorized people and to inadequate
cleaning procedures; boarding gates lack a system of orderly procedures resulting in crowding when
passengers are boarding; and inadequate protection is afforded to passengers against traffic.
8. Security. while on vacation, tourist are in an unfamiliar environment. Because of this, the need for
assurance regarding their safety is important. The image gained of the destination may be distorted.

HOSPITALITY RESOURCES

Hospitality resources refer to the general feeling of being welcomed that the visitors receive while
visiting a destination area. It is the way that tourist services are delivered. By service providers, as well as
the general feeling of warmth from the local population. Tourists will have a more enjoyable vacation if they
feel welcomed by the host population and will certainly feel awkward and unhappy if they fell rejected.

Hospitality Training
Hospitality training aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists. It is
assumed that providing more hospitable services will result to a more satisfied tourist who will be inclined to
return and advertise to other potential tourists through word of mouth. To enable service providers to render
hospitable services, it is necessary to change their present behavior. This change of behavior is brought
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Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Faculty: LIEZEL M MACALALAD

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about by a change in attitude and an increase in the level of knowledge. The three aspects of attitudes are
toward self, toward others, and toward the tourism and hospitality industry.

Attitude toward Self

If an individual’s self-esteem or attitude toward self is low, that individual will tend to behave
in such a way that the feedback from others will confirm the low opinion of himself. Hence, it is necessary to
change the individual’s perception of self in order to improve his behavior.

Attitude Toward Others

The second aspect is the attitude toward others. Service providers should be assisted in
developing positive feelings toward fellow employees and tourists that will result in positive behavior toward
the tourists. This can be achieved by training the individual regarding teamwork and interdependencies in
getting the job done.
The key to the development of positive attitudes toward visitors is to be able to develop the
ability to put oneself in the visitor’s place.

Attitude Toward the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

The third aspect is the attitude toward the tourism and hospitality industry. A positive
attitude as a service providers toward tourists can be brought about only when employees are made aware
of how important tourism and hospitality is to their country, city, and community.

Community Awareness Programs

Although the tourists are most directly affected by the degree of hospitality shown by
service providers, the overall feeling of being welcomed within a community will also enhance or detract
from the vacation from the vacation experience. Residents of a destination area cannot be trained to act in
a hospitable manner toward tourists, but a community awareness program can help develop a more
positive attitude toward the tourists. The aims of the programs are to build acceptance of tourism and to
build an understanding of the tourists.

TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is a paramount importance in developing tourism and hospitality. Tourists need
easy access to various forms of transportation, such as road, rail, air, and water. Thus, the amount of time
from major population centers via each mode of transportation is important.

Land Travel
1. Taxi and Limousine Service
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Adequate taxi and limousines service is important in a tourist area. Taxis should have removable
and washable seat covers so that they will present a clean appearance to the passenger. 2. Bus Service
Tour buses should have large windows, comfortable seats, air-conditioning unit, and restroom
facilities.
3. Rail Services
The majority of seasoned travelers prefer to travel by train because of its safety record and the
convenience and satisfaction of viewing the scenery form a comfortable air-conditioned car. The appeal of
rail travel has been further enhanced by the recent introduction of high speed trains.

Air Travel
Porter service is important at air terminals. The Porter’s helpful behavior and attitude are essential
and their training and supervision should be adequate. Large airports provide comfortable and attractive
waiting areas, as well as information regarding flight details.

Sea Travel
Sea Travel is a major factor in tourism and hospitality. Examples of these are the Manila Bay
Sunset Cruise in the Philippines, the Miami Cruise in Florida, the Rhine River Cruise in Germany, and the
Canal Cruise in Holland.
Cruise ships have developed into “floating resorts” or “floatels”. Because of this idea, the demand
for sea travel has increased and cruises became popular in recent years. The luxurious way of life will have
a large market as soon as wealth and leisure time increases.

SUPERSTRUCTURE
Accommodation
While away from home, the tourist needs to eat and sleep. Sleeping accommodations range from
hotels of international standards and condominiums to campgrounds and the homes of relatives and friends.
For a tourist region to succeed , a sufficient quantity of accommodation of the right quality should be
provided for the needs of the tourists.

Types of Accommodation
Tourist accommodation may be classified into the following categories:
1. HOTELS – provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who may reserve their
accommodation in advance but need not do so. In broad terms, they provide facilities that meet the needs
of the modern travelers. They portray an image of efficiency and service;

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Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

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2. CONDOMINIUM – is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an individual but the management
and services, such as maintenance and security, are handled by independent company. 3. MOTELS OR
MOTOR HOTELS – provide bedrooms, bath and parking to motorists; rooms are usually accessible from
the parking lot. They are usually near the highways;
4. INNS – are lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the minimum requirement of
an economy hotel;
5. APARTMENTS – are hotels (apartelles), buildings or edifices containing several independent and
furnished or semi-furnished apartments that are regularly leased to tourists and travelers for dwelling, on a
more or less long-term basis and offering basic services to its tenants similar to hotels; 6. PARADORES –
are old convent, monasteries, castles, or fortresses converted into hotels by the government and operated
by a national tourism office. First class paradores are found in Spain and Ireland. 7. PENSIONS – are
private or family-operated tourist accommodations similar to boarding houses or guesthouses. They offer
food and lodging to tourists and are well-known for their informal family atmosphere. 8. BED AND
BREAKFAST ACCOMMODATION - provide a room, bath and a hearty breakfast to tourists and/or
travelers. They are known as B&Bs and are popular in Britain, Ireland, and the US. 9. HOSTELS- provide
minimal amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet bathroom. The traveler provides his or
her own bedding. They appeal mostly to young travelers;
10. CAMPGROUNDS – appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles (RVs); 11. HEALTH
SPAS -are hostels and resorts which cater to individuals who go to spas or mineral springs for weight
reduction or medical treatment; and
12. PRIVATE HOMES – provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not available during peak
periods.

HOTEL CLASSIFACTIONS
There are different ways of classifying hotels. One way is by location, such as city center, suburban,
airport, highway, and resorts. Another way is by type of guest, such as commercial, convention, and resort.
A more meaningful classification is one based on price such as economy or budget, standard or midscale,
first-class, or deluxe.

FOOD AND BEVERAGE

More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and beverage than on any other service. Countries which
are highest in per capita eating place and sales are also top tourist countries. The type of food service
provided will be related to the needs of the tourists . Many destination areas have successfully developed
menus which are indigenous to the area to promote local economy food.

RESTAURANTS

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Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Faculty: LIEZEL M MACALALAD

Email:[email protected]
Besides hotels, motels, and other types of accommodations, restaurants are also classified as
superstructure. Restaurants are establishments offering refreshment and/ or meals to the public.

end of this module..

REFERENCES

Zenaida Lansangan-Cruz, P. (2013). Principles of Tourism 1. Rex Bookstore,Inc.

End of module 5…
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENTREPRENUERSHIP

Course: Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Faculty: LIEZEL M MACALALAD

Email:[email protected]