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    Embryonic Period 4-8week

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    aimi Batrisyia
    The embryonic period from weeks 3-8 is when organogenesis occurs. The three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - give rise to tissues and organs. By the end of the second month, the main organ systems are established and the external body form is recognizable. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, epidermis, and sensory organs. The mesoderm forms the axial skeleton, somites, muscles, circulatory system, and lateral plate mesoderm which lines body cavities. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the gut and its derivatives.

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    Embryonic Period 4-8week

    Uploaded by

    aimi Batrisyia
    25 views25 pages
    The embryonic period from weeks 3-8 is when organogenesis occurs. The three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - give rise to tissues and organs. By the end of the second month, the main organ systems are established and the external body form is recognizable. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, epidermis, and sensory organs. The mesoderm forms the axial skeleton, somites, muscles, circulatory system, and lateral plate mesoderm which lines body cavities. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the gut and its derivatives.

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    The embryonic period from weeks 3-8 is when organogenesis occurs. The three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - give rise to tissues and organs. By the end of the second month, the main organ systems are established and the external body form is recognizable. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, epidermis, and sensory organs. The mesoderm forms the axial skeleton, somites, muscles, circulatory system, and lateral plate mesoderm which lines body cavities. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the gut and its derivatives.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views25 pages

    Embryonic Period 4-8week

    Uploaded by

    aimi Batrisyia
    The embryonic period from weeks 3-8 is when organogenesis occurs. The three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - give rise to tissues and organs. By the end of the second month, the main organ systems are established and the external body form is recognizable. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, epidermis, and sensory organs. The mesoderm forms the axial skeleton, somites, muscles, circulatory system, and lateral plate mesoderm which lines body cavities. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the gut and its derivatives.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    Embryonic period

    Third to Eighth Week:

    The embryonic period (organogenesis)


    is the time when each of the three germ
    layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm,
    gives rise to a number of specific tissues and
    organs.
    • the main organ systems have been
    established, rendering the major features of
    the external body form recognizable by the
    end of the
    second month.
    Derivatives of the Ectodermal
    Germ Layer
    • has the shape of a disc that is broader in the
    cephalic than the caudal region
    • Appearance of the notochord and prechordal
    mesoderm induces the overlying ectoderm to
    thicken and form the neural plate
    • Cells of the plate make up the neuroectoderm.
    • Neurulation induced .
    NEURULATION
    1- induction of neural plate .
    2- elongation , expands
    3- elevation of lateral edges & neural
    crest .
    4- formation of neural folds & the
    neural groove
    5- Gradually, fusion at midline,
    formation of the neural tube.
    6- Closure of cranial then caudal
    neuropores.
    7- bilateral ectodermal thickenings,
    the otic placodes and the lens placodes,
    lenses of the eyes
    Neural tube :
    central nervous system is represented by a closed tubular structure
    composed of :
    1) Brain vesicles characterized by a number of broad dilations cranially
    2) spinal cord. narrow caudal portion

    Neural crest cells migrate


    1) A dorsal pathway to form melanocytes
    2) A ventral pathway to become sensory ganglia, sympathetic and
    enteric neurons, Schwann cells, and cells of the adrenal medulla .
    3) A cranial neural folds contribute to the craniofacial skeleton as well
    as neurons for cranial ganglia, glial cells & Other cells .
    • the ectodermal germ layer gives rise to organs
    and structures that maintain contact with the
    outside world:
    – (a) the central nervous system;
    – (b) the peripheral nervous system;
    – (c) the sensory epithelium of the ear, nose, and eye.
    – (d) the epidermis, including the hair and nails.
    • In addition, it gives rise to subcutaneous glands,
    the mammary glands, the pituitary gland, and
    enamel of the teeth.
    Derivatives of the Mesodermal Germ
    Layer

    cells of the mesodermal


    germ layer form a thin
    sheet of loosely woven
    tissue on each side of
    the midline.
    Derivatives of the Mesodermal Germ
    Layer
    proliferation & form
    – (a ) paraxial mesoderm –
    thick - close to the midline

    – (b) lateral plate – thin -


    More laterally , divided in
    to 2 layers
    • (a) somatic or parietal
    mesoderm layer
    • (b) splanchnic or visceral
    mesoderm layer
    * these layers line the
    intraembryonic cavity

    – (c ) Intermediate
    mesoderm connects
    paraxial and lateral plate
    mesoderm
    PARAXIAL MESODERM
    organized into segments ( somitomeres)
    their formation proceeds cephalocaudally.
    Each somitomere consists of mesodermal cells.
    somitomeres further organize into
    somites.

    form the axial skeleton

    During this period, the age of the


    embryo is expressed in number of
    somites. .
    Somites
    - Somites appears first at
    occipital region at the end of
    the 3rd week

    - Give rise to axial skeleton


    (bone of head, neck and
    trunk), associated
    musculature and dermis of
    skin

    - Somites are so prominent as


    to be a criteria for
    determining the age of
    embryo in 4th and 5th weeks.
    29 day embryo
    (this is when the heart starts pumping, about 4 weeks or 1
    month, ½ cm size)
    Development of somites
    Myotome- Skeletal muscle of neck, limb
    Dermatome- Connective tissue, Skin dermis
    Sclerotome- Vertebrate
    INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
    • differentiates into urogenital structures.
    (future nephrotomes & nephrogenic cord) &
    gonads
    Divisions of the mesodermal lateral
    plate
    • Somatic mesoderm: apposed to the ectoderm
    • Splanchnic mesoderm: apposed to the
    endoderm
    • Coelom in between will become the serous
    cavities of the ventral body cavity:
    – Peritoneal
    – Pericardial
    – Pleural
    LATERAL PLATE MESODERM
    splits into parietal and visceral layers, which line the
    intraembryonic cavity and surround the organs.
    - parietal layer, together with overlying ectoderm, will form the
    lateral and ventral body wall.
    - The visceral layer and embryonic endoderm will form the wall
    of the gut .
    Folding begins
    at week 4

    (main difference
    between the 3
    week embryo
    and the adult
    body is that the
    embryo is still
    a flat disc)
    24 day
    embryro;
    protrudes
    into amniotic
    cavity
    Day 23, beginning
    to fold

    Lateral folds
    will join ventrally
    Cylindrical
    human body
    plan, day 28
    (about ½ cm)

    Simplified
    cross section
    through
    abdomen of
    an adult
    (essentially the
    same as above)
    Major derivatives of the embryonic germ layers

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