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    3 Routes of Administration of Drugs

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    aimi Batrisyia
    1. There are several routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and others. Oral administration has advantages of being economical and easy but also disadvantages like delayed onset and potential destruction by digestive enzymes. 2. Parenteral administration through injections allows for immediate drug effect but carries risks of allergic reactions. Injections can be administered through several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. 3. Other non-oral routes include inhalation for drugs acting locally in the lungs, sublingual administration to avoid first-pass liver metabolism, and rectal administration when oral is not possible. The route of administration depends on factors like drug properties and

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    3 Routes of Administration of Drugs

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    aimi Batrisyia
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    1. There are several routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and others. Oral administration has advantages of being economical and easy but also disadvantages like delayed onset and potential destruction by digestive enzymes. 2. Parenteral administration through injections allows for immediate drug effect but carries risks of allergic reactions. Injections can be administered through several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. 3. Other non-oral routes include inhalation for drugs acting locally in the lungs, sublingual administration to avoid first-pass liver metabolism, and rectal administration when oral is not possible. The route of administration depends on factors like drug properties and

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    1. There are several routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and others. Oral administration has advantages of being economical and easy but also disadvantages like delayed onset and potential destruction by digestive enzymes. 2. Parenteral administration through injections allows for immediate drug effect but carries risks of allergic reactions. Injections can be administered through several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. 3. Other non-oral routes include inhalation for drugs acting locally in the lungs, sublingual administration to avoid first-pass liver metabolism, and rectal administration when oral is not possible. The route of administration depends on factors like drug properties and

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    57 views20 pages

    3 Routes of Administration of Drugs

    Uploaded by

    aimi Batrisyia
    1. There are several routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and others. Oral administration has advantages of being economical and easy but also disadvantages like delayed onset and potential destruction by digestive enzymes. 2. Parenteral administration through injections allows for immediate drug effect but carries risks of allergic reactions. Injections can be administered through several routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. 3. Other non-oral routes include inhalation for drugs acting locally in the lungs, sublingual administration to avoid first-pass liver metabolism, and rectal administration when oral is not possible. The route of administration depends on factors like drug properties and

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    of 20

    Routes of

    administration of
    drugs
    BY
    Dr ABDEL BASET TAHER
    Professor of pharmacology &
    therapeutics
    2020
    MBBS-Y1, Sem2,

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 1


    −Learning Objectives
    − Classify routes of administration of drugs for
    both local and systemic effects
    − Illustrate advantages and disadvantages of
    oral administration
    − Describe advantages of sublingual and rectal
    administration
    − Discuss types, advantages and
    disadvantages of parenteral administration

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 2


    I) administration for local effects
    1. topical application
    – drug is applied directly to skin or mucous membrane
    – e.g. powder, ointment, lotions, eye drops
    2. injections
    – the drugs are injected around sensory nerve terminals
    (infiltration anaesthesia) or nerve trunck (nerve block)
    or in the joints (intra – articular injection of
    corticosteroid in rheumatoid arthritis)
    3. inhalation
    – e.g. disodium chromoglycate (intal) in prophylaxis
    against bronchial asthma or salbutamol in treatment of
    acute bronchial asthma.
    3
    II) administration for systemic effects
    1. GIT : oral – sublingual- rectal
    2. parenteral
    3. inhalation
    4. skin
    5. eye

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 4


    1. GIT:
    Oral administration
    – Drug should be palatable, stable at PH of intestinal
    tract, not affected by digestive enzymes, should be
    absorbed to produce systemic effect.
    Advantages:
    – economic, easy

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 5


    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 6
    Disadvantages
    – Delayed onset
    – Irritant drugs e.g. tarter emetic cannot be administered.
    – Impractical in unconscious or uncooperative patient or
    in GIT disturbances.
    – Drugs destroyed by digestive enzymes (insulin) or by
    gastric acidity (benzyl penicillin) cannot be
    administered orally.
    – Some drugs are not absorbed from the gut
    (aminoglycoside antibiotics e.g. streptomycin)
    – Some drugs are absorbed from gut but inactivated in
    liver before reaching general circulation
    (testosterone)
    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 7
    First pass effect:
    – loss of drug activity through its first passage in
    liver. Examples of drugs which are subjected to
    significant first pass effect: Propranolol,
    nitroglycerin, morphine

    N.B. in order to avoid gastric irritation or destruction


    by gastric juices, drugs may be enteric coated with a
    film resistant to dissolution in the stomach, but
    soluble in the intestinal PH.

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 8


    Sublingual administration
    – The drug is readily absorbed through sublingual
    mucosa and passes directly to general circulation
    avoiding initial passage through liver.
    – Examples: nitroglycerine, isoprenaline

    The drug should be:


    – Given in the form of a small tablet or pellet placed
    beneath the tongue.
    – Palatable, soluble, effective in a small dose.
    – N.B. It is unsuitable for drugs that cause
    vasoconstriction of sublingual mucosa.

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 9


    Rectal administration
    – Rectal route can be used for drugs that can be readily
    absorbed from rectal mucosa.
    – It may be resorted to when oral administration is
    impractical.
    – Examples: suppository or enema

    Advantages:
    1. Drugs irritant to stomach can be given by suppository.
    2. Can be used when cooperation is lacking (as in
    children).
    3. Effect of digestive enzymes can be avoided.
    4. Drugs liable to extensive first pass effect may be given
    in this way.
    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 10
    2. Parenteral administration:
    Definition:
    – it's any route of administration of a drug which
    does not make use of GIT, eye, respiratory
    tract or skin
    – i.e. the drugs are given by subcutaneous
    implantation or by injection.
    i. Subcutaneous implantation:
    – implantation of pellets under the skin allows
    release of drug over a period of several
    weeks or months (steroid hormones).

    11
    ii. injection:
    • It involves introducing a drug by means of a syringe
    into the required site. Strict aseptic precautions must
    be observed
    • It's usually employed in the following conditions:
    1. When the drug is ineffective by other routes.
    2. When the drug possesses severe local irritant actions.
    3. When it's necessary to raise the concentration of the
    drug in the body very rapidly.
    4. In emergencies e.g. unconscious patient or in cases of
    circulatory failure.

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 12


    • It's made in the following sites:

    i) Intradermal:
    – Injection is made into the skin.
    – It's used for sensitivity tests and infiltration anesthesia.
    ii) Subcutaneous:
    – Absorption is more rapid and complete than after oral
    administration.
    – It's suitable for non-irritant drugs which may be either
    in aqueous solution or in the form of fine suspension
    designed to be slowly dissolved and hence to prolong
    their absorption and activity .

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 13


    iii) Intramuscular:
    − Absorption is greater than subcutaneous due to
    greater muscle vascularity, muscles are less sensitive
    to pain than SC tissues → it's more suitable for
    injecting moderately irritant drugs, it's also suitable for
    solutions or suspensions of insoluble drugs in water or
    oil.

    iv) Intravenous:
    − it's usually given in superficial veins e.g. cubital
    − only aqueous, pyrogen free solutions can be
    employed

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 14


    Advantages:
    – Immediate effect.
    – Drug avoid chemical decomposition.
    – It's the only channel by which very irritant drugs
    can be given (walls of blood vessels are
    insensitive to pain).
    Disadvantages:
    – Anaphylactoid reaction.
    – Pyrogenic reactions.
    – Phlebitis, thrombophlebitis.
    – Leakage of irritant drug outside vein → severe
    reaction.
    15
    v) Bone marrow injection:
    – It's made in the sternum in adults or tibia in children
    vi) Intra-arterial:
    – Only used for experimental purposes or arteriogram
    vii) Intracardiac:
    – Sometimes used to resuscitate the patient in emergencies.
    viii) Intrathecal:
    – It's made in subarachnoid space (spinal anesthesia, X-ray
    contrast media)
    ix) intra-articular
    x) intraperitoneal:
    – Used for experimental animals
    16
    3. Inhalation:
    – Gaseous (nitrous oxide) and volatile (halothane)
    anesthetics.
    – Drugs intended to produce local effect in the
    lung e.g. salbutamol (a bronchodilator) or
    disodium chromoglycate.
    – Absorption from alveolar membrane is very
    rapid because of its thinness, extensive surface
    area and its rich blood supply.

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 17


    4. Skin:
    – Absorption from skin can be achieved by
    iontophoresis of water soluble drugs. Iontophoresis
    is the passage of drugs through the skin by means of
    galvanic current passed through it.
    – Drugs applied to the skin are intended to produce
    local effect. In some instances, they may be
    absorbed through the skin and produce systemic
    effect e.g. corticosteroids applied topically in
    children.
    – Certain drugs e.g. nitroglycerin may be applied to
    skin in the form of plasters or adhesive discs to
    allow for graded absorption over a prolonged time
    and avoiding extensive first-pass effect.
    18
    5. Eye:
    – Drugs may be given to produce local effect
    e.g. decongestion or to treat glaucoma in the
    form of eye drops
    – Antihistaminic (for allergy) and antibiotics may
    be applied as ointments.

    Prof. Dr Abdel Baset Taher 19


    Thank you

    Prof. Dr Abel Baset Taher 20

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