Cells Study Guide 2020 KEY

Name: ____________________________ Period: __________
Cells Study Guide

Cell Types and Organelles
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Think of the analogy with the studio apartment and
mansion.
Prokaryotic – Smaller, simple, ancient/older cells, no nucleus, examples: bacteria, like studio apartment with
only the basic cell parts
Eukaryotic – larger, complex, contains nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, examples: plants, animals, like
the mansion with a separate rooms/organelles that have different functions
2. Know the function of the organelles below, know which cell types they are found in, and be able to recognize a
picture of them.
Found in which cell types?
Organelle Function Picture
(Bacteria, Plant, Animal)
DNA Genetic information to make proteins All
Nucleus Contains DNA, “control center” of the cell Eukaryotes (plants, animals)
Cytoplasm Gel-like fluid in cell where reactions take place All
Cell
Controls what goes in/out of the cell All
Membrane
Cell Wall Outer, protective barrier in some cells Plants, bacteria
Ribosome Protein factories All
Mitochondri Site of cellular respiration, produce ATP energy for

Eukaryotes (plants, animals)
a cell
Site of photosynthesis, absorb sunlight to make Plants, some bacteria and
Chloroplast
glucose (food) for cell algae
3. Name and explain the theory of how prokaryotic organisms evolved into eukaryotic organisms.
Endosymbiotic Theory: One prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryotic cells. Both cells benefited one another
so they lived together. These inner prokaryotes have functions like the chloroplast and mitochondria, and
became the organelles in eukaryotic cells.
Endo- = in Sym- = together bio = life
Cell Membrane and Transport

4. Explain the structure of a phospholipid. Include the following words in your explanation: head, tail, hydrophilic,
hydrophobic, polar, nonpolar
Phospholipid head: polar, hydrophilic, made of phosphate and glycerol
Phospholipid tails: nonpolar, hydrophobic, made of 2 fatty acid chains
5. Explain the structures and functions in the cell membrane. Including the following: fluid-mosaic model,
phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable, integral/transport proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol,
carbohydrates
The model of the cell membrane is known as the fluid-mosaic model because it is flexible and made of many
parts that can move around. The main structure is the phospholipid bilayer, where heads face outwards and tails
face inward. Integral proteins and fully embedded in the membrane, and have functions like transporting
materials in and out of the cell. Peripheral proteins are attached only on one side of the cell membrane, and
Name: ____________________________ Period: __________
could be enzymes with various functions. Cholesterol help maintain the fluid/flexible structure of the membrane
and carbohydrate chains attached to lipids or proteins help the cell communicate. The cell membrane is
selectively permeable because only certain things can pass through.
6. Know the difference between passive and active transport, and know examples of each.
Type of Transport Passive Active
Direction of movement in a High  low Low  High
concentration gradient
Requires energy? No Yes
Examples 1. Simple Diffusion 1. Active Transport

2. Facilitated Diffusion 2. Endocytosis
3. Osmosis 3. Exocytosis
7. Identify the specific examples of cell transport described and shown in the pictures below. Explain how you
figured out the type of transport.
a. Glucose moving into the cell through a transport protein.
Facilitated diffusion: larger/polar molecules moving from high 
low concentration through a transport protein
b. Oxygen moving into a cell through the membrane.

Simple diffusion: smaller molecules moving high  low
concentration through the phospholipid bilayer
c. Particles in a vesicle are expelled/secreted from the cell when the vesicle
fuses with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis: vesicle moving out of the cell
d. Small particles are pumped through a protein in the cell membrane,

using up ATP.
Active transport: molecules moving low  high concentration
through a transport protein and requiring ATP energy
e. Movement of water across the membrane into a plant cell to an area of

low water concentration.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water
f. Particles are engulfed into a vesicle in the cell.

Endocytosis: Particles moving into the cell in a vesicle
Name: ____________________________ Period: __________
8. Explain the difference between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Explain where there is more or
less solute in relation to a cell, and the direction that water will move.
Hypotonic: A solution with lower solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell. Water moves into cell.
Isotonic: A solution with equal solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell. Water moves equally in
and out of the cell.
Hypertonic: A solution with higher solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell. Water moves out of
the cell.
9. Based on the percentages below, identify the direction of water movement (in, out or both) and the type of
solution (hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic).
Hypertonic, out Hypotonic, in Hypotonic, in
Hypotonic, in Hypertonic, out Isotonic, equally in/out
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

10. Compare and contrast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Where do they occur? What are their reactants
and products?
Photosynthesis: occurs in chloroplasts of plant, some bacteria and algae.
Reactants: Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sunlight
Products: Oxygen, Glucose
Cellular Respiration: occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

Reactants: Oxygen, Glucose
Products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP energy
11. Explain what happens in the light-dependent reaction and Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis, and in which part of
the Chloroplast each occurs.
Light-dependent reaction: Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoids in the chloroplast. Sunlight and
Water produce oxygen.
Calvin Cycle: occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, carbon dioxide (along with products from the light-
dependent reaction) is used to make glucose.
Name: ____________________________ Period: __________
Cell Cycle
12. What is the Cell Cycle?
Life cycle of the cell
13. DNA can be found in different forms called chromatin and chromosomes. What is the difference?
Chromatin: uncoiled/uncondensed DNA found during interphase, not visible under a microscope
Chromosomes: condensed, coiled DNA found during mitosis, visible under a microscope
14. What are the 2 main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitosis
15. Which main phase of the cell cycle is the longest and is the phase where cells spend most of their lives?
Interphase
Interphase
16. What are the 3 stages of Interphase, and what happens during these stages?
Stages of Interphase What happens in this stage?
Cell functions normally and does its job (metabolic activity, make proteins, etc.),
1. Growth 1 (G1)
cell is growing
2. Synthesis (S) DNA replication occurs to make copies of DNA for each cell during cell division
Cell continues functioning normally, may make a few more materials needed for
3. Growth 2 (G2)
cell division
17. What will happen if the cycle is not regulated?

Cells that are not checked/regulated will divide uncontrollably. This will lead to tumors and cancer.
Mitotic Phase
18. In your own words, describe the 4 phases of Mitosis and draw a picture showing what occurs.
Phase Events
Nucleus breaks down
Prophase Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (X shape)
Spindle fibers form
Spindle fibers help move chromosomes to the middle of the cell. Chromosomes line
Metaphase up in the middle to ensure each new cell will get a copy of the DNA once the cell
divides.
Anaphase Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart/away towards the opposite ends of the cell
Telophase = division of the nucleus, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin, nuclei
reform
Telophase/Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm, cleavage furrow (animals) or cell plate
(plants) form between the two cells, creating two genetically identical cells

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Name: __________________ Period:

Cells Study Guide

Cytoplasm Gel-like fluid in cell where reactions take place All

Ribosome Protein factories All

Mitochondri Site of cellular respiration, produce ATP energy for

Cell Membrane and Transport

Examples 1. Simple Diffusion 1. Active Transport

b. Oxygen moving into a cell through the membrane.

d. Small particles are pumped through a protein in the cell membrane,

e. Movement of water across the membrane into a plant cell to an area of

f. Particles are engulfed into a vesicle in the cell.

Hypotonic, in Hypertonic, out Isotonic, equally in/out

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration: occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

17. What will happen if the cycle is not regulated?

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