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Anatomy
LEC: 7

Be In’s Quizzes Be In’s General

Be In’s Bot
channel
Anatomy 2

Abdomen
• It is the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis
• It is a flexible dynamic container, housing most of the organs of the alimentary
system and part of the urogenital system
alimentary canal ‫ فيها االعضاء بتاعت ال‬.‫ بتكون مرنة عشان تسمحلنا نؤدي حركتنا اليومية بشكل سهل‬abdomen ‫ال‬
‫ اللي هي الجهاز البولي‬urinary system ‫ يعني‬uro. ،‫ ودي بتتكون من مقطعين‬urogenital ‫وكمان فيها اعضاء اسمها‬
.‫والمقطع التاني يعني الجهاز التناسلي‬

❖ Ventral body cavity consist of :

1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdomino-pelvic Cavity

❖ Abdomino-pelvic: It is the continuous cavity between

the thoracic diaphragm and pelvic diaphragm)
thoracic ‫ االول‬diaphragm ‫ بيتفصلوا عن طريق ال‬cavity ‫ التنين‬trunk ‫بنقسم ال‬
‫ اللي بيرجع يتقسم تاني عن طريق ال‬Abdomino-pelvic Cavity ‫ التاني اسمه‬cavity
‫ هنتكلم دلوقتي ع‬.pelvic ‫ وجزء ال‬viscera ‫ بيضم ال‬true. ‫ لجزء‬linea terminalis
abdominal cavity ‫ال‬

Abdominal cavity
• Subdivided into:
- True abdominal cavity (from diaphragm to linea terminalis)
- Pelvic cavity (below linea terminalis).
• It form the major part of abdominopelvic cavity
• The space bounded by:.
a) Anterior :Anterolateral abdominal wall
b) Posterior :Posterior abdominal wall
c) Superior :Diaphragm
d) Inferior :Pelvic walls and pelvic floor
• The walls of the abdomen are suspended between inferior margin of the
thoracic skeleton superior and the pelvic girdle inferior
• linked by a semi-rigid lumbar vertebra
Anatomy 3
‫ مهمة وخدناهم قبل كدا‬bones ‫هنتكلم عن شوية‬

❖ Lumbar vertebrae :consist of

1) Body
2) Transverse processes
3) Spinal process
4) Vertebral canal
❖ Hip bone
1. Ilium: have iliac crest and iliac fossa
2. Pubis
3. Ischim
Note :Iliac crest has outer lip, inner lip, and
intermediate lip

Abdominal Wall
❖ The layers of the anterior abdominal wall:
1. Skin
2. superficial fascia
3. muscles
4. transverse fascia
5. extraperitoneal fascia
6. parietal peritoneum
fascia ‫ وبعدها‬fascia ‫ قدامها‬muscle ‫لو تالحظ ان ال‬

❖ MUSCLES:
• Function:
– Help contain abdominal organs ‫مجمعة األعضاء مع بعض‬
– Move trunk ‫بتسهل الحركة‬
– Forced breathing ‫بتساعد ف التنفس‬
– Increase intra-abdominal pressure ‫بتعمل ضغط عشان األعضاء تفضل مكانها‬
• Innervated by intercostal nerves
Anatomy 4

• Continuous with layers of intercostal muscles

• Fibers of layers run in different directions for strength
• Ends in aponeurosis which contains rectus abdominis muscle

❖ Anterior Abdominal Wall muscles(5)

I. External abdominal oblique
II. Internal abdominal oblique
III. Transverse abdominal
IV. Rectus abdominis
V. Pyramidalis
• External oblique
apenuros ‫ بتتحول ل‬abdomen ‫ لما بتوصل لل‬.)downward forward(‫ طالعة لقدام‬lateral ‫جاية من ال‬
xiphoid ‫ نازل من ال‬membrane ‫ وهي عبارة عن‬linea alba ‫بيمسك ف نص الجسم بالظبط ف حاجة اسمها‬
symphysis pupis‫ رايح لل‬process

Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Muscular slips Lateral lip of iliac Anterior rami of Compress abdominal
from the outer crest; aponeurosis lower six thoracic contents;
surfaces of the ending in midline spinal nerves (T7 ▪ both muscles flex
lower eight ribs raphe (linea alba) to T12) trunk;
(ribs 5-12) ▪ each muscle bends
trunk to same side
INGUINAL LIGAMENT: Lower border of aponeurosis of
external oblique folded backward on itself Between
anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle ‫ممكن‬
‫يجي ف سؤال ام سيكيو‬
Anatomy 5

• Internal oblique
origin insertion innervation function
1.Thoracolumbar 1. Post. 1/3 : into lower 3 ribs Anterior rami See external

fascia 2. Aponeurotic part: Into 7,8,9 of Lower six oblique

thoracic ‫نفس االكشن‬
2. iliac crest costal cartilage, Xiphoid process ,
spinal nerves ‫بتاع ال‬
between origins linea alba, symphisis pubis
(T7 to T12) internal
of external and 3. Lower fibers : arching and unite and L1 oblique
transversus with transversus abdominus
3.lateral two- forming (conjoint tendon) and
thirds of inguinal inserted in pubic crest and
ligament pectineal line
Very Important note :
- Lower fibers of external oblique forming the
INGUINAL LIGAMENT
- Lower fibers of internal oblique with transversus
abdominus forming (conjoint tendon)
• Transverse abdominis:
Origin
- lower six costal cartilages (7-12)
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- medial lip of iliac crest
- Medial one-third of inguinal ligament ‫مكتوبة ف‬
‫الداتا والكتاب التيرال بس الدكتورة قالت ميديال و أكدت انها ميديال‬

Insertion
- Aponeurosis ending in
- Xiphid process
- linea alba
- Symphysis pubis
Anatomy 6

- The lower fibers forming conjoint tendon

Innervation :Anterior rami of lower six thoracic nerves (T7 to T12) and L1
Function :Compress abdominal contents

• Rectus abdominus
.tendinous intersections ‫ فيها خطوط بالعرض اسمها‬-
six pack ‫وبتكون ال‬linea alba ‫بتكون متعامدة علي ال‬
‫ونص موجود ف‬right ‫يعني نص موجود ف ال‬paired -
left side. ‫ال‬
linea alba ‫ليها اللي هو ال‬medial border ‫ ال‬-
linea semilunaris ‫اسمه‬lateral border ‫وال‬
‫ اللي ماشية بالعرض دي ماشية على‬tendons ‫ لقوا ال‬-
4 Levels ‫هيئة‬
Xiphoid process .1
Umbilicus .2
xiphoid and Umbilicus ‫ بين ال‬.3
Xiphoid process ‫ جاية من تحت وطالعة لل‬.4
‫ واحد و اربع انسرشناااات‬Origin ‫ بيبقا ليها‬-
wide ‫ ومن فوق‬narrow ‫ بتكون من تحت‬-
‫ بيكون عبارة عن طبقتين والماسل ما بينهم‬Rectus sheath‫ ال‬-
- This is a long, paired muscle.
- The lateral border of the two muscles create a surface marking called the linea
semilunaris. At several places, the muscle is intersected by fibrous strips, known
as tendinous intersections.
- The tendinous intersections and the linea alba give rise to the ‘six pack’ seen in
individuals with low body fat
- It is thin and broad superior
- Thick and narrow inferior
- Enclosed in rectus sheath
- Anchored by tendinous intersections at:
Anatomy 7

1. Xiphoid process
2. Umbilicus
3. Midway between them
4. Below umbilicus
- As well as assisting the flat muscles in compressing the abdominal viscera, the
rectus abdominus also stabilizes the pelvis during walking, and depresses the
ribs.

origin insertion innervation function

Pubic crest, Costal cartilages Anterior rami of Compress
pubic tubercle, of ribs 5-7; lower seven thoracic abdominal contents;
and pubic xiphoid process spinal nerves (T7 to flex vertebral
symphysis T12) column; tense
abdominal wall

• Pyramidalis muscle :
- Small muscle
- Absent in 20% of people
- In front the inferior part of rectus abdominis
- Arise from anterior surface of the symphysis pubis
- It ends in linea alba midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis
Rectus sheath:
- It is incomplete fibrous compartment that enclose the rectus abdominis and
pyrimidalis muscles
- It is formed by decussation of the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles
Cutaneous Nerves:
- Derived from ventral rami of T7 through L1.
Anatomy 8

- Pass inferiorly and medially in plane between transverse and internal oblique
muscles
‫ اوال البرانشات بتاعته وهل هي‬،‫و الزم اعرف عنه كذا حاجة‬lower 6 spinal nerves ‫زي مقولنا ان النيرف اللي بيغذيهم اسمه‬
‫ ومكانها فين‬sensory ‫وال‬motor
‫ودا‬motor ‫ والتاني‬skin ‫بيديني االحساس زي االلم وكدا يعني وبتكون علي ال‬Cutaneous ‫واحد‬two branches ‫بيطلع منها‬
‫بيغذي الماسل‬

1. Motor innervation: To abdominal muscles.

2. Cutaneous innervation:
a. Lateral cutaneous branches.
b. Anterior cutaneous branches: Penetrate rectus sheath
❖ Posterior abdominal wall
❖ Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall :
1. Diaphragm ‫قلناها قبل كدا‬
2. Psoas major
3. Psoas minor
4. Quadratus lumborum
5. Iliacus lies in false pelvis
All of them are supplied by lumbar plexus
❖ Psoas major:
origin insertion innervation action
Twelfth thoracic to fifth Lesser Branches of Flexion and medial
lumbar vertebrae (Roots trochanter of lumbar rotation of the thigh
of transverse processes, the femur with plexus Flexion of the trunk, if
sides of vertebral bodies the iliacus (L13) the thigh is fixed, as in
and intervertebral discs) muscle sitting up from a lying
position
Anatomy 9

❖ Psoas minor
• May be absent in 40% of subjects • Long slender muscle
origin insertion innervation action
1. Sides of 12th thoracic, Iliopectineal Branch from flexion of the
2. 1st lumbar vertebrae (iliopubic) 1st lumbar vertebral column
3. the disc in between T12 eminence of nerve
and L 1 hip bone
❖ Quadratus lumborum :
origin insertion innervation action
From into the Lumbar plexus 1. Fixes or depresses the 12th
transverse transverse (T12 and L1, rib during respiration
process of L5 , processes of 2, 3, 4) 2. Laterally flexes vertebral
iliolumbar L4 to L1 and column to the same side
ligament and the 12th rib 3. Both muscles extend the
iliac crest medial half lumbar part of the vertebral
column.
‫ وبعدها‬L1, 2,3,4 ‫ وهي طالعة بتطلع تمسك ف‬iliac crest ‫و ال‬L5 ‫طالعة من‬
‫بتمسك ف الضلع االخير‬
‫ لو العضليتن اليمين والشمال‬، flexion، ‫الجزء اللي ماسك ف الهيب بيساعد ف ال‬
‫ لو جزء واحد هو اللي انقبض بتعمل‬، lumbar vertebrae ‫االتنين انقبضوا بيشدوا ال‬
‫ ناحية الجزء المنقبض‬lateral bending

❖ Iliacus
✓ Origin : from upper 2/3 of iliac fossa and anterior
sacroiliac ligament thereby filling iliac fossa
✓ Inserted into the lesser trochanter of femur
through a common tendon with psoas major
✓ Flexes the hip