Lesson 15 Stress Transformation

ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES
AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(BES 107)
A.Y. 2020-2021
REFERENCES:
1. Hibbeler, R. C. (2017). Mechanics of materials (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

2. Philpot, T. A. (2017). Mechanics of materials: an integrated learning system (4th ed.). Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Nash, W. A., & Potter, M. C. (2011). Strength of materials (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lesson 15: Stress Transformation
OBJECTIVES
• Understand the General State of Stress of an infinitesimal block in a member

• Understand how certain loadings may allow us to reduce our analysis of a stress block from 3
dimensions to 2 dimensions
• Transform/Calculate the stresses on different cutting planes in a stress block using the equilibrium
concept
GENERAL STATE OF STRESS
Subscript Notation:
𝝈: axis where normal stress acts
• Axial – axis of axial force

• Flexural – axis normal to the crosssection
• Longitudinal (PV) – axis normal to cross section
• Hoop (PV) – axis parallel to the tangent line to
the point
𝝉: shear stress
• 1st subscript: face where the shear stress acts

on (axis normal to the face)
• 2nd subscript: axis parallel to the direction of the
shear stress
This state of stress, however, is not often encountered in engineering practice. Instead, most loadings
are coplanar, and so the stress these loadings produce can be analyzed in a single plane. When this is
the case, the material is then said to be subjected to plane stress.
Complementary Property of shear stress: 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙

For Plane Stress: 𝝈𝒛 = 𝝉𝒙𝒛 = 𝝉𝒛𝒙 = 𝝉𝒚𝒛 = 𝝉𝒛𝒚 = 𝟎
Failure of a material will occur in response to the largest stresses that are developed in the object,
regardless of the orientation at which those critical stresses are acting. Hence, Stresses in all possible
orientations must be investigated. For a plane state of stress of an element, if the original state is
“transformed” (i.e., rotated by an angle θ), the two systems must be equivalent (will produce the same
resultant as shown).
Sign Convention for Angle, 𝜽
1. TOP – start at the topmost

corner of the inclined plane
2. DROP – drop a vertical line and
make a right triangle with the inclined
plane as hypotenuse.
3. SWEEP THE CLOCK – sweep the
angle from the vertical line to the
hypotenuse.
If the angle sweeps CCW, 𝜽 is positive.

Otherwise, 𝜽 is negative.
NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESS COMPONENTS
Using this established sign convention, the element in figure below is sectioned along the inclined plane
and the segment as shown. Assuming the sectioned area is ∆𝐴, then the horizontal and vertical faces of
the segment have an area of ∆𝐴 sin 𝜃 and ∆𝐴 cos 𝜃, respectively.
Σ𝐹𝑥 ′ = 0
𝜎𝑥 ′ Δ𝐴 = (𝜏𝑥𝑦 Δ𝐴 sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃 + (𝜎𝑦 Δ𝐴 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 Δ𝐴 cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 + (𝜎𝑥 Δ𝐴 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃
Divide both sides by Δ𝐴
𝜎𝑥 ′ = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥 cos 2 𝜃

𝜎𝑥 ′ = 𝜎𝑥 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
use the trigonometric identities sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃, sin2 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2θ)/2, and cos 2 𝜃 = (1 +
cos 2θ)/2. Therefore,
𝜎𝑥 (1 + cos 2θ) 𝜎𝑦 (1 − cos 2θ)

𝜎𝑥 ′ = + + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑥 cos 2θ 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑦 cos 2θ
𝜎𝑥 ′ = + + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
(Eq. 15.1)
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 ′ = + cos 2θ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
Σ𝐹𝑦 ′ = 0
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ Δ𝐴 + (𝜎𝑥 Δ𝐴 cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 Δ𝐴 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 = (𝜎𝑦 Δ𝐴 sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃 + (𝜏𝑥𝑦 Δ𝐴 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃
Divide both sides by Δ𝐴
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ + 𝜎𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃 = 𝜎𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃

𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝜎𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝜎𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = (𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 ) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃)
use the trigonometric identities sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 and cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃. Therefore,
(Eq. 15.2)
𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
If the normal stress acting in the y′ direction is needed, it can be obtained by simply substituting 𝜃 + 90°
in Eq. (15.1), this yields;
(Eq. 15.3)
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦 ′ = − cos 2θ − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
In-Plane Principal Stresses. To determine the maximum and minimum normal stress, we must
differentiate Eq. (15.1) with respect to 𝜃 and set the result equal to zero. This gives.
𝑑𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
=− 2 sin 2θ + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 2
Solving we obtain the orientation 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑝 of the planes of maximum and minimum normal stress.
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
2 sin 2θ = 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
(Eq. 15.4)
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
For the given values of 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜎𝑥 , and 𝜎𝑦 , Eq. (15.4) will give two values of θ that are 90° apart. This means
that there are two planes that are at right angles to each other on which the shear stress is zero. Such
planes are called principal planes. The normal stresses that act on the principal planes is referred to as
principal stresses. The values of principal stresses can be found by substituting Eq. (15.4) into Eq. (15.1),
which yields
Major principal stress:

(Eq. 15.5)
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎1 = + √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
Minor principal stress:

(Eq. 15.6)
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎3 = − √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
Maximum in Plane Shear Stress. The orientation of the element that is subjected to maximum shear
stress can be determined by taking the derivative of Eq. (15.2) with respect to 𝜃, and setting the result
equal to zero. This gives
(Eq. 15.7)
𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥
tan 2𝜃𝑠 =
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
PROBLEM 1
A single horizontal force P with a magnitude of 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that
portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 1.2 in., determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses located
at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the principal planes and principal stresses at
point H.
PROBLEM 2
For the state of plane stress shown in figure below, determine (a) the principal planes, (b) the principal
stresses, (c) the maximum shearing stress and the corresponding normal stress.
PROBLEM 3
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the airplane fuselage is represented on the element
oriented as shown in figure below. Represent the state of stress at the point on an element that is
oriented 30° clockwise from this position.

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ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan

1. Hibbeler, R. C. (2017). Mechanics of materials (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

• Understand the General State of Stress of an infinitesimal block in a member

GENERAL STATE OF STRESS

𝝈: axis where normal stress acts

• Axial – axis of axial force

• 1st subscript: face where the shear stress acts

Complementary Property of shear stress: 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙

1. TOP – start at the topmost

If the angle sweeps CCW, 𝜽 is positive.

NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESS COMPONENTS

Divide both sides by Δ𝐴

𝜎𝑥 ′ = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥 cos 2 𝜃

𝜎𝑥 (1 + cos 2θ) 𝜎𝑦 (1 − cos 2θ)

Divide both sides by Δ𝐴

𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ + 𝜎𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin2 𝜃 = 𝜎𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃

Major principal stress:

Minor principal stress:

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