CHAPTER 6

COMPLEX
STRESS
2
INTRODUCTION
The most general state of stress at a
point may be represented by 6
components,
) , , : (Note
stresses shearing , ,
stresses normal , ,
xz zx zy yz yx xy
zx yz xy
z y x
t t t t t t
t t t
o o o
= = =
Same state of stress is represented by a
different set of components if axes are
rotated.
9.1 Plane Stress Transformation
In practice, approximations and
simplifications
are done to reduce the stress components
to a single plane.
3
Plane Stress
Plane Stress state of stress in which two faces
of the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is
defined by
. 0 , , and
xy
= = =
zy zx z y x
t t o t o o
State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate
subjected to forces acting in the midplane of the
plate.
State of plane stress also occurs on the free
surface of a structural element or machine
component, i.e., at any point of the surface not
subjected to an external force.
9.1 Plane Stress Transformation
4
Plane Stress Transformation
The material is then said to be subjected to
plane stress.
For general state of plane stress at a pt, we
represent it via normal-stress components, o
x
, o
y

and shear-stress


component t
xy
.
Transforming stress components from one orientation
to the other is similar in concept to how we transform

force components from one system of axes to the
other.
Note that for stress-component transformation, we
need to account for
- the magnitude and direction of each stress
component, and
- the orientation of the area upon which each
component acts.
9.1 Plane Stress Transformation
5
Procedure of Analysis
(Method of Equilibrium)
If state of stress at a pt is known for a given orientation of an element of
material, then state of stress for another orientation can be determined.
9.1 Plane Stress Transformation
Transformation of Plane Stress
consider the stress element has rotated through an
angle as shown.
As linear equations, the transformed
stresses are given by

145
7
Sign Convention
Positive normal stresses, o
x
and o
y
, acts
outward from all faces
Positive shear stress t
xy
acts upward on the
right-hand face of the element.
The orientation of the inclined plane is
determined using the angle u.
Establish a positive x and y axes using
the right-hand rule.
Angle u is positive if it moves
counterclockwise from the +x axis to the
+x axis.
General Equation
8
Transformation of Plane Stress
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
u t u
o o o o
o
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x y x
x
+

+
=
+

+
+
=
' '
'
'
The equations may be rewritten to yield
General Equation
1
2
3
9
Procedure of Analysis
General Equation
To apply equations -1 and -2, just substitute the known
data for o
x
, o
y
, t
xy
, and u according to established sign
convention.
If o
x
and t
xy
are calculated as positive quantities, then
these stresses act in the positive direction of the x and
y axes.


Tip: For your convenience, equations -1 to -3 can be
programmed on your pocket calculator.
Example 6.1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by
the element shown in figure. Determine the state of
stress at the point on another element oriented 30
clockwise from the position shown.
25 MPa
80 MPa
50 MPa
147
A
D
C
B
11

9.2 General Equation
Principal Stresses
Principal stresses,o
1/2
- the maximum and minimum normal
stresses.
Principal planes - the planes on which the principal
stresses act.
the principal stresses will occur on mutually perpendicular
planes.
the shear stresses are zero on the principal planes.
There are two way to determine the principal stresses
(a) Calculation method
(b) Mohrs Circle method

148
13
Principal Stresses
The previous equations are
combined to yield parametric
equations for a circle,
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
where
xy
y x y x
ave
y x ave x
R
R
t
o o o o
o
t o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=
= +
' ' '
Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing
stresses.
9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
14
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for
ave x
o o =
'
Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
2 2
2
2 tan
2 2
2 1
2 1
2
2
max
o o
o o
o o
t
o o
u
o o
t
o o
t
+
=
+
= =
'

=
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
y x
ave
xy
y x
s
xy
y x
R
Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress
a graphical representation of the stress transformation
equations
all stresses on Mohr's circle are in-plane stresses
151
Steps in constructing Mohr's circle:
1. Draw axes. (o positive to the right and
t
xy
positive down)
2. Plot first point on circle. (o
x
, t
xy
)
3. Plot second point on circle. (o
y
, - t
xy
)
4. Draw a line between the two points.
This line is the diameter of the circle,
and it passes through the center of
the circle.
5. Draw a circle through the two points.

152
Stress Transformations
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
153
18
Example 6.2
The state of plane stress at a
point on a body is shown on
the element in the figure given.
Represent this stress in terms
of the :
(a) principal stresses.
(b) maximum in-plane shear
stress and associated
average normal stress
9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
19

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
20

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
21

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
22

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
23

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
24
Example 6.3
9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
For the state of plane stress
shown, determine (a) the
principal planes, (b) the
principal stresses, (c) the
maximum shearing stress and
the corresponding normal
stress.
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the
principal stresses from
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u

=
2
2 tan
Calculate the maximum shearing
stress with
2
2
max
2
xy
y x
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
y x
o o
o
+
= '
Determine the principal stresses
from
2
2
min max,
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
25
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the
principal stresses from
( )
( )
=
=

+
=

=
1 . 233 , 1 . 53 2
333 . 1
10 50
40 2
2
2 tan
p
y x
xy
p
u
o o
t
u
= 6 . 116 , 6 . 26
p
u
Determine the principal stresses
from
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
min max,
40 30 20
2 2
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o
MPa 30
MPa 70
min
max
=
=
o
o
MPa 10
MPa 40 MPa 50
=
+ = + =
x
xy x
o
t o
9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
26
MPa 10
MPa 40 MPa 50
=
+ = + =
x
xy x
o
t o
2
10 50
2

=
+
= = '
y x
ave
o o
o o
The corresponding normal
stress is
MPa 20 = ' o
Calculate the maximum shearing
stress with
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
max
40 30
2
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy
y x
t
o o
t
MPa 50
max
= t
45 =
p s
u u
= 6 . 71 , 4 . 18
s
u
9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear
Stress
Exercise 1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by
the element shown in figure. Represent this state of
stress on an element oriented 30 counterclockwise from
the position shown.
6 MPa
8 MPa
12 MPa
157
EXAMPLE FOR L SHAPED
QUESTION:
A single horizontal force P of 600N magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
SOLUTION:
1. Determine an equivalent force-
couple system at the center of
the transverse section passing
through H.
2. Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
3.Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
( )( )
( )( )
x
P 600N
T 600N 0.45m 270 N.m
M 600N 0.25m 150 N.m
=
= =
= =
Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses at H.
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
y 4
1
4
xy 4
1
2
150N.m 0.015m
My
I
0.015m
56.6 MPa
270 N.m 0.015m
Tc
J
0.015m
50.9 MPa
o
t
t
t
= + = +
= +
= + = +
= +
a)
x y xy
0 56.6 MPa 50.9 MPa o o t = = + = +
Note that, the shearing force P Does not cause any
shearing stress at point H
b)
Determine the principal planes and calculate the principal
stresses.


( )
xy
p
x y
p
p
2 2 50.9
tan 2 1.8
0 56.6
2 61.0 ,119
30.5 , 59.5
t
u
o o
u
u
= = =

=
=
( )
2
x y x y 2
max,min xy
2
2
max
min
2 2
0 56.6 0 56.6
50.9
2 2
86.5 MPa
29.9 MPa
o o o o
o t
o
o
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +
=
Example 2 (L shape)
Refer to word file