PAPER

TRANSLATION

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

LECTURER : MURNIANTI, S.Pd., M.Hum

MEMBER OF GROUP :

NURUL VITARA

M. RAFFI

REVA ASMAYANA

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

(STKIP) YPM BANGKO

2020
 PREFACE
First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the
paper entitled “Translation Procedures” right in the calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr. Murnianti,
S.Pd.,M.Hum as lecturer in Translation

in arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of
many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still many
mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of
writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all.the writer realized tha
this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content.  then the writer hope the criticism
from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least
Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about Translation

                                                                        Bangko, 02 Oktober 2020

                                                                        Author
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE.........................................................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENT...................................................................................................

BAB I PRELIMINARY.................................................................................................

A. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................
B. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM...........................................................

BAB II DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................

A. WHAT IS TRANSLATION...............................................................................
B. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES....................................................................

BAB III CLOSSING.......................................................................................................

CONCLUSION................................................................................................................

REFERENCES...............................................................................................................
 BAB I

PRELIMINARY

1. BACKGROUND

Language as a guide to social reality has become the medium of expression for the
our society. However, there is no two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be
considered as representing the same social reality. Hence, the translation works play
the important roles, such as the source of knowledge about foreign. Millions foreign
books have been translated into Indonesian.In 2015 alone, there were 1,400
publishing houses in Indonesia which publish an average of around 24,000 titles
foreign books per year. (Abrams, 2015).Murtisari (2015) proposed that translation is
paramount in the development of national languagesby enlarging their capacities as a
medium of communication, be it in vocabulary and organisation of ideas. Thus, the
translation plays the critical role in knowledge transfer and nation building. Not
surprisingly, it also draws great attention of Indonesian scholars who interested in
translation study.

2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

a. What is Translation?
b. What is Translation Procedures?
 BAB II

DISCUSSION

A. What Is Translation?

Etymologically, the word "translate" is formed from the Latin "trans+latus", which
means "carried across".Translation, whose beginning can be traced back to the Tower of
Babel is defined as "a bilingual mediated process of communication which ordinarily aims at
the production of a TL text that is functionally equivalent to a SL text" (Reiss, 1971:161). To
translate adequately, a translator must do his or her best to find a proper means of expression.

There are two very basic approaches to translation. The firstis to express as exactly as
possible the full force and meaning of every word and turn of phrase in the original, and the
second is to produce a result that does not read like a translation at all, but rather expresses
itself with the same ease as in its native rendering.

Translation consists of reproducing the message of the source language in target

language firstly in terms of meaning, secondly in terms of style. Translating can be simply
defined as transferring the message from the source language (SL) into the target language
(TL), both in terms of meaning and style. So the ideal translation should make sense and be
easily understood by the target readers. However, the message in the TL should be equivalent
with that in the SL. The structure of a given language determines the way in which the
speakers of that language view the world. (Nida, 1975:79).Related to rendering SL text to TL
text, a translator should ensure that the surface meaning of the two textwill be approximately
similar, and the structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely
that the TL structures will be seriously distorted.Bassnett (1994:2)

Different languages reflect different values and cultures; therefore, in an attempt to

mediate different languages, values or cultures, translations "nearly always contain attempts
to naturalize the different culture to make it conform more to what the reader of the
translation is used to" (Lefevere, 1999: 237). Translation involves the transfer of meaning
from a text in one language into a text in another language.Bell (1991:8)

Considering the translator as a learner, Robinson puts forward that translation is an

intelligent activity involving complex processes of conscious and unconscious learning. It
requiring creative problem-solving in novel, textual, social, and cultural
conditions".Robinson (1997:51)

B. What is Translation Procedures?

Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they

formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from
the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT). Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in
the 1950s came up with seven procedures of translation and as many ways to attain
equivalence.

Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven methods or procedures, they are

borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation. Their
view was that if literal translation or direct translation was impossible, then the
translator would have to resort to what they termed oblique translation. Oblique
 translation is another term for free translation where the translator exercises his/her
freedom to attain equivalence this might perhaps result in what Catford terms shifts.

Due to structural and metalinguistic parallelisms that occur between languages

it is often possible to overcome gaps between the SL and the TL by transposing the
SLmessage piece by piece into the TL. In such cases, when the translator notices a
gap in the target language, they can employ eithera parallel category or a parallel
concept to convey the meaning of the source text. This can be accomplished with one
of the following direct translation procedures:

1. Borrowing is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, to overcome

a gap, usually a metalinguistic one. Borrowing is the simplest of all translation
methods. Borrowing is mostly applied to introduce the flavor of the source language
color is a matter of style, but at the same time it may have a significant effects on the
message contained
Borrowing is a translation technique that involves using the same word or expression in
original text in the target text. The word or expression borrowed is usually written in italics.
This is about reproducing an expression in the original text as is. In this sense, it is a
translation technique that does not actually translate

Example: The gaucho was wearing a black sombrero and a worn bombacha.

2. Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression

from another, but the translator translates literally each of its elements. The result is
either a lexical calque i.e. one which respects the syntactic structure of the target
language while introducing a new mode of expression
When a translator uses a calque, he or she is creating or using a neologism in the target
language by adopting the structure of the source language.

Example: The German word handball is translated into Spanish as balonmano. Or the

English term skyscraper is gratte-ciel in French or rascacielos in Spanish

3. Literal translation is a direct transfer of the source text into grammatical and
idiomatically appropriate target text.
Usually this is called a literal translation or metaphrase. This means a word-for-word
translation, achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is idiomatic.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet, a literal translation can only be applied with languages
which are extremely close in cultural terms. It is acceptable only if the translated text retains
the same syntax, the same meaning and the same style as the original text.

Example: Quelle heure est-il? ⇒ What time is it?

In dealing with structural andmetalinguistic differences between languages

certain stylistic effects are unattainable without upsetting the lexis or the syntactic
order in the target language. In such cases more complex methods must be employed
 to convey the meaning of the source text. Although at a cursory glance they might
look fairly sophisticated, or even unusual, the oblique translation procedures allow
translators to exert a strict control over the reliability of their efforts. (Vinay and
Darbelnet, 1989).

4. Transposition is a procedure which involves replacing one word class with another
class without changing the message. There are two types of transposition, namely
obligatory and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition occurs when the target
language has no other choices because of the language system.
Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering
the meaning of the text. This translation technique introduces a change in grammatical
structure.

Example: The President thinks that ⇒ Selon le Président

5. Modulation is the varying of the language, obtained by a change in the point of view,
this change can be justified, although literal even transposed. There are two types of
modulation, namely free or optional is generally adopted because of nonlinguistic
reason. It is mostly used to stress the meaning, to affect coherence or to find out
natural form in the TL
Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or
perspective.

Example: Maybe you’re right. ⇒ Tu n’as peut-être pas tort.

6. Equivalent is often desirable for the translator to use an entirely different structure
with different meaning from that of the source language text so long as it is
considered appropriate in the communicative situational equivalent to that of the
source language text.
This is a translation technique which uses a completely different expression to transmit the
same reality. Through this technique, names of institutions, interjections, idioms or proverbs
can be translated.

Example: Chat échaudé craint l’eau froide. ⇒ Once burned, twice shy.

7. Adaptation is the extreme limit of translation which is used in cases the translator has
to create a new situation that can be considered equivalent
Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural element which
replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language.
This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text.

Example: baseball ⇒ football
 Some of the source language data do not have exact equivalents in the target
language because of the different cultural backgrounds between the source language
and target language. Therefore, not all of the source language terms can be translated
into the target language if the source language terms are considered as not having the
equivalents.
 BAB III

CLOSSING

CONCLUSION

Translation theorists have devised various procedures to deal with different

types of texts in translation. In addition to word-for-word and sense-for-sense
translations, translators may use a variety of procedures which differ according to the
contextual aspects of both the ST and the TT.

An overview of the main procedures used by translators to deal with different

types of texts and to avoid issues of untranslatability. It shows that each procedure has
its own characteristics and purposes in translation. Translators may restrict themselves
to one procedure, or use two, three or even four procedures in translation. This
technique is referred to as couplets, triplets and quadruplets.

 
 REFERENCES

1. Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, London and
New York: Longman.
2. Lefevere, A. 1992.Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame,
London: Routledge
3. Nida, E. A. 1975. Exploring semantic structures. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munchen
4. Nida, E. A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating, with Special Reference to
Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating, Leiden: Brill.
5. Reiss, K. 1989. Text types, translation types and translation assessment. In
Chesterman, A. Ed., Readings in translation theory pp. 105-15. Helsinki: Oy Finn
Lectura Ab
6. Robinson, D. 1997. Becoming a translator: an accelerated course. London:
Routledge.
7. Vinay, J.P. & J. Darbelnet. 1989. “Translation Procedures.” Readings in
Translation Theory. Ed. A. Chesterman. Loimaa: Finn Lectura, 61-69.