Guy vs. CA

6/15/2021 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 502
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 151

Guy vs. Court of Appeals
*
G.R. No. 163707. September 15, 2006.
MICHAEL C. GUY, petitioner, vs. HON. COURT OF APPEALS,

HON. SIXTO MARELLA, JR., Presiding Judge, RTC, Branch 138,
Makati City and minors, KAREN DANES WEI and KAMILLE
DANES WEI, represented by their mother, REMEDIOS OANES,
respondents.
Actions; Pleadings and Practice; Forum Shopping; The certification of

non-forum shopping should be executed by the plaintiff or the principal
party.—Rule 7, Section 5 of the Rules of Court provides that the
certification of non-forum shopping should be executed by the plaintiff or
the principal party. Failure to comply with the requirement shall be cause for
dismissal of the case. However, a liberal application of the rules is proper
where the higher interest of justice would be served. In Sy Chin v. Court of
Appeals, 345 SCRA 673 (2000), we ruled that while a petition may have
been flawed where the certificate of non-forum shopping was signed only by
counsel and not by the party, this procedural lapse may be overlooked in the
interest of substantial justice. So it is in the present controversy where the
merits of the case and the absence of an intention to violate the rules with
impunity should be considered as compelling reasons to temper the strict
application of the rules.
Same; Succession; Waivers; A waiver may not be attributed to a person

when its terms do not explicitly and clearly evince an intent to abandon a
right.—As regards Remedios’ Release and Waiver of Claim, the same does
not bar private respondents from claiming successional rights. To be valid
and effective, a waiver must be couched in clear and unequivocal terms
which leave no doubt as to the intention of a party to give up a right or
benefit which legally pertains to him. A waiver may not be attributed to a
person when its terms do not explicitly and clearly evince an intent to
abandon a right. In this case, we find that there was no waiver of hereditary
rights. The Release and Waiver of Claim does not state with clarity the
purpose of its execution. It merely states that Remedios received
P300,000.00 and an educational plan for her minor daughters “by way of
financial assistance and in full settlement of any and all
_______________
* FIRST DIVISION.
https://central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/0000017a0dfec0f3b96feae6000d00d40059004a/t/?o=False 1/11
152
152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
claims of whatsoever nature and kind x x x against the estate of the late
Rufino Guy Susim.” Considering that the document did not specifically
mention private respondents’ hereditary share in the estate of Sima Wei, it
cannot be construed as a waiver of successional rights.
Same; Same; Same; Parent and Child; Parents and guardians may not
repudiate the inheritance of their wards without judicial approval.—Even
assuming that Remedios truly waived the hereditary rights of private
respondents, such waiver will not bar the latter’s claim. Article 1044 of the
Civil Code, provides: ART. 1044. Any person having the free disposal of his
property may accept or repudiate an inheritance. Any inheritance left to
minors or incapacitated persons may be accepted by their parents or
guardians. Parents or guardians may repudiate the inheritance left to their
wards only by judicial authorization. The right to accept an inheritance left
to the poor shall belong to the persons designated by the testator to
determine the beneficiaries and distribute the property, or in their default, to
those mentioned in Article 1030. (Emphasis supplied) Parents and guardians
may not therefore repudiate the inheritance of their wards without judicial
approval. This is because repudiation amounts to an alienation of property
which must pass the court’s scrutiny in order to protect the interest of the
ward. Not having been judicially authorized, the Release and Waiver of
Claim in the instant case is void and will not bar private respondents from
asserting their rights as heirs of the deceased.
Same; Same; Same; Illegitimate Children; Where one lacks knowledge

of a right, there is no basis upon which waiver of it can rest—ignorance of a
material fact negates waiver, and waiver cannot be established by a consent
given under a mistake or misapprehension of fact; One who is yet to prove
his status as acknowledged illegitimate child of the deceased cannot
possibly waive his successional right.—It must be emphasized that waiver is
the intentional relinquishment of a known right. Where one lacks knowledge
of a right, there is no basis upon which waiver of it can rest. Ignorance of a
material fact negates waiver, and waiver cannot be established by a consent
given under a mistake or misapprehension of fact. In the present case,
private respondents could not have possibly waived their successional rights
because they are yet to prove their status as
153
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 153
acknowledged illegitimate children of the deceased. Petitioner himself has

consistently denied that private respondents are his coheirs. It would thus be
inconsistent to rule that they waived their hereditary rights when petitioner
claims that they do not have such right. Hence, petitioner’s invocation of
waiver on the part of private respondents must fail.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Family Code; Illegitimate children who

were still minors at the time the Family Code took effect and whose putative
parent died during their minority are given the right to seek recognition for
a period of up to four years from attaining majority age.—We ruled in
Bernabe v. Alejo, 374 SCRA 180 (2002), that illegitimate children who were
still minors at the time the Family Code took effect and whose putative
parent died during their minority are given the right to seek recognition for a
period of up to four years from attaining majority age. This vested right was
not impaired or taken away by the passage of the Family Code.
Same; Same; Settlement of Estates; Probate Courts; Pleadings and

Practice; The court before which a petition for letters of administration is
not precluded from receiving evidence on a person’s filiation—its
jurisdiction extends to matters incidental and collateral to the exercise of its
recognized powers in handling the settlement of the estate, including the
determination of the status of each heir; Two causes of action, one to
compel recognition and the other to claim inheritance, may be joined in one
complaint.—While the original action filed by private respondents was a
petition for letters of administration, the trial court is not precluded from
receiving evidence on private respondents’ filiation. Its jurisdiction extends
to matters incidental and collateral to the exercise of its recognized powers
in handling the settlement of the estate, including the determination of the
status of each heir. That the two causes of action, one to compel recognition
and the other to claim inheritance, may be joined in one complaint is not
new in our jurisprudence.
PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and resolution of

the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Oliviano D. Regalado for petitioner.
154

Ericson T. Velasquez for private respondents.
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
This petition
1
for review on certiorari assails the January 22, 2004
Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R.
2
SP No. 79742,3 which
affirmed the Orders dated July 21, 2000 and July 17, 2003 of the
Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 138 in SP Proc. Case
No. 4549 denying 4

petitioner’s motion to dismiss; and its May 25,
2004 Resolution denying petitioner’s motion for reconsideration.
The facts are as follows:
On June 13, 1997, private respondent-minors Karen Oanes Wei
and Kamille Oanes Wei, represented by their mother Remedios5
Oanes (Remedios), filed a petition for letters of administration
before the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 138. The
case was docketed as Sp. Proc. No. 4549 and entitled Intestate
Estate of Sima Wei (a.k.a. Rufino Guy Susim).
Private respondents alleged that they are the duly acknowledged
illegitimate children of Sima Wei, who died intestate in Makati City
on October 29, 1992, leaving an estate valued at P10,000,000.00
consisting of real and personal properties. His known heirs are his
surviving spouse Shirley Guy and children, Emy, Jeanne, Cristina,
George and Michael, all surnamed Guy. Private respondents prayed
for the appointment of a regular administrator for the orderly
settlement of Sima Wei’s estate. They likewise prayed that, in the
meantime, petitioner Michael C. Guy, son of the decedent,
_______________
1 Rollo, pp. 19-26. Penned by Associate Justice Martin S. Villarama, Jr. and
concurred in by Associate Justices Mario L. Guariña III and Jose C. Reyes, Jr.
2 Id., at pp. 48-49. Penned by Judge Sixto Marella, Jr.
3 Id., at p. 53.
4 Id., at p. 28.
5 Id., at pp. 29-31.
155
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 155

be appointed as Special Administrator of the estate. Attached to

private respondents’
6
petition was a Certification Against Forum
Shopping signed by their counsel, 7
Atty. Sedfrey A. Ordoñez.
In his Comment/Opposition, petitioner prayed for the dismissal
of the petition. He asserted that his deceased father left no debts and
that his estate can be settled without securing letters of
administration pursuant to Section 1, Rule 74 of the Rules of Court.
He further argued that private respondents should have established
their status as illegitimate children during the lifetime of Sima Wei
pursuant to Article 175 of the Family Code. 8
The other heirs of Sima Wei filed a Joint Motion to Dismiss on
the ground that the certification against forum shopping should have
been signed by private respondents and not their counsel. They
contended that Remedios should have executed the certification on
behalf of her minor daughters as mandated by Section 5, Rule 7 of
the Rules of Court.
In a Manifestation/Motion as Supplement to the Joint Motion to
9
Dismiss, petitioner and his co-heirs alleged that private
respondents’ claim had been paid, waived, abandoned or otherwise

extinguished by reason of Remedios’ June 7, 1993 Release and
Waiver of Claim stating that in exchange for the financial and
educational assistance received from petitioner, Remedios and her
minor children discharge the estate of Sima Wei from any and all
liabilities.
The Regional Trial Court denied the Joint Motion to Dismiss as
well as the Supplemental Motion to Dismiss. It ruled that while the
Release and Waiver of Claim was signed by Remedios, it had not
been established that she was the duly constituted guardian of her
minor daughters. Thus, no renun-
_______________
6 Id., at p. 31.
7 Id., at pp. 35-36.
8 Id., at pp. 37-41.
9 Id., at pp. 42-44.
156

ciation of right occurred. Applying a liberal application of the rules,

the trial court also rejected petitioner’s objections on the certification
against forum shopping.
Petitioner moved for reconsideration but was denied. He filed a
petition for certiorari before the Court of Appeals which affirmed the
orders of the Regional Trial Court in its assailed Decision dated
January 22, 2004, the dispositive portion of which states:
“WHEREFORE, premises considered, the present petition is hereby

DENIED DUE COURSE and accordingly DISMISSED, for lack of merit.
Consequently, the assailed Orders dated July 21, 2000 and July 17, 2003 are
hereby both AFFIRMED. Respondent Judge is hereby DIRECTED to
resolve the controversy over the illegitimate filiation of the private
respondents (sic) minors [-] Karen Oanes Wei and Kamille Oanes Wei who
are claiming successional rights in the intestate estate of the deceased Sima
Wei, a.k.a. Rufino Guy Susim.
10
SO ORDERED.”
The Court of Appeals denied petitioner’s motion for reconsideration,

hence, this petition.
Petitioner argues that the Court of Appeals disregarded existing
rules on certification against forum shopping; that the Release and
Waiver of Claim executed by Remedios released and discharged the
Guy family and the estate of Sima Wei from any claims or liabilities;
and that private respondents do not have the legal personality to
institute the petition for letters of administration as they failed to
prove their filiation during the lifetime of Sima Wei in accordance
with Article 175 of the Family Code.
Private respondents contend that their counsel’s certification can

be considered substantial compliance with the rules on certification
of non-forum shopping, and that the petition raises no new issues to
warrant the reversal of the decisions of the Regional Trial Court and
the Court of Appeals.
_______________
10 Id., at p. 25.
157
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 157

The issues for resolution are: 1) whether private respondents’

petition should be dismissed for failure to comply with the rules on
certification of non-forum shopping; 2) whether the Release and
Waiver of Claim precludes private respondents from claiming their
successional rights; and 3) whether private respondents are barred
by prescription from proving their filiation.
The petition lacks merit.
Rule 7, Section 5 of the Rules of Court provides that the
certification of non-forum shopping should be executed by the
plaintiff or the principal party. Failure to comply with the
requirement shall be cause for dismissal of the case. However, a
liberal application of the rules is proper where the higher11interest of
justice would be served. In Sy Chin v. Court of Appeals, we ruled
that while a petition may have been flawed where the certificate of
non-forum shopping was signed only by counsel and not by the
party, this procedural lapse may be overlooked in the interest of
12
substantial
13
justice. So it is in the present controversy where the
merits of the case and the absence of an intention to violate the
rules with impunity should be considered as compelling reasons to
temper the strict application of the rules.
As regards Remedios’ Release and Waiver of Claim, the same
does not bar private respondents from claiming successional rights.
To be valid and effective, a waiver must be couched in clear and
unequivocal terms which leave no doubt as to the intention of a
party to give up a right or benefit which legally pertains to him. A
waiver may not be attributed to a person when its terms 14
do not
explicitly and clearly evince an intent to abandon a right.
_______________
11 399 Phil. 442; 345 SCRA 673 (2000).

12 Id., at p. 454.
13 Twin Towers Condominium Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123552,
February 27, 2003, 398 SCRA 203, 212.
14 Thomson v. Court of Appeals, 358 Phil. 761, 778; 298 SCRA 280, 294 (1998).
158

In this case, we find that there was no waiver of hereditary rights.

The Release and Waiver of Claim does not state with clarity the
purpose of its execution. It merely states that Remedios received
P300,000.00 and an educational plan for her minor daughters “by
way of financial assistance and in full settlement of any and all
claims of whatsoever nature15
and kind x x x against the estate of the
late Rufino Guy Susim.” Considering that the document did not
specifically mention private respondents’ hereditary share in the
estate of Sima Wei, it cannot be construed as a waiver of
successional rights.
Moreover, even assuming that Remedios truly waived the
hereditary rights of private respondents, such waiver will not bar the
latter’s claim. Article 1044 of the Civil Code, provides:
ART. 1044. Any person having the free disposal of his property may accept
or repudiate an inheritance.
Any inheritance left to minors or incapacitated persons may be accepted
by their parents or guardians. Parents or guardians may repudiate the
inheritance left to their wards only by judicial authorization.
The right to accept an inheritance left to the poor shall belong to the
persons designated by the testator to determine the beneficiaries and
distribute the property, or in their default, to those mentioned in Article
1030. (Emphasis supplied)
Parents and guardians may not therefore repudiate the inheritance of

their wards without judicial approval. 16
This is because repudiation
amounts to an alienation of property which must pass the court’s
scrutiny in order to protect the interest of the ward. Not having been
judicially authorized, the Release and Waiver of Claim in the instant
case is void and will not bar private respondents from asserting their
rights as heirs of the deceased.
_______________
15 Rollo, p. 44.
16 Tolentino, Civil Code of the Philippines, Vol. III, p. 554.
159
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 159

Furthermore, it must be emphasized that waiver is the intentional

relinquishment of a known right. Where one lacks knowledge of a
right, there is no basis upon which waiver of it can rest. Ignorance of
a material fact negates waiver, and waiver cannot be established
17
by a
consent given under a mistake or misapprehension of fact.
In the present case, private respondents could not have possibly

waived their successional rights because they are yet to prove their
status as acknowledged illegitimate children of the deceased.
Petitioner himself has consistently denied that private respondents
are his co-heirs. It would thus be inconsistent to rule that they
waived their hereditary rights when petitioner claims that they do
not have such right. Hence, petitioner’s invocation of waiver on the
part of private respondents must fail.
Anent the issue on private respondents’ filiation, we agree with
the Court of Appeals that a ruling on the same would be premature
considering that private respondents have yet to present evidence.
Before the Family Code took effect, the governing law on actions
for recognition of illegitimate children was Article 285 of the Civil
Code, to wit:
ART. 285. The action for the recognition of natural children may be brought
only during the lifetime of the presumed parents, except in the following
cases:
(1) If the father or mother died during the minority of the child, in
which case the latter may file the action before the expiration of
four years from the attainment of his majority;
(2) If after the death of the father or of the mother a document should
appear of which nothing had been heard and in which either or both
parents recognize the child.
In this case, the action must be commenced within four years from the
finding of the document. (Emphasis supplied)
_______________
17 D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 137873, April 20, 2001, 357
SCRA 249, 266.
160

18
We ruled in Bernabe v. Alejo that illegitimate children who were
still minors at the time the Family Code took effect and whose
putative parent died during their minority are given the right to seek
recognition for a period of up to four years from attaining majority
age. This vested right was19 not impaired or taken away by the
passage of the Family Code.
On the other hand, Articles 172, 173 and 175 of the Family Code,
which superseded Article 285 of the Civil Code, provide:
ART. 172. The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the

following:
(1) The record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final

judgment; or
(2) An admission of legitimate filiation in a public document or a
private handwritten instrument and signed by the parent concerned.
In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be

proved by:
(1) The open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate

child; or
(2) Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws.
ART. 173. The action to claim legitimacy may be brought by the child
during his or her lifetime and shall be transmitted to the heirs should the
child die during minority or in a state of insanity. In these cases, the heirs
shall have a period of five years within which to institute the action.
The action already commenced by the child shall survive
notwithstanding the death of either or both of the parties.
ART. 175. Illegitimate children may establish their illegitimate filiation
in the same way and on the same, evidence as legitimate children.
The action must be brought within the same period specified in Article
173, except when the action is based on the second paragraph
_______________
18 424 Phil. 933; 374 SCRA 180 (2002).

19 Id., at p. 944; p. 190.
161
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 161

of Article 172, in which case the action may be brought during the lifetime
of the alleged parent.
Under the Family Code, when filiation of an illegitimate child is

established by a record of birth appearing in the civil register or a
final judgment, or an admission of filiation in a public document or a
private handwritten instrument signed by the parent concerned, the
action for recognition may be brought by the child during his or her
lifetime. However, if the action is based upon open and continuous
possession of the status of an illegitimate child, or any other means
allowed by the rules or special laws, it may only be brought during
the lifetime of the alleged parent.
It is clear therefore that the resolution of the issue of prescription
depends on the type of evidence to be adduced by private
respondents in proving their filiation. However, it would be
impossible to determine the same in this case as there has been no
reception of evidence yet. This Court is not a trier of facts. Such
matters may be resolved only by the Regional Trial Court after a
full-blown trial.
While the original action filed by private respondents was a

petition for letters of administration, the trial court is not precluded
from receiving evidence on private respondents’ filiation. Its
jurisdiction extends to matters incidental and collateral to the
exercise of its recognized powers in handling the settlement 20of the
estate, including the determination of the status of each heir. That
the two causes of action, one to compel recognition and the other to
claim inheritance,
21
may be joined in one22 complaint is not new in our
jurisprudence. As held in Briz v. Briz:
_______________
20 Borromeo-Herrera v. Borromeo, G.R. Nos. L-41171, L-55000, L-62895, L-

63818 and L-65995, July 23, 1987, 152 SCRA 171, 182-183.
21 Tayag v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 95229, June 9, 1992, 209 SCRA 665, 672.
22 43 Phil. 763, 768-769 (1922).
162

“The question whether a person in the position of the present plaintiff can in
any event maintain a complex action to compel recognition as a natural
child and at the same time to obtain ulterior relief in the character of heir, is
one which in the opinion of this court must be answered in the affirmative,
provided always that the conditions justifying the joinder of the two distinct
causes of action are present in the particular case. In other words, there is no
absolute necessity requiring that the action to compel acknowledgment
should have been instituted and prosecuted to a successful conclusion prior
to the action in which that same plaintiff seeks additional relief in the
character of heir. Certainly, there is nothing so peculiar to the action to
compel acknowledgment as to require that a rule should be here applied
different from that generally applicable in other cases. x x x
The conclusion above stated, though not heretofore explicitly formulated
by this court, is undoubtedly to some extent supported by our prior
decisions. Thus, we have held in numerous cases, and the doctrine must be
considered well settled, that a natural child having a right to compel
acknowledgment, but who has not been in fact acknowledged, may maintain
partition proceedings for the division of the inheritance against his coheirs
(Siguiong vs. Siguiong, 8 Phil. 5; Tiamson vs. Tiamson, 32 Phil. 62); and the
same person may intervene in proceedings for the distribution of the estate
of his deceased natural father, or mother (Capistrano vs. Fabella, 8 Phil.
135; Conde vs. Abaya, 13 Phil. 249; Ramirez vs. Gmur, 42 Phil. 855). In
neither of these situations has it been thought necessary for the plaintiff to
show a prior decree compelling acknowledgment. The obvious reason is that
in partition suits and distribution proceedings the other persons who might
take by inheritance are before the court; and the declaration of heirship is
appropriate to such proceed-ings.”
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED. The Decision dated

January 22, 2004 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 79742
affirming the denial of petitioner’s motion to dismiss; and its

Resolution dated May 25, 2004 denying petitioner’s motion for
reconsideration, are AFFIRMED. Let the records be REMANDED
to the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 138 for further
proceedings.
163
VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 163

Heirs of Basilisa Hernandez vs. Vergara, Jr.
SO ORDERED.
Panganiban (C.J., Chairperson), Austria-Martinez, Callejo,

Sr. and Chico-Nazario, JJ., concur.
Petition denied, judgment and resolution affirmed. Records

remanded to trial court for further proceedings.
Notes.—While courts in probate proceedings are generally

limited to pass only upon the extrinsic validity of the will sought to
be probated, in exceptional cases, courts are not powerless to do
what the situation constrains them to do, and pass upon certain
provisions of the will. (Ajero vs. Court of Appeals, 236 SCRA 488
[1994])
Grandchildren are not entitled to provisional support from the
funds of the decedent’s estate. (Estate of Hilario M. Ruiz vs. Court
of Appeals, 252 SCRA 541 [1996])
——o0o——
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6/15/2021 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 502

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 151

MICHAEL C. GUY, petitioner, vs. HON. COURT OF APPEALS,

Actions; Pleadings and Practice; Forum Shopping; The certification of

Same; Succession; Waivers; A waiver may not be attributed to a person

152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Guy vs. Court of Appeals

Same; Same; Same; Illegitimate Children; Where one lacks knowledge

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 153

Guy vs. Court of Appeals

acknowledged illegitimate children of the deceased. Petitioner himself has

Same; Same; Same; Same; Family Code; Illegitimate children who

Same; Same; Settlement of Estates; Probate Courts; Pleadings and

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and resolution of

154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Ericson T. Velasquez for private respondents.

No. 4549 denying 4

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 155

be appointed as Special Administrator of the estate. Attached to

respondents’ claim had been paid, waived, abandoned or otherwise

156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

ciation of right occurred. Applying a liberal application of the rules,

“WHEREFORE, premises considered, the present petition is hereby

The Court of Appeals denied petitioner’s motion for reconsideration,

Private respondents contend that their counsel’s certification can

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 157

The issues for resolution are: 1) whether private respondents’

11 399 Phil. 442; 345 SCRA 673 (2000).

158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

In this case, we find that there was no waiver of hereditary rights.

Parents and guardians may not therefore repudiate the inheritance of

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 159

Furthermore, it must be emphasized that waiver is the intentional

In the present case, private respondents could not have possibly

160 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

ART. 172. The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the

(1) The record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final

In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be

(1) The open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate

18 424 Phil. 933; 374 SCRA 180 (2002).

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 161

Under the Family Code, when filiation of an illegitimate child is

While the original action filed by private respondents was a

20 Borromeo-Herrera v. Borromeo, G.R. Nos. L-41171, L-55000, L-62895, L-

162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED. The Decision dated

affirming the denial of petitioner’s motion to dismiss; and its

VOL. 502, SEPTEMBER 15, 2006 163

Panganiban (C.J., Chairperson), Austria-Martinez, Callejo,

Petition denied, judgment and resolution affirmed. Records

Notes.—While courts in probate proceedings are generally

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