Propeller performance characteristics 103

Table 6.4 Extent of the Wageningen B-screw series (taken from Reference 6)

Blade number (Z) Blade area ratio AE /AO

2 0.30
3 0.35 0.50 0.65 0.80
4 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.85 1.00
5 0.45 0.60 0.75 1.05
6 0.50 0.65 0.80
7 0.55 0.70 0.85

6.5.1 Wageningen B-screw series To extend this work further so that propeller charac-
teristics can be predicted for other Reynolds numbers
This is perhaps the most extensive and widely used pro-
within the range 2 × 106 to 2 × 109 a set of corrections
peller series. The series was originally presented in a
of the following form was derived:
set of papers presented by Troost (References 3 to 5)
in the late 1940s and, amongst many practitioners, is KT (Rn = 2 × 106 )
     
KT (Rn ) KT (Rn )
still referred to as the ‘Troost series’. Over the years = +
KQ (Rn ) KQ (Rn = 2 × 106 ) KQ (Rn )
the model series has been added to so as to provide a
comprehensive fixed pitch, non-ducted propeller series. (6.18)
From analysis of the early results it was appreciated
that a certain unfairness between the various design dia- where
grams existed and this was considered to result from the KT = 0.000353485
scale effects resulting from the different model tests. − 0.00333758 (AE /AO ) J 2
This led to a complete re-appraisal of the series in − 0.00478125 (AE /AO )(P/D) J
which the differences in test procedures were taken into + 0.000257792(log Rn − 0.301)2 · (AE /AO ) J 2
account and the results of this work were presented by + 0.0000643192(log Rn − 0.301)(P/D)6 J 2
van Lammeren et al. (Reference 6). − 0.0000110636(log Rn − 0.301)2 (P/D)6 J 2
The extent of the series in terms of a blade number − 0.0000276305(log Rn − 0.301)2 Z(AE /AO ) J 2
versus blade area ratio matrix is shown in Table 6.4 from + 0.0000954(log Rn − 0.301)Z(AE /AO )(P/D) J
which it may be seen that the series numbers some 20 + 0.0000032049(log Rn − 0.301)Z 2 (AE /AO )
blade area–blade number configurations. The geometry × (P/D)3 J
of the series is shown in Table 6.5, from which it can
be seen that a reasonably consistent geometry is main- KQ = −0.000591412
tained between the members of the series with only a few + 0.00696898(P/D)
anomalies; notably the non-constant nature of the face − 0.0000666654Z(P/D)6
pitch near the root of the four-blade series and the blade + 0.0160818(AE /AO )2
outline of the three-bladed propellers. For completeness − 0.000938091(log Rn − 0.301)(P/D)
purposes Figure 6.11 shows the geometric outline of the − 0.00059593(log Rn − 0.301)(P/D)2
B5 propeller set. Note that the propellers of this series
+ 0.0000782099(log Rn − 0.301)2 (P/D)2
are generally referred to by the notation BZ · y, where
B denotes the ‘B’-series, Z is the blade number and y + 0.0000052199(log Rn − 0.301)Z(AE /AO ) J 2
is the blade expanded area. The face pitch ratio for the − 0.00000088528(log Rn − 0.301)2 Z(AE /AO )
series is in the range 0.6 to 1.4. × (P/D)J
The results of the fairing exercise reported by Ooster- + 0.0000230171(log Rn − 0.301)Z(P/D)6
veld paved the way for detailed regression studies on the − 0.00000184341(log Rn − 0.301)2 Z(P/D)6
performance characteristics given by this model series. − 0.00400252(log Rn − 0.301)(AE /AO )2
Oosterveld and van Oossanen (Reference 7) reported + 0.000220915(log Rn − 0.301)2 (AE /AO )2
the findings of this work in which the open water char-
acteristics of the series are represented at a Reynolds The Wageningen series is a general purpose, fixed pitch,
number 2 × 106 by an equation of the following form: non-ducted propeller series which is used extensively
for design and analysis purposes. A variant of the series,
47
⎫ designated the BB-series, was introduced, since it was
Cn (J )Sn (P/D)tn (AE /AO )un (Z)vn ⎪

KQ = ⎪
⎬ felt that the B-series had tip chord lengths that were not
n=1 (6.17) entirely representative of modern practice. Accordingly
39
KT =

Cn (J )Sn (P/D)tn (AE /AO )un (Z)vn ⎪
⎪ the BB-series had a re-defined blade outline with wider
tips than the parent form. However, the BB-series, of
⎭
n=1
which only a few members exist, has not been widely
where the coefficients are reproduced in Table 6.6. used.
104 Marine propellers and propulsion

Table 6.5 Geometry of the Wageningen B-screw series (taken from Reference 7)

Dimensions of four-, five-, six- and seven-bladed propellers

r/R c Z a/c b/c t/D = Ar − Br Z
·
D AE /AO
Ar Br

0.2 1.662 0.617 0.350 0.0526 0.0040

0.3 1.882 0.613 0.350 0.0464 0.0035
0.4 2.050 0.601 0.351 0.0402 0.0030
0.5 2.152 0.586 0.355 0.0340 0.0025
0.6 2.187 0.561 0.389 0.0278 0.0020
0.7 2.144 0.524 0.443 0.0216 0.0015
0.8 1.970 0.463 0.479 0.0154 0.0010
0.9 1.582 0.351 0.500 0.0092 0.0005
1.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0030 0.0000

Dimensions for three-bladed propellers 

Yface = V1 (tmax − tt.e. )
for P ≤ 0
r/R c Z a/c b/c t/D = Ar − Br Z Yback = (V1 + V2 )(tmax − tt.e. ) + tt.e.
· and
D AE /AO
Ar Br 
Yface = V1 (tmax − tl.e. )
for P ≥ 0
0.2 1.633 0.616 0.350 0.0526 0.0040 Yback = (V1 + V2 )(tmax − tl.e. ) + tl.e.
0.3 1.832 0.611 0.350 0.0464 0.0035 Referring to the diagram, note the following:
0.4 2.000 0.599 0.350 0.0402 0.0030
0.5 2.120 0.583 0.355 0.0340 0.0025 Yface , Yback = vertical ordinate of a point on a blade section
0.6 2.186 0.558 0.389 0.0278 0.0020 on the face and on the back with respect to
0.7 2.168 0.526 0.442 0.0216 0.0015 the pitch line.
0.8 2.127 0.481 0.478 0.0154 0.0010 tmax = maximum thickness of blade section.
0.9 1.657 0.400 0.500 0.0092 0.0005 tt.e.r, tI.e. = extrapolated blade section thickness at the
1.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0030 0.0000 trailing and leading edges.
V1 , V2 = tabulated functions dependent on r/R and P.
Ar , Br = constants in equation for t/D. P = non-dimensional coordinate along pitch line
a = distance between leading edge and generator line at r. from position of maximum thickness to lead-
b = distance between leading edge and location of ing edge (where P = 1), and from position of
maximum thickness. maximum thickness to trailing edge (where
c = chord length of blade section ar radius r. P = −1).
t = maximum blade section thickness at radius r

Values of V1 for use in the equations

r/R P − 1.0 −0.95 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.2 0

0.7–1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.0522 0.0420 0.0330 0.0190 0.0100 0.0040 0.0012 0 0 0
0.4 0.1467 0.1200 0.0972 0.0630 0.0395 0.0214 0.0116 0.0044 0 0
0.3 0.2306 0.2040 0.1790 0.1333 0.0943 0.0623 0.0376 0.0202 0.0033 0
0.25 0.2598 0.2372 0.2115 0.1651 0.1246 0.0899 0.0579 0.0350 0.0084 0
0.2 0.2826 0.2630 0.2400 0.1967 0.1570 0.1207 0.0880 0.0592 0.0172 0
0.15 0.3000 0.2824 0.2650 0.2300 0.1950 0.1610 0.1280 0.0955 0.0365 0

r/R P +1.0 +0.95 +0.9 +0.85 +0.8 +0.7 +0.6 +0.5 +0.4 +0.2 0

0.7–1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.6 0.0382 0.0169 0.0067 0.0022 0.0006 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.1278 0.0778 0.0500 0.0328 0.0211 0.0085 0.0034 0.0008 0 0 0
0.4 0.2181 0.1467 0.1088 0.0833 0.0637 0.0357 0.0189 0.0090 0.0033 0 0
0.3 0.2923 0.2186 0.1760 0.1445 0.1191 0.0790 0.0503 0.0300 0.0148 0.0027 0
0.25 0.3256 0.2513 0.2068 0.1747 0.1465 0.1008 0.0669 0.0417 0.0224 0.0031 0
0.2 0.3560 0.2821 0.2353 0.2000 0.1685 0.1180 0.0804 0.0520 0.0304 0.0049 0
0.15 0.3860 0.3150 0.2642 0.2230 0.1870 0.1320 0.0920 0.0615 0.0384 0.0096 0
 Propeller performance characteristics 105

Table 6.5 (cont)

Values of V2 for use in the equations

r/R P −1.0 −0.95 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.2 0

0.9–1.0 0 0.0975 0.19 0.36 0.51 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.96 1

0.85 0 0.0975 0.19 0.36 0.51 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.96 1
0.8 0 0.0975 0.19 0.36 0.51 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.96 1
0.7 0 0.0975 0.19 0.36 0.51 0.64 0.75 0.84 0.96 1
0.6 0 0.0965 0.1885 0.3585 0.5110 0.6415 0.7530 0.8426 0.9613 1
0.5 0 0.0950 0.1865 0.3569 0.5140 0.6439 0.7580 0.8456 0.9639 1
0.4 0 0.0905 0.1810 0.3500 0.5040 0.6353 0.7525 0.8415 0.9645 1
0.3 0 0.0800 0.1670 0.3360 0.4885 0.6195 0.7335 0.8265 0.9583 1
0.25 0 0.0725 0.1567 0.3228 0.4740 0.6050 0.7184 0.8139 0.9519 1
0.2 0 0.0640 0.1455 0.3060 0.4535 0.5842 0.6995 0.7984 0.9446 1
0.15 0 0.0540 0.1325 0.2870 0.4280 0.5585 0.6770 0.7805 0.9360 1

r/R P +1.0 +0.95 +0.9 +0.85 +0.8 +0.7 +0.6 +0.5 +0.4 +0.2 0

0.9–1.0 0 0.0975 0.1900 0.2775 0.3600 0.51 0.6400 0.75 0.8400 0.9600 1
0.85 0 0.1000 0.1950 0.2830 0.3660 0.5160 0.6455 0.7550 0.8450 0.9615 1
0.8 0 0.1050 0.2028 0.2925 0.3765 0.5265 0.6545 0.7635 0.8520 0.9635 1
0.7 0 0.1240 0.2337 0.3300 0.4140 0.5615 0.6840 0.7850 0.8660 0.9675 1
0.6 0 0.1485 0.2720 0.3775 0.4620 0.6060 0.7200 0.8090 0.8790 0.9690 1
0.5 0 0.1750 0.3056 0.4135 0.5039 0.6430 0.7478 0.8275 0.8880 0.9710 1
0.4 0 0.1935 0.3235 0.4335 0.5220 0.6590 0.7593 0.8345 0.8933 0.9725 1
0.3 0 0.1890 0.3197 0.4265 0.5130 0.6505 0.7520 0.8315 0.8020 0.9750 1
0.25 0 0.1758 0.3042 0.4108 0.4982 0.6359 0.7415 0.8259 0.8899 0.9751 1
0.2 0 0.1560 0.2840 0.3905 0.4777 0.6190 0.7277 0.8170 0.8875 0.9750 1
0.15 0 0.1300 0.2600 0.3665 0.4520 0.5995 0.7105 0.8055 0.8825 0.9760 1

Figure 6.11 General plan of B5-screw series (Reporduced with permission from Reference 6)

6.5.2 Japanese AU-series 37 three-bladed propellers covering a range of pitch

ratios from 0.4 to 2.0 and blade area ratios from 0.2
This propeller series is many ways complementary
to 1.1.
series to the Wageningen B-series; however, outside of
The propellers of this series each had a diameter of
Japan it has not gained the widespread popularity of the
503 mm (20 in.), and by this means many of the scale
B-series. The series reported by Reference 8 comprises
effects associated with smaller diameter propeller series
some propellers having a range of blade numbers from
have been avoided. Each of the propellers has a uniform
four to seven and blade area ratios in the range 0.40
face pitch; segmental blade sections; constant blade
to 0.758. Table 6.7 details the members of the series
thickness ratio, namely 0.060, and a boss diameter of
and Table 6.8, the blade geometry. The propeller series,
0.2D. The developed blade outline was of elliptical form
as its name implies, has AU-type aerofoil sections and
with the inner and outer vertices at 0.1R and the blade
was developed from an earlier series having Unken-type
tip, respectively. Figure 6.12 shows the outline of the
sections.
propellers in this series. The entire series were tested in
the No. 2 towing rank at A.E.W. Haslar within a range
6.5.3 Gawn series of slip from zero to 100 per cent: to achieve this the pro-
This series of propellers whose results were pre- peller rotational speed was in the range 250 to 500 rpm.
sented by Gawn (Reference 9) comprised a set of No cavitation characteristics are given for the series.
106 Marine propellers and propulsion

Table 6.6 Coefficients for the KT and KQ polynomials representing the Wageningen B-screen series for a Reynolds
number of 2 × 106 (taken from Reference 7)

Thrust (KT ) Torque (KQ )

n Cs,t,u,v s (J ) t (P/D) u (AE /AO ) v (Z) n Cs,t,u,v s (J ) t (P/D) u (AE /AO ) v (Z)

1 +0.00880496 0 0 0 0 1 +0.00379368 0 0 0 0
2 −0.204554 1 0 0 0 2 +0.00886523 2 0 0 0
3 +0.166351 0 1 0 0 3 −0.032241 1 1 0 0
4 +0.158114 0 2 0 0 4 +0.00344778 0 2 0 0
5 −0.147581 2 0 1 0 5 −0.0408811 0 1 1 0
6 −0.481497 1 1 1 0 6 −0.108009 1 1 1 0
7 +0.415437 0 2 1 0 7 −0.0885381 2 1 1 0
8 +0.0144043 0 0 0 1 8 +0.188561 0 2 1 0
9 −0.0530054 2 0 0 1 9 −0.00370871 1 0 0 1
10 +0.0143481 0 1 0 1 10 +0.00513696 0 1 0 1
11 +0.0606826 1 1 0 1 11 +0.0209449 1 1 0 1
12 −0.0125894 0 0 1 1 12 +0.00474319 2 1 0 1
13 +0.0109689 1 0 1 1 13 −0.00723408 2 0 1 1
14 −0.133698 0 3 0 0 14 +0.00438388 1 1 1 1
15 +0.00638407 0 6 0 0 15 −0.0269403 0 2 1 1
16 −0.00132718 2 6 0 0 16 +0.0558082 3 0 1 0
17 +0.168496 3 0 1 0 17 +0.0161886 0 3 1 0
18 −0.0507214 0 0 2 0 18 +0.00318086 1 3 1 0
19 +0.0854559 2 0 2 0 19 +0.015896 0 0 2 0
20 −0.0504475 3 0 2 0 20 +0.0471729 1 0 2 0
21 +0.010465 1 6 2 0 21 +0.0196283 3 0 2 0
22 −0.00648272 2 6 2 0 22 −0.0502782 0 1 2 0
23 −0.00841728 0 3 0 1 23 −0.030055 3 1 2 0
24 +0.0168424 1 3 0 1 24 +0.0417122 2 2 2 0
25 −0.00102296 3 3 0 1 25 −0.0397722 0 3 2 0
26 −0.0317791 0 3 1 1 26 −0.00350024 0 6 2 0
27 +0.018604 1 0 2 1 27 −0.0106854 3 0 0 1
28 −0.00410798 0 2 2 1 28 +0.00110903 3 3 0 1
29 −0.000606848 0 0 0 2 29 −0.000313912 0 6 0 1
30 −0.0049819 1 0 0 2 30 +0.0035985 3 0 1 1
31 +0.0025983 2 0 0 2 31 −0.00142121 0 6 1 1
32 −0.000560528 3 0 0 2 32 −0.00383637 1 0 2 1
33 −0.00163652 1 2 0 2 33 +0.0126803 0 2 2 1
34 −0.000328787 1 6 0 2 34 −0.00318278 2 3 2 1
35 +0.000116502 2 6 0 2 35 +0.00334268 0 6 2 1
36 +0.000690904 0 0 1 2 36 −0.00183491 1 1 0 2
37 +0.00421749 0 3 1 2 37 +0.000112451 3 2 0 2
38 +0.0000565229 3 6 1 2 38 −0.0000297228 3 6 0 2
39 −0.00146564 0 3 2 2 39 +0.000269551 1 0 1 2
40 +0.00083265 2 0 1 2
41 +0.00155334 0 2 1 2
42 +0.000302683 0 6 1 2
43 −0.0001843 0 0 2 2
44 −0.000425399 0 3 2 2
45 +0.0000869243 3 3 2 2
46 −0.0004659 0 6 2 2
47 +0.0000554194 1 6 2 2

The propeller series represents a valuable data set, coefficients of the form of equation (6.17) to represent
despite the somewhat dated propeller geometry, for the Gawn series. The coefficients for this series are given
undertaking preliminary design studies for warships in Table 6.9 and it is suggested that the range of applic-
and other high-performance craft due to the wide range ability of the regression study should be for pitch ratio
of P/D and AE /AO values covered. Blount and Hubble values from 0.8 to 1.4, although the study was based
(Reference 10) in considering methods for the sizing on the wider range of 0.6 to 1.6. Inevitably, however,
of small craft propellers developed a set of regression some regression formulations of model test data tend to