Project Beam +column
Project Beam +column
Project Beam +column
The trend of getting structures analyzed scientifically for structural safety and economic
reasons is getting more and more popular nowadays. The desire to learn about such an
analysis and design has motivated us for this project, entitled “Detailed Structural
Analysis and Design of Five and a half Storey Residential Building.
We are highly indebted to the help and advice of our dedicated teachers and our helpful
friends collaborating with in the preparation of the project report. Our advisor Asst. Prof.
Ajay Khadka, Department of Civil Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, deserves our
special acknowledgement for his valuable guidance, care, expertise and devotion of time
in bringing out this report in this format in complete and concise volume. We benefited a
lot in a great deal from his logical thoughts, experience and incisive comments
We also sincerely thank all the friends directly and indirectly supporting us in bringing
out this report to its completion. A great support and help given by Civil Engineering
Department especially to respected H.O.D DibangarKhoteja, is highly appreciable.
Finally, we want to express our heartily thanks to all those who directly or indirectly
provided us their cooperation in the completion of this project.
PREFACE
This project work is a mandatory part of B.E Civil final semester curriculum. Our project
group has chosen to do analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete framed building under
the guidance of our dedicated teacher Asst. Prof. Ajay Khadka.
Among the two category of building structure, viz, load bearing and framed structures,
here, in the project work the building frame structure is practiced. Building frame is a
three dimensional structure as space consist of rigidly interconnected beams, slabs and
columns. It produces greater number of the redundancy thus reduces the moments and
facilitates the even distribution of the load.
The degree of sophistication to which structural analysis is carried out depends on the
importance of structure and available resource.
A highly redundant space structure is splited into different 3D frames and is then
analyzed by using the help of STAAD Pro software. Though the vivid use of computer
software has lessened the burden of repeated calculations on analysis, it is clear that for
understanding the process physically and realizing the structural behavior, manual step by
step procedure is necessary. However, due to time constrain and to be familiar with
computer software, the structural analysis part is performed using computer software
“STAAD Pro.” and design work is performed manually with reference to different codes
of practice.
Though every care has been taken to make the report free from errors, yet we shall be
obliged, if errors present shall be brought to our notice. We will warmly welcome
constructive criticism
List of Abbreviations
Symbols Description
Ac : Areaof concrete
M : modular ratio
P : Axial load
p : percentage of reinforcement
V : shear force
Z : lever arm
1.1 BACKGROUND
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s and shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living.
Development of economically and socially appropriate and environmentally comfortable
shelter has been priority of the people in attempt to enhancing their quality of life.
Appropriate shelter has been identified important element to lead productive and
dignified life.
Kathmandu being the capital city of Nepal is one of the densely populated cities. As it is
rapidly developing, construction of residential house is becoming costly and unaffordable
by large section of population and especially those belonging to lower economic strata.
The increase in the cost of development of a house in the city core is due essentially to
high cost of housing plots and higher labor cost. Contrary to urban areas, the development
of residential housing in the peri urban areas is largely spontaneous and has been
proceeding without much consideration of human comfort and environmental sanitation.
In the developing countries like Nepal, present situation of water scarcity, energy crisis
and challenges in waste management have becoming worse day by day and are being the
headache for people especially in the capital city Kathmandu. Growing environmental
issues have affected the construction process of residential building. So residential
building might be the better choice if constructed on peri-urban areas of Kathmandu. This
building is designed for the general case of Kathmandu valley which lies on earthquake
zone V. It indicates higher value of earthquake. Hence the effect of earthquake is pre-
dominant than the wind load. So, the building is analyzed for earthquake as lateral load.
The seismic coefficient design method as stipulated an IS 1893:2002 (Part 1) is applied to
analyze the building for earthquake. Special reinforced concrete moment resisting frame
is considered as the main in structural system of the building.
This project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in
Indian Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456-2000,
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake
Resistant Design Structures IS 1893-2000, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and
Detailing SP-34. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety,
economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of
cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These codes are based on principles of
Limit State of Design. The earthquake resistant residential building possessing its own
characteristics such as rain water harvesting located in the peri-urban areas is the main
output expected in undertaking this project work.
The project methodology briefly involves:-
Load calculation.
Preliminary design.
• Slab
• Beam
• Column
Modeling in STAAD
1
Detail design:
• Slab, Column, Beam, Staircase, Foundation.
• Rain water Harvesting
Design methods:
Limit state design.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
Concerning with the building project, every client of a designer will obviously hope the
safe and economic proposal from him. So the aim of the project is to design the safe and
economical residential building especially focusing on the peri-urban areas of Kathmandu
valley.
To develop plan of five storied building in which ground floor is subscribed for
mini mart & remaining floors for residential purpose.
To analyze the static and dynamic loads on proposed building using STAADPRO.
To perform structural analysis and design the components of the proposed
building.
To design the residential building in peri-urban areas to minimize the rising over
crowded situation in Kathmandu city.
To develop the self-confidence to attain the similar project in the near future as
professional and to give the client full satisfaction.
2
1.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Name of the Project : Residential Building
Location : Bhaktapur
Structure system : RCC framed structure
No. of storey : 5 & a half storied
Type of Slab : Two way Slab
Type of beam : Rectangular (400*240mm)
Type of column : Square (450*450mm)
Type of foundation : Raft Foundation
Type of staircase : Open well Staircase
Method of analysis : STAAD PRO
Design concept : Limit State Design
Concrete grade : M20
Reinforcement grade : Fe415
Dead load : As per materials usage in building
Live load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
Seismic load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
Topography : Plain terrain
Floor to Floor height : 2.9m
Plinth Area : 148.62m2
Occupancy of the building: Ground floor used as mini mart & other
floors are residential.
3
Desk study and job formulation
Project work is carried out for structural analysis, design and reinforcement
detailing of RCC framed structures
This project work is limited to the structural analysis and the design only.
Design and layout of the building services like pipeline, electrical appliances,
sanitary and sewage system are not covered.
The project is not concerned with the existing soil condition of the locality.The
bearing capacity of the soil is assumed.
The environmental, social and economic condition of that locality is not taken into
consideration.
The project work is related only with the practical application of the studied
courses in the field.
4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Structurally a building may consist of a load bearing walls and floors. The floor slab may
be supported on beams which in turn may be supported on walls or columns. But, for a
multistoried structure a building frame is made either in steel or a reinforcement concrete.
This frame is designed for all the vertical and horizontal loads transmitted through the
frame. The openings between the columns where necessary will be filled with thin brick
walls. A frame of this type will consist of columns and beams built monolithically
forming a network. This provides rigidity to the connection members by this arrangement
the bending moments for the members of the structures are reduced. Earthquake loads and
other horizontal loads due to winds etc. are evenly distributed to the whole structures.
This makes the structure not only safe but economical.
The tentative size of structural elements are determined through the preliminary design so
that after analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviate considerably, thus
making the final design both safe and economical.
2.2 TYPES OF BUILDING
Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, buildings have been
classified as:
2.2.1Residential Buildings
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes
single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.
2.2.2Educational Buildings
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly
buildings.
5
2.2.5 Business Buildings
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records
and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses,
libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and
keeping of books and records.
6
xi. Building services
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
The project provided to us is completed performing each section works mentioned in the
contents before .The following stages are involved in the analysis and design of four
storied building.
3.1 LOAD CALCULATION
Load calculation is done using the IS 875(Part I) -1987 as reference. The exact value of
unit weights of the materials from the code is used in the calculation. The thickness of
materials is taken as per design requirements.
3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The tentative size of structural elements are determined through the preliminary design so
that after analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviated considerably , thus
making the final design both safe and economical . Tentative size of various elements has
been determined as follows:
3.2.1 Slab
For slab, preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria span /effective depth
= 26*modification factor.( IS456-2000 Art 23.2.1)
3.2.2Beam
Thumb rule of 1’-0”=0’-1” (d=L/12 to L/15) basis is adopted to consider the preliminary
design of the beam section.
b/D=1/2
3.2.3 Column
Preliminary design of column is done consideration and interior column. For the load
acting in the column, live load is decreased according to IS 875-1978.
Cross-section of the columns are adopted considering the economy. Square column
section is adopted in this building project as per the internal aesthetic requirements.
3.2.4 Staircase
Stairs is designed as per drawing. Column for stairs boxes is not included in the grid
system but they are assumed to be simply tied with main frame with beam.
3.3 LOADING PATTERNS
Loading pattern from slab to beam is obtained by drawing 450 offset lines from each
corners then obtained trapezoidal as well as the triangular loading and is converted into
the equivalent UDL as described in the respective sections .The loading from cantilever
slab part is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing the total load by beam. Load
from all cantilever part is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing total load (wall
7
UDL*total wall length) by length of the beam. Self-weight of the projected beam part is
assumed as point load in nearby column.
3.4 ANALYSIS
There are three types of loads for which the provided proposed project is designed:
3.4.1 Dead Load
Dead load consists of the load from each element of building i.e. weight of column, beam,
slab, and wall. Dimensions of column, beam, slab are taken from preliminary design and
corresponding density from code. For wall load thickness of wall is taken from plan.
3.4.2 Live Load
Live load is taken from relevant code. In case of different live load in one panel of slab,
highest value of load is taken for the panel.
3.4.3 Seismic Load
For seismic load whole mass lump of building is calculated from which base shear is
obtained according to code.
3.5 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS
For analysis, different software are available during these days. Concerning to our project
we are using “STAAD PRO” for analysis.
3.6 DATA
3.6.1 Architectural Drawings
The architectural drawing is prepared by our group members.
3.6.2 Geo-technical Data
The project work is only for the purpose of learning. So since the soil testing is high
costing technology, we could not afford this test. For the fulfillment of this we take an
average value of the bearing capacity considering the overall/general value for it applied
in the Kathmandu valley. So the bearing capacity is assumed 120.0 KN/m2
3.6.3 Load Data
The load data is taken from the standard code of practices.
3.7 DESIGN METHOD
Design methods available (or in use) are:
Working stress method
Ultimate load method
Limit state method
3.7.1 Limit State Method
8
It uses the concept of probability and based on the application of method of statistics to
the variation that occurs in practice in the loads acting on the structures or in the strength
of material.
The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc and each of this condition is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use for
which it has been intended i. e it will not reach a limit state. It means structures should be
able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it would
satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking. We adopt limit state method for design.
9
CHAPTER 4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members
before analysis of structure. Grid diagram is the basic factor for analysis in both
Approximate and Exact method and is presented below.
4.1PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB
10
Shorter span=3.658m=3658mm
Depth= l/ αβγδλ
= 3658/26*1.45=97.03mm adopted 40
Effective depth (d) = 97.03mm
Overall depth= D
Providing 10mm dia bar and 15mm clear cover
D = 97.03+10/2+15 = 117.03mm
Adopt 120mm.
Table 4.1: Summary of preliminary design of different slab panels
Shorter
Effective Overall
Slab lx(mm) ly(mm) % of steel Span
depth(mm) Depth(mm)
(mm)
S1 3658 4260 0.3 3658 97.03 120
S2 4260 4260 0.3 4260 113 140
S3 3658 3658 0.3 3658 97.03 120
S4 3658 4260 0.3 3658 97.03 120
Roof slab
3658 3658 0.3 3658 97.03 120
above
Hence, overall depth= 140mm adopted
4.2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM
The depth of beam shall be L/d = 12 to 15
For span 4.26m
d=L/12
d=4260/12 =355mm
Clear cover=25mm
Φ=25mm
D=d+ Φ/2+25 =355+25/2+25 =392.5mm
Thus, D=400mm adopted
Also; D/B =2
B=D/2=400/2=200mm
Thus, B=240mm adopted.
Adopt Beam size= B*D=240*400
For span 3.658m
d=3658/12
=304.83mm
Clear cover=25mm
Φ=25mm
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D=d+ Φ/2+25 =304.83+25/2+25 =342.33mm
Thus, D=400mm adopted
Also; D/B =2
B=D/2=400/2=200mm
Thus, B=240mm adopted.
Adopt Beam size= B*D=240*400
Preliminary design of Tie beam
Size of tie beam along X axis = 400mm * 240mm
Size of tie beam along Y axis = 400mm * 240mm
4.3 LOAD DESCRIPTION
4.3.1 DEAD LOAD (DL)
IS 875 (Part 1)-1987, (Second Revision)
Thick- Remark
S.N. Material Unit Unit
ness Weight Page/ S.N.
Remark
S.N. Description UDL Unit
Page/ S.N.
12
5. Roof with access provided 1.5 KN/m2 8/11
13
Live load = 2 KN/M2
14
(a) Dead Load = 6.876 kN/m2
(b) Live Load 2 KN/m2
(4) For slab S3
Overall depth = 140mm
(a) Dead Load = 6.932 kN/m2
(b) Live Load =2 KN/m2
(5) For projection slab
Overall depth = 140mm
Roof slab above staircase
(a) Dead Load = 3.826 kN/m2
(b) Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2
Roof slab
(a) Dead Load = 3.826 kN/m2
(b) Live Load = 0.75 KN/m2
15
Size of beam along x direction =0.4*0.24
Size of beam along y direction = 0.4*0.24
Floor to floor height = 2.9m
Ground floor height = 3.048m
Foundation depth = 2m (assumed)
Thickness of cement plaster = 0.0125m
Height of column = (2.9-0.14)*5+2+0.457
=16.257m
4.5.1 DEAD LOAD CALCULATION
16
=15.67 * 1 =15.67KN.
(b) Using 12.5 mm plaster in both sides
Along (B-B)
((3.959-0.3)*0.0125*(2.9-0.4)*20.4) =4.66KN
Along (2-2)
((3.959-0.3)*0.0125*(2.9-0.4)*20.4) =4.66KN
Hence total load of floor = 15.67+4.66+4.66 = 25KN
(C) Loading due to slab
Area * thickness *25
=15.67*0.14*25=54.845KN
Floor finishing = area *1
=15.67*1 = 15.67KN
4.5.2LOAD CALCULATION
Staircas - - - - - - 3.959*3.959*1.5
e cover =23.51
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Total=986.248 KN
Total=144.2KN
Hence grand total load = 1130.448 KN
Load factor = 1.5
Factored load = 1.5*1130.448 = 1695.672 KN
Increasing by 30% for EQ consideration,
= 1.3*1695.672
= 2204.373KN
Assuming % of steel (0.8% - 6 %)
Now from Sp 16 chart 25 using M20 concrete and Fe 415
Pu/Ag =16N/mm
Ag = 2204.373 * 1000/16
= 137773.35 mm2
For square column
One side of column = 371.17 mm
Hence, adopt size of column 450mm * 450mm
18
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL ANALYSIS
19
12.5 mm thick plaster at coping =(0.23*0.0125+0.075*0.0125*2)+(0.06*0.0125*2)*20.4
= 0.127KN/M
20
SN Imposed Uniformly Distributed Floor loads (KN/m2) % of imposed load
1 Up to and including 3.0 25
2 Above 3.0 50
For calculating the design seismic force of the structure, the imposed load on the roof need not
To be considered.
Total
No DL+LL load of
Load due Area of (KN) slab
Floor
to (m2) Sla U.L.(KN/m2) Load in KN (KN)
b
DL LL DL LL
13.3.6 1.5
8.8299 1 118.011 13.244 131.255
Cover slab 5 0
Above Projection 1.5 147.174
1.3236 1 4.326 5.7258 0.992 6.7178
staircase slab(x) 0 8
Projection
1.8123 1 4.326 1.5 7.843 1.359 9.202
slab(y)
Slab S1 8.8299 3 4.265 1.5 112.97 39.734 152.704
Slab S2 14.128 2 4.265 1.5 120.513 42.384 162.894
Slab S3 14.87 2 4.265 1.5 126.854 44.614 171.468
23.794
Roof 1 4.265 1.5 101.485 746.581
Slab S4 8 35.69 137.175
floor 3
Projection 13.186
1 4.326 1.5 57.044
slab(X) 4 9.889 66.933
Projection 10.915
1 4.326 1.5 47.22 8.186 55.4065
Slab(Y) 4
Slab S1 8.8299 3 6.876 2 182.14 52.979 235.122
14.428 250.803
2 6.876 2 194.291 56.512
Slab S2 2 8
14.871 204.513 59.486
2 6.876 2 263.999
Slab S3 5 5 2
1st,2nd, 23.794 1 6.932 2 164.946 47.589 212.536 1111.25
Slab S4
3rd &
Verandah 06
4th floor 6.568 1 6.427 1.5 42.21 9.852 52.062
(X)
Verandah
2.7102 1 6.427 1.5 17.418 4.0653 29.4833
(Y)
Projection
6.6184 1 4.326 1.5 28.6311 4.9638 33.5949
Slab(X)
21
Projection
8.2052 1 4.326 1.5 35.495 6.1583 41.648
slab(Y)
8 5.944 47.552
3.0487(Y) 168.830
4 9.5121 38.0484
4.878(X)
22
5.3.3 LUMPED LOAD OF COLUMN
S.N floor Weight of column Total load (KN)
Above the slab Below the slab
1 Stair cover 0 - 41.6
2 Roof cover 41.6 124.8 166.4
3 3rd cover 124.8 124.8 249.6
4 2nd cover 124.8 124.8 249.6
5 1st cover 124.8 124.8 249.6
6 Ground floor 124.8 29.248 154.048
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iii) Verandah (parapet wall)
Along X-X direction= 6.2245*1.67=10.395 KN
Along Y-Y direction= 3.633*1.67= 6.067 KN
Therefore, Grand total =590.09 KN
d) Ground floor
Outside wall (230 mm)
Along X-X direction = [(11.0264-4*0.4)*2]*7.93338= 149.566KN
Along Y-Y direction = [(11.0264-4*0.4)*2]*7.93338= 154.4042 KN
e)Inside wall
Along X-X(0.11m) =[(2.8963-0.4)+ 3.766]*4.23=26.49
Along X-X(0.23m) =[0.366+0.366+2.8963-0.4]*7.93338=25.61
Along Y-Y = [(3.0487 + 0.4)*2*4.568=29.176 KN
5.3.5 LUMP LOAD OF STAIRCASE
(i) Staircase inclined slab
= 0.31 *1.06* 0.15 * 16 * 25
= 19.716 KN
(ii) For steps
= ½ * 0.17 * 0.26* 1.06* 25 * 16
= 10.8 KN
(iii) For landing
= 2*1.06*1.06*0.15*25
= 8.427 KN
(iv)For the slab between step to column
= 3.048* 0.7077 * 0.15 *25
= 5.8043 KN
Therefore, total lump mass = 19.716+9.37+8.427+5.8043
= 43.3173 KN
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5.4 DETERMINATION OF BASE SHEAR
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression:
Z I Sa
A h=
2Rg
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V,
Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor, I = 1.5 (being similar to community building)
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7,
R = 5.0
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on
Fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta).
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2
0 . 09 h
T a=
√d
Where,
h = height of building in m, h = 14.157 m
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m
along the considered direction of the lateral force.
Along X-axis;
d = 10.67m
0. 09 x 14 .157
T a x= = 0 .39 sec
√ 10.67
Now,
0.36 x 1 x 2.5
A h x= = 0.09
2x5
Along Y-axis;
d = 10.97 m
25
0 .09 x 14 .157
T a y= = 0. 384 sec
√ 10. 97
Now,
0.36 x 1 x 2.5
A h y= = 0.09
2x5
According to IS 1893 (Part I) : 2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral force or
design seismic base shear (VB) along any principle direction is given by
VB = Ah x W
(VB)X = 0.09*9059.2498
= 815.332 KN
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (V B)
computed above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following
expression:
W i h2i
Q i= V B n
Σ W j h2j
j=1
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
hi = Height of floor I measured from base
n = No. of storeys in the building
26
5.4.1 CALCULATION OF LATERAL FORCES AND SHEAR AT STOREY
(VB)X = 815.2498 KN
(VB)Y = 815.2498 KN
Wi*hi2 Qi Cumulative
SN STOREY
hi (m) Wi (KN) (KNm2) (KN) Qi (KN)
Staircase
1 cover 14.157 231.530 73828.538 110.187 110.187
2 Roof Floor 14.957 1605.536 359177.427 536.062 646.248
3 3rd Floor 9.157 2351.445 197170.189 294.271 1450.694
4 2nd Floor 6.257 2351.445 92059.187 137.396 1588.090
5 1st Floor 3.357 2351.445 26499.490 39.550 1627.639
6 Tie Beam 0.457 815.624 170.342 0.254 1627.893
Total Wi = 12058.470 KN
Total (Wi*hi2) = 1090737.670 KN
27
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5.5 LOAD COMBINATION
Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis.
There are together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are
mentioned as below:
i.) Dead Load (D.L.)
ii.) Live Load (L.L)
iii.) Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
iv.) Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
Following Load Combination are adopted as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.3.1.2
i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)
ii.) 1.5 (D.L + EQx)
iii.) 1.5 (D.L - EQx)
iv.) 1.5 (D.L + EQz)
v.) 1.5 (D.L - EQz)
vi.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQx)
vii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - EQx)
viii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQz)
ix.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - EQz)
x.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qx
xi.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 EQx
xii.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 EQz
xiii.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 EQz
29
CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.3METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS
Creating model
Assigning material properties
Assigning section properties
Creating different load cases
Creating load combination
Analysis (pre analysis and post analysis)
Design of column and beam
30
Fig: Isometric View
31
CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
32
The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based
on the assumptions are as follows:
Fy xu,max/d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
7.2 SLAB
Slabs are the most widely used structural elements forming floors and roofs of building
for supporting load normal to its surface. Slab may be simply supported or continuous
over one or more supports and is classified according to the manner of support as: one-
way slab spanning in one direction, two-way slab spanning in directions, circular slabs
and grid floor slabs resting directly on columns with no beams and grid floor and ribbed
slab. The beams supporting the slabs are considered stiff with direction relatively very
small as compared to that of slabs. Slabs supported directly on columns without beam are
known as flat slabs.
Slabs are designed using the same theory of bending and shear as are used for beams. The
following methods of analysis are available:
a) Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams.
b) Semi empirical coefficients as given in the code, and
c) Yield line theory.
Slabs are analyzed and designed as having a unit width that is one meter wide strips.
Compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional cases in the slab. Shear stresses
are usually very low and shear reinforcement is never provided in slabs. It is preferred to
increase the depth of a slab and hence reduce the shear stress rather than provide shear
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is invariably provided at the right angles to the
longitudinal reinforcement in a slab.
33
CL40.2. the development length is checked at same critical points as for the beams. The
check for deflection is a very important consideration in slab design. The strip of slab
may check against span to effective depth ratio as discussed in IS456:200 CL23.2.1
Mx = αxwlx2
My = αywlx2
Where,
Mx, My = Maximum moments at mid span on strip of unit width
Lx = Length of the shorter side
αx, αy = Moment Coefficients can be obtained from IS 456:2000 table 27.
34
Mx= βxwlx2
My = βyw lx2
Where,
βx ,βy= moment coefficients can be obtained from table 26 of IS 456:2000 for
different arrangements of slabs.
My = yw lx2
35
Bending co-efficient for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision
for torsion at corners.
S1
S2
S3
Negative moments at continuous
3 2.848 4.678 8.65 4.445
edge 14.814
Positive moments at mid span 2.848 4.678 6.6 4.36
S4
Negative moments at continuous
4 4.678 4.678 9.708 9.708
edge 13.4
Positive moments at mid span 4.678 4.678 7.28 7.28
36
Roof slab S5
Design of Slab
Slab S1
(Two adjacent edges discontinuous)
(2.8963*3.048)
Clear shorter span = 2.8963-0.3=2.5963m
Effective span (lx) = 2.8963-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=2.6963m
Effective span(ly) =3.048-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=2.848m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
37
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 200mm c/c having area 251 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 200 mm c/c having area 251 mm2
38
Percentage of steel = 100Ast/bd’
= 100*(251/2)/(1000*92)
= 0.136%
τc= 0.28 N/mm2
τc’ = k τc
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence, ok.
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*166/251
= 174N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.24%
γ= 2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.6813*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=55.69mm Hence, ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(82-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*125.5(82-(415*125.5)/(20*1000)
= 4.05KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
39
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*251
= 188.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 5nos.
Ast provided = 251mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S2
(One long edge discontinuous)
2.8963*4.878
Clear shorter span = 2.8963-0.3=2.6963
Effective span (lx) = 2.8963-0.3+0.1=2.6963m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
40
At the mid span,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
6
6.03*10 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 173.24mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
Calculation of steel along longer span
d’ = d-φ/2- φ/2
= 100- 4-4
= 92mm
At support,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d’-415Ast/(20*1000)}
3.98*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{92-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 123.22mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
41
τc’= k τc
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence ok.
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*151/335
= 185 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.335%
γ= 1.8
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.696*1000)/26*1*1.8*1*1
=57.61 mm <100 mm (effective depth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
42
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S3
(One long edge discontinuous)
3.048*4.878
Clear shorter span = 3.048-0.3=2.748
Effective span (lx) = 3.048-0.3+0.1=2.848m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
43
6.6*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 190.31mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
44
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence ok
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*190/335
= 156.5 N/mm2
100Ast/bd= 0.28%
γ= 2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.848*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=54.76 mm <120 mm (effective depth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(112-(415*157)/(20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
45
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S4
(Interior panel)
4.878*4.878
Clear shorter span = 4.878-0.3=4.578
Effective span (lx) = 4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
46
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
47
Check for deflection
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*210.85/335
= 178.49 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.28%
γ= 1.95
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (4.678 *1000)/26*1*1.95*1*1
=92.26 mm <120 mm (effective depth)
Hence ok
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/(20*1000)
= 5.85 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
48
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
49
At the mid span,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d’-415Ast/(20*1000)}
6
7.2*10 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{92-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast =228.53 mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 160 mm c/c having area 314mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
50
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*223.95/335
= 170.9 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.335%
γ= 1.82
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.6963*1000)/26*1*1.82*1*1
=56.98 mm <100 mm (effective depth) Hence ok
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(112-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
51
Value of αx and αy are taken from table 26 IS-456:2000, bending coefficient of rectangular
panels supported on four sides
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast {d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
4.11*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast {100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 136.28mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
52
Ast = 100mm2
Hence provide 8mm φ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
α = 26 δ =1
β =1 λ =1
For modification factor
fs =0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
53
=0.58*415*300/335
=123.32 N/mm2
100Ast/bd= 0.28%
γ=2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.848*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=54.76 mm <120 mm (effectivedepth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(112-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(112-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.0316 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D (1.8 &1.9)
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- φ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
7.4DESIGN OF BEAM
Design of moment for design is taken as maximum value of B.M. obtained from analysis
using software STAAD.
54
For design purpose, maximum moment of support or mid span moment is taken in
consideration for a bay for a single floor or more than one floor according to quantity of
variation. The mid-span of beam is designed as flanged beam and end section are
designed as rectangular section.
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
0
Beam size = 400*300 mm
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d’) = 35 mm
55
Beam No. 75
Mz(kip-in)
1482
1500
1000
500
37
500 1
1000
1500 -1255
Fy(kip)
30 28.6 30
20 18.7 20
10 10
37 38
10 5 9.48 10
20 20
-19.1
30 30
-29.3
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:167.466KN-m
ii) Vu:130.35 KN
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
56
Therefore, effective depth =400-25-0.5*25 =362.5 mm
Ultimate moment of resistance,
d ' /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
Mu-Mu-lim=0.87fy*Ast2*(d-d ' ¿
Or,58.691*106=0.87*415* Ast2*(362.5-37.5)
Or, Ast2=500.17 mm2
57
Total tension steel (Ast) =Ast1+ Ast2=1040.95+500.17=1541.12mm2
Provide 4-25 mm diameter rods.
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
A0
= 0.85/fy
B∗d
0.85∗300∗362.5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast,max = 0.04*b*D
=0.04*300*400
= 4800 mm2 (ok)
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
Where, M1 = 0.87fyAst
( d−
f ck ×b )
415∗1963
= 0.874151963(362.5- )
20∗300
= 160.68 KN-m
V =130.35KN
Lo = 8 Φ + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1. 3×160 . 68×10 3
∴ 47 Φ ¿
( 130 .35
+300 )
∴Φ ¿ 40.47mm OK.
58
Check for shear reinforcement
Maximum shear occur at the face of the support.
V u = 130.35 KN
3
Vu 130 .35×10
Nominal shear stress, τv = b×d = 300×362 .5 =1.19 N/mm
2
A st ×100 1963×100
% of tension steel = b×d = 300×362 .5 = 1.8%
From IS: 456-2000, Table -19
2
Shear strength for M20 concrete, τc =0.758 N/mm <τ v
From IS: 456-2000, Table -20
2
τc max = 2.8 N/mm
∴
τc max>τ v >τc
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τv-τc) bd
2
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 8mm Φ bar having area 100 mm .
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=(τv-τc)*b*d=(1.19-0.758)*300*362.5=46.98KN
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0 .87×f y × A sv×d
S v =
( Vus )
0 .87×415×100 .53∗362 .5
(
= 46 . 98∗1000
) =248.957 mm.
But, as per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.5
S v < 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75362.5 =271.875mm
>=100 mm
Check for stability:
Maximum spacing for vertical stirrups at support
Sv,max=0.25*d=0.25*362.5=90.63 mm C/C
Therefore, provide 2-legged 8mm Φ vertical stirrup @ 100 mm C/C up to 2d (i.e.
2362.5) from vertical face of the support
MID SECTION FLANGED BEAM (T-BEAM)
Design Value:
Mu = 7.5 KN/m
Clear cover = 25 mm
Assumed diameter of bar = 25 mm
Now, the effective depth = 400-25-25/2 =362.5mm
59
D =120 mm
b =300 mm
Effective width of the flange
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 23.1.2
2027 .2
+300+6×100
bf= 6 = 1237.86 mm
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
fy∗Ast
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- ¿
fck∗b
415∗Ast
7.5*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – )
20∗300
Therefore, Ast=57.944 mm²
Provide 2– 12 mm Φ in tension having area 226 mm²
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
Ao(b*d) =0.85/fy
Thus,Ao =222.74 <Ast OK
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast, max = 0.04*b*D = 0.04*300*400 =4800 mm² >Ast (ok)
60
Check for ductility:
Sv,max=0.5*362.5=181.25mm
Therefore provide 2-legged 8 mm diameter vertical stirrups @195mm c-c
Check for deflection:
l/d = α×β×γ×δ×λ
where,
α =26
β =1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(57.944/226)
=61.71 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*226/(300*362.5)
=0.207
61
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*300 mm
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d’) = 35 mm
62
Beam No. 76 Fig: bending moment diagram (beam 76)
Mz(kip-in)
1500 1390
1000
500
5.34
38
500 5 10
1000 -508 -524
1500
Fy(kip)
30 24 30
20 20
10 10
38 39
10 5 10 15 16 10
20 20
30 -24 30
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:160.46KN-m
ii) Vu:106.776 KN
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
63
=108.775 KN-M < Mu
Therefore,the section must be designed as doubly reinforced section.
Calculation of reinforcement
Area of tension steel corresponds to Mu,lim
Mu,lim = 0.87*fy*Ast,1*(d-0.42*xm)
d ' /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
Mu-Mu,lim=0.87fy*Ast2*(d-d ' ¿
Or,51.685*106=0.87*415* Ast2*(362.5-37.5)
Or, Ast2=440.467 mm2
Total tension steel (Ast) =Ast1+ Ast2=1040.95+440.467=1481.417mm2
Provide 4-25 mm diameter rods.
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
64
A0
= 0.85/fy
B∗d
0.85∗300∗362.5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast,max = 0.04*b*D
=0.04*300*400
= 4800 mm2 (ok)
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
Where, M1 = 0.87fyAst
( d−
f ck ×b )
415∗1963
= 0.874151963(362.5- )
20∗300
= 160.68 KN-m
V =106.776KN
Lo = 8 Φ + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1. 3×160 . 68×10 3
∴ 47 Φ ¿
( 106 .776
+300 )
∴Φ ¿ 48mm OK.
65
A st ×100 1963×100
% of tension steel = b×d = 300×362 .5 = 1.8%
From IS: 456-2000, Table -19
2
Shear strength for M20 concrete, τc =0.758 N/mm <τ v
From IS: 456-2000, Table -20
2
τc max = 2.8 N/mm
∴
τc max>τ v >τc
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τv-τc) bd
2
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 8mm Φ bar having area 100 mm .
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=(τv-τc)*b*d=(0.98-0.758)*300*362.5=24.142KN
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0 .87×f y × A sv×d
S v =
( Vus )
0 .87×415×100 .53∗362 .5
(
= 24 . 142∗1000
) =545mm.
But, as per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.5
S v < 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75362.5 =271.875mm
>=100 mm
Spaccing of the stirrups shouldn’t be greater than 0.75d i.e.271.875.hence, spacing is
adopted as 250mm among the stirrups.
Check for stability:
Maximum spacing for vertical stirrups at support
Sv,max=0.25*d=0.25*362.5=90.63 mm C/C
Therefore, provide 2-legged 8mm Φ vertical stirrup @ 100 mm C/C up to 2d (i.e.
2362.5) from vertical face of the support
MID SECTION FLANGED BEAM (T-BEAM)
Design Value:
Mu =59.212KN/m
Clear cover = 25 mm
Assumed diameter of bar = 25 mm
Now, the effective depth = 400-25-25/2 =362.5mm
D =120 mm
b =300 mm
Effective width of the flange
66
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 23.1.2
3414 . 6
+300+6×100
bf= 6 = 1469.1 mm
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
fy∗Ast
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- ¿
fck∗b
415∗Ast
59.212*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – )
20∗300
Therefore, Ast=500.14 mm²
Provide 3– 16 mm Φ in tension having area603 mm²
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
Ao(b*d) =0.85/fy
Thus,Ao =222.74 <Ast OK
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast, max = 0.04*b*D = 0.04*300*400 =4800 mm² >Ast (ok)
67
Check for deflection:
l/d = α×β×γ×δ×λ
where,
α =26
β =1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(500.14/603)
=200 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*603/(300*362.5)
=0.554
68
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*300 mm
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d’) = 35 mm
Beam No.77 Fig: bending moment diagram (beam 77)
Mz(kip-in)
1500 1417
1000
500
39
500 5
1000
1500 -1127
Fy(kip)
30 29.1 30
20 18.9 20
10 10
39 40
10 5 9.51 10
20 20
-18.5
30 30
-28.5
69
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:166.675KN-m
ii) Vu:129.465 KN
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
d ' /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
70
For equilibrium, the corresponding tension steel
Mu-Mu,lim=0.87fy*Ast2*(d-d ' ¿
Or,57.9*106=0.87*415* Ast2*(362.5-37.5)
Or, Ast2=493.43 mm2
Total tension steel (Ast) =Ast1+ Ast2=1040.95+493.43=1534.38mm2
Provide 4-25 mm diameter rods.
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
A0
= 0.85/fy
B∗d
0.85∗300∗362.5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast,max = 0.04*b*D
=0.04*300*400
= 4800 mm2 (ok)
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
Where, M1 = 0.87fyAst
( d−
f ck ×b )
415∗1963
= 0.874151963(362.5- )
20∗300
= 160.68KN-m
V =129.465KN
71
Lo = 8 Φ + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1. 3×160 . 68×10 3
∴ 47 Φ ¿
( 129 .465
+300 )
∴Φ ¿ 40.71mm OK.
A st ×100 1963×100
% of tension steel = b×d = 300×362 .5 = 1.8%
From IS: 456-2000, Table -19
2
Shear strength for M20 concrete, τc =0.758 N/mm <τ v
From IS: 456-2000, Table -20
2
τc max = 2.8 N/mm
∴
τc max>τ v >τc
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τv-τc) bd
2
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 8mm Φ bar having area 100 mm .
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=(τv-τc)*b*d=(1.19-0.758)*300*362.5=46.98KN
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0 .87×f y × A sv×d
S v =
( Vus )
0 .87×415×100 .53∗362 .5
(
= 46 . 98∗1000
) =227.44 mm.
But, as per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.5
S v < 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75362.5 =271.875mm
>=100 mm
Check for stability:
Maximum spacing for vertical stirrups at support
Sv,max=0.25*d=0.25*362.5=90.63 mm C/C
Therefore, provide 2-legged 8mm Φ vertical stirrup @ 100 mm C/C up to 2d (i.e.
2362.5) from vertical face of the support
72
Design Value:
Mu = 7.5 KN/m
Clear cover = 25 mm
Assumed diameter of bar = 25 mm
Now, the effective depth = 400-25-25/2 =362.5mm
D =120 mm
b =300 mm
Effective width of the flange
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 23.1.2
2027 .2
+300+6×100
bf= 6 = 1237.86 mm
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
fy∗Ast
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- ¿
fck∗b
415∗Ast
7.5*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – )
20∗300
Therefore, Ast=57.944 mm²
Provide 2– 12 mm Φ in tension having area 226 mm²
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
73
Ao(b*d) =0.85/fy
Thus,Ao =222.74 <Ast OK
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast, max = 0.04*b*D = 0.04*300*400 =4800 mm² >Ast (ok)
l/d = α×β×γ×δ×λ
where,
α =26
β =1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(57.944/226)
=61.71 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*226/(300*362.5)
=0.207
74
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*240 mm
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d’) = 35 mm
BEAM NO:278
END SECTION
Design value:
Mu: 49.5KN-m
Vu: 77.4 KN
Clear cover: 25 mm
Assumed diameter of bar: 25 mm
Therefore, effective depth =400-25-0.5*25 =362.5 mm
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim= 0.36fck× b×xm×(d-0.42*xm)
75
=0.36*20*240*(0.48*362.5)(362.5*0.42.0.48*362.5)
=87.02 KN-M > Mu
Therefore,the section is a singly reinforced section.
Calculation of reinforcement
Area of tension steel corresponds to Mu,lim
.
Mu,lim= 0.87*fy*Ast,1*(d-0.42*xm)
Or, 18.791*106=0.87*415*Ast,1*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
Thus, Ast,1=832.766 mm2
Provide 2-25 diameter rods.
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.5.1.1
For minimum reinforcement
Ao
=0.85/fy
b∗d
(0.85∗240∗362.5)
Or,Ao= =178<Ast (ok)
415
Check for maximum reinforcement
Ast,max = 0.04*b*D
=0.04*240*400
= 3840 mm2 (ok)
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
Check for development length
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 26.2.1
Ld = 47 Φ
76
1 . 3×M 1
+Lo
And, Ld= V
f y × A st
Where, M1 = 0.87fyAst
( d−
f ck ×b )
415∗832.766
= 0.87415832.766(362.5- )
20∗240
=87.34KN-m
We have, V=77.4 KN
1.3×87. 34×103
∴ 47 Φ ¿
( 77 . 4
+300 =1766 .95 )
∴ Φ ¿ 37.5 (ok)
= 0.95%
From IS: 456-2000, Table -19
Shear strength for M20 concrete,
2
τc =0.82 N/mm <τ v
From IS: 456-2000, Table -20
2
τcmax= 2.8 N/mm
∴ τcmax>τv>τc
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τ v -τc) bd
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 6mm bar having area 83mm2.
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=Vu-τc*b*d=77.4*1000-0.82*240*362.5=6.060KN
77
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0 .87×f y × A sv×d
Sv =
( Vus )
0.87∗415∗100.53∗362.5
=
6.06∗1000
=2171 mm
=200 mm (assuming not more than 200mm)
Provide 2-L with 200 mm space as according to the provision.
78
L = 0.7*l = 0.7*4260 =2982 mm
2982
+300+6×160
bf= 12 = 1028.5 mm
Calculation of reinforcement
fy∗Ast
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- ¿
fck∗b
415∗Ast
18.791*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – )
20∗240
Therefore, Ast=149 mm²
Provide 1 – 25 mm Φ in tension having area 1472.5 mm²
79
L/d= α×β×γ×δ×λ
where,
α =26
β =1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs =0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(149/490.87)
=73.06 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*1472.62/(240*362.5)
=1.69
γ
So, = 2 (from table)
(L/d)allowable =26.1*1*2*0.8
=41.76
(L/d)actual =4260/362.5 =11.75 (OK)
80
81
7.5 DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION
If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
bearing pressure so small that individual footing would cover more than about one half of
the area, it may be better to provide a continuous footing under all the columns and walls.
Such a footing is called a raft foundation. The raft is divided into series of continuous
strips centered on the appropriate column rows in the both directions as shown in figure
below.The shear and bending moment diagrams may be drawn using continuous beam
analysis or coefficients for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements.
The steel requirements will vary from strip. This method generally gives a conservative
design since the interaction of adjacent strips is neglected.
Design of Raft Foundation
76
Soil pressure at different points is as follows
P MY MX
± ×x± ×y
σ= A IY IX
Corner A4,
σ A-4 = 87+(6286.068/1480.79)*5.735+(610.98/1560.78)*5.887 = 113.64< 120 KN/M2
OK.
Corner D4,0.
.σ. .D.-.4. .=. 87+4.245*5.735-0.39*5.887= 87+24.345-2.295=109.05 KN/M2
Corner A1,
σ A-1 =87-24.345+2.295 = 64.95 KN/M2
Corner D1,
σ D-1 = 87-24.345-2.295 = 60.36 KN/M2
Grid B4,
σ B-4 = 87+24.345+0.951= 112.296 KN/M2
Grid B1,
σB-1 = 87-24.345+0.951= 63.606 KN/M2
Grid C4,
σc-4 = 87+24.345-0.951 = 110.394 KN/M2
Grid C1,
σc-1= 87-24.345-0.951 = 61.704 KN/M2
In X – direction, the raft is divided into 4 strips, i.e. 3 equivalent beams:
i) Beam A-A soil pressure, σ = 113.64 KN/m2
ii) Beam B-B soil pressure, σ = 0.5*( 113.64+112.296)
= 112.818 KN/m2
iii) Beam C-C soil pressure, σ = 0.5(110.394+112.296)
= 111.345 KN/m2
iv) Beam D-D soil pressure, σ = 0.5*(110.394+109.05)
= 109.722 KN/m2
-m /For X – direction, the bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient of 1/10 and
L as Centre of column distance,
w L2
+M = -M =
10
113.64∗4.878 2
For strip A-A, maximum bending moment = = 270.405 KN-m /m
10
77
112.818∗4.8782
For strip B-B, maximum bending moment = = 268.449 KNm
10
111.345∗4.878 2
For strip C-C, maximum bending moment = = 264.944 KN-m /m
10
109.722∗4.878 2
For strip D-D, maximum bending moment = =261.082KN-m /m
10
In Y direction,
Grid A3,
σA-3 = 87+(4.245)*(5.735-0.4-2.8963)+(0.39)*5.8878
= 99.64 KN/M2
Grid A2,
σA-2 = 87-4.245*2.4387+0.39*5.8878
= 78.946 KN/M2
In Y – direction, soil pressure
(i) Beam 4-4, σ = 113.64 KN/m2
(ii) Beam3-3,σ = 0.5*(113.64+99. 64)
= 106.64 KN/m2
(iii) Beam 2-2, σ = 0.5*(99.64+78.946)
= 89.293 KN/m2
(iv) Beam 1-1, σ = 0.5*(78.946+64.95)
= 71.948 KN/m2
For Y – direction, the bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient of 1/10 and L as
centre of column distance,
w L2
+M = -M =
10
113.64∗4.878 2
For strip 4-4, maximum bending moment = = 270.405 KN-m /m
10
106.64∗4.8782
For strip 3-3, maximum bending moment = =253.748 KN-m /m.
10
89.293∗4.8782
For strip 2-2, maximum bending moment = = 212.471 KN-m /m
10
71.948∗4.8782
For strip 1-1, maximum bending moment = = 171.199 KN-m /m
10
78
The depth of the raft will be governed by two way shear at one of the exterior columns. In
case location of critical shear is not obvious, it may be necessary to check all possible
locations.
Shear strength of concrete,′c = c =0.25 √ fck = 0.25 √ 20 = 1.11 N/mm2
79
Reinforcement calculation:
Reinforcement along long direction A-A
Maximum bending moment in long direction is given by A-A
fy∗Ast
BM = 0.87 fyAst (d - )
fckb
415∗Ast
270.405 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast(500 - )
20∗1000
Therefore, we get Ast =1604.75 mm2 /m
Minimum reinforcement = 0.12 % of b D
= 0.12/100 * 555 * 1000
= 666 mm2 /m
< 1604.75 mm2 /m (okay)
Minimum steel will govern in the remaining shaft
So, provided 16 mm dia bar @ 120 mm c/c
Ast,provided = 1675 mm2
In both direction at top and bottom.
Reinforcement along short direction 4-4
Maximum bending moment in short direction
fy∗Ast
BM = 0.87 fyAst (d - )
fckb
415∗Ast
270.405 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast(500 - )
20∗1000
Therefore, we get Ast =1604.75 mm2 /m
So, provided 16 mm dia bar @ 120 mm c/c
Ast,provided = 1675 mm2
In both directions at top and bottom.
80
L1 = (555-8-50-16-8) = 473. < 905.11 mm OK.
7.6 Column
3 PAGES
81
7.7DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Staircase is an inclined structural system for the movement from one level to another.
Since it is stepped, it is called staircase. A staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. It may
span either in the direction of the steps or in the direction of going. Structurally staircase
may be classified largely into two categories, depending on the predominant direction in
which the slab staircase component of the stair undergoes flexure- stair slab spanning
transversely and stair slab spanning longitudinally.
Generally the shear reinforcement is not required in the staircase as the shear strength of
concrete is much greater than the nominal shear stress. The shear strength of concrete in
staircase is determined as in the case of edge supported slabs.
The detailing of reinforcement in staircase shall be similar to that of the edge supported
slab except at the junction of landing and flight of staircase where it should ensure that
the reinforcement bars in tension tending to straighten out do not cause cracking in
concrete.
General rules
Between consecutive floors there should be equal rise for every parallel steps.
Similarly there should be equal going.
There should be at least 2m headroom measured vertically above any steps.
The sum of going of a single step plus the twice the rise should be between
550mm and 700mm
The rise of steps should not be more than about 200mm and the going not less
than 240mm
The slope of the staircase should be not more than 38 degrees.
Width of staircase depends upon the usage. The width required in residential
building differs from other public building.
84
7.7.1DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Size of staircase
Total floor to floor height=2.74m
2R+T=600
R=170mm
No. of riser=2.74/0.17=16no.s
No. of tread = 16-1=15no.s
Width of staircase= 1.06m
Along Y-Y axis,
3.048+0.4=3.448m
3.448-0.3-0.3=2.848m
2.848-1.3-1.060=0.488m
Beam c/c distance
0.3/2+1.060+1.3+0.488+0.3/2 = 3.148m
Leff= 3.148m
Deff=Leff/35 = 3148/35 = 110.514m
Overall depth of waist slab (D) =99.94+20= 119.20mm
Let us take D=150mm
85
Load on RCC slab=25*0.0686
=1.717KN/m3
Step finishing
Density of screeding=20.4KN/m3
Density of marble =26.7KN/m3
Marble 20mm thick= (0.26+0.17)*0.02*26.7
=0.22962KN/m3
b) Live load
Live load per m2 on plan =5KN/m2
Total load = Dead load + live load=8.635+5=13.635KN/m2
Factored load =1.5*13.635=20.4525 KN/m2
Taking 1.06m width of slab, total load=1.06*20.4525 = 21.67965 KN/m
B) Landing
a. Dead load
Waist slab (W)=0.15*25=3.75KN/m2
Marble finishing 20mm thick=0.020*26.7=0.534KN/m2
Thick plastering 12.5mm=0.0125*20.4KN/m2=0.2448KN/m2
Screeding 25mm thick=0.025*20.4=0.51 KN/m2
Total dead load=3.75+0.534+0.2448+0.51=5.038 KN/m2
b. live load=5KN/m2
Total load=5+5.038 =10.038 KN/m2
86
Factored load=1.5*10.038 = 15.057 KN/m2
Taking 1.06m width of slab=15.057*1.06=15.96 KN/m
1) Calculation of bending moment
Ra+Rb=15.96*0.5013+21.679*1.3+15.96*1.095
Ra+Rb= 53.6562 KN/m2 …………………..(1)
21.679 KN/m
15.96 KN/m 15.96 KN/m
= 58 KN-m
II) Calculation of depth
Minimum depth can be calculated considering absolute maximum bending moment
We know,
87
Effective depth (d) = BMmaximum/0.138*b*fck
(d)= 58*106/0.138*20*1060
=140
D= 140 + 20 + 10/2 `
Adopt D=165mm
Available effective depth (d) =165-20-10/2
= 140mm
So, D=165mm
And d=140mm
III) Area of tension steel
We know,`
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast(d-(fy*Ast)/(fck*b))
58*106=0.87*415*Ast*(140-(415*Ast)/ (20*1060))
Ast=1435.63 mm2
From code,Ast=1470 mm2φ=12mm
No. of bars = 13+ 1 = 14 nos.
And, spacing of the 12mmφ reinforcement =1470 / 14 = 105 mm = 105mm
IV) Temperature reinforcement/Distribution bar
Provide 1 nos-10mm φ bar as temperature reinforcement in each riser
In waist slab,(provide minimum) 0.12%of bD
So, Ast minimum=0.12*1060*165/100
= 209.88 mm2
Using 8mm φbar,@220mm c/c.
Ast provided=228 mm2
Check for shear,
Nominal shear stress,τ v=vu/bd=28.8409*103/1060*145
=0.185 N / mm2
Percent of tension steel= (100*Ast) / bd
= (100*1470)/ (1060*140) =0.99
88
From clause 40.2 .1 IS 456: 2000 table 19
Interpolating
Tc = 0.617 N/mm2
Shear strength for slab τ c’=kτ c
From code, IS456:2000 for overall depth of slab (mm)
K=1.25
τ c’= 1.25*0.6 N/mm2
=0.77N/mm2>τ v(ok)
Deflection
lx
d=
α∗β∗γ∗δ∗λ
α = 26, β =1, δ =1, λ=1
Now, for modification factor ‘γ’ for tension reinforcement
fs = 0.58*fy*(Area of x-section of steel required) /(Area
of x-section of steel provided)
=0.58*415 *1435.63/1470
= 235.07 N/mm2
Therefore, γ = 1.18
Therefore, d =99.34 mm ≤ 140 mm (ok)
Check for development length
Development length for 12mm φbar Ld=47φ
=47*12=564mm
=600mm
Ld=0.87*fy*φ/4τ bd
For M20,τ bd=1.2N/mm2
Ld=0.87*415*12/4*1.2*1.6
=564.14mm=600mm
Moment of resistance
M1=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-(fy*Ast)/(fck*b))
=0.87*415*1470*(140-(415*1470)/ (20*1060))
89
= 59.03*106
Hence, Ld< 1.3M1/v + LO
0.87∗415∗ϕ 59.03∗106
=1.3 * + 16 *ϕ
4∗1.2∗1.6 27.539∗103
Therefore, ϕ=89.85 mm
Since bar diameter provided is 12mm ok.
Along x-x axis,
Leff = 1.134/2+0.78+1.134/2 = 1.914m
1) Calculation of bending moment
Ra+Rb=15.96*0.567+21.679*0.78+15.96*0.567
Ra+Rb= 35 KN/m2 …………………..(1)
21.679 KN/m
15.96 KN/m 15.96 KN/m
90
=17.5*0.956-15.96*0.567(0.567/2+0.956-0.567)+21.679 (0.956-0.567/2)2
= 20.449 KN-m
(d)= 20.449*106/0.138*20*1060
=83.60 mm
D= 83.60 + 20 + 10/2
Adopt D=110mm
Available effective depth (d) =110-20-10/2
= 85mm
So, D= 110mm
And d= 85mm
III) Area of tension steel
We know,
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast(d-(fy*Ast)/(fck*b))
20.449*106=0.87*415*Ast*(85-(415*Ast)/ (20*1060))
Ast=821.89 mm2
From code,Ast=904 mm2φ=12mm
No. of bars = 8+ 1 = 9 nos.
And, spacing of the 12mmφ reinforcement =821 / 6 = 90mm
IV) Temperature reinforcement/Distribution bar
Provide 1 nos-10mm φ bar as temperature reinforcement in each riser
In waist slab,(provide minimum) 0.12%of bD
So, Ast minimum=0.12*1060*110/100
= 139.92 mm2
Hence for the staircase design take the data along y-y axis for design.
91
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
Project has indeed widened our perspective and acquainted us on how to perceive and
counteract the worst possible difficulties regarding the analysis and design of five storied
structures. This project work has mainly focused towards the structural analysis and
design only. Nevertheless, the attempts have been made in the architectural planning and
for the presentation of the analysis and design results in the tabular form with necessary
drawing and details. The principle and methodology applied while analyzing and
designing the five storey frame structure in this project is universally valid for any type of
the framed structures of five storied in peri – urban areas of Kathmandu valley. A
constant painstaking study and devotion to the work by the project group couple with the
valuable guidance of the advisor made it possible in bringing up the project work to this
level.
The purpose of the project, through purely academic oriented, we had made every effort
to make it feasible for the real construction of the site.
Finally, we will consider our project report as successful if it process to be useful to the
junior students or other designers. We hope that project work will prove much useful to
us in our career.
92
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
1. Jain, A.K, "Reinforced concrete (Limit State Design) ", Nemchand and Bros, 5th
Edition 1990
2. Ramamrutham, S., “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure”, DhanpatRai Publishing
Company, 11th Edition 1989
3. Varghese, P, C. "Limit State design of reinforced concrete", Princeton Hall of India
1996
4. Sinha, S. N., "Reinforced Concrete design", Tata McGraw - Hill, 2nd Edition 1996
5. Reddy, C S, “Basic Structural Analysis”, Tata McGraw – Hill, 3rd Edition 2011
6. I. S 875 (part - I) 1987, Code of practice for design loads (other than Earthquake) for
building and structures, dead loads
7. I.S 875 (part 2nd) 1987, code of practice for design loads (other than Earthquake) for the
building and structures, Dead loads.
8. I.S 1893- 1975 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures.
9. I.S: 1893-1975 and IS 4326-1976, Explanatory Handbook on codes for Earthquake
Engineering.
10. Design Aids for RCC to I.S 456-1978, SP 16:1980
11. I.S. 456-2000 Indian Standard plain and RC code of practice (fourth revision)
12. I.S. 1893 (part I):2002.
APPENDICES
Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND........................................................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................2
1.3 RATIONALE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT.......................................................2
1.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT....................................................3
1.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN...................................................................3
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................5
2.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................5
2.2 TYPES OF BUILDING.............................................................................................5
2.3 COMPONENTS OF BUILDING..............................................................................6
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY...................................................................................7
3.1 LOAD CALCULATION...........................................................................................7
3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN.........................................................................................7
3.3 LOADING PATTERNS............................................................................................7
3.4 ANALYSIS................................................................................................................8
3.5 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS...........................................................8
3.6 DATA.........................................................................................................................8
3.7 DESIGN METHOD...................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN.....................................................................10
4.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB.....................................................................10
4.2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM...................................................................11
4.3 LOAD DESCRIPTION............................................................................................12
4.3.1 Dead load (DL).................................................................................................12
4.3.2 Live Load (LL)..................................................................................................12
4.4 VERTICAL LOAD CALCULATION....................................................................13
4.4.1. Load calculation for roof slab above staircase.................................................13
4.4.2. Load calculation for roof slab terrace..............................................................13
4.4.3. Load calculation for intermediate slab (1, 2, 3 & 4)........................................13
4.4.4. Load calculation for slab S3.............................................................................13
4.4.5. Load calculation for projection slab.................................................................14
4.4.6. Load calculation for verandah slab..................................................................14
4.5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF CRITICAL COLUMN...........................................15
4.5.1 Dead load calculation........................................................................................16
4.5.2 Load Calculation...............................................................................................17
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL ANALYSIS.........................................................................19
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL LOAD..............................................................19
5.2 CALCULATION OF SELF-WEIGHT OF ELEMENTS........................................19
5.2.1 Self-weight of beam..........................................................................................19
5.2.2 Self-weight of tie beam.....................................................................................19
5.2.3 Self-weight of column.......................................................................................19
5.2.4 Self-weight of brick wall...................................................................................19
5.3 LUMP MASS CALCULATION.............................................................................20
5.3.1 Lumped load of slab..........................................................................................20
5.3.2 Lumped load of beam........................................................................................22
5.3.3 Lumped load of column....................................................................................23
5.3.4 Lumped load of wall.........................................................................................23
5.3.5 Lump load of staircase......................................................................................24
5.4 DETERMINATION OF BASE SHEAR.................................................................24
5.4.1 Calculation of lateral forces and shear at storey...............................................27
5.4.2 Calculation of nodal mass applied force...........................................................27
5.5 LOAD COMBINATION.........................................................................................29
CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.................................................................30
6.1 SALIENT FEATURE OF STAAD PRO.................................................................30
6.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT............................................................................................30
6.3 METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS........................................................................30
CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN......................................................................32
7.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD.......................................................................................32
7.2 SLAB........................................................................................................................33
7.3 DESIGN OF SLAB (1st, 2nd, 3rd& 4th floor slab)......................................................35
7.4 DESIGN OF BEAM................................................................................................54
7.5 DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION.......................................................................76
7.6 Column.........................................................................................................................81
7.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE......................................................................................84
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION......................................................................................92
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
APPENDICES