PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY DINDIGUL- 624 622

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CELLULAR NETWORKS AND STARLINK

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

NAME V S SINU KARTHIK REG NO 921318106203

ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2021

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report titled “Cellular Networks And Starlink” is the bonafide
work of V S Sinu Karthik who carried out the Technical Seminar under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.G.ATHISHA, M.E., Ph.D., Dr.S.ARUNKUMAR, M.E., Ph.D.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT COORDINATOR
PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Electronics & Communication Engg, Electronics & Communication Engg,
PSNACET, PSNACET,
Dindigul - 624 622. Dindigul - 624 622.

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 ABSTRACT

Communication plays a major role in our life , Optical fiber internet

connection is known as the fastest internet connection available in the world right
now. Chances are it may lose the title of the fastest internet connection soon. Due
to the low orbiting satellites, Starlink has also promised an average internet speed
of 1 GBPS. 

Starlink is a satellite constellation development project underway by SpaceX, to

develop a low-cost, high-performance satellite bus and requisite customer ground
transceivers to implement a new spaceborne Internet communication system.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 DEFINITION
1.2 TECHNIQUE

2. Antenna 5

3 METHODOLOGY 6

3.1 Microphone
3.2 Conversion of analog to digital
3.3 Tansmitting EM wave
3.4 Cdma / fdma
3.5 Gsm architecture
4 STARLINK 11

a. Falcon 9
b. Satellite constellation development
c. transciever

5 CONCLUSION 13

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 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION:

Cellular network is most commonly the native connectivity method deployed with
most cell phones, smartphones, and dial-up devices. It’s a mobile-based network used
with a radio antenna. These devices are associated with “cell”s and can move from
cell to cell in order to communicate and maintain communication. Mobile devices
(such as phones) utilize this network to connect to their providers such as AT&T,
Sprint and T-Mobile which are some of the most commonly used. Those providers
then handoff requests to the internet, or from  based on the requests that are sent.

DEFENITION:

The radio antennas used are commonly set to a specific band/frequency and use
specific cellular technology, such as Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), via a tower
and or a satellite. Although there are many others, these are the most commonly used
today.

CHAPTER -2

ANTENNA:

An antenna is a metallic structure that captures and/or transmits radio electromagnetic

waves. Antennas come in all shapes and sizes from little ones that can be found on
your roof to watch TV to really big ones that capture signals from satellites millions
of miles away

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY:
Cellular Technology enables mobile communication because they use of a complex
two-way radio system between the mobile unit and the wireless network. ... It uses
radio frequencies (radio channels) over and over again throughout a market with
minimal interference, to serve a large number of simultaneous conversations.

MICROPHONE

Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public
address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live
and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, radio
and television broadcasting.

Conversion of analog to digital

an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an

analog signal, such as a sound picked
up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.

Tansmitting EM wave

Whenever transmission of electromagnetic energy from one location to another is

required with minimal energy loss and disturbance, the waves are confined to a

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limited region by means of wires, coaxial cables, and, in the microwave region,
waveguide

Cdma / fdma

FDMA stands for Frequency Division Multiple Access. TDMA stands for Time
Division Multiple Access. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. In this,

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sharing of bandwidth among different stations takes place. ... In this, there is sharing
of both i.e. bandwidth and time among different stations takes place.

GSM ARCHITECTURE

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System

The GSM architecture consists of three major interconnected subsystems that interact
with themselves and with users through certain network interface. The subsystems
are Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and
Operational Support Subsystem (OSS). Mobile Station (MS) is also a subsystem but
it is considered as a part of BSS.
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1. Mobile Station (MS): Mobile Station is made up of two entities.
A. Mobile equipment (ME):

 It is a portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device.

 It is uniquely identified by an IMEI number.
 It is used for voice and data transmission. It also monitors power and signal
quality of surrounding cells foe optimum handover. 160 characters long SMS
can also be sent using Mobile Equipment.

B. Subscriber Identity module (SIM):

 It is a smart card that contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI) number.
 It allows users to send and receive calls and receive other subscriber services. -
It is protected by password or PIN.
 It contains encoded network identification details. it has key information to
activate the phone.
 It can be moved from one mobile to another.

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS): It is also known as radio subsystem, provides and
manages radio transmission paths between the mobile station and the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC). BSS also manages interface between the mobile station and
all other subsystems of GSM. It consists of two parts.
A. Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

 It encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signal to the

antenna.
 It consists of transceiver units.
 It communicates with mobile stations via radio air interface and also
communicates with BSC via Abis interface.

B. Base Station Controller (BSC):

 It manages radio resources for BTS. It assigns frequency and time slots for all
mobile stations in its area.
 It handles call set up, transcoding and adaptation functionality handover for
each MS radio power control.
 It communicates with MSC via A interface and also with BTS.

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3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS): it manages the switching functions of the
system and allows MSCs to communicate with other networks such as PSTN and
ISDN. It consist of
A. Mobile switching Centre:

 It is a heart of the network. It manages communication between GSM and

other networks.
 It manages call set up function, routing and basic switching.
 It performs mobility management including registration, location updating and
inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff.
 It provides billing information.
 MSC does gateway function while its customers roam to other network by
using HLR/VLR.

B. Home Location Registers (HLR): - It is a permanent database about mobile

subscriber in a large service area. - Its database contains IMSI, IMSISDN,
prepaid/post-paid, roaming restrictions, supplementary services.
C. Visitor Location Registers (VLR): - It is a temporary database which updates
whenever new MS enters its area by HLR database. - It controls mobiles roaming in
its area. It reduces number of queries to HLR. - Its database contains IMSI, TMSI,
IMSISDN, MSRN, location, area authentication key.
D. Authentication Centre: - It provides protection against intruders in air interface. -
It maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets
(RAND, SRES, Ki).
E. Equipment Identity Registry (EIR):

 It is a database that is used to track handset using the IMEI number.

 It is made up of three sub classes- the white list, the black list and the gray list.

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 CHAPTER 4

STARLINK:

Starlink is a satellite internet constellation being constructed by SpaceX providing

satellite Internet access. The constellation will consist of thousands of mass-produced
small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), which communicate with designated ground
transceivers.

FALCON 9:

Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket designed from the ground up by SpaceX for the

reliable and cost-efficient transport of satellites and SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft.

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According to Elon Musk, almost every piece of the Falcon should be reused over 100
times. Heat shields and a few other items should be reused over 10 times before
replacement.

As of January 2021, Falcon 9 has the most launches among all U.S. rockets
currently in operation and is the only U.S. rocket fully certified for transporting
humans to the International Space Station, and the only commercial rocket to launch
humans to orbit.

Satellite constellation development:

A satellite constellation is a group of artificial satellites working together as a

system. Unlike a single satellite, a constellation can provide permanent global or
near-global coverage, such that at any time everywhere on Earth at least one
satellite is visible. Satellites are typically placed in sets of complementary orbital
planes and connect to globally distributed ground stations. They may also use inter-
satellite communication.

TRANSCIEVER:
In radio communication, a transceiver is an electronic device which is a combination
of a radio transmitter and a receiver, hence the name. It can both transmit and receive
radio waves using an antenna, for communication purposes. ... Radio transceivers are
widely used in wireless devices.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, wireless communications globally is something that people can

expect as technology advances. Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and
can make the world a lot more efficient. It does have concerns though as with every
other new advancement that is made in today's world.

a network is two or more computers connected together using a telecommunication

system for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources. ... As you can see,
Networks have many benefits to the end user. Weather your Network is Wired or
Wireless, Networks are an important part of technology.

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