Sustainable & Inclusive Rural Growth

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Vol. 69 No. 8 Pages 56 June 2021 22
Sustainable &
Inclusive Rural Growth
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The Monthly Journal
Kurukshetra
MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Vol. 69 No. 8 Pages 56
June 2021
Senior Editor
Manogyan R. Pal
CONTENT
Editor
Shiela Chaudhary  Drivers of Inclusive Rural Growth  Rural Entrepreneurship
Pankhuri Awasthi Dr. Jagdeep Saxena 5 Souvik Ghosh
Production officer Usha Das 29
K. Ramalingam
COVER DESIGN
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Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message of Rural Development to all people. It serves as a forum for free, frank and serious discussion on the problems of Rural
Development with special focus on Rural Uplift.
The views expressed by the authors in the articles are their own. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government or the organisations they work for.
The readers are requested to verify the claims in the advertisements regarding career guidance books/institutions. Kurukshetra does not own responsibility. Maps
used are for illustration & study purpose and may not strictly conform to the official map. Images, graphics and illustrations, wherever used, are mostly sourced from
government channels and are indicative in nature. Final Editing rights will vest with Kurukshetra Team.
Sustainable development focuses on judicious use of resources which is a kind of
balancing the trade-off between present and future generation. The ongoing pandemic and
related health-issues stalled human life and all kinds of business activities. As a consequence,
there has been widespread poverty, inequality and joblessness in most parts of the world.
This pandemic-driven recession also opens up the need for resource planning and its right
uses. Safeguarding lives and livelihoods become the need of the hour and hence constitute
the core of sustainable development.
Sustainable development includes three key dimensions viz., economic growth,
social inclusion and environmental protection, as a part of well-being of the individuals,
communities, nations and world development. It focuses on human rights and human dignity
and attempts to bring end to all kinds of exploitation and misery. It can be possible only
when all the segments get equal rights and equal opportunities and enjoy a decent standard
of living. In this context, rural development played a vital role in attainment of sustainable
development and contributes in overall progress of the country. Rural development and its
concomitant outcomes will not only reduce poverty and inequality, but also will empower
the community, especially the women and the underprivileged sections of the society.
Women are the key agents for rural development in achievement of transformational,
economic, environmental and social changes required for sustainable development in India.
Editorial
Women entrepreneurs can contribute to the economic well-being of their family, reduction
in poverty and inequality. Rural entrepreneurship can create new economic opportunities in
generating self-employment, spreading industrial and economic activities and utilizing local
labour as well as locally available raw materials. Strong rural infrastructure is essential in
bridging gaps between urban and rural India. It allows better access to education, healthcare
and economic success. Skill development amongst the rural masses in various areas such
as operation of machines, manufacturing of goods, sports, music, and usage of technology,
computers etc. will lead to the economic growth and social development of the country.
Access to quality education that has equity and inclusion at its core becomes crucial
in Indian context considering its diversity. The aims of education should not be limited to
academic excellence only but also to ensure social, ethical, and emotional capacities and
outlooks. Education is also expected to equip individuals to face the challenges and helps
them in attaining holistic development of their personality. It must cater to address the
social needs of a human being. The digital revolution has opened the doors for social and
economic revolution in rural India where users have faster and better access to business
opportunities, employment, services and new ideas. There is a need to harness the power of
ICT as it offers tools for improving access to technologies, services and finance for effective
governance and monitoring.
Agriculture will continue to play an important role in achieving food security,
increasing income and generating employment opportunities. Contribution of agriculture
and allied sectors is increasing due to increased investment in agricultural infrastructure
such as irrigation facilities, warehousing and cold storage. A strong linkage between farm
and non-farm sectors needs to be developed for augmenting income and creating jobs in
rural areas. Besides, the impact of fast pacing of mining would have a direct impact on
the income as well as employment generation in rural areas. The country’s mining sector
can be the best source of direct and indirect employment without compromising with the
environmental sustainability. Supported by the initiatives of the Government, India’s rural
sector is increasingly becoming key economic drivers for the national economy. However,
a vast potential of opportunities that lies in the rural economy have not yet been explored
to its full potential. A well-crafted rural development strategy will certainly help in attaining
the inclusive and sustainable development.
4 Kurukshetra June 2021

Drivers of Inclusive Rural Growth
Dr. Jagdeep Saxena
Currently, India is the fifth largest economy of the world having net worth of 2.94 trillion dollar, but the Government has set a
goal to become a five trillion dollar economy by 2025. To achieve this, India has set a target of one trillion dollar from agriculture,
three trillion dollar from services and one trillion dollar from manufacturing sector. The rural economy of India generates about
half of the national income and more than two- third of the employment is generated in the rural areas.
f today you
I go to rural
or semi-rural
areas, then
you will be confronted
with an unexpected
scenario. You will
witness a new hope and
a new belief. Today’s
rural India is undergoing
an exceptional change.
Did you know that there
are more active internet
users in rural India than
in cities? Did you know
that more then half of
India’s start-ups are
in Tier 2 and 3 cities?
said Prime Minister Shri The rural economy of India generates about half
Narendra Modi while urging India Inc to invest in of the national income and more than two- third
India’s villages. While citing various government- of the employment is generated in the rural areas
led interventions for rural growth, he said, ‘The (NITI Aayog, 2017). More than half of the value
ambitions of rural India are increasingly on the added in manufacturing sector is contributed by
rise, they want socio-economic mobility…… rural areas. The agriculture and allied sectors
That’s why investors like you should not miss any alone contributed 17.8 percent to the total
opportunity to invest in villages and rural India. gross value added of the country during 2020-
Your investments will open up new avenues 21. Most of the current studies indicate that the
for our brothers and sisters in rural India.’ growth, income and consumption patterns of
Besides roping in private sector for investment, rural India hold the key to boost demand, revive
Government of India has developed elaborate the economy, and sustain economic growth at
plans and strategies to accelerate rural economy national level. Among various other sectors,
and socio-economic upliftment of rural citizens. agriculture and allied sectors are the major
Further, Government is also eyeing rural markets drivers of rural economy along with Fast Moving
as a means to push-up national economy due to Consumer Goods (FMCG), Consumer Durables,
their significant share in national income of India. Banking and MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium
Currently, India is the fifth largest economy of the Enterprises).
world having net worth of 2.94 trillion dollar, but
the Government has set a goal to become a five Agriculture – The Fulcrum of Rural Economy
trillion dollar economy by 2025. To achieve this, Agriculture and allied sectors are the
India has set a target of one trillion dollar from mainstay of rural economy as they drive demand
agriculture, three trillion dollar from services and for other sectors including retail, FMCG, and
one trillion dollar from manufacturing sector. e-commerce, which are dependent on agriculture
Kurukshetra June 2021 5

sector for inputs. Besides, agriculture directly of three years. Besides increasing income, FPOs
steers consumption and demand in seed, will facilitate farmers with access to improved
fertilisers and chemicals, agricultural machinery technology, credit, better inputs at affordable
and implements, energy and transport sectors. cost and more markets. In broader sense, FPOs
Hence, the Government has launched various will improve rural economy and create job
forward looking policies and initiatives that opportunities for rural youths in villages itself. FPOs
aim at doubling the income of farmers by 2022 can also trade through eNAM from their collection
and also increase the non-farm income in rural centre without bringing the produce to APMC.
areas. It is anticipated that the sector will grow Recently, eNAM has introduced a warehouse
to Rs. 88.2 lakh crore by 2023 at a CAGR of 12.2 based trading module that allows trading based
percent. Expected growth in agriculture sector on electronic-Negotiable Warehouse Receipts.
shall stimulate demand for processing services, Expansion of online marketing facilities required
packaging, transportation and for finance, retail matching infrastructural support at the ground
and other services. Untapped potential exists for level. Hence, Government created a dedicated
public and private sector to contribute across the Agri-market Infrastructure Fund with a corpus of
agricultural value chains, mainly in four areas Rs. 2,000 crore for development and upgradation
of activities – market linkage and farm to fork of marketing infrastructure at 10,000 Gramin
connections, logistics and supply chain, agro- Agricultural Markets and 585 APMCs (2018-
processing, and research and development. 19). The financial support from fund is helping
modernise marketing, processing, storage and
In recent years, Government of India has
ancillary infrastructure/logistics including better
initiated a number of reform measures related
assaying facilities at APMCs.
to agriculture market that cumulatively aim at
providing best prices to farmers for their produce. Recently introduced new farm laws (2020) are
Government sponsored electronic National intended to help small and marginal farmers (86
Agriculture Market (eNAM) has removed barriers of percent of total farmers) who don’t have means
licensing, movement and storage by providing on- to bargain for their produce to get a better price.
line trading facilities to farmers for a great number The specific law on agri-market allows farmers
of farm commodities. So far, over 1000 major to sell their produce outside APMC ‘mandis’ to
whole sale agriculture markets (APMCs) across buyers of their choice. Any interested buyer can
18 States and three UTs have been integrated on purchase farmers’ produce even at their farm
eNAM to develop the concept of ‘one nation, one gates at mutually agreed price. Farmers will be
market’ for agriculture produce. The online and able to get better prices through competition
transparent bidding system is encouraging farmers and cost-cutting on transportation. The new law
to increasingly trade on eNAM. More than 1.69 on contract farming gives freedom to individual
crore farmers and 1.55 lakh traders are trading farmers to enter into a contract with agri-business
on the platform as registered users. Total trade companies or retailer-chains on pre-agreed prices
volume of 4.13 crore MT of bulk commodities of their produce. Such contracts will help small
and 3.68 crore numbers of coconut and bamboo and marginal farmers as the new law transfers the
worth approximately Rs. 1.22 lakh crore has been risk of market unpredictability from the farmer to
recorded on eNAM platform. Motivated by its the sponsor. Another law removes some of the
success, Government has further announced to major agri-commodities from the list of essential
integrate 1,000 more mandis in the current Union commodities, thereby attracting private/foreign
Budget (2021-22). A massive campaign is underway direct investment into the agriculture sector.
to aggregate small, marginal and landless farmers Government has recently made MSP (Minimum
into Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) to Support Scheme) scheme more comprehensive
enhance economic strength and market linkages. and remunerative by assuring at least 50 percent
Formation and promotion of 10,000 new FPOs margin over and above the production cost. The
has been announced with a budgetary provision network of procurement centres has also been
of Rs. 6865 crore. FPOs will be provided financial enlarged and strengthened so that benefits of
assistance upto Rs. 18.00 lakh per FPO for a period MSP reach to maximum number of farmers. Some

of the key initiatives to boost rural economy are encourage investments across the value chain. A
as follows: comprehensive, ambitious and umbrella scheme,
‘PM Kisan SAMPADA (Scheme for Agro-Marine
• Agriculture Export Policy aims to double
exports by 2022 and reach Rs. 7.4 lakh crore in Processing and Development of Agro-Processing
next few years; Clusters) Yojana’ was launched (2017) with an
initial allocation of Rs. 6,000 crore for three years.
• National Policy on Electronics promotes Through this scheme, Government aims to create
incentives that encourage rural development
modern infrastructure with efficient supply chain
and increase rural employment;
management from farm gate to retail outlet,
• Kisan Credit Card scheme has eased institutional and link farmers to consumers in the domestic
credit facilities to farmers, fishermen and and overseas markets. Efforts in this direction
livestock owners directly enhanced cash-flow are not only bridging gap between farmers and
in rural markets; entrepreneurs but it is also motivating farmers
• Rs. 40,000 crore stimulus package to MGNREGS to take up agro-processing activity as a part-time
for enhancing work opportunities in rural vocation.
areas;
‘SAMPADA’ scheme is supporting creation
• DDU-GKY is skilling and transforming rural
of mega food parts and agro-processing clusters,
youth into economically relevant force;
especially in rural areas, to address the need of
• Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan launched in 116 small and micro food processing enterprises by
districts of six states at a cost of Rs. 50,000 providing plug and play facilities. To arrest post-
crore to tackle the reverse migration of workers harvest losses of horticulture and non-horticulture
to their villages; and produce at farm-gate locations, financial assistance
• Strengthening all-weather road connectivity to is being provided for setting up integrated cold
un-connected villages under PM Gram Sadak chain from the farm gate to the consumer. So far,
Yojana. the Government has sanctioned 37 food parks
across the country for funding, of which 21 are
Industries and Enterprises – Wheels of Rural operational and 16 are under implementation.
Growth Government of India further sanctioned over
Consistent and intensive efforts to improve 134 food processing projects during 2020 across
infrastructural facilities in rural areas have now different states. Out of which, there are 21 agro-
yielded desired results. Better road connectivity, processing units supported by backward and
high-speed internet facility, adequate power supply, forward linkages and food testing laboratories.
plenty of local resources, availability of skilled and Newly sanctioned projects are expected to
un-skilled workers, and improved credit facilities, leverage private investment of Rs. 2026.32 crore
have transformed rural areas into a favourite and are likely to generate direct and indirect
destination for setting up new enterprises. employment for over 77,000 persons with major
On the other hand, industrial/entrepreneurial share in rural areas. Dairy, fruits and vegetables,
activities in rural areas, boost rural economy poultry and meat processing, and fisheries are
by providing job opportunities to local people, major sectors getting push from rural areas
offering remunerative prices for local produce and and villages. A novel ‘One District One Product’
triggering supportive logistical services. Among scheme is designed to promote value chain and
various industrial activities, agro-processing/food infrastructure development for the specialised
processing is a sunrise sector, especially in rural indigenous product (food or otherwise) of a district
areas, with huge untapped potential and a number so that it gets state/national exposure. The ODOP
of encouraging interventions by Government. product could be a perishable agri-produce, cereal
Currently, food processing industry engages around based product, or a food product widely produced
1.93 million people in nearly 40,000 registered in a district and their allied sectors. Support for
units with a fixed capital of 32.75 billion US dollar agricultural products would be for their processing
and aggregate output of around 160 billion US along with efforts to reduce wastage, proper
dollar. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries, assaying, and storage and marketing. Under ODOP
Government of India is making all efforts to scheme, 135 district-specific unique products

for 728 districts have been identified across the lakh, whichever is lower. A novel initiative called
country for support and promotion. Funds of Fund scheme is launched with a corpus
of Rs. 10,000 crore for providing financial relief
Micro, Small and Medium enterprises
(MSMEs) are regarded as the growth accelerators and funding to MSMEs with growth potential and
of the Indian economy, and more so for the rural viability.
economy as more than half of the MSMEs operate During ongoing pandemic, to further boost
in rural India. MSMEs contribute about 30 percent rural economy through MSMEs, Prime Minister
in the national GDP, contribute about 40 percent launched a special CHAMPIONS portal (1 st June,
to the overall exports and employ nearly 110 2020) for making the smaller units big by helping
million people across the country. To push up the and hand-holding them. To operate the portal
growth of MSME sector, Government of India has and provide services, a central control room in
from time to time launched various supportive New Delhi and 68 state level control rooms have
schemes mainly targeting ease of doing business, been created which have been providing every
credit support, and marketing facilities with possible support on a local level to MSMEs in the
infrastructure development. Recently, as a step relevant areas, such as finance, market access, raw
towards ease of doing business, Government materials, permissions, technology upgradation,
revised financial norms for classification of skill development etc. Public and private sector
MSME units. As per new definition, units having banks and some of the key financial institutions
investment of less than Rs. 1 crore and turnover are on-board to address the queries related to
less than 5 crore are called micro enterprise; small credit in a fast track manner. The portal also seeks
enterprises have investment of less than Rs. 10 to help MSMEs to tap into new opportunities
crore and turnover less than Rs. 50 crore; and including manufacturing of medical items and
units having investment of less than Rs. 50 crore accessories combined with a long term view to
and turnover less than Rs. 250 crore are defined identify the MSMEs with growth potential. World
as medium enterprises. Recently, Government has bank has also recently step in by allocating about
introduced a simple, online registration scheme Rs. 5,600 crore for emergency funding to the
for MSMEs, which is based on self-certification. MSME sector.
Named as ‘Udyam’ registration, it offers a host of
benefits to MSMEs: Ministry of MSME is also implementing a
‘Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional
• In case of micro and small enterprises, the Industries’ (SFURTI) to promote cluster of small-
payment for invoices is assured within 45 days, scale industries especially in rural areas. SFURTI
otherwise buyer is liable to pay compound is striving to organise the traditional industries
interest; and artisans in villages into clusters to make them
• Government departments and public sector competitive and financially sustainable. Most of
companies are mandated to procure 25 the traditional industries are facing challenges in
percent of their requirement from registered product development as per new age demands
MSMEs only; and marketing. Hence, SFURTI scheme is providing
• Registered MSMEs get benefits of schemes support for new products, design intervention and
related to collateral/guarantee free loans, improved packaging, and also the improvement of
interest subvention scheme and schemes for marketing infrastructure. Traditional artisans are
market support and export promotion; and being equipped with improved skills and capabilities
through training and exposure visits. The scheme
• Concession in electricity bills is provided to
undertakes three types of interventions, namely
registered MSMEs.
soft, hard and thematic interventions, for the over-
To increase credit flow, an emergency all improvement and modernisation of SFURTI
credit line is introduced wherein special loans clusters. Government has established 18 MSME
are sanctioned to MSMEs by banks/financial Technology Centres to develop and promote new
institutions without additional guarantees. appropriate technologies, and their transfer to
In order to assist promoters during ongoing rural artisans for enhancing their income. During
pandemic, a subordinate debt scheme is current pandemic period, these Technology
launched that provides a debt facility of up to 15 Centres could develop and manufacture various
percent of the promoter contribution or Rs. 75 components/products related to COVID-19, and

shared with MSMEs for domestic/indigenous policy interventions to push up sectoral growth,
production. Such technologies include some parts especially in rural areas. These initiatives include
of PPE kit, some parts of corona testing kit, various – 100 percent approval of FDI in single-brand retail
types of sanitizer machines, safety goggles, face and 51 percent FDI in multi-brand retail; lower
shields, prototype of pulse oxymeters etc. In tax regime for FMCG products; transformation
a win-win move, Khadi and Village Industries of the logistics and warehousing facilities; and
Commission (KVIC) has initiated manufacturing of expansion of infrastructural facilities for better
Khadi Mask which are reusable and washable. This retail management.
initiative, on one hand gave opportunity to rural Consumer durables is another major
artisans for more employment during COVID-19 sector influencing rural markets and rural
and on other hand, masses could get quality mask economy. This sector is broadly divided into
at bare minimum price. With a continued focus on two major categories – Brown Goods (TV, PC,
MSMEs by the government, this sector is expected laptops, digital cameras, etc.) and White Goods
to continue with its role as the growth engine of (AC, washing machines, microwaves, etc.).
the rural economy vis-a-vis national economy, and Spectacular growth in consumer durable market
providing employment to millions of un-skilled is registered across the country including rural
and semi-skilled people across the country. areas. Recent initiatives by the Government have
FMCG- Gamechanger of Rural Economy directly or indirectly promoted the rural demand
for consumer durable products. Products such
Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) as refrigerators and consumer electronics are
sector is the fourth largest sector in India experiencing a surge in demand as first-time
employing over three million people. This sector purchase owing to the government investment in
primarily consists of three segments – household rural electrification. Interestingly, rural markets
and personal care (50%), food and beverage have recently recorded an increased demand
(31%) and healthcare (19%). Growing awareness, for fully automatic washing machines, as more
easier access, changing lifestyles and enhancing and more rural women are finding employment
income have been the key growth drivers for in the manufacturing industry. Easy access to
FMCG sector. Due to various socio-economic finance, easy EMI schemes and buy now-pay
factors, the urban segment had been the largest later schemes have also contributed to demand
contributor to the overall revenue generated by in the consumer durables sector. In addition,
the FMCG sector. However, in the last few years, both Government and private sector banks and
the FMCG market has grown at a faster pace in financial institutions have implemented novel
rural India compared to its urban counterpart. initiatives to bring banking to the doorstep in rural
As a result, FMCG products account for nearly India. Schemes such as Direct Benefit Transfer
50 percent of the rural spending. The growth of (DBT), RuPay Cards, Kisan Credit Cards and the
rural markets is driven by higher aspirations of ambitious Jan Dhan scheme have improved the
the rural population, increased spend capacity, financial inclusion set-up in rural areas. Improved
increased brand awareness arising from media banking services in rural areas have directly
exposure and deep penetration of mobile phones promoted and escalated rural entrepreneurship
and internet. Higher production of agricultural to push up rural economy.
commodities, reverse migration during pandemic Supported by the initiatives of the
and increasing employment rate are other Government, India’s rural region are increasingly
major drivers fuelling growth in rural market. becoming key economic drivers for the
Traditionally, it has been observed that in terms national economy. However, a vast potential of
of products, essential staple food items attract opportunities that lies in the rural markets have
maximum spending in rural segment. not been completely explored. There is much
Major FMCG companies in private sector are scope and hope that the rural economy of India
eyeing rural markets with launch of new product will drive Indian economy towards a five trillion
series especially suited to the likes of rural dollar plus economy by the year 2025.
consumers. FMCG companies are also focussing (The author is Former Chief Editor, Indian
on strengthening their e-commerce engagement Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Email:
mainly to attract business from rural youth. On [email protected]. Views expressed are
the other hand, Government has made some personal)

India@75
Inclusive, Equitable and Quality Education

Rashi Sharma
Education should ensure that all students despite inherent obstacles, are provided various targeted opportunities to
enter and excel in the educational system. The Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) seeks to “ensure inclusive and
equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” by 2030. The NEP 2020 envisions an
education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into
an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high-quality education to all, and thereby making India a global
knowledge superpower.
ndia is bracing itself to celebrate 75 this complicated system and its adverse impact
I years of independence, a significant

milestone in Nation’s journey as a
democratic republic which is so diverse
in culture, religion, language yet so united in spirit.
on the society and incorporated provisions
in the form of ‘reservation’ to ensure equal
opportunities for all. However, this cannot be
the holistic solution to this problem and the
The nation has a young population full of dreams role of education becomes vital as it can be
and aspirations, and education plays a pivotal role a great leveler or equaliser if we are able to
in the progress of individuals as well as society. provide universal access to quality education.
Access to quality education that has equity Education is vital in creating opportunities and
and inclusion at its core becomes crucial in Indian level playing field for all. Therefore, the aim of
context considering the unique nature of its the education system must be to provide to all
society divided by caste, religion, and language. students, irrespective of their place of residence,
The caste system has created layers in the society a quality education system, with particular focus
where one is considered superior to other on the on historically marginalised, disadvantaged,
basis of his/her birth in a dominant caste. This has and underrepresented groups. Further, children
resulted in a significant percentage of population with disabilities should also be enabled to fully
falling into socio-economic disadvantageous participate in the regular schooling process from
group (SEDGs). The Constitution makers realised the Foundational Stage to higher education. The

Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act Thereafter, the second National Policy on
2016 defines inclusive education as a ‘system of Education (NPE) was adopted by Parliament in
education wherein students with and without May 1986. This new policy called for “special
disabilities learn together and the system of emphasis on the removal of disparities and
teaching and learning is suitably adapted to to equalise educational opportunity. The NPE
meet the learning needs of different types of (1986) recommended for an overhaul of the
students with disabilities. Education should system of planning and the management of
ensure that all students from such groups, education. In May 1990, a committee under the
despite inherent obstacles, are provided various chairmanship of Acharya Ramamurti was set up
targeted opportunities to enter and excel in the to review NPE and to make recommendations for
educational system. The Sustainable Development its modifications. At the National level, a CABE
Goal 4 (SDG 4) also seeks to “ensure inclusive and (Central Advisory Board of Education) committee
equitable quality education and promote lifelong was set up in July 1991 under the Chairmanship
learning opportunities for all” by 2030. of Shri N. Janardhana Reddy to consider
modifications in NPE, i.e. to review educational
Post-Independence Era development, determine the changes required to
After independence, education was identified improve the system and monitor implementation.
as a vital tool for an equitable and just society. This Committee submitted its report in January
Post-independence, our education system has 1992 which is known as the National Programme
evolved and expanded phenomenally. From a of Action, 1992. The National Education Policy,
literacy rate of 18 percent in 1951, we have moved 2020 is the third in the series of National
up to 73 percent as of 2011. Currently, the school Education Policies (1968 and 1986 modified in
education system in India is the largest in world 1992) in India and is the first education policy
with around 15 lakh school, 94 lakh teachers and of the 21 st century. The NEP 2020 envisions an
25 crores students. education system rooted in Indian ethos that
contributes directly to transforming India, that is
Previous Policies and Commissions Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant
A series of commissions were appointed knowledge society, by providing high-quality
to survey, study, review and recommend education to all, and thereby making India a
improvements in the different sectors of education global knowledge superpower.
after independence. To take into the problems
of university education, the university education
Programmes/Schemes
commission was appointed by the Government Apart from policies, there have been many
of India in 1948 under the chairmanship of Dr. S. programmes/schemes to provide targeted
Radhakrishnan. Secondary Education Commission interventions and implement the vision of
was appointed in 1952 under the chairmanship of National education Policies. These efforts were
Dr. A. Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar. The commission intensified in the 1980s and 1990s through several
identified secondary stage of education as the schematic and programme interventions, such
important link of our education system because it as Operation Black Board (OBB), Shiksha Karmi
prepares individual for vocation as well as higher Project (SKP), Andhra Pradesh Primary Education
education. Thereafter, the most famous Kothari Project (APPEP), Bihar Education Project (BEP),
Education Commission was formed on 14 July 1964 U.P. Basic Education Project (UPBEP), Mahila
under the chairmanship of Dr. Daulat Singh Kothari. Samakhya (MS), Lok Jumbish Project (LJP),
Based on the report and recommendations of the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP)
Education Commission (1964–1966), the government and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) – the flagship
announced the first National Policy on Education Centrally Sponsored Scheme in partnership with
in 1968, which called for a “radical restructuring” State Governments for UEE across the country.
and equality of educational opportunities so that The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
national integration and more cultural and economic (RMSA) scheme, initiated in 2009, demonstrated
development can be achieved. It promoted adoption the government’s ambition for a secondary
of broadly uniform educational structure in all parts education system that can support India’s
of the country, i.e. 10+2+3 pattern. growth and development. In the year 2013-14,

four other Centrally-sponsored Schemes for of the 135 countries who have made education a
secondary education viz., ICT in Schools, Girls’ fundamental right for every child. The RTE Act has
Hostel, Vocationalisation of Secondary and Senior many provisions for ensuring quality, equity, and
Secondary Education and Inclusive Education inclusion in education system such as notification
for Disabled at Secondary stage were subsumed of weaker and disadvantageous group by the
under RMSA. The Centrally Sponsored Scheme appropriate Government and reservation of 25
of Restructuring and Reorganisation of Teacher percent seats in private unaided schools for them,
Education (CSSTE) was initiated in 1987 pursuant improvement in leaning outcomes and Continuous
to the formulation of the National Policy on and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), non-
Education (NPE, 1986). In 2018, an integrated discriminatory learning environment and holistic
scheme for school education called ‘Samagra development of child.
Shiksha’ was launched by subsuming erstwhile
Qualitative Steps Taken and Suggestions
schemes of SSA, RMSA and CSSTE. Samagra
Shiksha aimed to treat education holistically from The aim of the education is not limited to
pre-primary to Sr. Secondary and is aligned with cognitive capacities or academic excellence only
SDG(4) goals. but also to ensure social, ethical, and emotional
capacities and dispositions. Education is also
The RTE Act expected to equip individuals to face the challenges
However, the most significant event came of 21st century, therefore, it must be more
in the year 2002 with 86th amendment in the experiential, holistic, integrated, inquiry-driven,
Constitution of India wherein article 21 A was discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-
inserted to ensure that every child has a right to based, flexible, and, at the same time enjoyable.
fulltime elementary education of satisfactory and Further, as envisaged in National Education Policy
equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies 2020, the purpose of the education system is to
certain norms and standards. This subsequently develop good human beings capable of rational
resulted in passage of the Right of Children to thought and action, possessing compassion
Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 and empathy, courage and resilience, scientific
which gave a legal mandate to provide free and temper and creative imagination, with sound
compulsory elementary education to every child ethical moorings and values. It aims at producing
in the age group of 6-14 years. India became one engaged, productive, and contributing citizens for

building an equitable, inclusive, and plural society for ECCE which will be adopted/adapted by
as envisaged by our Constitution. all.
Ensuring equality of treatment and outcome Secondly, to ensure universal acquisition of
has always been a focal point of all the policies/ foundational skill by all children by grade III,
schemes/programmes/Act etc. These constant a National Mission on Foundational Literacy
efforts since independence have yielded positive and Numeracy is being set up by the Ministry
outcomes. As per UDISE 2018-19 (Provisional), of Education (MoE) on priority as a part of
the GER for boys and girls of SCs is 104.9 and announcement under AatmaNirbhar Bharat
107 respectively and for ST boys and girls is and recommendations of NEP 2020.
106.6 and 105 respectively at elementary level Foundational learning is the basis of all
which is more than the GER of all categories, future learning for a child. Not achieving
however, at secondary and senior secondary basic foundational skills of being able to
level the enrolment ratio needs more focus and read with comprehension, writing and doing
improvement. The enrolment ratio for SCs to total basic mathematics operations, leaves the
enrolment at elementary level is 19.16 percent, child unprepared for the complexities of
at secondary level 18.46 percent and senior the curriculum beyond grade 3. The Mission
secondary level 17.20 percent. Similarly, the will focus on five areas – providing access
enrolment ratio for STs to total enrolment at and retaining children in foundational years
elementary level is 10.52 percent, at secondary of schooling, teacher capacity building,
development of high quality and diversified
level 9.13 percent and Senior Secondary level
Student and Teacher Resources/Learning
7.41 percent. In respect to CWSN, a total 23.45
Materials, and tracking the progress of each
lakh1 CWSN children are enrolled at primary, upper
child in achieving learning outcomes.
primary, secondary and higher secondary level.
However, low transition rate from elementary to 2. Focus on Learning Outcome: Although RTE
secondary level, high drop-out rate at secondary Act in Section 29 (2) talks about the all round
level (17.9 percent as per UDISE 2018-19 development of child, learning through activities,
{provisional}) and low learning levels of students discoveries and exploration and Continuous
as pointed out by many national and international and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) of child’s
surveys are challenging factors which are ability to understand the knowledge and its
required to be addressed to ensure the quality of application; still in practical rote learning was
education. promoted. However, in a paradigm shift to
enhance the quality of education, the Rules to
Although, there have been many steps taken the RTE Act were amended in February, 2017
to improve the education system in the past, and for the first time, the class wise, subject wise
however, there are some crucial areas where the Learning Outcomes were delineated till Class
initiatives have been taken in the recent years or VIII. Further, a National Achievement Survey
are required to be taken in future. (NAS) based on learning outcomes to asses
1. Emphasis on Early Years: Over 85 percent the competencies of children was conducted
of a child’s cumulative brain development on 13th November, 2017 through which the
occurs prior to the age of 6, indicating the learning levels of around 22 lakh students of
critical importance of appropriate care and Classes III, V and VIII from 1.10 lakh schools
stimulation of the brain in the early years in across 700 districts in all 36 States and UTs
order to ensure healthy brain development and were assessed. The learning outcomes
growth. Therefore, strong investment in ECCE developed by the NCERT have been adopted/
adapted by all States and UTs. This change in
has the potential to give all young children
approach will bring much desired improvement
such access, enabling them to participate and
at ground level in terms of pedagogy,
flourish in the educational system throughout
assessment, and teachers’ capacity.
their lives. In order to ensure quality ECCE
both at Aaganwadis and pre-schools, NCERT 3. Reforms in Teacher Education: If there is
is preparing a National Curriculum Framework one area which is in dire and urgent need of

reforms that is teacher
education. The National
Council for Teacher
Education (NCTE) set-
up in 1995 after passing
the NCTE Act 1993 some
how could not achieve its
objective of stimulating
planned and coordinated
development of the
teacher education system
throughout the country,
the regulation and proper
4. Building Capacities of Teachers: Teachers
maintenance of norms and standards in the
are the core of any education system and
teacher education system and for matters the entire responsibility of delivering quality
connected therewith. The mandate given to education and instilling values and ethics
the NCTE is very broad and covers the whole among learners, rests on the shoulders of
gamut of teacher education programmes teachers. Therefore, the pre-service teacher
including research and training of persons education programme and continuous
for equipping them to teach at pre-primary, professional development of in-service
primary, secondary and senior secondary teachers becomes crucial and one of the
stages in schools, and non-formal education, most important aspect of the system. In India,
part-time education, adult education and many teachers lack professional qualifications
distance (correspondence) education as mandated by the NCTE. Therefore, the RTE
courses. However, rapid and unplanned Act, 2009 was amended in 2017 to ensure that
growth of Teacher Education Institutions all in-service elementary teachers acquire the
(TEIs) across the country has affected the minimum qualifications prescribed under
quality of teacher education programmes the Act by 31st March, 2019, as this would
adversely, thereby resulting in poor quality ensure an improvement in the overall quality
and lackadaisical attitude of teachers. NCTE of teachers and teaching processes, and
confined itself only to regulatory work related consequently learning outcomes of children.
to granting permission to teacher education The National Institute of Open Schooling
institutes and was unfortunately negligent (NIOS) conducted the mandatory training
towards the following of norms, standards for untrained in-service elementary teachers
and quality of TEIs. NEP 2020 took the through ODL (Open Distance Learning) mode.
cognizance of this fact and recommended The online D.El.Ed. course has been completed
various measures to improve this sector. The successfully and more than 10 lakh in-service
major recommendations include Four year teachers have been trained.
B.Ed. integrated programme to become the Further, to ensure continuous professional
preferred degree for appointment of teachers, development (CPD) of teachers which has
closure of sub-standard TEIs, extension of also been recommended by NEP 2020,
Teachers Eligibility Test (TET) at all stages from a National initiative to improve learning
pre-primary to Sr. Secondary, formulation outcomes at the Elementary level through
of new National Curriculum framework for an Integrated Teacher Training Programme
Teacher Education (NCFTE) based on new called NISHTHA (National Initiative for School
NCF of School Education and NCTE to become Heads’ and Teachers’ Holistic Advancement)
part of the Higher Education Commission of has been launched on 21st August, 2019.
India (HECI). The implementation of these The aim of this integrated teacher training
recommendations is expected to bring much programme was to build the capacities
desired improvement in the sector. of around 42 lakh teachers and Heads of

Schools, faculty members of SCERTs and all policy and reforms, we have progressed
DIETs and Block Resource Coordinators and quite a lot as Gender Parity Index is now 1
Cluster Resource Coordinators. However, in which shows equal participation of girls. Many
the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, this specific interventions have been designed for
programme was transformed to the needs of this purpose such as under Samagra Shiksha,
teaching and learning during the pandemic an integrated centrally sponsored scheme for
and made 100 percent online. NISHTHA school education, provision for text books,
Online for elementary teachers was launched uniforms, self defense training for girls, KGBV
on 6th October, 2020 on DIKSHA Platform residential school for girls, assistive devices
of NCERT. It includes multiple approaches for Children with special needs (CWSN)
for interaction i.e., Text Modules along etc. are integrated to promote equity and
with videos, Live Sessions by National level inclusion at all levels. However, these efforts
Resource persons on DTH Swayam Prabha are required to be intensified particularly
TV Channel and Interactive Voice Response for CWSN children so that they get equal
System. In addition, Assessment is in-built in opportunity. As mentioned in NEP 2020,
every Module and Online Certificates will also most classrooms have children with specific
be automatically generated for participants learning disabilities who need continuous
after completion of the course. support. Research is clear that the earlier
such support begins, the better the chances of
5. Revamping Assessments: The exam centric progress. Therefore, teachers must be helped
assessment system has promoted rote to identify such learning disabilities early
learning rather than higher order thinking and plan specifically for their mitigation. The
skills or critical thinking. The assessment use of appropriate technology allowing and
should be aligned with the learning outcomes enabling children to work at their own pace,
and based on assessing competencies. Hence, with flexible curricula to leverage each child’s
NEP 2020 envisions a transformation in strengths, and creating an ecosystem for
assessment pattern by making board exams a appropriate assessment and certification will
low key affair and introduction of an Artificial certainly pave way for integrating inclusion in
Intelligence (AI) based holistic progress card entire education system.
which will be a 360-degree, multidimensional The above list of crucial areas of an education
report that reflects in great detail the progress system is not conclusive at all, these are broad
as well as the uniqueness of each learner in areas which touch upon each and every spectrum
the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor of the system. As the country is stepping ahead
domains. It will include self-assessment and towards celebrating 75 years of independence, we
peer assessment, and progress of the child must remember that “education is fundamental
in project-based and inquiry-based learning, for achieving full human potential, developing an
quizzes, role plays, group work, portfolios, equitable and just society, and promoting national
etc., along with teacher assessment. As development. Providing universal access to quality
envisioned in NEP 2020, assessment will education is the key to India’s continued ascent,
now be more regular and formative, more and leadership on the global stage in terms of
competency-based, to promote learning economic growth, social justice and equality,
and development among students, and tests scientific advancement, national integration, and
higher-order skills, such as analysis, critical cultural preservation” as rightfully mentioned in
thinking, and conceptual clarity. The primary NEP 2020.
purpose of assessment will indeed be for
Footnote
learning; it will help the teacher and student,
and the entire schooling system, continuously 1. UDISE+2017-18
revise teaching-learning processes to optimise (The author is Director (TE), Department of
learning and development for all students. School Education and Literacy, Education Ministry.
6. Equity and Inclusion at all Levels: Due to Email: [email protected]. Views expressed are
equity and inclusion being the focal point of personal)

Women, Youth and Rural Transformation
Dr. Y. S. Shivay and Dr. Teekam Singh
Women are key agents for rural growth and development in India. They play a catalytic role towards achievement of
transformational economic, environmental and social changes required for sustainable development. On the other hand,
youth being enthusiastic, vibrant, innovative and dynamic in nature make them the most valuable human resource for
fostering economic, cultural and political development of a nation.
ndia is an
I agrarian country
where more
than 65 percent
population live in rural
areas and still 54.6 percent
of the total workforce in
the country is engaged in
agricultural and allied sector
activities which accounts for
approximately 17.8 percent
of the country’s Gross Value
Added (GVA) for the year
2019–20 (GOI, 2021). India
is a country which attained
independence in 1947, but
the rural-urban divide and
the rich-poor divide are still
plaguing India. Gender is the and unequal access to education, healthcare,
inevitable push factor for growth and development
property, and financial and other services. They are
of a nation like India. In India, women and youth
also disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts
constitute a major share of population. It is urgently
of environmental disasters and climate change.
needed to mobilise this vast human resource of
Promoting and ensuring gender equality, and
women and youth, if the country has to progress
empowering rural women through decent work
in all spheres and also compete globally. Women
play the important roles in the rural economy and productive employment, not only contributes
as farmers, wage earners and entrepreneurs. to inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
They also take responsibility for the well-being but also enhances the effectiveness of poverty
of the members of their families, including food reduction and food security initiatives, as well as
provision and care for children and the elderly. climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Rural women’s unpaid work, particularly in poor On the other hand, youth being enthusiastic,
households, often includes collecting wood and vibrant, innovative and dynamic in nature is
water. Women from indigenous and grassroots the most important section of the population.
communities are often also custodians of Youth shows strong passion, motivation and will
traditional knowledge, which is the key for their power which also make them the most valuable
communities’ livelihoods, resilience and culture. human resource for fostering economic, cultural
Yet, women in rural areas face constraints in and political development of a nation. In spite
engaging in economic activities because of of the draw backs in the implementation of the
gender-based discrimination and social norms, legislation, significant benefits have already
disproportionate involvement in unpaid work, started accruing to women and youth through

better access to local employment, at minimum Status of Youth
wages, skill development schemes with relatively
A country’s ability and potential for growth
decent and safe work conditions. The Government
is determined by the size of its youth population.
has framed different programmes/schemes to
The energy and passion of the youth if utilised
uplift the women and youth from poverty and
vulnerability of life in rural areas. properly, can bring huge positive change to the
society and progress to the nation. Youth are the
Status of Rural Women creative digital innovators in their communities
Rural women in India are less literate and participate as active citizens, eager to
than rural men. According to 2011 census, the positively contribute to sustainable growth and
populations of rural women who are literate are development. This section of the population
58.8 percent (Census, 2011). The status of women needs to be harnessed; motivated, skilled and
is not effectually recognised in rural communities. streamlined properly to bring rapid progress for
They experience discriminatory treatment as a country. The total youth population increased
compared to their male counterparts. Mostly from 168 million in 1971 to 423 million in 2011.
women are deprived of certain rights and The share of youth population in total population
opportunities in rural areas because of the has been increasing continuously from the level
people’s mindset. Rural women are vital and of 30.6 percent in the year 1971 to 34.8 percent
productive workers in India’s national economy. in the year 2011. It was expected to have 34.33
There is also statistical bias in under estimating percent share of youth in total population by
the role of rural women in development. Women 2020. The share of youth among male and female
work for longer hours than men and contribute is indicative of prevalence of healthy fertility levels
substantially to family income, they are not in the general population and net addition to the
perceived as productive workers (Pankajam and population pool in India. In 2013, about 225 million
Lalitha, 2005). Women are silent workers who are youth, or 20 percent of all youth in the developing
struggling to complete her household duties from world, are “idle” – not in education, employment or
dawn to dusk. In rural areas, very few women training. Knowledge and education are key factors
have ownership over land or productive assets. to the full and effective participation of youth in
This proves to be a road block in institutional the processes of social, economic and political
credit. Majority of the agricultural labourers are development. Increased attention to improving
women and they mainly assigned manual labour. participation rates of young people, particularly
Men, especially perform operations involving marginalised youth, is needed to ensure that
machinery. Agriculture which is the mainstay of they acquire the knowledge, capacities, skills
the rural Indian economy is mainly sustained by and ethical values needed to fulfil their role as
the female workforce. Women are the invisible agents of development, good governance, social
life line of the agrarian rural community life. inclusion, tolerance and peace.
Rural women from childhood days have to bear
the burden of taking care of younger siblings, There is not much information available
cooking, engaging in domestic chores, looking about young farmers in India in spite of the
after the fodder of the domestic animals in their rhetoric of youth being a demographic dividend;
parents’ house. Most of the dairy farm work is we know even less about young women farmers
being done by the women, especially milking and (Vijayabaskar et al., 2018). In 2012, 56.6 percent
processing of milk etc. In the present scenario, of India’s rural youth in the age group 15–29 years
rural women are continuously empowered derived their livelihood from agriculture, forestry,
through various skill development trainings, or fishing (Vijaybaskar et al., 2018). According to
greater opportunities to acquire education. Many a recent International Labour Organisation (ILO)
government Institutions and non-government estimate, female employment in agriculture was
organisations working towards empowerment 57 percent in 2018, compared to 19 percent
of this vast human resource, so that they can female employment in industry and 24 percent
contribute in greater way to the rural economic in services. Young women farmers’ experiences
growth and development of India. are lost between the two categories of rural

youth and women. Even in the substantial body 3. Allied Sectors: Sericulture, handloom and
of work focused on women farmers in India, the textile industries in rural economy especially
generational aspects of women farmers are often in north eastern region, has huge potentiality
under-researched. for women employment generation. Some
Role of Women in Rural Growth rural communities have basic skills and the
local market for such products.
Women are key agents for rural growth
and development in India. They play a catalytic 4. Small Scale Industries: Women in rural
role towards achievement of transformational economy are directly or indirectly involved
economic, environmental and social changes in processing of Non-Timber Forest Product
required for sustainable development. When (NTFP) particularly in the small-scale
women are economically and socially empowered, enterprises. This includes basket, broom,
they become a potent force for change. Women rope making, tasar silk cocoon rearing, lac
are an integral part of any society and they play cultivation, oil extraction and bamboo works
a crucial role in the economy of both developed etc. Women constituted almost 51percent of
and developing one. The rural women, play the total employed in to forest based small
many social and economic roles inside as well as scale industries. In Odisha man collect grass
outside the home, but their contribution does not for basket making while women cure it and
receive due recognition by the society. The rural make the basket.
women are extremely skilled on various income
5. Other Job Opportunities: Education
generating activities. They are playing a vital role
among women has opened some other job
in the economic well-being of the families and
society as a whole in rural India. opportunities in the rural area at a large scale.
These are the insurance agent, company
1. Agriculture: In rural areas, ILO has estimated representative, NGO workers, Anganwadi
that almost 93 percent of work force of young workers etc. Due to globalisation and IT
men and women engaged in informal sector like sectors on the rural area, the Business Process
agriculture. The rural women are extensively Outsourcing (BPO) has grown exponentially
involved in agricultural activities. However, the across the country in recent years. The gigantic
nature and extent of their involvement differ growth of this sector is now reaching out to
with the variation of agriculture production
the most conservative part of the rural India
system. The mode of women participation in
as well where educated women can play vital
agricultural production varies with the land
role for further rural growth.
owing status of farm household. Women
are mainly involved in harvesting, drying, Women’s economic empowerment increases
threshing, winnowing and storage of field women’s access to economic resources and
crops. Participation of women in planting and opportunities including jobs, financial services,
weeding is significantly higher than that of property and other productive assets, skills
men. If women are empowered with latest development and market information. Women’s
technical advancement in agriculture and economic participation and empowerment are
equipments, the productivity of agriculture fundamental to strengthening their rights and
will be enhanced through timely and proper enables them to have control over their lives and
application of agronomic practices. exert influence in society.
2. Animal Husbandry: In animal husbandry, Role of Youth in Rural Growth
women have played a multiple role. With
regional difference, women take care of Young people are innovative and creative
animal, grazing, fodder collection, cleaning of in problem solving and in finding solutions: they
animal sheds to processing milk and livestock are the key to helping communities in meeting
products. In livestock management, 90 percent their subsistence needs, improving the security
indoor jobs like milking, feeding, cleaning etc. of the people and even acquiring control over
are done by women. their own lives. The youth can lead to economic

development as well as the social development of they acquire literacy and live a meaningful life.
their communities and society. There have been After getting proper education, an individual
various areas that demand for the role of rural has the capacity to contribute for the welfare
youth, these have been stated as follows: of his family which ultimately leads to better
growth and development of the nation.
1. Agriculture: Agriculture is stated to be the
main occupation in the rural areas and this 5. Employment Opportunities: Every individual
occupation requires extensive research, longs for employment, to have a job, and have
production, utilisation of science and some kind of work so that they can sustain
technology, cropping, irrigation and many their living and livelihood. The youth is
more functions. Youth, who are well educated contributing towards generation of employment
and possess efficient knowledge of how to opportunities for the rural masses; whether
implement agricultural activities, assist in the they work in the agricultural sector, industrial
development of agricultural activities. Making sector, production, manufacturing, own small
use of technologies in the agricultural sector, tea stalls, sell snacks/daily use items and other
implementing extensive research is the work products and so forth.
of the rural youth (Bennell, 2007). Rural growth and development is vital for
2. Small Scale Industries: In rural areas, the overall progress of the country. In rural areas,
besides agriculture, setting up of small-scale there have been many aspects that need to be
industries require workers. there has been focused upon, such as generation of jobs and
key investment of youth in the development of employment for the rural youth, construction
skills of the workers who are not educated, so of houses, schools and educational institutions,
that they can acquire jobs in these small scale medical and health care facilities, agriculture,
industries and make a living. Employment industries, nutritional requirements, focusing upon
in industries requires skills and expertise, the skill development of the youth and facilities
therefore, the skill development amongst the such as electricity, energy, water, gas and cooking
rural masses is essential, especially amongst equipment. All these areas need to be focused
the women so that they can acquire jobs. upon and the role of youth is very essential in
these areas. Thus, it can be understood that the
3. Skill Development: It is stated that
role of youth has been imperative in the case of
development of skills and expertise of the
rural growth and development, provided if the
people is essential for a sector to progress
youth whole heartedly contribute and works with
and develop. Whether or not an individual is
zest and enthusiasm.
able to read or write, but skill development
is imperative for his/her progression. Skill Challenges of Women and Youth
development is in various areas such as
Most rural women and youth are either
operation of machines, manufacturing
employed (waged and self-employed) or ‘not in
of goods, sports, music, and usage of
the labour force’. The issue, therefore, is not so
technology, computers and so forth. Skills
much about unemployment, but serious under-
and talents amongst the rural masses lead
employment in low productivity, predominantly
to the economic growth and development of
household-based activities. Almost one-quarter
the country.
of young people live in households where income
4. Education: Educational institutions are per head is less than one dollar a day (Bennell
essential amongst the rural areas; as education 2007). It is better, therefore, to focus on livelihood
enables an individual to seek a living for himself. improvement of the most disadvantaged youth
There has been encouragement of education rather than unemployed. Rural women are still
amongst the rural masses by establishing facing lot of challenges of unequal access to
educational institutions, and providing productive resources; limited access to services
education free of cost. Every individual should of education, extension, credit and social
be granted admission, irrespective of one’s protection; widespread inequalities in rural labour
age and socio-economic background so that markets, combined with heavy burden of unpaid

care work in households and communities and Conclusion
limited participation, voice and influence in rural
The role of women and youth in bringing
organisations. However, rural youth have some
growth and development in rural areas is
different challenges of limited access to productive
immense, however it need to be further
and gainful employment in the agricultural
explored. In rural areas, the various capital
sector; limited access to skills development and
formation activities like agriculture, small-
education; excluded from institutions that provide
scale industries, skill development, education
access to financial services, such as credit, savings
and other job opportunities need efficient
and insurance and lack of curricula tailored to
and fullest participation of women and youth.
the labour market’s needs. Apart from these
These areas are in an under-developed state;
rural women and youth often face major health
thus, participation of women and youth make
problems, including malnutrition, malaria and
them sustainable and bring more prosperity and
other diseases. All these issues mainly impact rural
growth to the rural areas. Hence, the women and
women and youth’s productivity and livelihoods.
youth contribute in bringing about improvements
Moreover, women and youth, especially in rural
in the infrastructural facilities and promote
areas, do not usually have any organised and vocal
empowerment opportunities. In this way, if
organisation with the economic and social power
rural India will shine the whole country will have
to lobby for their rights and dues.
immense contributions nationally, regionally and
Improving Women and Youth Livelihoods in also globally in this century.
Rural Areas References
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Opportunities for Rural Youth. Policy paper
development programmes in rural areas do
on ‘Knowledge and Skills for Development’
promote women and youth livelihoods to a large
International Fund for Agricultural
extent. The gender and health bias issues should Development (IFAD).
be solved through the proper implementation
2. Census of India 2011, http://censusindia.gov.
of healthy policies in rural areas. The main
in/2011-provresults/paper2/data-files/India/
problems of rural areas are lack of opportunities
Rural_Urban_2011.
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employment policies should focus on (i) increasing 3. GOI. 2021. Economic Survey 2021.
Government of India. Vol 2: 230.
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women and youth so that they can take Empowerment and Rural Development
advantage of labour market and other economic Programmes Gandhigram Experience.
(In) Samanta, R.K., (ed.), Empowering
opportunities when they arise. The provision of
Rural Women: Issues, Opportunities and
good quality post-school skills training (both pre-
Approaches, The Women Press, Delhi, 44–45.
employment and job-related) remains very limited
in most rural areas. However, now Government 5. Vijayabaskar, M., Narayanan, S. and Srinivasan,
of India has made some interventions by S. 2018. Agricultural revival and reaping the
introducing skill India development program for youth dividend. The Economic and Political
the rural youth. There are large number of policy Weekly 53: 26–27.
interventions to improve the livelihoods of rural (The authors are Principal Scientist and
women and youth. These policy interventions and Former Professor, at Division of Agronomy, ICAR–
rural training institutions are very useful to make Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
rural women and youth more productive in their Email: [email protected] and Principal
respective works. Rural women and youth should Scientist, at Division of Agronomy, ICAR–Indian
be suitably empowered enough socially as well Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
as on capital front so that they can take decisions Email: [email protected]. Views expressed
in capital formation and their family welfare. are personal)

Fostering Growth in Rural India
Aarushi Aggarwal
Facilitating rural India’s self-governance and self-determination has motivated the creation of robust centre-to-rural
infrastructure. Improving and expanding India’s infrastructure is essential in bridging gaps between urban and rural India. It
allows better access to education, healthcare and economic success.
he goal of equitable and inclusive between urban and rural India. It allows better
T growth, prosperity and access to

equal opportunities has been aptly
captured in ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,’
a cornerstone tenet of the Government of India.
access to education, healthcare and economic
success. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY) that seeks to provide all-weather access
to eligible unconnected habitations, is a physical
The focus on the village economy attests to the embodiment of this bridge. At present, 162,640
shifting centres of economic activity in India, as road works totalling 663,972 kilometres have been
tier-II and tier-III cities and towns take the lead completed under the PMGSY scheme. 1 Enhanced
in innovation and business excellence. At the rural connectivity increases agricultural incomes
same time, bringing rural India into this changing through better access to markets and ensures
milieu will create self-sustaining and inclusive sustained access to productive employment
models of growth. To that end, the government opportunities and social services. PMGSY is
of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has given steam fundamental to building robust and independent
to numerous central government schemes that village economies—a Village Swaraj—as Gandhi
prioritise the developmental needs of the Indian
described them over a century ago. In nurturing
village.
national pride, patriotism, community spirit,
Improving and expanding India’s self-confidence and infrastructure development,
infrastructure is essential in bridging gaps the Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY), too,

embodies the government’s commitment to the far, it has 42.31 crore beneficiaries with a total
Mahatma’s vision. It extends the basic amenities of Rs. 143,297.84 crore balance in beneficiary
and opportunities to rural India and seeks to accounts. Among these, 7.59 crore have accounts
create model villages (Adarsh Gram) across the in regional rural banks with deposits totalling
country. 2 Rs. 27322.77 crore. 5 The PMJDY has also been
an integral platform for disbursing the benefits
Combatting homelessness is a crucial
of social security schemes like Pradhan Mantri
element of building a robust village infrastructure.
Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan
Under the public housing system scheme Pradhan
Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Atal
Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), the
Pension Yojana (APY) and Pradhan Mantri Mudra
government aims to provide ‘housing to all’ by
Yojana (PMMY).
2022. The PMAY-G provides a pucca house with
basic amenities to all eligible houseless persons Prime Minister Narendra Modi took another
and those households living in kutcha and step towards making rural India financially able
dilapidated house. 3 The scheme provides unit by launching the Svamita Scheme in April 2020
assistance of Rs.1.20 lakh in the plains (increased on Panchayat Day. 6 This central government
from Rs. 70,000) and between Rs. 75,000 to scheme aims to provide an integrated property
Rs. 1.30 lakh in hilly states, difficult areas and validation solution for rural India wherein village
Integrated Action Plan (IAP) districts. The housing household owners can be granted the ‘record of
scheme is an element of the concerted effort at rights’ that will enable them to use their property
poverty alleviation in rural India that can pavethe as a financial asset for undertaking loans and
roadmap to greater economic productivity, other financial benefits from banks. The initial
better education and more suitable employment allocation of Rs. 79.65 crore was also increased
opportunities. to Rs. 200 crore in this fiscal budget.
So too is the goal of Digital India to The Union Budget 2021-22 also allocated Rs.
democratise the sweeping benefits of digitisation. 913.43 crore to the Panchayati Raj Ministry, an
Not only does it allow millions of Indians to access increase of 32 percent over the previous year.7
the infinite world of the internet for learning and The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is responsible
entertainment, but it also extends government for empowering, enabling and ensuring
services to heretofore excluded communities and accountability of Panchayati Raj institutions
brings rural India into the folds of digital banking. that foster inclusive development with social
As of January 2021, there are over 530 million justice, and efficient delivery of services to rural
rural telephone subscribers in India while the India. In 2018, the central government launched
share of rural subscribers is nearly 45 percent the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) that
of the total subscribers in the country. 4 The aims to strengthen Panchayati Raj or achieving
digital revolution in rural India has opened the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with main
floodgates of a social and economic revolution thrust on convergence with Mission Antyodaya
in rural India where users have faster and better and emphasis on strengthening PRIs in the 117
access to business opportunities, employment, Aspirational districts.8 This is testimony to the
services and new ideas. recognition of Self-governance as an inalienable
component to ensuring sustained growth in
Digital India gives strength to the Pradhan rural India. Furthermore, facilitating rural India’s
Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the National self-governance and self-determination has
Mission for Financial Inclusion. Launched in motivated the creation of robust centre-to-rural
2014, PMJDY envisages universal access to infrastructure. The most recent example of the
banking facilities with at least one basic banking efficacy of this system has been the utilisation of
account for every household, financial literacy, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
access to credit, insurance and pension. In 2018, Guarantee Act (MNREGA) scheme to extend
the goal of reaching every household was revised government benefits to rural households during
to ‘every adult.’ PMJDY has become the vessel the COVID-19 pandemic that helped them avert
of India’s rapidly changing financial canvas. So harsh consequences of country wide lockdowns.

Through the channels of the, the centre disbursed areas. The numerous schemes are the vessel
Rs. 77,849.119 crore in wages in 2020-21. The through which the potential and aspirations of
MNREGA scheme covers 740 districts and 2,68,983 rural India get the stage they have for so long
Gram Panchayats, ensuring that Indians in every awaited.
part of the country have access to means of
employment. In coming months, as the economy Endnotes
opens up gradually, the MNREGA scheme will once 1 https://pmgsy.nic.in/
again be a crucial ally in ensuring equitable access
2 http://saanjhi.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx
to opportunity.
3 https://pmayg.nic.in/netiay/about.aspx
The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen
Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) is similarly dedicated 4 https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/
on creating employment opportunities in rural PR_No.16of2021_0.pdf
India albeit with a focus on the youth population 5 https://pmjdy.gov.in/account
aged between 15 and 35, 69 percent (180 million)
live in rural areas.10 The objective of the DDU- 6 https://svamitva.nic.in/svamitva/
GKY scheme is to bring income diversity to rural 7 https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/
families and cater to youth aspirations from
these households. In conjunction with Skill India 8 https://www.panchayat.gov.in/en/rgsa
and Make in India, this employment scheme is 9 http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/all_lvl_
preparing a new generation of Indians to take the details_dashboard_new.aspx?Fin_Year=2021-
reins in leading economic and social development 2022&Digest=B5DSyTB/eSUSkZd2BpGzbA
in India’s rural hinterland.
10 http://ddugky.gov.in/content/about-us-0
The expansive central government schemes
all targeted towards extending the benefits of (The author is researcher, Strategic
India’s changing landscape to rural areas promise Investment Research Unit, Invest India. Views
to usher sustained growth across India’s rural expressed are personal)

Expanding Economic Activities
Rajiv Theodore
The role of agriculture will continue to be important for achieving food security, increasing income and generating employment
opportunities. However, there is a need to ensure promotion of modern agriculture that is driven by technology and markets.
Growth in rural areas should be driven by agro-based industrialisation, which may gradually shift to the non-farm sector. A
strong linkage between farm and non-farm sectors needs to be developed for augmenting income and creating jobs in rural
areas.
he rural economy of India has the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, made agriculture
T continuously been supporting and

contributing to the growth parameters
of the country. More so, as India paves
its way towards rapid urbanisation, the rural
the only sector to have clocked a positive growth
of 3.4 percent at constant prices in 2020-21, when
other sectors had slid. The share of agriculture
in GDP increased to 19.9 percent in 2020-21
economy continues to play a pivotal role as the from 17.8 percent in 2019-20. The last time the
prime mover towards the country’s Gross Domestic contribution of the agriculture sector in GDP was
Product (GDP). With the bulk of the population at 20 percent was in 2003-04. The second wave of
living in rural belts, parameters including the the pandemic sweeping across the country has hit
growth, income, and consumption trends of these the rural areas. However, the forecast of a normal
residents hold the key to boost demand, revive monsoon is expected to sustain rural demand and
the economy, and sustain economic growth. overall output in 2021-22. The RBI has noted that
According to the Economic Survey 2020-2021, the record foodgrain production and buffer stocks
the share of agriculture in gross domestic product in 2020-21 has provided food security and support
(GDP) has reached almost 20 percent for the first to other sectors of the economy in the form of
time in the last 17 years, making it a bright spot rural demand, employment and agricultural inputs
in GDP performance. The resilience of the farming and supplies, including for exports. The Ministry
community in the face of adversities, especially of Finance, in its recent monthly economic report,

has echoed the RBI’s view. It said agriculture the predominant land use and a major component
continues to be the silver lining with record of the viability of rural areas. Farming and related
foodgrain production estimated in the ensuing crop activities contribute significantly to the employment
year on the back of predicted normal monsoons and business opportunities, infrastructure and
and added that rural demand indicators would quality of the environment in the rural landscape.
remain robust. Overall the government has been In most economically developed countries, farming
optimistic that the rural economy will withstand accounts for a relatively small part of a diversified
the onslaught of the pandemic. rural economy, and in addition the significance of
agriculture in terms of the proportion of national
The big picture that emerges according to
wealth and employment is going down. However,
latest estimates is that the government has set
this does not lessen the potential role of farming
the foodgrain production target at 307.3 million
despite the fact that the contribution of economic
tonnes for the 2021-22 crop year, up by 1.3 percent
activities to rural development in different countries
from last year’s estimated foodgrain production
vary. In developing countries, rural development
of 303.3 million tonnes and there is comfort level
policies should look at the contribution of farming,
regarding the availability of farm inputs including
both in terms of improving on-farm activities and
seeds and fertiliser. Another important aspect, the
supporting ancillary services, to secure sustainable
production of horticulture crops in India has been
development. The main potential contributions
estimated at a record 320.48 million metric tonnes
of farming to rural development are in terms of
(MMT) in FY20 as per second advance estimates.
supporting employment, ancillary businesses,
Besides, India has the largest livestock population
and environmental services. In peripheral
of around 535.78 million, which translates to
regions, farming may be necessary to support the
around 31 percent of the world’s. Milk production
economic and social infrastructure. In the context
in the country is set to increase to 208 MT in
of agricultural reforms, it should contain sufficient
FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, registering a growth
flexibility to allow countries to promote rural
of 10 percent y-o-y. India’s sugar production rose
development, especially to preserve social and
by 20 percent to 258.68 lakh tonne till March 15
political stability.
on higher cane production. Last year 87.16 lakh
tonne sugar was produced compared to 84.25 lakh As of now, India is gearing up to touch
tonne so far this year. Overall, the agriculture and the target of doubling farm income by 2022.
allied activities clocked a growth of 3.4 percent The agriculture sector which is expected to
at constant prices during 2020-21 (first advance generate better momentum in the next few
estimate) says the latest Economic Survey. The years is mainly due to increased investment in
agri export from India is likely to reach the target related infrastructure such as irrigation facilities,
of US$ 60 billion by the year 2022 as major export warehousing and cold storage. Also, the growing
destinations of USA, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nepal and use of genetically modified crops is likely to boost
Bangladesh have continued to receive their share yield for the farmers as the country launches
of marine products, rice, buffalo meat, spices, itself on the road to self-sufficiency especially
cotton raw, oil meals, sugar, castor oil and tea in pulses over the coming few years mainly due
from India. to the concerted effort of scientists to get early
maturing crop varieties and the increase in
Road Ahead - Need To Expand Economic minimum support price. Going forward, some
Activities initiatives include the adoption of food safety
Against this backdrop, let’s have a swift look and quality assurance mechanisms such as Total
at the sector from an analytical and theoretical Quality Management (TQM) including ISO 9000,
point of view. Farming is the fabric of rural society ISO 22000, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
and, in many countries of the world today it still Points (HACCP), Good Manufacturing Practices
is the key economic activity, so much so that any (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) by the
sudden and profound changes which impact the food processing industry will help increase the
farm sector could have severe consequences even critical mass of agriculture production. In the next
in terms of social and political stability. In rural five years, the government will target US$ 9 billion
areas throughout the world, agriculture represents in the fisheries sector under PM Matsya Sampada

Yojana and is also planning to raise fish production there is a need to promote modern agriculture
to 220 lakh tonnes by 2024-25. that is driven by technology and markets. Growth
in rural areas should be driven by agro-based
As India aims for the US $5-trillion economy
industrialisation, which may gradually shift to the
status by 2024-25, it needs to grow at 9 percent
non-farm sector. It will require investment in post-
per year in real terms from FY20 to FY25. Rural
harvest rural activities, such as agro-processing,
revitalisation is a promising first step for achieving
packaging, cold chains, cold storage and transport.
this economic target as well as being self-reliant
It will also require creating an enabling and
or AtmaNirbhar. Rural revitalisation requires a
favourable regulatory environment to stimulate
transformative approach that envisions making
private sector investment in rural areas. A strong
rural areas a better place to live and work. The
linkage between farm and non-farm sectors needs
government has taken several steps to boost rural to be developed for augmenting income and
economic growth and make it more sustainable in creating jobs in rural areas. Farm-sector driven
the long run. Some of them are as follows - the industrialisation may be evolved from production
Rural Infrastructure Fund has been increased to Rs. to processing and marketing. Such a linkage will
40,000 crore; the amount for Micro Irrigation Fund help the farm sector to produce market-driven
created with NABARD doubled to Rs. 10,000 crore commodities, reduce transportation costs, receive
for 2021-2022; Operation Green Scheme has been remunerative prices at farm gate, and minimise
widened to 22 perishable products; and 1,000 farm waste. Amul is an excellent example of farm-
more mandis are being linked with e-NAM. Along led processing, branding and marketing of milk
with the necessary reforms, the government has for various dairy products. Such a model should
also planned a production linked incentive (PLI) be replicated for other agricultural commodities
of about Rs. 11,000 crore, which the industry in different parts of the country. Collectivising
can avail. The scheme aims to strengthen select farmers through Farmer Producer Organisations
Indian brands of food products for global visibility (FPOs) would offset disadvantages for small and
and wider acceptance in international markets, marginal farmers and raise bargaining powers to
ensure remunerative prices of farm produce enhance their incomes.
and higher income to farmers, and increase
employment opportunities. Its duration will be Another important aspect is the role of the
for six years from 2021-22 to 2026-27. Under the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
Operation Greens scheme, 50 percent subsidy is This will be very critical in developing rural
being provided on transportation of all fruits and industrialisation as their share in national gross
vegetables through Kisan Rail, as it has become value added is about 32 percent and they provide
employment to about 111 million workers. With
a powerful medium of cold storage network in
a share of MSME-related products in exports at
the country today. The Kisan Rail is succeeding in
about 48 percent during 2018-19, the government
connecting small farmers and fishermen with large
is gearing to increase their contribution to 75
and high demand markets. In the last six months,
percent and in the gross value added to 50
about 275 Kisan Rails have been operationalised
percent. It projects to generate jobs for about
and about 100,000 metric tonnes of fruits and
150 million workers. Such overwhelming targets
vegetables have been transported benefitting the
will require huge investment to create necessary
consumers and the industry. Going forward, there
infrastructure; effective institutions for enabling
is a need to expand the country’s agriculture and
MSMEs to have access to technologies, finance
related sectors while integrating them into the
and markets; and vocational education and skill
global market. Besides, the 100,000 odd micro
development in manufacturing and business
food processing units in the country need to be planning. Thus, the role of rural-urban linkages
strengthened and so is the need to increase the will be a key driver in rural transformation. It is
number of agro-industry clusters near the villages seen that strengthening rural-urban linkages,
to help boost village employment. from farms to small towns to megacities, will
The role of agriculture will continue to be the key benefit rural labour, production, distribution,
for achieving food security, increasing income and markets, services, consumption, environmental
generating employment opportunities. However, sustainability and the new market opportunities

thus created will promote local, regional and storage etc and offers critical tools for improving
global value chains. access to technologies, services and finance. ICT
tools could be used for effective governance,
Next, the concept of provision of Urban
monitoring and programme implementation. Tech
Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) needs to be
start-ups may play a meaningful role in bridging
relooked here. It calls for urban infrastructure and
any ensuing digital gap.
services to be developed in rural hubs to create
economic opportunities outside of urban areas. Conclusions
These include better road networks, education, During these challenging times, how does the
health, drinking water, power, sanitation and sector respond to the crisis and how do government
social safety net. These are measurably poor measures affect 140 million farm households across
in rural areas compared to urban centers. the country and thereafter impact the economy
Investment in education and health in rural areas of a very important country in the developing
also significantly contribute in reducing poverty world? Soon after the first nation-wide lockdown
and increasing agricultural growth. An enabling was announced, India declared an Rs 1.7 trillion
business environment needs to be created by package, mostly to protect the vulnerable sections
simplifying regulatory requirements, and (including farmers) from any adverse impacts
reforming land and labour laws. The government of the Corona pandemic. The announcement,
has launched initiatives such as Make in India, among a slew of benefits, contained an advance
Start-Up India, MUDRA Bank, Skill India, etc. There release of Rs 2000 to bank accounts of farmers as
is a need to identify areas for developing rural hubs income support under the PM-KISAN scheme. The
based on resources, markets and infrastructure government also raised the wage rate for workers
where cooperation of state governments in engaged under the NREGS, the world’s largest wage
implementation would be vital. guarantee scheme. A special scheme to take care of
Also, the private player can play an important the vulnerable population, Pradhan Mantri Garib
role in rural industrialisation. The role of the Kalyan Yojana (Prime Minister’s scheme for welfare
of the poor) has been announced. Additional
government should primarily be of an enabler of
grain allotments to registered beneficiaries were
conducive business environment for setting up
also announced for the next three months. Cash
roads, rail, air and water infrastructure; assured
and food assistance to persons engaged in the
power supply; simplifying tax compliance; single-
informal sector, mostly migrant laborers, have also
window clearance for construction and starting a
been announced for which a separate PM-CARES
business; easy access to credit; and stable policies.
(Prime Minister Citizen Assistance and Relief in
On the other hand the private sector will invest Emergency Situations) fund has been created. As
where the business environment is more favourable the second wave of the pandemic hit the nation,
which could be more often in cities and its vicinity. the government increased the agriculture credit
On the event of the private sector not coming target to Rs 1.65 trillion this time. Priority has
forward in underdeveloped and marginal areas, been given to the animal husbandry, dairying and
the government may offer incentives and launch fisheries sector.
programmes under PPP mode. It is in such cases that
key components may be identified for meeting the Immediate Challenges:
‘viability gaps’ through government funding while In spite of all these measures and in view of
giving tax holidays to incentivise private sector continuing restrictions on movements of people
investment in underdeveloped and marginal areas and vehicular traffic, concerns have been raised
would be a great enabler. And finally there is a regarding negative implications of COVID-19
need to harness the power of ICT. Information and pandemic on the farm economy. This is the time
communications technology (ICT) is an extensional when the rabi season in India has ended and crops
term for information technology (IT) that stresses like wheat, gram, lentil, mustard, etc. (including
the role of unified communications and the paddy in irrigated tracts) are to be harvested. This
integration of telecommunications (telephone is also the time when the farm harvests reach
lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well the mandis (market yards) for assured procurement
as necessary enterprise software, middleware, operations by designated government agencies.

Moreover, any severe disruption to the supply of while ensuring wage employment to the landless
perishable fruits and vegetables, dairy products, labourers and workers. To answer queries relating
fish, etc. having mobilised to meet the increasing to the announced measures of government
demand from urban and rural consumers, may and addressing grievances of farmers, besides
create irreparable damage to all actors in the providing advisories on farm operations availability
supply chain. The migration of workers from few of agri-inputs; dedicated toll-free helplines/call
parts to their native places has also triggered panic centers (in local/vernacular languages) are being
buttons, as they are crucial for both harvesting established.
operations and post-harvest handling of produce
The COVID-19 pandemic being a health crisis
in storage and marketing centers.
of unprecedented proportions, the major share of
Making the food grains, fruits and vegetables future Budget allocations obviously (and logically
and other essential items available to consumers, so) would be apportioned for the health sector.
both in rural and urban areas, is the most critical However, investments should not be crowded
challenge for government machinery during the out of the primary sector to prevent irreversible
lockdown period. Smooth functioning of the damage to the farm economy. Manufacturing and
supply chain, with adequate safety measures for services sectors may be severely hit in the short
the people involved, is of paramount importance. run till the time the economy bounces back. It will
Transportation of public distribution system (PDS) be, thus, very appropriate to focus attention on
items to last mile delivery agents, by both rail and the agriculture sector as a growth engine and also
road, has to be ensured by respective government to bring resilience in food (and nutrition) security.
agencies. Distribution of the commodities to At this critical stage, where climate change has
vulnerable populations, while maintaining already adversely impacted the agriculture sector,
prescribed guidelines and protocol, particularly of productive investments, including on research and
social distancing, must be effectively monitored. innovation, would be very purposeful.
The poor sections of society are always Most importantly, these reforms need
the hardest hit in any disaster or pandemic significant political will. Structural reforms such
situation. With about 85 percent of Indian farm as land leasing, contract farming and private
households being small and marginal farmers, and agricultural markets, etc. have long been
a significant part of the population being landless advocated to bring enhanced investments into the
farm labourers; welfare measures to contain any agriculture sector and to push its growth. However,
damage from COVID-19 pandemic are being aimed there has not been uniform implementation of
at them. To sustain the demand for agricultural these legislations by the states and so the full
commodities, investments in key logistics must be potential of the sector is still unrealised. Concerns
enhanced. Moreover, e-commerce and delivery of a slowdown in the zeal of states, post-COVID
companies, and start-ups need to be encouraged scenario, could be tackled with suitable incentive
with suitable policies and incentives. The small mechanisms by the government to the states. With
and medium enterprises, running with raw a burgeoning population, there is a corresponding
materials from the agriculture and allied sector or rise in food demand in India. However, the negative
otherwise, also need special attention so that the externalities of the Green Revolution, particularly
rural economy doesn’t collapse. the environmental trade-offs and staple cereals
fundamentalism, have since been realised; it is,
To obviate the immediate concerns of
thus, desirable to switch over to a suitable model
scarcity of farm labor, policies must facilitate easy
with a far stronger nutrition focus where diets
availability of machinery through state entities,
are more diverse. The post-COVID situation offers
Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) or custom
that unique opportunity to repurpose the existing
hiring centers (CHCs) with suitable incentives.
food and agriculture policies for a healthier
It is also suggested to explore leveraging rural
population.
employment guarantee schemes such as NREGS
funds to pay part of the farm labour (with (The author is a senior Delhi based journalist.
farmers paying the balance wage amount) to Email: [email protected]. Views expressed
lessen the monetary burden on the farmer, are personal)

Rural Entrepreneurship
Souvik Ghosh and Usha Das
Rural entrepreneurship can be defined as the activity taken up by the individuals in the countryside that supports either
manufacturing products or provides services or adoption of new technologies for an economic benefit. It brings value addition to
rural resources engaging largely human resources of rural area. Rural Entrepreneurship is synonymous of rural industrialisation.
The development and growth of it help in generating self-employment, spreading industrial and economic activities and utilising
local labour as well as locally available raw materials.
ndia lives in villages and its true spirits to divest those practices which are not falling
I lives in rural areas–Mahatma Gandhi.

A large proportion of rural population
have been facing challenge of
unemployment or underemployment resulting in
into the category of sustainability. Sustainability
has been an increasingly important issue for
most enterprises in India especially since the
focus on UN Agenda 2030: Goals for sustainable
migration to urban areas in search of employment development has been in discussion. And this
opportunities that can be addressed through sustainable development in Indian context
entrepreneurial development in rural areas. particularly should address resources inclusive of
Entrepreneurial activities contribute to economic human and household as a whole. However, the
development with increased rural income and rural community in India is yet to be fully aware of
growth of employment opportunities making the value of these resources.
maximum utilisation of the local labour as well as The word entrepreneurship describes the
locally available raw materials. activity undertaken by an entrepreneur which
Indian enterprises are deeply entrenched usually involves moderate risk with an aim to make
in traditional industrial system that requires a profit from the activity. The term “entrepreneur”
180 degree change at present. This calls actively has French origin. Rural entrepreneurship

can be defined as the activity taken up by the with cyclic and disguised unemployment, it
individuals in the countryside that supports suffers with chronic underemployment. Due to
either manufacturing products or provides distressed migration of rural people to mega
services or adoption of new technologies for cities, the villages remain deserted and village
an economic benefit. It brings value addition to resources are remaining unexplored. Besides,
rural resources engaging largely human resources lack of infrastructure, market and financial access
of rural area. Rural entrepreneurs represent a further aggravate rural livelihoods. The livelihood
complex heterogeneous social structure and of trained village artisans stands at stake due to
can be broadly classified as farm entrepreneurs, unorganised structure and lack of market. Apart
artisan entrepreneurs, merchant and trading from this, the purchasing power of rural people
entrepreneurs, tribal entrepreneurs and is crippling down and that of urban areas is
general entrepreneurs. Rural entrepreneurship bursting due to over-crowding. The traditionalist
concentrates on identifying rural entrepreneurial ways of rural industries somehow contribute
talents, promoting indigenous enterprises by meager to the productivity levels in rural India, so
augmenting village economy value through neither the new technological support nor the IT
employment generation for the rural people. revolution has made any significant alterations in
Since independence, both central and state the pace of rural growth. The above mentioned
governments have implemented diverse policies causes are underlying as a necessity to promote
and schemes for the support and development of rural entrepreneurship so that the chronic
rural entrepreneurship but less than achievable underemployment and out-migration issues of
benefits are derived so far. Rural entrepreneurship rural areas are tackled on priority basis.
must emerge in rural areas and sustain for
economic development. Rural Entrepreneurship is synonymous of
rural industrialisation. The development and
Why Rural Entrepreneurship? growth of it helps in generating self-employment,
In rural India, unlike the urban India, spreading industrial and economic activities and
Fig 1. Significance of Rural Entrepreneurship

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utilising local labour as well as locally available ten crore rupees and a turnover is upto fifty
raw materials. In India, rural industries have crores.
been promoted since establishment of Khadi and c. A medium enterprise, where investment in
Village Industry Commission (KVIC) during 1956- machinery/plant/equipment does not exceed
57 with social objectives of providing employment fifty crore rupees and a turnover is upto two
in rural areas, economic objectives of providing hundred and fifty crores.
saleable articles and wider objectives of creating
self-reliance amongst people and building up a The sectoral contribution to overall growth in
strong rural community spirit. Entrepreneurial value addition (GVA) since 2014-15 to 2020-2021
activities have enhanced in the rural areas over is much dispersed (NSSO, 2020). The growth curve
a period of time; however it is less as compared is negative for sectors like industry and services
to urban areas. Moreover, it is dominated while agriculture remains the only steady positive
with manufacturing activities and micro level sector. And the peculiarity yet remains the same
enterprises. that service sector despite its low contribution, is
still visibly getting contribution, while agriculture,
Progress of Entrepreneurship in India despite its positive contribution even at the times of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) pandemic like COVID-19, is yet to have remarkable
sector has emerged as highly vibrant and dynamic investments; the story for industries is alike to the
sector of the Indian Economy over the last agricultural sector.
decades. MSME sector not only plays a crucial According to National Sample Survey 73 rd
role in providing large employment opportunities Round (2015-16), there are 633.88 lakhs MSMEs
at comparatively lower capital cost then large in the country engaged in different economic
industries, but also helps in industrialisation of rural activities creating about 1110 lakhs jobs. In rural
and backward areas; thereby, reducing regional areas, 324.88 lakh units have provided 497.78
imbalances, assuring more equitable distribution lakh employment. The manufacturing units
of national income and wealth. It brings significant are more in rural areas while trade and other
economic and social development of the country services are more in urban areas. It is further
by fostering entrepreneurship. It contributes critical to notice that MSMEs are playing crucial
nearly 29 percent of the country’s GDP, 45 percent role in providing large employment opportunities
of the manufacturing output and 48 percent of as compared to the large industries in India.
the exports (2018-19) providing the largest share Activity wise, MSMEs that are majorly involved
of employment (11.10 crore) after agriculture. in providing employment opportunities (M/o
the Share of MSME Gross Value Added (GVA) in MSME Annual Report, 2020-21) are from trade
total GVA during 2016-17 was 31.8 percent (PIB, sector (35 percent) followed by other services
GOI, Ministry of MSME, July 22, 2019 and June 1, (33 percent) and manufacturing enterprises (32
2020). percent) in rural area. And the percentage share
The entrepreneurial ventures in India are of MSMEs in rural (51 percent) is higher than the
broadly classified into micro, small and medium urban MSMEs (49 percent) but it is reverse when
categories based on their investment and annual percentage share of employment is talked out.
turnover. The classification based on MSME Act, This raises a concern that despite greater share of
2006 is revised as follows (MSME Notification, The entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas, the
Gazette of India, June 1, 2020) and effective from potential is yet untapped and unchanneled. State
July 1, 2020: wise contribution of MSMEs brings into light that
Uttar Pradesh has highest share in the number
a. A micro enterprise, where the investment in of enterprises (14.20 percent) followed by West
machinery/plant/equipment does not exceed Bengal (13.99 percent). However, West Bengal
one crore rupees and a turnover is upto five has significantly explored rural entrepreneurship
crores. as a potential option for inclusive rural growth
b. A small enterprise, where investment in 17.44 percent of total rural enterprises followed
machinery/plant/equipment does not exceed by Uttar Pradesh (14.93 percent), Bihar (7.39

percent), Andhra Pradesh (5.99 percent), Safety goggles, Sanitiser bottle pumps, PPE kits,
Maharashtra (5.94 percent) and Karnataka (5.42 Hospital furniture, Automatic sanitiser machines
percent) among the top states in the number of etc. The sustainability of such an effort can be
enterprises. further inferred from the fact that these existing
18 technology centres are augmented with 15
Statutory Bodies Promoting MSME
more centres and 100 extension centres under
A number of statutory bodies are included Hub and Spoke model for various skill seekers in
under MSMEs that promotes sustainable an area.
employment opportunities for rural families
ensuring their inclusive growth because of its Rural entrepreneurial ventures are not just
target mode missions targeting farm families and limited & dependent on to capacity building by
not just farmers. Some of these organizations KVIC and Technology centres rather it has a direct
are Khadi and Village Industries Commission draw-over from Coir board, Small industries
(KVIC), Technology Centres, Coir Board, The as well. These all help in accelerating the rural
National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) industrialisation for sustainable village economy
Limited, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural and empower village livelihoods.
Industrialization (MGIRI), National Institute Challenges and Opportunities of Rural
for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (NI- Entrepreneurship
MSME). The employment opportunities extended
to the rural families at village level industries For a rural entrepreneur, a number of risks
through KVIC can be classified into six categories are associated like technical risks (relating to
namely Agro Based Food and Processing Industry technical methods, techniques and materials
(ABFPI), Mineral Based Industry (MBI), Wellness etc.), economic risks (relating to market risks,
& Cosmetics Industry (WCI), Hand Made Paper, price fluctuations etc.) and social risks (relating
Leather and Plastic Industry (HMPLPI), Rural to environmental, cultural and belief systems).
Engineering and New Technology Industry (RENTI) A number of challenges stand in the path
and Service Industry. Also, a number of initiatives of rural entrepreneurs viz., financial challenges,
undertaken by KVIC for an inclusive rural social challenges, lack/low level of education, lack
growth accounts Prime Minister’s Employment of experience and expertise, limited purchasing
Generation Programme (PMEGP), Modified power, threats from urban entrepreneurs, opaque
Market Development Assistance (MMDA), Work- market entries, technological challenges, existence
shed scheme for Khadi Artisans, Convergence of middlemen, lack of logistic and infrastructure
of Aam Admi Bima Yojana to Pradhan Mantri support, involvement of risk element, shortage of
Suraksha Bima Yojana, Mission Solar Charkha, raw materials, lack of security, etc.
Kumbhar Shashaktikaran Yojana, Scheme of
Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries However, besides challenges, there do
(SFURTI), Honey Mission etc. Technology Centres exist some of the opportunities for the rural
are playing crucial roles in providing practical skill entrepreneurs:
development training to the unemployed farm • Low establishment costs involved
youth. In total 18 such centres are established.
• Availability of raw materials
The extent of contribution of these centres
towards employment generation, growth and • Competitive advantages exists
sustainability can be understood by looking into • Low cost of production compared to the urban
their significant contribution during COVID-19 enterprises
pandemic. When during pandemic most people • Optimum utilization of products
were losing jobs and many were returning back
• Government policies and subsidies are slowly
to their natives, the MSME Technology Centres
diverted into this
offered jobs in designing, developing and
manufacturing various COVID related products • Support and inspiration to native people
like Corona testing kits, Face mask moulds, through employment generated

• Reduced promotional costs skill development training, technological and
• Existing customer base for the produce quality up gradation, infrastructure development
and marketing assistance. The government has
• Ethical and goodwill building is smooth for initiated new schemes for rural entrepreneurship
rural enterprise in comparison to a foreign development besides the old ones. Such major
enterprise in rural setting schemes and initiatives by Ministry of MSME, GoI
The rural entrepreneurial opportunities can are listed below:
be streamlined (Fig. 2).
1. Scheme for credit & financial assistance to
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a. Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional gradation trainings are also provided to existing
Industries (SFURTI) entrepreneurs and working force to enhance their
b. Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster performances. Total number of 127380 persons
Development Programme (MSE-CDP) were trained in the year 2020-2021 (M/o MSME
4. Scheme for Marketing Assistance: Annual Report 2020-21).
a. Scheme for providing financial assistance to MSMEs formed a very prominent part of the
Khadi institutions under MPDA announcements made under the AatmaNirbhar
5. Scheme for Technology Upgradation and Bharat Abhiyaan. Under this package, the MSME
Competitiveness: sector has not only been given substantial
allocation but has also been accorded priority
a. Financial Support to MSMEs in ZED
in implementation of the measures to revive
certification
the economy. A robust ICT based system
6. Other Schemes for the MSMEs across the called CHAMPIONS has also been launched by
country: the Ministry of MSME. The portal is not only
a. The National Scheduled Caste and Scheduled helping and handholding MSMEs in the present
Tribe Hub situation, but is also providing guidance to grab
b. Scheme for Promotion of MSMEs in N.E. Region the new business opportunities (PIB, GOI, June
and Sikkim 1, 2020)
c. Building Awareness on Intellectual Property Empowering Rural Women through
Rights (IPR) for MSMEs Entrepreneurship
Under the Prime Minister’s Employment Rural Entrepreneurship can create new
Generation Programme (PMEGP,) the estimated economic opportunities for rural women and
employment generated (number of persons) contribute to overall growth and development of
in micro enterprises during the years 2014-15, the economy. Women entrepreneurs can contribute
2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 are 3.58 to the economic wellbeing of their family, reduction
lakhs, 3.23 lakhs, 4.08 lakhs, 3.87 lakhs and 5.87 in poverty, and their empowerment, achieving
lakhs, respectively. The Credit Guarantee Fund upward social and economic mobility as focused
Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) in fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of
was launched by the Government of India to United Nations (UN). Rural women entrepreneurs
make available collateral-free credit to the micro deal with enterprises requiring little organising
and small enterprise sector(PIB, GoI, Ministry of skills with less risks under the self-help groups
MSME, July 22, 2019). (SHGs)’ activities that ranges from making of dairy
products, pickles, fruit juices, pappad, jaggery,
A total of 18 Tool Rooms, established for etc. Women entrepreneurship is found to be
integrated development of the industries by way less (about 14 percent of registered enterprises)
of providing quality tools, trained personnel and as observed in MSME sector with 57452 units
consultancy in tooling and related areas and engaging 18848 women entrepreneurs; maximum
upgradation of technology, trained 1.47 lakh number of registered enterprises are in Tamil Nadu
and 2.08 lakh persons during the year 2017-18 (9618) followed by Uttar Pradesh (7980), Kerala
and 2018-19, respectively, that helped them in (5487) and Punjab (4791), Maharashtra (4339),
self-employment. The Make in India, Skill India, Gujrat (3872), Karnataka (3822) and Madhya
Digital India schemes are being implemented Pradesh (2967) (Report of MSME, 12th FYP 2012-
by the Government with an aim to enhancing 17). Development of women entrepreneurship
the employment base. START UP and MUDRA in rural areas is low due to several challenges
schemes are also introduced for facilitating self- and problems faced by rural women like dual
employment. roles of homemakers and entrepreneurs, lack of
Organisations under the Ministry MSME are ownership of resources, low level of knowledge,
providing skill training to the youths for wage skills and entrepreneurial motivation, lack of
employment and self-employment. Skill up- education, low risk bearing abilities, lack of family

support, socio-cultural barriers, difficulties in important to note that rural entrepreneurship
getting financial assistance and poor degree of must not be drawn in isolation rather it must be
financial freedom, weak bargaining positions, poor drawn keeping in view the entire rural community
infrastructure facilities, lack of marketing abilities, in a long-term basis. Along with income generation,
etc. Addressing these challenges Government has the rural-preneruship helps in elevating standard
taken several capacity building initiatives through of living of the rural communities and enriching
implementation of schemes like Support to Training eco-system and heritage of rural hinterland.
and Employment Programme for Women (STEP), Alongside it opens up avenues for inclusive
Mahila e-Haat, Trade Related Entrepreneurship growth in times to come. And the desired policy
Assistance and Development (TREAD), Stand- initiatives must have organised efforts to ensure
Up India, etc. To provide financial assistance to the survival of village enterprises. The direction
women entrepreneurs several initiatives are taken of policy initiatives must include creation of
viz., Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) by GOI, Mahila entrepreneurial environment, promoting market
Udyami Yojana of IDBI, SBI Stree Sakthi Package, linkages, national brand recognition efforts and
Priyadarshini Yojana by Bank of India. NITI Aayog easy policy initiatives for better understanding of
established Women Entrepreneurship Platform the rural people. In short, the nucleus of growth
on 8th March 2018, International Women’s Day, of entrepreneurship in rural areas will answer a
with a purpose of making the women understand number of ill faiths and taboos on the path of rural
their entrepreneurial aspirations, scaling up growth by eradicating rural poverty, increasing
innovative initiatives and formulating long-term employment opportunities, raising the per capita
business strategies. This initiative focuses on income level and improving rural livelihoods.
increase in number of women entrepreneurs Transformational economic, environmental and
through three pillars: Ichha Shakti (motivating social changes through rural entrepreneurship
aspiring entrepreneurs to start their enterprise), would bring inclusive rural growth and sustainable
Gyan Shakti (providing knowledge and ecosystem rural development.
support to women entrepreneurs to help them
foster entrepreneurship) and Karma Shakti (The authors are Professor, Institute of
(providing hands-on support to entrepreneurs in Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan,
setting-up and scaling up business). Birbhum, West Bengal and Doctoral Scholar, G.B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Towards Sustainable Rural Prosperity Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Email: souvik.ghosh@
Rural entrepreneurship links the process of visva-bharati.ac.in and Email: usha24.das@gmail.
socio-economic realignments in rural areas. It is com. Views expressed are personal)

Yoga for Health and Well Being
Dr. Ishwar V. Basavaraddi
Yoga is a path towards realisation of true nature of the self. Practitioners of Yoga in search of this spiritual goal have
evolved this art and science from time immemorial. Yoga is a continuous experiential path which transcends various states
of consciousness to ultimately merge with the reality or the infinite pure consciousness featured by Kaivalyam or eternal
freedom.
oga is essentially a spiritual discipline leading to ‘the state of liberation’ (Moksha) or
Y based on an extremely subtle science,

which focuses on bringing harmony
between mind and body; thought
and action; restraint and fulfilment; man and
‘freedom’ (Kaivalya). Living with freedom in all
walks of life, health and harmony shall be the
main objectives of Yoga practice. “Yoga” also
refers to an inner science comprising of a variety
nature; a holistic approach to health and well- of methods through which human beings can
being. It is an art and science of healthy living. realise this union and achieve mastery over their
The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit root destiny. Yoga, has proved itself catering to both
‘Yuj’, meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’ or ‘to unite’. material and spiritual upliftment of humanity.
As per Yogic scriptures the practice of Yoga leads Basic humane values are the very identity of Yoga
to the union of individual consciousness with Sadhana.
that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating
a perfect harmony between the mind and body, Yoga has spread all over the world by the
man and nature. According to modern scientists, teachings of eminent Yoga masters from ancient
everything in the universe is just a manifestation times to the present date. Today, everybody has
of the same quantum firmament. One who conviction about Yoga practices towards prevention
experiences this oneness of existence is said to be and management of diseases and promotion of
in yoga, and is termed as a yogi, having attained health. Millions of people across the globe have
to a state of freedom referred to as mukti, benefited by the practice of Yoga and the practice
nirvana or moksha. Thus, the aim of Yoga is Self- of Yoga is blossoming and growing more vibrant
realisation, to overcome all kinds of sufferings with each passing day.

Salient Features of Yoga comfort to the body and mind, “kuryattadasanam-
1. Yoga is Essentially Spiritual sthairyam”, involve, adopting various psycho-
physical body patterns and giving one an ability
2. It is a Darshana (Philosophy)
to maintain a body position (a stable awareness
3. It is a Subtle Science of one’s structural existence) for a considerable
4. It is an Art of Healthy Living length of time.
5. It brings Harmony
Prānāyāma consists of developing awareness
6. Yogic practices are mind centric of one’s breathing followed by willful regulation
of respiration as the functional or vital basis of
The Fundamentals of Yoga one’s existence. It helps in developing awareness
Yoga works on the level of one’s body, mind, of one’s mind and helps to establish control over
emotion, intelligence and energy. This has given the mind. In the initial stages, this is done by
rise to following broad classifications of Yoga: developing awareness of the “flow of in-breath
Jnāna Yoga where we utilise the intelligence and out-breath” (svāsa-prasvāsa) through nostrils,
(Buddhi); Bhakti Yoga where we utilise the mouth and other body openings, its internal and
emotions (Bhava); Karma Yoga where we utilise external pathways and destinations. Later, this
the body (Shareera); Dhyan Yoga where we phenomenon is modified, through regulated,
utilise mind (Manas); and Kriya Yoga where we controlled and monitored inhalation (svāsa)
utilise the energy (Prana). Each system of Yoga leading to the awareness of the body space getting
we practice falls within the gamut of one or more filled (puraka), the space(s) remaining in a filled
of these categories. state (kumbhaka), and it getting emptied (rechaka)
during regulated, controlled and monitored
Every individual is a unique combination
exhalation (prasvāsa).
of these five factors. Only a guru (teacher) can
advocate the appropriate combination of these Bandhas and Mudras are practices
five fundamental paths as it is necessary for each associated with Prānāyāma. They are viewed
seeker. All ancient commentaries on Yoga have as the higher Yogic practices that mainly adopt
stressed that it is essential to work under the certain physical gestures along with control
direction of a guru. over respiration. This further facilitates control
over mind and paves the way for a higher Yogic
Traditional schools/kinds of Yoga attainment. Pratyāhāra indicates dissociation of
The different philosophies, traditions, one’s consciousness (withdrawal) from the sense
lineages and guru-shishya paramparas of Yoga-led organs which connect with the external objects.
to the emergence of different traditional schools. Dhārana (concentration) indicates broad based
These include Jnāna Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma field of attention (inside the body and mind)
Yoga, Pātanjala Yoga, Dhyāna Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, which is usually understood as concentration.
Hatha Yoga, Mantra Yoga, Laya Yoga, Rāja Yoga, Jain Dhyāna (meditation) is contemplation (focused
Yoga, Bouddha Yoga etc. Each school has its own attention inside the body and mind) and Samādhi
approach and practices that lead to the ultimate (integration). Śatkarmas are detoxification
aim and objectives of Yoga. procedures that are clinical in nature and
help to remove the toxins accumulated in the
Yogic practices for health and well-being
body. Yuktāhāra (Right Food and other inputs)
The widely practiced Yoga sadhanas are: advocates appropriate food and food habits
Yama, Niyama, Āsana, Prānāyāma, Pratyāhāra, for healthy living. A few dietary guidelines can
Dhārana, Dhyāna, Samādhi, Bandhās and ensure that the body and mind are flexible and
Mudras, Shatkarmas, Yuktāhāra, Mantra-japa, well-prepared for practice. A vegetarian diet is
Yukta-karma etc. Yama’s are restraints and usually recommended, and for a person over 30
Niyama’s are observances. These are considered years, two meals a day should suffice, except in
to be pre-requisites for further Yoga practice. cases of illness or very high physical activity or
Āsanas, capable of bringing about stability and labour.

However, the practice of Dhyana 3. Achara–Yoga stresses the importance of
(Meditation) helping in self-realisation leading healthy activities such as exercise and
to transcendence is considered as the essence recommends Asana, Pranayama and Kriyas on
of Yoga Sadhana. However, ‘a judicious a regular basis. Cardio-respiratory health is
combination of practice of Asana, Pranayama one of the main by-products of such healthy
and Dhyana daily, keep individuals healthy and activities.
disease free’. 4. Vichara– Right thoughts and right attitude
The knowledge aspect of Yoga Sadhana is towards life is vital for well being. A balanced
being extensively researched, with advantage state of mind is obtained by following the
moral restraints and ethical observances
to Yoga practitioners. Psychological, Anatomic-
(Yama and Niyama). As Mahatma Gandhi said,
physiological, Bio-chemical and philosophical
“there is enough in this world for everyone’s
phenomena underlying Yoga Sadhana have been
need but not enough for any one person’s
commendably understood by us today. It is a matter
greed”.
of satisfaction for the entire humanity. Teaching
methodology in Yoga has also ingrained modern
The Yoga therapy is based on the following
educational methodological rigours into it. There
doctrines and concepts:-
is also a worldwide growth of teaching schools
of Yoga. An earnest scientific and philosophico- • Doctrine of “Chitta-vrittinirodha”, “Kriyayoga”
literary research has also caught up globally and is and “Astanga” as found in Patanjal’s Yoga
yet another encouraging sign of further evolution Sutras.
of Yoga. • Doctrine of “Panchakosha” (five sheaths/
bodies) as found in Upanishads.
Principles of Yoga Therapy and Methods
• Doctrine of various kinds of “Shuddhi” found
Yoga Therapy: in Patanjali Yoga Sutra and Hathayoga.
It is important to adopt holistic lifestyle • Doctrine of opening blocked channels of vayus
and follow a healthy regimen to live a healthy and prana (nadishuddhi), opening of lotuses
and peaceful life. The modern world is facing and chakras, pranayamas, mudras and dristis
a pandemic of lifestyle disorders that require as found in Hathayoga and Kundalini Yoga.
changes to be made consciously by individuals
• Working with the mind on the lines of Patanjali
themselves. Yoga places great importance on
Yoga Sutra, Mantra Yoga and Hathayoga.
a proper and healthy lifestyle whose main
components are: • Working on the lines of “Karma-Jnana-Bhakti”
from Bhagawadgita.
1. Ahara – Yoga emphasises on the need for a
healthy, nourishing diet that has an adequate • Certain aspects of Tantra Yoga also get
intake of fresh water along with a well integrated in various Yoga practices.
balanced intake of fresh food, green salads, Practices to purify the body:
sprouts, unrefined cereals and fresh fruits.
It is important to be aware of the need for a The aim of Hathayoga is to create a balance
Satvic diet, prepared and served with love and among activities and processes of body, mind and
affection. energy. This balance helps in the awakening of the
central force, sushumnanadi which is responsible
2. Vihara – Proper recreational activities to relax for the evolution of human consciousness.
body and mind are essential for good health. Purification of the chakras and nadis is the first
This includes proper relaxation, maintaining step; the assumption is that complete removal
quietude of action-speech-thoughts and of impurities from whole body purifies the nadis
group activities wherein one loses the sense through six different ways which facilitates the
of individuality. Karma Yoga is an excellent flow of prana. These are purificatory processes
method for losing the sense of individuality usually classified into six divisions and therefore
and gaining a sense of universality. they are often called Shatkriyas or shatkarma.

These are-Dhauti, Basti, Neti, Trataka, Nauli the wonderful Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga
and Kapalbhati relaxation and concentration practices of Yoga
The main effects of shuddhi- kriyas are- are useful.
a. Cleansing, activating and revitalising the • To understand and work with the Anandamaya
organs, Kosha (our universal level of existence), it
is important to lose sense of the limited
b. Tones up the functions of the organs,
individuality. Learning to implement principles
c. Desensitisation, of Karma Yoga (Yoga as skilled action
d. Development of deep internal awareness. performed without expectation) and following
the principle of action in relaxation help us
Principles of Yoga therapy in the Management to achieve a sense of joy in all activities. A
of Panchkosha realisation that we live in a blissful universe
The application of Yoga as a therapy can and that all life is joy, is to be brought about in
be correlated with the Upanishads model of the this intervention through use of Bhakti Yoga,
Pancha Kosha (the five aspects of our existence) Karma Yoga and other aspects like Bhajana,
and hence various Yogic practices may be used as Yogic counseling and Satsanga.
therapeutic interventions at different levels in this Practice of Jnana Yoga: The present age
respect.
of science has made man a rational being.
• At the Annamaya Kosha (anatomical level of Intellectual sharpness is imminent. Analysis
existence), Yogic Sukshma Vyayam (simple forms the tool. Jnana Yoga helps to discriminate
movements for all body parts), Mudras (gestures between real and unreal nature, because avidya
for energy generation and conservation), Kriyas (wrong knowledge) is the root cause to perceive
(structured movements), Asanas (steady and the worldly phenomena as real but in reality it
comfortable postures) along with the dietary is not. The path of philosophy (Jnana Yoga) is
modifications are useful. apt for the keen intellectuals and is centered on
• At the Pranamaya Kosha (physiological the analysis of ‘reality and happiness’, the vital
level of existence), Shatkarma (six cleansing contribution of Upanishads. Also many other
processes), various Pranayamas, development fundamental questions regarding the mind, the
of breath awareness and working on breath- outside and inside world are taken up. Basic
movement coordination with emphasis on questions are raised even involving the intellect
balancing Pranic energy is to be done. Work on itself to reach the very basis of intellect.
reenergising and integrating the energies of Practice of Karma Yoga: This path of
the Pancha Prana and Upa Prana Vayus needs working in relaxation involves doing action with
to be done at this level. an attitude of detachment to fruits of action.
• At the Manomaya Kosha (psychological level This makes man release himself from the strong
of existence), there are numerous practices attachments thereby brings in him a steadiness
such as Trataka (concentrated gaze), Dharana of mind, which verily is Yoga-‘Samatvamyogah
(concentration), Dhyana (meditation), Japa and Uchyate’. Instruments of action and understanding
Japa-Ajapa practices that are useful. Various (Karmendriyas and Jnanendriyas) get cleansed
aspects of concentration such as the Chakra (Bhagavadgita 2.48,49).
Dharana and other Yoga Drishti techniques Practice of Bhakti Yoga: The control of
are also available in Yoga. An awareness of emotions is the key in the path of worship
all aspects of the Antahkarana needs to be that involves pure love to the divine and is
developed at this level.
characterised by total surrender. In the age of
• When trying to deal with the Vijnanamaya globalisation, man is tossed up and down due
Kosha (intellectual level of existence) to emotional onslaughts. The path of Bhakti is a
Swadhyaya (self analysis), Satsanga (lectures boon to gain control over emotional instabilities
and spiritually uplifting exchange) along with by properly harnessing the energy involved in it.

Yoga is basically a preventive life-science influences autonomic functioning, metabolic
and hence Yogic counseling is a vital component processes as well as emotional responses.
of Yoga Chikitsa when dealing with all lifestyle 5. Integrates body movements with the breath
disorders. The counseling process is not a ‘one creating psychosomatic harmony. In Yoga the
off’ matter but is a continuous process that starts physical body is related to annamayakosha
from the very first visit and continues with every (our anatomical existence) and the mind to
session at different levels. Helping the patients manomayakosha (our psychological existence).
understand their condition, finding the root cause As the pranayama kosha (our physiological
of the problem and creating a healthy opportunity existence sustained by the energy of the
for them to change themselves, is the Dharma of breath) lies in between them, the breath is the
the therapist. Dharma has been defined as, doing key to psychosomatic harmony.
the right thing for the right person at the right
6. Focuses the mind positively on activities being
place and at the right time in the right manner. It
done, enhances energy flow and results in
may take many months before we start to witness healthy circulation to the different body parts
benefits of these Yogic lifestyle changes and Yoga and internal organs. Where the mind goes,
Chikitsa practices. there the prana flows!
Mechanism of action of Yoga 7. Creates a calm internal environment through
contemplative practices that in turn enable
The following are just a few of the mechanisms
normalisation of homeostatic mechanisms.
through which Yoga works as an integrated mind-
Yoga is all about balance or samatvam at all
body medicine:
levels of being. Mental balance produces
1. Cleanses the accumulated toxins through physical balance and vice versa too.
various shuddikriyas and generates a sense of 8. Relaxes the body-emotion-mind complex
relaxed lightness through sukshma vyayama through physical and mental techniques
(simple movements for all body parts). Free that enhance our pain threshold and coping
flow in all bodily passages prevents the many ability in responding to external and internal
infections that may occur when pathogens stressors. This enhances the quality of life as
stagnate therein. seen in so many terminal cases where other
therapies are not able to offer any solace.
2. Adoption of a Yogic lifestyle with proper
nourishing diet, creates positive antioxidant 9. Enhances self-confidence and internal
enhancement thus neutralising free radicals healing capacities through the cultivation
while enabling a rejuvenated storehouse of of right attitudes towards life and moral-
nutrients packed with life energy to work on ethical living through yama-niyama and
anabolic, reparative and healing processes. various Yogic psychological principles. Faith,
self confidence and inner strength are most
3. Steadies the entire body through different essential for healing, repair, rejuvenation and
physical postures held in a steady and re-invigoration.
comfortable manner without strain. Physical
balance and a sense of ease with oneself 10. Yoga works towards restoration of normalcy
in all systems of the human body with special
enhances mental/emotional balance and
emphasis on the psycho-neuro-immuno-
enables all physiological processes to occur in
endocrine axis. In addition to its preventive
a healthy manner.
and restorative capabilities, Yoga also aims at
4. Improves control over autonomic respiratory promoting positive health that will help us to
mechanisms though breathing patterns that tide over health challenges that occur during
generate energy and enhance emotional our lifetime. This concept of positive health is
stability. The mind and emotions are related one of Yoga’s unique contributions to modern
to our breathing pattern and rate and hence health care as Yoga has both a preventive as
the slowing down of the breathing process well as promotive role in the health care of our

masses. It is also inexpensive and can be used true nature of purusha and its distinctness from
in tandem with other systems of medicine in buddhi known as viveka-khyati.
an integrated manner to benefit patients.
Yoga as a Therapy: Yoga as a therapy
Principles of Yoga in the Management of (Chikitsa) is being practiced now as an alternative
Kleshas and Vrittis health care practice in many parts of the world.
The number of Yoga practitioners continues to
Yoga is a path towards realisation of "true
rise tremendously. Of the many benefits ascribed
nature of the self" and practitioners of Yoga, in
to Yoga practice, blood pressure control is among
search of this spiritual goal, have evolved this
the most studied. There are several reviews
art and science from time immemorial. it is a
regarding the potential benefits of Yoga for
continuous experiential path which transcends
reducing blood pressure and other cardiovascular
various states of consciousness to ultimately
disease risk factors but the degree to which yoga
merge with the reality or the infinite pure
therapy may decrease blood pressure and its
consciousness featured by Kaivalyam or eternal
potential modifying effects remain unclear. Yoga
freedom. This state of Kaivalyam can be attained
therapy has also seen to improve indices of risk
only through ‘chittavritti-nirodha’ i.e., the
in adults with type-2 diabetes, including glucose
cessation of all the mental processes. Patanjali
tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles,
advocates development of correct psychological
anthropometric characteristics and blood
attitudes such as Maitri (friendliness towards
pressure. It also leads to a reduction in oxidant
those who are at peace with themselves),
damage; improve coagulation profiles and
Karuna (compassion for the suffering), Mudita
pulmonary function, and decreases sympathetic
(cheerfulness towards the virtuous) and
activation in adults with diabetes and related
Upekshanam (indifference and avoidance of the
chronic disorders. Yoga may also be useful in
evil) as first step and then suggests the practice of
reducing medication requirements in patients
Abhyasa-Vairagya, ashtangayoga and kriyayoga to
with diabetes and could help prevent and manage
achieve the state of Chittavritivinirodha. Abhyasa
cardiovascular complications in this population.
is regular/ punctual practice with patience and
Many research papers have been published in
perseverance and Vairagya connotes a virtual
indexed peer reviewed journals to prove the
freedom from attachment and indulgence
efficacy of Yoga therapy in the management of
to all worldly things and all pleasure of life.
many muscular-skeletal disorders and lifestyle
The practice of Abhyasa and vairagya leads to
related diseases
vivekakhyati (discriminating wisdom). Kriya
yoga has three parts: 1) training and purifying International Day of Yoga
the senses (tapas), 2) self-study in the context
The United Nation’s Resolution adopted
of teachings (svadhyaya), and 3) devotion and
by the General Assembly on 11 December, 2014
letting go into the creative source from which
forms the basis of the observation of International
we emerged (ishvarapranidhana). The practice
Day of Yoga (IDY), and it emphasises the potential
of both Abhyasa-vairagya and kriyayoga reduces
of Yoga to secure health and wellbeing for all. Over
the gross and subtle thought patterns (vrittis and
the years, IDY has become a global movement
kleshas) such as thoughts / information perceived
for health. India feels privileged by the global
through the interaction with sense organs. this
acceptance of Yoga, which is one of its precious
reduces the kleshas into an attenuated state called
inheritances; and has been playing a leadership
tanu. when the impulsiveness of the kleshas
role in the observation of IDY around the world.
are reduced, patanjali advocates the practice of
graded course of meditation ashtanga Yoga such Ministry of AYUSH, being the nodal Ministry
as Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, for IDY in India, has initiated a host of activities
Dharana, Dhyana leading to a state of Samadhi aiming to motivate as many people as possible
which burn the attenuated kleshas with the light to participate in IDY- 2021, through convergence
of prajna (super sensuous knowledge) known as of activities among various stake-holders. The
Ritambhara Prajna (PYS,1.48) which reveals the Ministry has initiated multiple programmes and

collaborations to build on the progress achieved the Yoga practice as their routine, will also help
over the last six years in taking the message of the population to improve general health and
Yoga across India and the world, and to widen its immunity and thus to serve as a preventive
reach further this year. measure against the deadly disease.
Role of Yoga in Present Pandemic Conditions Conclusion
The practice of Yoga has become of utmost Yoga is the most perfect health and wellness
importance in the current scenario as the world is module as it is comprehensive and holistic in
on the road to recovery from a deadly pandemic— its nature. Yogic principles of wellness help to
lending greater focus to public health, preventive strengthen and develop positive health enabling
medicine, and personal care on both physical and us to withstand stress better. This Yogic “health
mental fronts. Adoption of daily practice of Yoga insurance” has achieved by normalising the
can be of great help for the thousands of people perception of stress, optimising the reaction to
who suffered from COVID-19 in the difficult it and by releasing the pent-up stress effectively
days that passed, and in aiding their complete through the practice of various Yogic practices.
recovery from various adverse effects of the
disease. The selected combination of pranayama References:
modules (Naadishodhana, Ujjayee, Bhramari
1. Traditional Yoga Texts
etc.) makes it a comprehensive intervention to
reduce COVID-19 infection; here emphasis has 2. Teaching Notes/Articles of Dr. M V Bhole
to be laid on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing
with awareness. 15 minutes of deep breathing (The author is Director, Morarji Desai
practice (or anuloma- viloma pranayama) before National Institute of Yoga, Ministry of Ayush,
sleep, ensure the quality of sleep which is very Govt. of India, Email: [email protected].
crucial in determining immunity. Adoption of Views expressed are personal)

Integrated Rural Development and
Sustainable Development Goals
Dr. Amiya Kumar Mohapatra and Dr. Malay Kumar Mohanty
The overall well-being of India very much rests on rural economy and its development. Accomplishment of SDGs are mainly
connected with rural India and its progress. The rural development and its concomitant outcomes will not only reduce the
poverty and inequality, but also will empower the community, especially the women and the underprivileged sections of the
society. Hence, the attainment of SDGs can be possible in India through integrated and inclusive development of the rural
India in true sense.
“Everything we do during and after this crisis [COVID-19] must be with a strong focus on building
more equal, inclusive and sustainable economies and societies that are more resilient in the face of
pandemics, climate change, and the many other global challenges we face”.
By António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations
he 2030 agenda for ‘Sustainable dimensions of sustainable development viz.,
T Development Goals (SDGs)’ by

United Nations; was implemented
with effect from January 1, 2016; in
ensuring peace, prosperity and opportunity for
(a) economic growth (b) social inclusion and
(c) environmental protection: which are closely
interconnected and inevitable, as a part of well-
being of the individuals, communities, nations
all and for well-being of the masses; and to end and world development.
all kinds of deprivation and socio-economic evils
including poverty and inequality. The agenda The primary focus of SDGs has been on
enlisted 17 SDGs with 169 Targets, which are proactive participation of all the stakeholders like
the milestones of holistic socio-economic National and State Governments of UN member
transformation, having priority focus on well- nations, policymakers, local governance bodies,
being of people and planet earth at large. As industries, local communities and people across all
a global mandate, the SDGs cover three key layers of society. Although, it has been universally

accepted by 193 countries, however, its success The SDGs and Rural Development in India
predominantly depends upon the country-specific
development initiatives and commitment in The well-being of Indian economy certainly
effective implementation of SDGs, with “GLOCAL depends upon the living and livelihood patterns
(Global thinking, Local action)” approach. In this of the rural economy. In India, more than 65
regard, its gratifying fact that India is committed, percent of the total population lives in villages
by heart and soul, for the effective and integrated and, therefore, rural development itself signifies
implementation for attaining the desired SDGs its importance in all kinds of public policy making.
by 2030, especially focusing on “Leave No One Thus, ‘integrated rural development’ can be used
Behind” and “A Life of Dignity for All”. as a major index of sustainable development of
Table 1: SDGs and Rural Development Linkages
(# Degree of Linkage: Scale 3 =Highest, 2 = Moderate and 1 = Lowest)
SDG# Thrust /Focus Area Description of the SDGs Linked with Rural Develop-
of SDG ment #
SDG 1 No poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere Yes (3)
SDG 2 Zero hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition Yes (3)
and promote sustainable agriculture
SDG 3 Good health and well- Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all Yes (3)
being ages.
SDG 4 Quality education Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and pro- Yes (3)
mote lifelong learning opportunities for all
SDG 5 Gender equality Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Yes (3)
SDG 6 Clean water and Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and Yes (3)
sanitation sanitation for all
SDG 7 Affordable and clean Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern Yes (2)
energy energy for all
SDG 8 Decent work and Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic Yes (2)
economic growth growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all
SDG 9 Industry, innovation Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustain- Yes (1)
and infrastructure able industrialization and foster innovation
SDG 10 Reduced inequalities Reduce inequality within and among countries Yes (3)
SDG 11 Sustainable cities and Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient Yes (1)
communities and sustainable
SDG 12 Responsible consump- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Yes (2)
tion and production
SDG 13 Climate action Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Yes (2)
SDG 14 Life below water Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine Yes (1)
resources for sustainable development
SDG 15 Life on land Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial Yes (3)
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat deserti-
fication, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
SDG 16 Peace, justice and Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable Yes (1)
strong institutions development, provide access to justice for all and build effec-
tive, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
SDG 17 Partnership for the Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the Not directly linked to SDGs
goals global partnership for sustainable development
Note: Of the 17 SDGs, 8 SDGs have highest degree of linkage(3) with Rural Development.
Source: SDG Reports; Matrix Reconstructed by Authors

appraising enlargement of people’s choices and SDG 1: No Poverty
capabilities, across India. In other words, the
Poverty is multidimensional and complex, and
‘secret of success of SDGs in India’ predominantly
especially rural poverty is more deep-rooted and
revolves around development with core focus on pervasive. Hence to attain the SDG-1, eradication
inclusive and holistic development of rural India, of rural poverty is essential and can be achieved
and also taking special care to avoid/reduce all by better infrastructure development, agricultural
sorts of deprivation and exploitation. development, and better credit support facility
To find out the nature of association and also through socio-economic transformation
between SDGs and rural development (Table in rural India. A well-designed policy to remove
1), we have used the qualitative scale 1-3 to rural poverty is essential which further laid the
measure the degree of linkages. The parameters foundation for the rest of the SDGs.
of associations are mostly framed from the SDGs SDG 2: Zero Hunger
descriptions and outcomes. It was found that out
of 17 SDGs, 8 SDGs are highly linked in the scale Hunger and food insecurity which are
of 3 with rural development, and 4 SDGs are quite prevalent; and very much associated with
moderately associated in a scale of 2. Similarly,4 extreme form of poverty. Millions of children
SDGs are dimly linked in a scale of 1 and the last are living under malnutrition and suffering from
one goal, SDG-17 is not directly connected with various diseases in general and in rural segment
the rural development. So, based on the nature in particular. Therefore, the focus should be on
human rights and human dignity. This can be
and degrees of association, it is found that the
achieved by focusing on food security. In addition,
SDGs can be better achieved only when rural
self-sufficiency in food grain production and
development will be given additional importance
assurance of food security for masses very much
in the policy making and in our nation’s fiscal
elucidates the significance of agricultural sector.
landscape. The rural development contributes to
The food price have increased manifold over
4 ‘P’ out of the 5 ‘P’ as delineated in the policy
the recent years making the food basket costlier
agenda and these are – People, Planet, Prosperity,
and threatens the survival of the poor masses.
and Peace.
So, agricultural development is imperative for
Attainment of relevant SDGs and Rural Well- rural development through which sustainable
being in Indian Context development would be possible
The overall well-being of India very much SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
rests on rural economy and its development. For better health and well-being; heath care
Accomplishment of SDGs are mainly connected facility is very much essential. Health related
with rural India and its progress. The rural challenges still persist at large and the existing
development and its concomitant outcomes will progress is not enough to meet the daunting
not only reduce the poverty and inequality, but challenges in the rural health segment. Persistent
also will empower the community, especially the health related issues affect the productivity and
women and the underprivileged sections of the efficiency of the work force and create unnecessary
society. Hence, the attainment of SDGs can be economic burden on their standard of living.
possible in India through integrated and inclusive
development of the rural India in true sense. The SDG 4: Quality Education
development of rural infrastructure like health, Well-being of the nation rests on the quality
education, sanitation, housing, drinking water, education. It counts how children are getting
rural banking, electricity, rural infrastructure, education along with the ancillary supports. The
and rural/cottage/village/agro-based industries challenges in quality education in the rural areas
will play the vital roles in attaining inclusive are more because of higher dropouts, due to lack
development in a sustainable manner, as per of infrastructure and motivation. However quality
SDGs agenda. education is essential to fight against all kind

of deprivation and also will support remaining SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
SDGs.
Unemployment and lack of opportunities
SDG 5: Gender Equality adversely affect the economy and also affect
the health and socio-economic status of the
Inclusiveness is possible only when all the
unemployed people. Unemployment in various
segments get equal rights and equal opportunities
forms are rampant in the rural sector and hence
in every aspects of life. The major challenges
to achieve sustainable growth, focus should be
in the society are gender inequality and socio-
given in situ employment creation at the rural
economic discrimination. This is rampant in rural economy. It will not only enhance the economic
sector and hence greater importance is given for well-being but also raises the socio-cultural status
gender equality and for empowerment of girls and will add to positive mindset of the people.
and women without any discrimination in the
SDGs. To achieve the same, rural development is SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and
inevitable and need of the hour. Infrastructure
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Adequate and accessible infrastructure
not only enriches the quality of life but also
Housing alone cannot support sustainable brings betterment of rural livelihood. Better
rural development unless supported by basic infrastructure always have positive correlation
amenities like drinking water, sanitation, etc. For with economic development. It is found that
better health and rural well-being; safe and clean there is a clear need of uplifting of rural economy
drinking water is very essential. The government especially the rural infrastructure development.
of India is making continuous efforts to provide Setting of rural industries and promotion of
healthy drinking water to all the citizens, especially innovation at the grass-root level will certainly
to rural population. Importance of clean water, add to living standards and well-being of the rural
sanitation and hygiene is essential for protecting people.
human health and human dignity. Clean water
Effects of COVID-19 and Environment
and sanitation always have positive impact on
Mapping with SDGs
the rural people in terms of health, employment,
income, wealth, productivity and welfare as The whole world is reeling under pandemic-
well. driven recession of the worst kind one can
Table 2: Rural Areas and SDGs Environment Mapping
Societal & Environmental Sectoral Approach Synergic Effects Development

Threats Perspectives
Poverty and Marginalised Education and Health Rural – Urban Migration Quality of Life
Communities Services Improvement
Famine and Subsistence Biodiversity Protection Food Security Sustainable Agriculture
Agriculture
Rural Areas
Land Degradation and Natural Hazards Climate Changes Rural Resilience

Deforestation
Lack of Basic Utilities Waste/Water/Sanitation/ Environmental Pollution Circular Economy
Energy
Underdevelopment Rural – Urban Gaps Governance & Territorial Reducing Inequalities
Regions Cohesion
Local - National - Cross Countries - Global Cooperation - SDGs - Agenda 2030
Source: Author MIHAI FC (2019)

imagine. Most of the social and economic going- inequality due to adverse effects of pandemic,
on have come to a nix due to COVID-19 pandemic. just to mention a few.
As a consequence, there has been widespread
It’s needless to mention that vital roles are
poverty, inequality and joblessness in most parts
being played by media (print/electronic/digital),
of the world. Mass unemployment, stories of jobs
NGOs, civil society, CSR initiatives in creating the
cut from various companies are pretty alarming.
awareness, enrollment, effective participation in
COVID-19 pandemic has certainly devastated the
embracing the SDGs and their implementation, as
life of a large section of the working population.
proactive partners. Further, with the significant
The world economy has withered by 4.4 percent,
focus on livelihood enhancement through
which has stalled the socio-economic development
MNREGA, agriculture, dairy farming, fisheries
processes and act as the biggest challenge in
attaining SDGs by 2030. and poultry, horticulture, forestry etc., systems
can be hoped to rejuvenate and strengthen
The linkage and matrix of ‘Rural areas and the integrated rural development in Indian
SDGs’ is done for environment mapping, which is context. The three ‘f’ i.e. funds, functions, and
crucially important, along with integrated socio- functionaries are needed to optimally operate to
economic rural development (Table 2). enhance the desired benefits that can percolate
Integrated Rural Development and Road down to the last person in the society. Simply
Ahead for SDGs stated, the strategic planning, commitment in
effective implementation of SDGs, with GLOCAL
A structured and well-crafted rural approach, timely execution, close monitoring
development strategy will certainly help in
and evaluation (M&E) with clearly defined
attaining the sustainable development goals. The
accountability, etc. are inevitable for ensuring the
initiatives like Make in India, Skill India, Digital
sustainable rural development in India. This will in
India, Start-up India and Stand-up India, etc.,
turn set the path for attaining the SDGs, as rural
have been successfully launched and effectively
India is the significant contributor for the most of
operationalised since 2015-16 in India, which has
the criteria of SDGs and overall development in
enabled India to expedite the socio-economic
Indian context.
development. However, amidst of COVID-19
crisis, several steps have been taken by various (The authors are Deputy Director, FOSTIIMA
Ministries to overcome the bottlenecks and focus Business School, Dwarka, New Delhi, and former
on the basic and fundamental of provisioning for President of Odisha Commerce Association; and
human subsistence, especially for the marginalised Former Professor and Dean, Faculty of Commerce
section of the society, who are significantly and Management, Sambalpur University,
affected by pandemic by (a) affecting livelihoods, Odisha. Email: [email protected].
(b) reduced income/ employment, (c) increased Views expressed are personal).
Kurukshetra
Forthcoming Issue
July 2021 : Rural Infrastructure
coming soon
India: An Agricultural Powerhouse

Sustainable Mining
Aman Sharma
Indian mineral sector is very small and the country is a very small player when it comes to mineral exports. This is ironical
because India has the potential to be a big player in global mineral trade, owing to its huge Obvious Geological Potential in
several minerals. Even in minerals such as Coal and Iron ore, where India has huge proven reserves, we are a net importer of
thermal coal and our iron ore exports are insignificant in comparison to countries like Australia and Brazil.
ven after 74 years of country’s minerals) was at Rs. 73,257 crore during 2018-19.
E Independence, minerals contribute

only 1.69 percent to the country’
GDP. Out of this, the share of coal and
lignite is the maximum at 0.80 percent followed
Among the principal metallic minerals, iron ore
contributed Rs. 45,184 crore (71 percent), lead
(concentrate) and zinc (concentrate) together
Rs. 7,240 crore (11 percent), chromite Rs. 3,584
by major minerals like Iron ore, Bauxite and crore (about 6 percent), manganese ore Rs.2,270
limestone at 0.52 percent and minor minerals crore (about 4 percent), silver Rs. 2,582 crore (4
like marble, sandstone, dolomite, sand etc at 0.37 percent), bauxite Rs. 1,717 crore (3 percent) and
percent. This is despite India being extremely rich the remaining value was from copper (ore and
in mineral resources including coal (4 th largest concentrate), gold (ore and metal), lead and zinc
reserves in the world), iron ore, Manganese ore ore and tin concentrates. The value of production
(7 th largest reserve in the world), Mica, Bauxite of non-metallic minerals was at Rs. 9,215 crore
(5 th largest reserve in the world), besides large during 2018-19. Limestone contributed almost
reserves of Chromite, Limestone, Thorium, 92 percent of the total value of non-metallic
Diamonds and Natural gas. minerals; other important non-metallic minerals
The total value of mineral production in value terms, were phosphorite/rock phosphate
(excluding atomic minerals, fuel and minor (4 percent) and garnet (abrasive) (2 percent).

During the year 2018-19, the value of exports of thermal coal and our iron ore exports are
(including re-exports) of ores and minerals stood insignificant in comparison to countries like
at Rs. 2,19,168 crore and accounted for about Australia and Brazil. Countries such as Australia
9.50 percent of the total value of all merchandise and South Africa, which are geologically similarly
exported from India. Diamond (total) continued placed with India (owing to their emergence from
to be the largest constituent item with a share of Gondwanaland), are big players in mineral export.
80.22 percent in the total value of mineral exports Mining contributes to more than eight percent of
in 2018-19; however, majority of diamond export South Africa’s GDP and minerals constitute 35-40
were of the nature of re-exports viz rough diamond percent of the country’s exports in value terms.
was imported and then after doing a value addition For Australia, mining and the mining equipment,
in the form of cutting-polishing, was re-exported. technology and services (METS) sector accounts
Next in the order of share was granite with the for approximately 15 percent of Australia’s GDP
contribution of 4.65 percent followed by iron ore and supports (directly and indirectly) 1.1 million
4.23 percent, alumina 2.14 percent and emerald jobs – around 10 percent of Australia’s total
(cut and uncut) total 1.05 percent. workforce. For Canada, mining represents about
3.6 percent of the Canadian economy and 32
During 2018-19, the total value of imports
percent of exports.
of ores and minerals as Rs. 12,99,186 crore
accounting for 36.14 percent of the total value of National Mineral Policy, 2019
all merchandise imported into India. Petroleum
NMP 2019 was approved by the Union
(crude) continued to be the largest constituent
Cabinet, on 28th February 2019. The aim of NMP,
item with a share of 61.44 percent in the total
2019 is to have a more effective, meaningful
value of minerals imported in 2018- 19. Next in
and implementable policy that brings in further
order of importance was diamond (total) with a
transparency, better regulation and enforcement,
share of 13.70 percent followed by coal (excluding
balanced social and economic growth as well as
lignite) with a share of 13.16 percent and natural
sustainable mining practices. NMP, 2019 clearly
gas with 5.69 percent. The combined share of
states that “minerals continue to be an important
these four minerals was 93.98 percent in 2018-19
source of foreign exchange earnings. For exports,
as against 91.80 percent in the previous year. If
the policy shall keep in view the dynamics of
we exclude petroleum and gas and diamonds from
mineral inventories as well as the short, medium
the mineral import basket, coal was the major
and long term needs of the country. On the other
import item in value terms.
hand, the import of minerals shall be coordinated
Coal production (provisional) at 728.72 million as far as possible with the indigenous development
tonnes in 2018-19 was higher by 7.9 percent of mineral based industries. Areas of cooperation
from that of 675.40 million tonnes in 2017-18. In with other countries having complementary
2018-19, out of the total production of coal, 5.64 resource base shall be developed for mutual
percent (41.13 million tonnes) was of coking coal advantage. The approach shall be to make mineral
and the remaining 94.36 percent (687.59 million based materials available to domestic users
tonnes) was of thermal coal. As our domestic coal at reasonable prices as determined by market
production is less than our total consumption, forces. To develop mining as a modern stand-
India imports close to 225-Million-ton thermal and alone industry substantial investment is required.
coking coal every year from countries like South A long term export-import policy for the mineral
Africa (thermal coal) and Australia (coking coal). sector would provide stability and prove to be an
incentive for investing in large scale commercial
Indian mineral sector is therefore very small
mining activity. Assurances, through such a policy
and India is a very small player when it comes to
for minerals, will be a key factor for investment
mineral exports. This is ironical because India has
decisions, particularly Foreign Direct Investment
the potential to be a big player in global mineral
(FDI) decisions in the sector.”
trade, owing to its huge Obvious Geological
Potential (OGP) in several minerals. Even in The very fact that the NMP, 2019, aims to
minerals such as Coal and Iron ore, where India develop mining as a modern stand-alone industry,
has huge proven reserves, we are a net importer points to the fact that the role of the mineral

industry is not just to play second fiddle to the country. Scarcity of iron ore often leads to iron
domestic manufacturing industry, but to act as ore price rise, as is being experienced in the last
an independent industry. This means that the one year, mainly on account of delays in restarting
domestic indirect tax as well as Foreign Trade production in atleast 10 newly auctioned iron ore
Policy (FTP) has to be aligned in such a manner that mines in Odisha, which together account for over
wealth creation in the mining sector is promoted. 40 MTPA iron ore production.
This would be possible by removing tariff and non-
tariff barriers towards mineral export, atleast in Reasons for Low Iron Ore production
those minerals where domestic reserves are more Iron ore is a mineral where reconnaissance
than adequate. and prospecting are not important as it is found
India’s position in Iron Ore mining and mainly near the surface and most of the proven
export reserves are adequately prospected. Exploration
is therefore not much of a problem in case of
As discussed above, iron ore is the most
important metallic mineral currently mined in the iron ore. The main problem lies in issue of Mining
country and constitutes more than 71 percent of Leases for the following reasons:
the total value of metallic minerals mined in the a) New blocks either not put on auction by States
country. The country mined 242 Million Tons of or held on by CPSEs/SPSEs who have either
iron ore in 2019-20, out of which about 36 MT
failed to secure MLs or start production/
(iron ore and pellets) was exported (mainly to
evacuation, owing to multiple reasons, after
China) and the rest used domestically. Despite
India being richly endowed with iron ore, we are reservation or obtaining ML.
a minor player (market share 1.8 percent) in the b) Non-issue of FC or EC or both on account of
international iron ore market. Largest exporters of several iron ore mines being located in forest
iron ore are Australia (53.8 percent market share) areas. The Management Plan for Sustainable
and Brazil (18.1 percent market share) and major Mining (MPSM) prepared by Indian Council of
importing consumers are China, Japan, Korea, Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) has
Middle East and EU. The overall size of the iron placed a complete ban on iron ore mining
ore export market is more than USD 120 Billion in the Saranda and Chaibasa forests of West
and India’s earnings are hardly USD 2.16 Billion viz Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. This area
Rs. 18000 Cr. This is in contrast to USD 64 Billion has proven reserves of 1.8 Billion tons, most
earned by Australia from export of iron ore alone. of which is currently not available for mining.
Challenges in enhancing export of iron ore Although MoEF&CC has recently undertaken
an exercise to review the MPSM, it is a time
Iron ore with Fe content more than 58
percent attracts an export duty of 30 percent in taking exercise owing to time involved in
India. This has been introduced with the aim of cadastral mapping.
discouraging export of high grade iron ore and c) Several mines not having started production
conserving it for domestic steel industry. This 30 and dispatch despite getting ML.
percent export duty has been a bone of contention
d) Captive iron ore mines not mining optimally
between the steel and the mining industry for a
long time and is also being fought at the Apex as they did not have the permission to sell
Court for iron ore mined in Karnataka. As iron ore surplus iron ore in the market. As a result,
pellets of any grade are not subject to export duty, huge reserves in such captive mines are lying
an anomaly is also created wherein high grade unutilised.
pellets are exported at Nil export duty whereas All these factors have contributed to a
high grade iron ore cannot be. This is also a source situation where in the country has not been able
of continuous war of words between the iron
to significantly enhance iron ore production in the
ore mining and the pellet industry. The primary
last 5 years.
reason for this conflict and India’s extremely low
share in the global iron ore export market is our The following table gives a bird eye view of
failure to ramp up iron ore production in the the iron ore scenario in the country:

in million tonnes g) Allow private entities engaged by the
Government to undertake mineral exploration
Iron Ore 2020- 2019- 2018 - 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16
21* 20 19 without the need for RP-PL, in addition to
public sector entities
Production 195 242.73 206.45 201.43 194.58 158.11
Import 0.9 1.24 12.80 8.70 4.60 7.09 The impact of these amendments is expected
to be the following:
Export 52 36.52 16.15 24.20 30.73 5.32
*Provisional a) Open up blocked mines for mining.
b) Use captive mines optimally by giving lessees
Despite vast reserves, India imports iron ore. the option of selling surplus mineral in open
The reasons for import are lower landed cost of market.
imported iron ore, especially for steel plants near
the coast. Higher logistics cost are an additional c) Decreasing the time required for
problem in the country as railway freight is very auctioning mines, either by State or Central
high in India, thereby adversely affecting the raw Government.
material cost for steel plants located in Karnataka, d) Involving private agencies in exploration.
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu or Maharashtra.
Impediments in Enhancing Production
Steps taken by Government to Enhance Iron
The biggest impediment in opening up
Ore Mining Greenfield mines remains forest diversion and
In order to enhance the production of iron Environmental Clearance. This is a complex issue
ore in the country, following steps have already which involves not only amendments to the EIA
been taken by the Ministry of Mines by way of notification but also a go ahead from the judiciary.
amendments to the MMDR Act and Rules: Draft EIA Notification 2020 has already got delayed
and the Supreme Court has banned iron ore mining
a) Insertion of Section 8B, which has allowed for
in Goa and imposed several restrictions on iron
seamless vesting of statutory clearances from
ore mining in Karnataka. These issues need to be
earlier lessees to the new ones resolved at the earliest.
b) To allow captive miners to sell up to 50
percent of their production after meeting
Suggestions for Promoting Environmentally
the requirements of the end-use plant and
Sustainable Mining
on paying additional royalty to the state Environment protection and mining should
government. not be seen as each other’s opponents. Instead, a
balanced approach needs to be followed wherein
c) Fixing a time frame for Government companies
sustainable mining can be practiced. However, it is
to obtain a ML from the date of reservation
easier said than done. The following suggestions
and for commencing production & dispatch
are worth considering:
from the date of obtaining a ML.
a) Reduce the term of ML from current 30 years
d) Empower the central government to conduct
to 15 years, with only one extension being
auctions or re-auction processes for the grant allowed for 5 years. There should be a stiff
of a mining lease if a state government fails penalty in case the lessee fails to extract the
to complete the auction process in a specified entire reserve from the leased mine.
period, decided after consultations between
the Centre and state. b) The lessee should undertake proper mine
closure within a specified time frame after the
e) Termination of RP/PL under Section 10A(2b) expiry of lease. This would also open up large
of MMDR Act so as to make available more areas in closed mines where Compensatory
than 500 iron ore blocks for re-auction. Afforestation can be taken up. Presently, in
f) Applying a sun-set clause on mines reserved for some mines where ground was broken up
Government companies so that ML is obtained a century ago are yet to see mine closure,
and production-dispatch commenced within a as some reserves are still there or more
certain time frame, otherwise the reservation reserves are being prospected. Slow pace of
and ML shall be terminated. mining enhances environmental degradation

and therefore the lease period needs to be small ecological damage can be undone at the
significantly reduced with a clear sun-set time of mine closure. Unfortunately, none of this
clause. is presently being done in the country.
c) All mineral blocks should be auctioned with Why it is necessary to Mine Fast?
pre-approved FC-EC so that ML should be
Steel making is done through the iron ore
granted within 4 weeks of declaring the
route as well as scrap route. Both the routes
preferred bidder.
are equally popular across the world. The Blast
d) Manual mining should be banned and only Furnace route uses Coking coal to reduce the iron
mechanised mines should be allowed to ore to hot metal, which is thereafter purified,
operate. For this the size of the auctioned alloyed and rolled. The reduction process releases
blocks offered for lease should be large, so as a lot of CO2 which is a major greenhouse gas.
to justify investment in mechanization. Globally, the steel industry is responsible for more
than 8 percent CO2 emissions. As a result, most
e) Make it mandatory for evacuation of minerals of the developed countries have either shifted or
to be done using conveyors (overhead or are in the process of shifting steel making from
ground) upto the Railway siding or slurry the BF route to the scrap route, besides exploring
pipeline beneficiation plant/pumping station. the Hydrogen route for reduction of iron ore. In
No truck based movement from the mine head fact, the developed countries that have sustained
through the forest roads should be allowed. a high per capita steel consumption (viz more
These rules would indirectly ensure that than 200 Kgs) for a long time, have reached a
smaller mines are not economically viable and stage of Circular economy, which means that scrap
thus the market would automatically shift to generated in the country is enough to meet the
larger blocks. ongoing steel consumption in the country.
f) Zero waste mining should be the norm and not In order to meet the CO2 emission targets
an exception. Beneficiation plants should be under CoP21, the steel industry in EU is already
mandatory along with ore processing plants bearing a cost of about Euro 50 per ton of steel
and no surface lease for slime ponds should produced through the BF route. With EU thinking
be granted along with the mine. Dry stacking of imposing a Carbon Border Adjustment Tax on
of gangue should be mandatory. steel imports, the future of BF or iron ore route
g) There should be a limitation on number of of steel making is not very bright. Sooner or later,
persons/workers and their families getting most of the countries would shift steelmaking to
settled in the lease area, so as to reduce scrap route majority, unless and until the cost of
degradation of nearby forests due to making Hydrogen from water reduces significantly.
population pressure. These conditions should Iron ore reserves just like coal therefore have an
be inbuilt in the EC. expiry date written on them.
If India does not exploit its iron ore and
h) Rules relating to Compensatory Afforestation
coking coal reserves in the next 20 years, these
(CA) should be amended and a pan-India pool
reserves would become dead assets very soon.
of CA land should be created. This would
The country needs to aim for mining atleast 400
reduce the time required for identifying CA ,
MTPA iron ore and atleast 100 MTPA coking coal,
which is a major reason for delay in obtaining
starting 2024-25. An export of 150 MTPA iron ore
FC
would easily bring in more than Rs 1 lakh crore
The environmental issues in mining are real. revenue in forex, every year.
However, environment protection cannot be a
The Coal Scenario
reason for not exploiting the mineral wealth of
the country optimally. As is done in developed To add a para on thermal coal, the same
countries like Australia, Canada, USA etc. mining principle shall apply, as has been stated in the
has to be carried out scientifically, using state-of- case of iron ore. As the world moves towards
the-art technology, within a specified timeframe reducing Co2 emissions, and as the cost per unit
and with minimum ecological damage. Even this of solar power goes on falling with each passing

year, demand for coal shall keep on shrinking. Conclusion
Already, South Africa is finding it difficult to sell
The impact of this fast pacing of mining
its coal to EU and instead focusing on the Indian
market. Today, more than 60 percent of South would have a direct impact on the income as well
African thermal coal is shipped to India. China has as employment generation in rural areas, as all
already announced that it would start reducing the mines, without exception, are located in rural
coal consumption in the plan window 2026-30 areas. The country’s mining sector which currently
and become carbon neutral by 2060. The coal provides direct employment to over 30 lakh people
consumption across the world including within can easily become an employment provider
the country is therefore all set to go down. India to over 60 lakh people directly and 5 Cr people
therefore has a very small window of 20 years to indirectly. Environmental sustainability of this
consume its coal reserves. It is high time that we enhanced pace of mining can be easily ensured by
start mining our coal out at a fast pace viz 1 Billion following the international best practices as have
tons per annum for self-consumption as well as been enumerated above.
export. The Government’s decision to auction
coal blocks for commercial mining instead of for (The author is Deputy Director General,
specific end use, would go a long way to reach this Department of Posts. Email: aman3172@gmail.
potential. com. Views expressed are personal)

Licensed U(DN) 52/2021-23 to post without pre-payment Reg. Number DL(S)-05/3232/2021-23
At RMS, Delhi ISSN- 0021- 5660 RN 702/57-Delhi Postal
Date of Publishing : 26th May 2021
th th
Date of Dispatch : 29 , 30 May 2021
Vol. 69 No. 8 Pages 56 June 2021 22
Sustainable &
Inclusive Rural Growth
Printed and Published by Monideepa Mukerjee, Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Govt. of India
Soochna Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 003 on behalf of Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi - 110011,
Printed at Chandu Press, D-97, Shakarpur, Delhi -110092 and Published from Soochna Bhawan, New Delhi - 110003. Senior Editor: Manogyan R. Pal

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Vol. 69 No. 8 Pages 56 June 2021 22

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Inclusive, Equitable and Quality Education

I years of independence, a significant

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T growth, prosperity and access to

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T continuously been supporting and

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28 Kurukshetra June 2021

I lives in rural areas–Mahatma Gandhi.

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Fig 1. Significance of Rural Entrepreneurship

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32 Kurukshetra June 2021

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oga is essentially a spiritual discipline leading to ‘the state of liberation’ (Moksha) or

Y based on an extremely subtle science,

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38 Kurukshetra June 2021

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40 Kurukshetra June 2021

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42 Kurukshetra June 2021

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he 2030 agenda for ‘Sustainable dimensions of sustainable development viz.,

T Development Goals (SDGs)’ by

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Table 2: Rural Areas and SDGs Environment Mapping

Societal & Environmental Sectoral Approach Synergic Effects Development

Land Degradation and Natural Hazards Climate Changes Rural Resilience

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