Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

18ECC202J LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Fourth Semester, 2020-21 (Even semester)

Name : Preet Patel

Register No. : RA1911004010659

Branch/Sec :ECE/K

Title of Experiment : Wave shaping circuit using operational amplifier clipper and
clamper

Date of Conduction : 17/02/2021

Date of Submission : 23/02/2021

Marks
Particulars Max. Marks
Obtained
Pre lab and Post lab 10

Simulation and results 10

Report 10

Viva 10

Total 40

REPORT VERIFICATION

Staff Name :

Signature :
 5. WAVE SHAPING CIRCUIT USING OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER - CLIPPER AND CLAMPER
5.1 OBJECTIVE
a. To study the operation of wave shaping circuits (clipper and clamper) using op-amps, such as
half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier
5.2HARDWARE REQUIRED
1 IC 741 Refer data sheet in 1
appendix

2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1 1

3 Resistors 2.2 K Ω, 4.7K, 3

10KPOT

4 Semiconductor(Diode) 1N4002 2

5 Dual Regulated power supply (0 -30V), 1A 1

6 Function Generator (0-2) MHz 1

7 ASLK PRO Kit Refer data sheet in 1

appendix

1.2.1 THEORY
ACTIVE CLIPPER

Clipper is a circuit that is used to clip off (remove) a certain portion of the input
signal to obtain a desired output wave shape. In op-amp clipper circuits, a rectified diode ma
be used to clip off certain parts of the input signal. Fig. 2-2-4 (a) shows an active positive
clipper, a circuit that removes positive parts of the input signal. The clipping level is
determined by the reference voltage
 Fig 3(a) Active clipper

(b) (c)

Fig 4 (b) input & output waveforms with +Vref, (c) input & output waveforms with -Vref

With the wiper all the way to the left, Vref is o and the non-inverting input is grounded. When

Vin goes positive, the error voltage drives the op-amp output negative and turns on the diode.

This means the final output VO is 0 (same as Vref) for any positive value of Vin.
 When Vin goes negative, the op-amp output is positive, which turns off the diode

and opens the loop. When this happens, the final output VO is free to follow the negative half

cycle of the input voltage. This is why the negative half cycle appears at the output. To change

the clipping level, all we do is adjust Vref as needed.

Active clamper
In clamper circuits, a predetermined dc level is added to the input voltage. In other
words, the output is clamped to a desired dc level. If the clamped dc level is positive, the
clamper is called a positive clamper. On the other hand, if the clamped dc level is negative, it
is called a negative clamper. The other equivalent terms for clamper are dc inserter or dc
restorer.
A clamper circuit with a variable dc level is shown in fig (a). Here the input wave

form is clamped at +Vref and hence the circuit is called a positive clamper.

1uF C1 -+ Vo
RL

Vin 1k
Vp

-
+

+VCC

R=4.7k, Rp=10k
Fig 5 (a) Peak clamper circuit
The output voltage of the clamper is a net result of ac and dc input voltages applied to the

inverting and non-inverting input terminals respectively. Therefore, to understand the circuit

operation, each input must be considered separately. First, consider Vref at the non-inverting

input. Since this voltage is positive, is +Vo is positive, which forward biases diode D1. This

closes the feedback loop and the op-amp operates as a voltage follower. This is possible

because C1 is an open circuit for dc voltage. Therefore Vo = Vref. As for as voltage Vin at the

inverting input is concerned during its negative half-cycle D1 conducts, charging C1 to the
negative peak value of the VP. However, during the positive half-cycle of Vin diode D1 is

reverse biased and hence the voltage VP across the capacitor acquired during the negative

halfcycle is retained. Since this voltage VP is in series with the positive peak voltage VP, the

output peak voltage Vo=2VP. Thus the net output is Vref +VP, so the negative peak of 2VP is

at Vref. For precision clamping C1Rd<<T/2, where Rd is the forward resistance of the diode

D1 (100Ω typically) and T is the time period of Vin. The input and output wave forms are

shown in figure.

(i) (ii)

(iii)

Fig 6(b) Input and output waveforms (i) with Vref=0V, (ii) with +Vref, (iii) with -Vref
Resistor R is used to protect the op-amp against excessive discharge currents from capacitor

C1 especially when the dc supply voltages are switched off. Negative clamping at a negative

voltage is accomplished by reversing diode D1 and using the negative reference voltage –

Vref.

1.2.2 Experiment

1. Connect the components/equipment R=2.2KΩ use IN4002 diode. Sinusoidal input

amplitude 3v and frequency 1Khz.as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Apply 1V dc voltage as reference voltage at the inverting terminal of IC741.
4. Connect the channel-1 of CRO at the input terminals and channel-2 of CRO at the output
terminals.
5. Observe the input sinusoidal signal at channel-1 and the corresponding output square
wave at channel-2 of CRO. Note down their amplitude and time period.
6. Overlap both the input and output waves and note down voltages at positions on sine wave
where the output changes its state. These voltages denote the Reference voltage.
7. Plot the output wave form.

Active clamper
1. Connect the components/equipment clamping level at zero as shown in fig.5 (a). Note that

Vref = 0V. Consider C1 = 0.1µF, R = 4.7 KΩ and RL = 10 KΩ . Use 1N4002 diode.

Feed 5VPP, 10 KHz sinusoidal inputs.

2. Switch ON the power supply.

3. Apply 1V dc voltage as reference voltage at the inverting terminal of IC741.
4. Connect the channel-1 of CRO at the input terminals and channel-2 of CRO at the output
terminals.
5. Observe the input sinusoidal signal at channel-1 and the corresponding output square
wave at channel-2 of CRO. Note down their amplitude and time period.
6. Overlap both the input and output waves and note down voltages at positions on sine wave
where the output changes its state. These voltages denote the Reference voltage.
7. Plot the output wave form.
Observation Clipper

Clipping level = 3.5V

Particulars Amplitude Time Period Frequency

Input Voltage 10 1ms 50

Output Voltage 6.5 1ms 50

Observation Clamper

Clamping level = 2.5V

Particulars Amplitude Time Period Frequency

Input Voltage 10 1ms 50

Output Voltage 22.5 1ms 50

LTspice Simulation a) Clipper

Negative Clipper

Positive Clipper
b) Clamper
Prelab

1. Find the output waveform for when Vin < Vref

2. Determine the output waveform for a clamper with input =4Vpsinewave and Vref=1V

Postlab
1. If the diode is reversed in fig. 3 (a), what would the output be like? 2.
If the diode is reversed in fig. 5(a), what would be the output?
RESULT
Wave shaping circuits using operational amplifier is verified using LTspice.