Principle of DC Motor

Works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and
has a tendency to move.
This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also
reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the

working principle of DC motor is established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given

by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are
extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the
shaft of the DC motor. The input and output port variables of the direct
current motor are related by the parameter K. . So we can derive both motoring and
generating operation from the same machine by simply reversing the ports.

Detailed Description of a DC Motor

To understand the DC motor in details lets consider the diagram below,

The DC motor is represented by the circle in the center,

on which is mounted the brushes, where we connect the external terminals, from where supply voltage is given. On
the mechanical terminal we have a shaft coming out of the Motor, and connected to the armature, and the armature-
shaft is coupled to the mechanical load. On the supply terminals we represent the armature resistance Ra in series.
Now, let the input voltage E, is applied across the brushes. Electric current which flows through the rotor armature via
brushes, in presence of the magnetic field, produces a torque T g. Due to this torque Tg the dc motor armature rotates.
As the armature conductors are carrying currents and the armature rotates inside the stator magnetic field, it also
produces an emf Eb in the manner very similar to that of a generator. The generated Emf E b is directed opposite to
the supplied voltage and is known as the back Emf. The back emf like in case of a generator is represented by

Where, P = no of poles
φ = flux per pole
Z= No. of conductors
A = No. of parallel paths
and N is the speed of the DC Motor.
Eb is proportional to speed ‘N’. If rotor speed by ω in rad/sec. So Eb is proportional to ω.
So, when the speed of the motor is reduced by the application of load, E b decreases. Thus the voltage
difference between supply voltage and back emf increases that means E − Eb increases. Due to this increased voltage
difference, armature current will increase and therefore torque and hence speed increases. Thus a DC Motor is capable
of maintaining the same speed under variable load.

Now armature current Ia is represented by Now at starting, speed ω = 0 so at starting Eb = 0.

Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this motor has a very high starting current in the
absence of back Emf. As a result we need to use a starter for starting a DC Motor.
Now as the motor continues to rotate, the back Emf starts being generated and gradually the current decreases as the
motor picks up speed.

The types of DC motor can be listed as follows-

 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 Separately Excited DC Motor
 Self-Excited DC Motor
 Shunt Wound DC Motor
 Series Wound DC Motor
 Compound Wound DC Motor
 Short shunt DC Motor
 Long shunt DC Motor
 Differential Compound DC Motor


Separately Excited DC Motor

As the name suggests, in case of a separately excited DC motor the supply is given separately to the field
and armature windings. The main distinguishing fact in these types of DC motor is that, the armature current does not
flow through the field windings, as the field winding is energized from a separate external source of DC current as
shown in the figure beside. From
the torque equation of DC motor we know Tg = Ka φ Ia So the torque in this case can be varied by varying field flux
φ, independent of the armature current I a.
Permanent Magnet DC Motor

The permanent magnet DC motor consists of an armature winding as in case of

an usual motor, but does not necessarily contain the field windings. Radially magnetized permanent magnets are
mounted on the inner periphery of the stator core to produce the field flux. The rotor has a conventional DC armature
with commutator segments and brushes.

The torque equation of DC motor suggests Here φ is always constant.

For a permanent magnet DC motor Where, Ka1 = Ka.φ which is another constant. In this
case the torque of DC Motor can only be changed by controlling armature supply.

Self-Excited DC Motor
In case of self-excited DC motor, the field winding is connected either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly
in parallel to the armature winding, and on this basis its further classified as:-

1. Shunt wound DC motor.

2. Series wound DC motor.
3. Compound wound DC motor.
DC Shunt Motor

DC motors is self-excited, where the field windings are shunted or are connected in parallel to the armature winding of
the motor armature winding and the field winding are exposed to the same supply voltage, though there are separate
branches for the flow of armature current and the field current as shown in the figure

Thus we put this value of armature current Ia to get general voltage equation of a DC shunt motor.

Now in general practice, when the motor is in its running condition, and

supply voltage is constant the shunt field current given by,

But we know Ish ∝ Φ, field flux Φ is proportional to filed current Ish.

Thus the field flux remains more or less constant and shunt wound DC motor is called a constant flux motor.
To produce a high torque,

1. The armature winding must be exposed to an amount of current that’s much higher than the field windings current,
as the torque is proportional to the armature current.
2. The field winding must be wound with many turns to increase the flux linkage, as flux linkage between the field and
armature winding is also proportional to the torque.

Self-Speed Regulation of a Shunt Wound DC Motor

1. Initially considering the motor to be running under no load or lightly loaded condition at a speed of N rpm.
t the very onset of load introduction to a shunt wound DC motor, the speed definitely reduces, and along with speed

also reduces the back emf, Eb. Since Eb ∝ N, given by,

1. This reduction in the counter emf or the back emf Eb results in the increase of the net voltage. As net voltage
Enet = E − Eb. Since supply voltage E remains constant.
2. As a result of this increased amount of net voltage, the armature current increases and consequently the torque
increases.
Since, Ia ∝ Τ given by

.
DC Series Motor

A series wound DC motor like in the case of shunt wound DC motor or compound wound DC motor falls under the
category of self-excited DC motors, and it gets its name from the fact that the field winding in this case is connected
internally in series to the armature winding. Stator housing the field winding or the rotor carrying the armature conductors,
and the other vital parts like the commutator or the brush segments all attached in the proper sequence as in the case
of a generic DC motor.

1. The field coils of DC series motor are wound with relatively fewer turns as the current through the field is its armature
current and hence for required mmf less numbers of turns are required.
2. The wire is heavier, as the diameter is considerable increased to provide minimum electrical resistance to the flow of
full armature current.
3. As the current through the field is reasonably high to produce a field strong enough for generating the required amount
of torque.

Since the entire supply current flows through both the armature and field conductor.

Now form the basic voltage equation of the DC motor.

Since Ise = Ia,

This is the basic voltage equation of a series wound DC motor.
The field flux like in the case of any other DC motor is proportional to field current. But since here
. the field flux is proportional to the entire armature current or the total supply
current. And for this reason, the flux produced in this motor is strong enough to produce sufficient torque, even with
the bare minimum number of turns it has in the field coil.
Torque is directly proportional to current over the entire range of the graph. As in this case relatively higher current
flows through the heavy series field winding with thicker diameter, the electromagnetic torque produced here is much
higher than normal. Use in cranes or large metal chunks etc. generally operated for a very small duration, about only
a few seconds, just for the purpose of starting. Because if its run for too long, the high series current might burn
out the series field coils. Speed Regulation unable to maintain its speed on addition of external load to the shaft.
As load increase speed decrease and back emf increase. net voltage E - Eb, and consequently the series field

current increases,
Current through the field coil becomes so high that it tends to saturate of the magnetic core of the field.
Weak magnetic field produced as a consequence is unable to provide for the necessary amount of force to bring back
the speed. So most applicable as a starting motor only.
Compound motor falls under the category of self-excited motors. compound wound DC motor is basically formed to
achieve the better off properties of both shunt and series DC motor. Like a shunt wound DC motor is efficient speed
regulation, DC series motor has high starting torque.

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor In case of long shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field
winding is connected in parallel across the series combination of both the armature and series field coil.

Now we know in shunt motor, And in series motor

The current equation of a compound wound DC motor
And its voltage equation .

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

Shunt field winding is connected in parallel across the armature winding only. And series field coil is exposed to the

entire supply current, before being split up into armature and shunt field current.
From the diagram ,
Since the entire supply current flows through the series field winding.
And like in the case of a DC shunt motor Equation (2) and
(3) gives the current equation od DC motor.
Now the voltage equation, we apply Kirchoff’s law to the circuit and get, But

since
Thus voltage equation can be written as,

DC motor can further be sub divided into 2 types depending upon excitation or the nature of compounding.

Cumulative Compounding of DC Motor A compound wound DC motor is said to be cumulatively compounded when the
shunt field flux produced by the shunt winding assists or enhances the effect of main field flux, produced by the series
winding. .

Differential Compounding of DC Motor

Similarly a compound wound DC motor is said to be deferentially compounded when the flux due to the shunt field
winding diminishes the effect of the main series winding.

The net flux produced in this case is lesser than the original flux and hence does not find much of a practical
application.
The compounding characteristic of the self-excited DC motor is shown in the figure below.

Permanent magnet DC motor When permanent magnet is used to create magnetic field in a DC motor, the motor is
referred as permanent magnet DC motor or PMDC motor. Have you ever uncovered any battery operated toy, if you
did, you had obviously found a battery operated motor inside it. This battery operated motor is nothing but
a permanent magnet DC motor or PMDC motor. commonly used as starter motor in automobiles, windshield wipers,
washer, for blowers used in heaters and air conditioners, to raise and lower windows, it also extensively used in toys.
Used where there is no need of speed control of motor by means of controlling its field.
Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor 1. No need of field excitation arrangement.

1. No input power in consumed for excitation which improve efficiency of DC motor.

2. No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces the overall size of the motor.

3. Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.

Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor 1. In this case, the armature reaction of DC motor
cannot be compensated hence the magnetic strength of the field may get weak due to demagnetizing effect armature
reaction.
1. There is also a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized (partial) due to excessive armature current
during starting, reversal and overloading condition of the motor.
2. The field in the air gap is fixed and limited and it cannot be controlled externally. Therefore, very efficient speed
control of DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.
Brushless DC motor may be described as electronically commuted motor which do not have brushes. These types of
motors are highly efficient in producing large amount of torque over a vast speed range.
 Advantages of Brushless DC Motor
1. Brushless motors are more efficient as its velocity is determined by the frequency at which current is supplied, not
the voltage.
2. As brushes are absent, the mechanical energy loss due to friction is less which enhanced efficiency.
3. BLDC motor can operate at high-speed under any condition.
4. There is no sparking and much less noise during operation.
5. More electromagnets could be used on the stator for more precise control.
6. BLDC motors accelerate and decelerate easily as they are having low rotor inertia.
7. It is high performance motor that provides large torque per cubic inch over a vast speed range.
8. BLDC motors do not have brushes which make it more reliable, high life expectancies, and maintenance free operation.
9. There is no ionizing sparks from the commutator, and electromagnetic interference is also get reduced. motors cooled
by conduction and no air flow are required for inside cooling

Disadvantages of Brushless DC Motors

1. BLDC motor cost more than brushless DC motor.
2. The limited high power could be supplied to BLDC motor, otherwise too much heat weakens the magnets and insulation
of winding may get damaged.
Single phase induction motors :

1. Split phase induction motor.

2. Capacitor start inductor motor.
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor (two value capacitor method).
4. Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor.
5. Shaded pole induction motor.

Split Phase Induction Motor

Induction motor carries another winding called auxiliary winding or starting winding in stator. A centrifugal switch is
connected in series with auxiliary winding. The purpose of this switch is to disconnect the auxiliary winding from the
main circuit when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed. We know that the running
winding is inductive in nature. Our aim is to create the phase difference between the two winding and this is possible
if the starting winding carries high resistance. Let us say
Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding,
Istart is the current flowing in starting winding,

and VT is the supply voltage. We know that for

highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase with the voltage and for highly inductive winding the current lag
behind the voltage by large angle. The starting winding is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the starting winding
lags behind the applied voltage by very small angle. The resultant of these two current is IT. The resultant of these
two current produce rotating magnetic field which rotates in one direction.
Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor
Low starting current and moderate starting torque. fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes,
air conditioning fans, etc. size ranging from 1 / 20 to 1 / 2 KW.

Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

The working principle and construction of Capacitor

start inductor motors and capacitor start capacitor run induction motors are almost the same. capacitor start inductor
motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor we are using two winding, the main winding and the starting
winding. With starting winding we connect a capacitor so the current flowing in the capacitor i.e I st leads the applied
voltage by some angle, φst. The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags
behind applied voltage by an angle, φm. Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle
difference, which is almost 90o. So, these motors produce very high starting torque. In case of capacitor start induction
motor, the centrifugal switch is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding when the motor attains a speed up to
75 to 80% of the synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor there is no centrifugal
switch so, the capacitor remains in the circuit and helps to improve the power factor .

Application of Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

High starting torque, conveyors, grinder, air conditioners, compressor, etc. They are available up to 6 KW.

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor

It has a cage rotor and stator. Stator has two windings – main and auxiliary winding. It has only one capacitor in
series with starting winding. It has no starting switch.
Advantages and Applications
No centrifugal switch is needed. It has higher efficiency and pull out torque. applications in fans and blowers in heaters
and air conditioners.
Shaded Pole Single Phase Induction Motors

The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor has
salient or projected poles. These poles are shaded by copper band or ring which is inductive in nature. The poles are
divided into two unequal halves. The smaller portion carries the copper band and is called as shaded portion of the
pole.

ACTION: When a single phase supply is given to the stator of shaded pole induction motor an alternating flux is
produced. This change of flux induces emf in the shaded coil. Since this shaded portion is short circuited, the current is
produced in it in such a direction to oppose the main flux. The flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded
pole. The phase difference between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating flux.
1. When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value.
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
3. When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shaded Pole Motor

1. Very economical and reliable.
2. Construction is simple and robust because there is no centrifugal switch.
disadvantages 1.Low power factor. The starting torque is very poor.

1. The efficiency is very low as, the copper losses are high due to presence of copper band.
2. The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as it requires another set of copper rings.

Applications of Shaded Pole Motor

Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost these motors are mostly employed in small instruments, hair
dryers, toys, record players, small fans, electric clocks etc. range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.

Power Relation of Equivalent Circuit

1. Input power to stator- 3 V1I1Cos(Ɵ). Where, V1 is the stator voltage applied. I1 is the current drawn by the stator
winding. Cos(Ɵ) is the stator power stator.
2. Rotor input- Power input- Stator copper and iron losses.
3. Rotor Copper loss = Slip × power input to the rotor.
4. Developed Power = (1 - s) × Rotor input power.

There are two types of losses occur in three phase induction motor. 1Constant or fixed losses, 2. Variable losses.

Constant or Fixed Losses

remain constant over normal working range of induction motor. obtained by performing no-load test, further classified as-

1. Iron or core losses,

2. Mechanical losses,
3. Brush friction losses.
Iron or Core Losses
divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are minimized by using lamination on core. Since by
laminating the core, area decreases and hence resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis
losses are minimized by using high grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the supply voltage.
The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the frequency of rotor is slip times the supply frequency, (sf)
which is always less than the stator frequency. For stator frequency of 50 Hz, rotor frequency is about 1.5 Hz because
under normal running condition slip is of the order of 3 %. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared to
stator core loss and is usually neglected in running conditions.

Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses

bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound rotor induction motor. These losses are zero at start and with increase
in speed these losses increases. In three phase induction motor the speed usually remains constant. Hence these losses
almost remains constant.

Variable Losses

These
losses are also called copper losses. occur due to current flowing in stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the
current flowing in rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes. Therefore these losses
are called variable losses. obtained by performing blocked rotor test. As we all know the input to
the three phase induction motor is three phase supply. So, the three phase supply is given to the stator of three phase
induction motor. Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,VL = line voltage supplied
to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL =linecurrent, Cosφ = power factor of the three phase induction motor.
Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = √3VLILcosφ
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator iron loss and stator copper loss. The remaining
power i.e ( input electrical power – stator losses ) are supplied to rotor as rotor input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin – stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but this complete input cannot be converted into
mechanical output as it has to supply rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses are of two types rotor iron loss
and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends upon the rotor frequency, which is very small when the rotor rotates,
so it is usually neglected. So, the rotor has only rotor copper loss. Therefore the rotor input has to supply these rotor
copper losses. After supplying the rotor copper losses, the remaining part of Rotor input, P 2 is converted into mechanical
power, Pm.

Let Pc be the rotor copper loss,

I2 be the rotor current under running condition, R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.
2
Pc =3I2 R2
Pm =P2 –Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but there occur some mechanical losses like
friction and windage losses. So, the gross mechanical power developed has to be supplied to these losses. Therefore
the net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally given to the load is Pout.
Pout = Pm – Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).
Pout is called the shaft power or useful power.

Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input, Rotor efficiency of the three phase

induction motor , = Gross mechanical power developed / rotor input Three phase induction

motor efficiency, Three phase induction motor efficiency

Torque Slip Characteristics of Three Phase Induction Motor

The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us the information about the variation of torque with the slip. The
slip is defined as the ratio of difference of synchronous speed and actual rotor speed to the synchronous speed of the
machine. The variation of slip can be obtained with the variation of speed that is when speed varies the slip will also
vary and the torque corresponding to that speed will also vary. The curve can

be described in three modes of operation- The torque-slip characteristic curve can be divided roughly into three
regions:

 Low slip region

 Medium slip region
 High slip region
Motoring Mode
In this mode of operation, supply is given to the stator sides and the motor always rotates below the synchronous
speed. The induction motor torque varies from zero to full load torque as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to
one. It is zero at no load and one at standstill. From the curve it is seen that the torque is directly proportional to
the slip. That is, more is the slip, more will be the torque produced and vice-versa. The linear relationship simplifies
the calculation of motor parameter to great extent. Generating Mode
In this mode of operation induction motor runs above the synchronous speed and it should be driven by a prime
mover. The stator winding is connected to a three phase supply in which it supplies electrical energy. Actually, in this
case, the torque and slip both are negative so the motor receives mechanical energy and delivers electrical energy.
Induction motor is not much used as generator because it requires reactive power for its operation. That is, reactive
power should be supplied from outside and if it runs below the synchronous speed by any means, it consumes
electrical energy rather than giving it at the output. So, as far as possible, induction generators are generally avoided.
Braking Mode
In the Braking mode, the two leads or the polarity of the supply voltage is changed so that the motor starts to rotate
in the reverse direction and as a result the motor stops. This method of braking is known as plugging. This method is
used when it is required to stop the motor within a very short period of time. The kinetic energy stored in the
revolving load is dissipated as heat. Also, motor is still receiving power from the stator which is also dissipated as
heat. So as a result of which motor develops enormous heat energy. For this stator is disconnected from the supply
before motor enters the braking mode.
If load which the motor drives accelerates the motor in the same direction as the motor is rotating, the speed of the
motor may increase more than synchronous speed. In this case, it acts as an induction generator which supplies
electrical energy to the mains which tends to slow down the motor to its synchronous speed, in this case the motor
stops. This type of breaking principle is called dynamic or regenerative breaking.

Torque Slip Characteristics of Single Phase Induction Motor

From the figure, we see that at a slip of unity, both forward

and backward field develops equal torque but the direction of which are opposite to each other so the net torque
produced is zero hence the motor fails to start. From here we can say that these motors are not self starting unlike
the case of three phase induction motor. There must be some means to provide the starting torque. If by some
means, we can increase the forward speed of the machine due to which the forward slip decreases the forward torque
will increase and the reverse torque will decrease as a result of which motor will start.

From here we can conclude that for starting of single phase induction motor, there should be a production of difference
of torque between the forward and backward field. If the forward field torque is larger than the backward field than the
motor rotates in forward or anti clockwise direction. If the torque due to backward field is larger compared to other, then
the motor rotates in backward or clockwise direction.

Preliminary Tests
These tests are performed to check the electrical or mechanical defects of the induction motor.

1. Firstly check the components of motor like

o Broken rotor bars
o High resistance joints
o Cracked end rings
2. No-load running current test
3. High potential test
4. Air-gap measurement
5. Balancing of current
6. Temperature rise in bearing
7. Voltages in shaft
8. Direction of rotation
9. Level of noise
10. Strength of vibration
11. Air gap eccentricity

Performance Tests
The purpose of these tests is to estimate the performance characteristics of the induction motor. Along with preliminary
tests, these tests are also done on motor.

1. No load test
2. Locked rotor test
3. Breakdown torque load performance test
4. Temperature test
5. Stray load loss test
6. Determination of efficiency test

A blocked rotor test is normally performed on an induction motor to find out the leakage impedance. Apart from it,
other parameters such as torque, motor, short-circuit current at normal voltage, and many more could be found from
this test. Blocked rotor test is analogous to the short circuit test of transformer.

Process of Testing of Blocked Rotor Test of Induction Motor

In the blocked rotor test, it should be kept in mind that the applied voltage on the stator terminals should be low
otherwise normal voltage could damage the winding of the stator. In block rotor test, the low voltage is applied so that
the rotor does not rotate and its speed becomes zero and full load current passes through the stator winding. The slip
is unity related to zero speed of rotor hence the load resistance becomes zero. Now, slowly increase the voltage in the
stator winding so that current reaches to its rated value. At this point, note down the readings of
the voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter to know the values of voltage, power and current. The test can be repeated at

different stator voltages for the accurate value.

Calculations of Blocked Rotor Test of Induction Motor

Resistance and Leakage Reactance Values

In blocked rotor test, core loss is very low due to the supply of low voltage and frictional loss is also negligible as rotor
is stationary, but stator cupper losses and the rotor cupper losses are reasonably high.
Let us take denote copper loss by Wcu

Therefore, Where, Wc = core loss Where, R01 = Motor winding of stator and rotor as per

phase referred to stator. Thus,

Is =shortcircuitcurrent
Vs =shortcircuitvoltage

Z0 =short circuit impedance as referred to stator Therefore,

X01 = Motor leakage reactance per phase referred to stator can be calculated as Stator reactance X1 and

rotor reactance per phase referred to statorX2 are normally assumed equal. Therefore, Similarly, stator resistance
per phase R1 and rotor resistance per phase referred to stator R2 can be calculated as follows:First some suitable test

are done on stator windings to find the value of R 1 and then to find R2subtract the R1 from R01

Short Circuit Current for Normal Supply Voltage

To calculate short circuit current Isc at normal voltage V of the stator, we must note short-circuit current Is and low

voltage Vs applied to the stator winding. The efficiency of large motors can be determined by directly loading
them and by measuring their input and output powers. For larger motors it may be difficult to arrange loads for them.
Moreover power loss will be large with direct loading tests. Thus no load and blocked rotor tests are performed on the
motors. As the name suggest no load test is performed when rotor rotates with synchronous speed and there is no load
torque. This test is similar to the open circuit test on transformer.

Theory of No Load Test of Induction Motor

The impedance of magnetizing path of induction motor is large enough to obstruct flow of current. Therefore, small
current is applied to the machine due to which there is a fall in the stator-impedance value and rated voltage is
applied across the magnetizing branch. But the drop in stator-impedance value and power dissipated due to stator
resistance are very small in comparison to applied voltage. Therefore, there values are neglected and it is assumed
that total power drawn is converted into core loss. The air gap in magnetizing branch in an induction motor slowly
increases the exciting current and the no load stator I 2R loss can be recognized. One should keep in mind that current
should not exceed its rated value otherwise rotor accelerates beyond its limit.
The test is performed at poly-phase voltages and rated frequency applied to the stator terminals. When motor runs for
some times and bearings get lubricated fully, at that time readings of applied voltage, input current and input power are
taken. To calculate the rotational loss, subtract the stator I2R losses from the input power.

Calculation of No Load Test of Induction Motor

Let the total input power supplied to induction motor be W0 watts. Where,V1 =line voltage I0 = No load
input current
Rotationalloss =W0 –S1Where,S1 = stator winding loss = Nph I2 R1
Nph = Number phase, The various losses like windage loss, core loss, and rotational loss are fixed losses which can be
calculated by
Statorwindingloss =3Io2R1Where,I0 =No load input current, Core loss = 3GoV2