Mid-Western University (MWU)

Four Years B.Sc.

Course of Study

(I Semester)
 Mechanics

Course No.: Phy 311 Semester: I

Nature of the Course:Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of the course,the students will able to:
 acquire sufficient knowledge in mechanics.
 apply their knowledge to learn major courses.
 solve mathematical problems related to the topics.
 deduce mathematical relations and formulas.

Motion of a Single Particle: Velocity and acceleration of a particle in i) plane polar coordinates -
radial and cross-radial components, ii) spherical polar and iii) cylindrical polar co-ordinate system;
time and path integral of force; work and energy; conservative force and concept of potential;
dissipative forces; conservation of linear and angular momentum (7 hours)

Gravitational Field and Potential: Newton's law of gravitation; gravitational potential and intensity -
application of Gauss' theorem and Laplace's equation in simple symmetric problems, Kepler's laws of
planetary motion; Rutherford scattering, Central Force Problem: Motion under central force; nature of
orbits in an attractive inverse square field (8 hours)

Rotational Motion: Moment of inertia, radius of gyration; energy and angular momentum of rotating
systems; parallel and perpendicular axes theorems of moment of inertia; calculation of moment of
inertia for simple symmetric systems, the independent coordinates of a rigid body, the Euler angles,
Euler’s theorem, the Coriolis effect (7 hours)

Elasticity: Stress and strain tensors at any point in a continuous medium; Small deformations, Hooke's
law, interrelations of elastic constants for an isotropic solid, torsional rigidity; bending moments and
shearing forces, cantilever; beam supported at both ends; strain energy (6 hours)

Surface Tension: Surface energy and surface tension; angle of contact; excess pressure on a curved
liquid surface; capillary rise; saturation vapour pressure (4 hours)

Fluid Dynamics: General concept of fluid flow, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynold's Number-
turbulent flow and critical velocity, equation of continuity, concept of pressure energy, Bernoulli’s
equation and its applications: venture tube, Pitot tube, dynamic lift and thrust on a rocket; Steady flow
of Newtonian fluids; Poiseuille's equation for incompressible fluids; statement of Stokes' law - terminal
velocity; effect of temperature on viscosity (13 hours)

Text Books
1) Mathur, D. S., 2008, Mechanics, S. Chand & Company Limited
2) Thornton, S. T. and Marion, J. B., 2004, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, Brooks/Cole
References
1) French, A. P., 2003, Newtonian Mechanics, MIT Introductory Physics Series, Viva Bools Pvt Ltd
2) Halliday, D., Resnick, R., Christman, J. R. and Walker, J., 2010, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley
3) Kittel, C., Knight, W. D., Ruderman, M. A. and Helmholz, A. C., 2007, Mechanics Volume 1 of
Berkeley Physics Course, McGraw-Hill
4) Smith C. J, 1985, General Properties of Matter, Radha Publishing House
5) Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B. and Sands, M., 1998, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1,
Narosa Publishing House
6) Halpern, A., 1995, Beginning Physics I: Mechanics and Heat, Schaum’s Outline Series McGraw-
Hill.
7) Landau, L. D and Lifshitz, E. M., 1976, Mechanics, Elsevier
 Physics Practical

Course No.: Phy 312 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The objectives of practical courses is to train students to

 develop proper laboratory skills.
 design basic physics experiments.
 interpret experimental results and draw logical conclusions.
 relate theoretical concepts to practical skills

In every semester, at least ten experiments are to be performed. Additional experiments may be added
subject to availability of time.

List of Experiments:
Concept of probability, distribution function (Binomial, Normal and Poisson)
Error analysis (Systematic and random errors, Laws of errors, Standard errors)
Least square fit, Interpolation
Chi square, F and T tests
Moment of Inertia of a fly-wheel
Calibration of CRO for the measurement of voltage and frequency
Determination of the ratio of Cp and Cv by Clement and Desorme’s method
Determination of coefficient of viscosity by Poiseulle’s method
Refractive index and dispersive power of a prism material by spectrometer
To determine the height of a building using a sextant
To find the eigenvalue and eigenvector of a matrix by iterative method

References for Physics Practical Courses:

1. Arora, C. L., 2007, B.Sc. Practical, S Chand and Co.
2. Gupta S. L. and Kumar V.,1994, Practical Physics, Pragati Prakashan
3. Nelkon M and Ogborn, J. M., 1978, Advanced Level Practical Physics, Heinemann
Education
4. Pang, T., 2006, Introduction to Computational Physics, Cambridge
5. Satry, S. S, 2006, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
6. Shukla, P. K. and Srivastava, A., 2006, Practical Physics, New Age International (P)
Limited, Publishers
7. Squires G. L. ,1985, Practical Physics, Cambridge University Press
8. Srivastava S. S. and Gupta M. K., 1970, Experiments in Electronics, Atma Ram & Sons
9. Worshnop B. L. and Flint H. T., 1951, Advanced Practical Physics, Methuen
10. Zbar, P. B., Miller, M. and Malvino, A. P,1989, Basic Electronics: A Text-Lab Manual
(Basic Electricity-Electronics Series), McGraw-Hill Companies
 Fundamentals of Chemistry (I)

Course No.: Chem 315 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop interest and maintain a sense of wonder and curosity about chemistry.
 acquire basic knowledge of chemistry of gaseous. liquid and solid states.
 understand the fundamentals of the elements; atomic structure; the periodic table and the
periodic properties.
 learn about the preparation; reactions (including mechanism) and uses of hydrocarbons.
 realize and appreciate the importance of scientific method of accurate experimental works.

Physical Chemistry
Unit 1: Error in Chemical Analysis
Accuracy; Precision;; Types of errors- systematic and random errors; Methods of eliminating or
minimizing errors; Ways of expressing precision; Mean; Median Range; Standard deviation;
Significant figures; Absolute and relative uncertainities; Significant figures in mathematical
operations. 3 hrs

Unit II: Gaseous state

Characteristics of gases; Ideal gas equation and universal gas constant; Kinetic theory of gases;
Derivation of kinetic gas equation; Root mean square velocity; Average velocity; Most probable
velocity; Average kinetic energy of gas molecules; Molecular interpretation of temperature; Deduction
of gas laws from kinetic gas equation (Boyle's; Charles's; Avogadro’s and Dalton's laws); Maxwell
distribution of speeds; Different types of speeds of gaseous molecules and their derivation from
Maxwell's equation; Collision properties: collision diameter; collision frequency; mean free path;
Deviation of real gas from ideal behavior; Causes of deviations; Derivation of van der Walls equation;
Explanation of behavior of real gas from van der Walls equation; Other equations of state; Virial
equation; Boyle's temperature and van der Walls constants; Critical phenomenon; Relation between
van der Walls constant and critical constants.

Liquefaction of gases; Faraday method; Principle of Linde Refrigerator; Claude's principle of

liquefaction of air; Adiabatic demagnetization. 8 hrs

Unit III: Liquid state

Qualitative treatment of liquids; Vapor pressure; Vapor pressure and boiling point; Surface tension and
its determination; Capillary rise methods; Viscosity and fluidity; Effect of temperature on viscosity;
Determination of viscosity by Ostwald's viscometer; Applications of surface tension and viscosity
measurements. 3 hrs

Unit IV: Solid State

Crystalline and amorphous solids; Crystal structure; Unit cells and crystal systems; Bravais lattices;
Cubic crystals (simple; body centered and face centered cubic crystals (simple; body centered and face
centered cubic); Classification of solids on the basis of dominant type of bond (ionic; covalent;
metallic and molecular crystals) with examples and their properties. 3 hrs
 Inorganic Chemistry

Unit V: Atomic Structure; the Elements and the Periodic Table

Bohr theory and refinements; Wave mechanical model of the atom; Matter waves; de Broglie's
equation; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; Schrodinger's wave equation (time independent);
Physical significance of wave function; Normalization of wave function; Probability; Density pattern
for hydrogen atom; Radial and angular wave functions; Radial distribution curves; Shapes of s; p; d
orbital; Charge cloud diagrams and boundary surface diagrams; Nodal planes; Quantum numbers and
their significance; Energy level diagram.

IUPAC system of Periodic Table and long form Periodic Table; Periodicity of elements; s; p; d and f
blocks; discussion of properties like atomic; ionic and covalent radii; ionization potential; screening
or shielding effect; electro negativity; different scales of electro negativity measurements (Pauling;
Mulliken and Allred and Rochow); electron affinity (Periodic variation; experimental determination of
electron affinity.

The occurrence and isolation of elements; Factors influencing the choice of extraction process; Mineral
benefication-pretreatment; Dense medium separation; Floatation process; Solution methods; Magnetic
separation; Electrostatic precipitation; Thermal decomposition methods; Displacement of one metal by
another; High temperature chemical reduction methods; Reduction by carbon; Reduction by metal;
Self reduction; Reduction of oxides by hydrogen; Electrolytic reduction in aqueous; non aqueous and
fused melts; Thermodynamics of reduction process-Ellingham diagram. 8 hrs

Unit VI: Nuclear Chemistry

Composition of nucleus (nuclear stability); Binding energy; Radioactivity; Half life determination and
nuclear reactions; Group displacement law and radioactivity series. 2 hrs

Unit VII: Principles of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis:-

Solubility product; Common ion effect and their application in group separation; Principles of
gravimetric and volumetric analysis. 3 hrs

Organic Chemistry
Unit IX: Alkanes:
Energy of activation; Progress of reaction; Energy profile diagram; Exothermic and endothermic
reaction; Fischer projection formulas. Andiron formulas; Newman projection formula; Free rotation
about the C-C single bond; Conformation of n-butane; Physical properties; Industrial source; Industrial
source vs laboratory preparation; Grignard reagent; Coupling of alkyl halide with organometallic
compounds; Reactions: halogenations (substitution reaction); mechanism of halogenations; Orientation
of halogenations; Relative relativities of alkanes toward halogenations; Ease of abstraction of
hydrogen; Homolytic bond dissociation energies and relative stability of free radicals; Ease of
formation of free radicals; Structure of free radicals; Transition state for halogenations; Orientation;
Reactivity and selectivity; Rearrangement of free; radicals; Combustion; Pyrolysis; Freons and ozone
depletion. 6 hrs

Unit X: Alkenes:
Geometrical isomerism; Physical properties; Industrial source; Preparation; Dehydrohalogenation of
alkyl halide; Kinetics of dehydrohalogenation; E2 reaction (mechanism; orientation and reactivity); E1
reaction (mechanism; orientation and reactivity); Dehydration of alcohols; Reaction of alkenes;
Reaction at the carbon-carbon double bond; (hydrogenation; addition of hydrogen halides; addition of
hydrogen bromide and peroxide effect; addition of sulphuric acid; addition of water; electrophilic
addition (mechanism; orientation and reactivity); Addition of halogens; and mechanism; Halohydrin
formation; Oxymercuration-demercuration; Hydroboration-oxidation; (orientation and mechanism of
hydroboration); Free radical addition (mechanism and orientation); Hydroxylation; Ozonolysis;
Analysis of alkenes; Application of alkenes to prepare polymers; Polypropylene and polyethylene
6 hrs
Unit XI: Alkynes:
Structure of acetylene; Physical properties; Industrial source of acetylene; Preparation of alkynes;
Reactions of alkynes; Reduction to alkenes; Electrophilic addition to alkynes; Hydration of alkynes;
Acidity of alkynes; Reactions of metal acetylides; Formation of carbon-carbon bonds. 3 hrs

Suggested Books
1. S. H. Maron; C. Prutton; Principles of Physical Chemistry; Oxford and IBH Publication and
Co.; 1992.
2. F. Daniels; R. F. Alberty; Physical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons; Latest Edition.
3. G. W. Castellan; Physical Chemistry; Narosa Publishing House; 1985.
4. B. R. Puri; L. R.Sharma; Principles of Physical Chemistry; Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Co.;
Delhi; India; 1992.
5. J. D. Lee; Concise Inorganic Chemistry; 5th Edition; John Wiley and sons. Inc.; 2007.
6. F. A. Cotton; G. Wilkinson; C. Gaus; Basic Inorganic Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
7. D. F. Shriver; P. W. Atkins; Inorganic Chemistry; W. H. Freeman and Co.; London; 1999.
8. B. R. Puri; L. R. Sharma ; K. C. Kalia; Principles of Inorganic Chemistry; Shoban Lal Nagin
Chand and Co.; Delhi; India; 1996.
9. R. T. Morrison; R. N. Boyd; Organic Chemistry; Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.; 2008.
10. J. McMurry; Introduction to Organic Chemistry; Brookes/Cole; 2007.
11. J. S. H. Pine; Organic Chemistry; McGraw Hill International Edition Series; New York; USA;
1987.
12. T. W. G. Solomons; Organic Chemistry; John Wiley and sons; 1996.
 Basic Chemistry Lab (I)

Course No.: Chem 316 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 experiment on the liquid properties phenomena of the matter.
 acquire analytical skills in inorganic qualitative analysis.
 develop analytical skills in organic qualitative analysis.
 develop skill on obvervation; recording and interpretation of an experiment.

List of Experiments
1. Determination of surface tension of liquid using Stalagnometer.
2. Determination of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer.
3. Determination of molecular weight of organic compound by Rast method.
4. Calibration of volumetric kits: burette; pipette and standard flasks.
5. Acid-base titrations: Estimation of HCl; Estimation of Oxalic acid.
6. Determination of total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity in a given sample of water.
7. Estimation of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Permanganometry).
8. Estimation of calcium (Permanganometry).
9. Determination of ammonia in a sample of ammonium chloride.
10. Calibration of a thermometer.
11. Determination of melting point; mixed melting point and boiling point.
12. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization; distillation; sublimation and filtration.
13. Isolation of steam volatile compounds.
14. Classification of organic compounds by solubility (water; hot water; ether; 5% HCl; 5%
Sodium hydroxide; 5% Sodium bicarbonate; conc. H2SO4).

Suggested Books
1. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Qualitative Inorganic Analysis; ELBS & Longman; Latest
edition.
2. A. I. Vogel; A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry; Including Qualitative Organic
Analysis; Longman; Latest edition.
3. B. P. Levitt; ed. Findlay's Practical Physical Chemistry; Longman; London; 1973.
4. J. N. Gurtu; R. Kapoor; Advanced Experimental Chemistry (Vol I-III); S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; India.
5. B. D. Khosla; A. Guali; V. C. Garg; Senior Practical Physical Chemistry; S. Chand & Co.;
New Delhi; 1987.
6. S. K. Agrawal; Keemti Lal; Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; Pragati Prakasan; Meerut; India.
7. L. Shriner; R. C. Fusion; D.Y. Cartin; The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds; A Laboratory Manual; John Wiley and sons Inc. New York; Latest edition.
8. F. G. Mann; B. N. Saunders; Practical Organic Chemistry; Orient Longman; Latest edition.
9. Moti Kaji Sthapit; R. R. Pradhananga; Experimental Physical Chemistry; Taleju Prakasan;
Kathmandu; 1998.
10. K. N. Ghimire; M. R. Pokhrel K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Inorganic
Chemistry; Quest Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
11. N. M. Khadka; S. D. Gautam; P. N. Yadav; A Core Experimental Chemistry for B.Sc.;
Benchmark Education Support Pvt Ltd; Kathmandu; Nepal.
12. K. N. Ghimire; K. P. Bohara; University Experimental Physical Chemistry; Quest
Publication; Kirtipur; Kathmandu; 2008.
 Cryptogames
Course No.: Bot. 311 Semester: I
Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
On the completion of this course,the students will able to:
 know classification, distribution, characteristics, origin, evolution, economic and ecological
importance of lower plants (Cryptogames).
 describe the structure and life cycle of mentioned lower plants.

Introduction: Classification of living organism, two kingdom (Linnaeus) and five kingdom
(Whittaker) systems of classification, other modern concepts of classifications; general trends in
evolution of vegetative and reproductive characters. 2 hrs

Algae: Characteristics, classification, distribution, and economic and ecological importance of algae;
range of thallus; reproductive structures and life cycles of Chlamydomonas, Vaucheria, Chara, Fucus,
and Batrachospermum. 9 hrs

Fungi: Characteristics, distribution, classification, and economic and ecological importance of fungi;
structure, life cycles and classification of Albugo, Aspergillus, Peziza, Puccinia, Agaricus, and
Alternaria. 10 hrs

Lichens: Characteristics, distribution, classification, structure and reproduction, and economic

importance of lichens. 2 hrs

Bryophyta: Characteristics, distribution, origin and evolution, classification, economic and ecological
importance of Bryophyta; range of vegetative and reproductive structures; life cycles of Riccia,
Porella, Anthoceros and Sphagnum. 10 hrs

Pteridophyta: Characteristics, distribution, classification, origin and evolution, economic importance;

life cycles of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Pteris, and Marsillea; stelar system, heterospory and
seed habitat; alternation of generations. 12 hrs

Text books
Alexopoulos,C.J, Mims,C.W. and Blackwell.2002. Introductory Mycology. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Smith,G.M.2004.Cryptogamic Boyany. Vol 1. McGraw Hill Book Co.Ltd. New York.
Smith,G.M.1972.Cryptogamic Boyany. Vol 2.Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co.Ltd. new Delhi.
Dutta AC and TC Dutta [Latest edition]. Botany for Degree Students. Oxford University Press, New
Delhi.

References
Ganguly,H C  and Kar, A K.1994. College Botany, Vol 1.New Central Book Agency, Calcutta.
Kumar H.D. 1999.Introductory Phycology. East West Publications, New Delhi.
Pandey S N and Singh H N. 1995. A Text book of Botany. Vol 1. Vikash Publishing House. Ltd, New
Delhi.
Prasad, V. 2010. Modern Phycology. Shakuntala Devi (Manipal) ,Birganj, Nepal.
Vashistha, B R.1995. Botany for Degree students. Vol 1.Algae. S Chand & Co. (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
Vashistha, B R.1995. Botany for Degree students. Fungi. S Chand & Co. (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
Vashistha, B R.1999. Botany for Degree students. Bryophyta.. S Chand & Co. (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
Parihar, N S. 1997. Introduction to the Embryophyta.Vol 1. Bryophyta. Central Book depot,Allahabad.
Kattel,L.P. Liverworts of Nepal.Kathmandu. Kattel L P and Adhikari,MK. 1992. Mosses f
Nepal.Natural History Society of Nepal,Kathmandu.
Pandey S N, Mishra,S P & Trivedi,P S. 2006. A Text Book of Botany. Vikash Publications,New Delhi.
Vashistha P C. 1993.Botany for Degree Students.Pteridophytes.S.Chand & Co.,New Delhi.

Cryptogames
Course No.: Bot 312 Semester: I
Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
Course Objectives:
The general objectives of this course are as follows:
 To make the students able to recognize and preserve the flora (lower plants) of a local area.
 To investigate the habit, morphology and anatomy of vegetative structures and reproductive
structure of cryptogames.

Algae: Study of the habit, external and internal structures of vegetative and reproductive parts in
Chlamydomonas, Vaucheria, Chara, Fucus and Batrachospermum.

Fungi: Study of habit, vegetative and reproductive structures in Albugo, Aspergillus, Peziza,Agaricus,
Puccinia and Alternaria.

Lichens: Study of different types of lichens; study of habit, morphology and anatomy of vegetative
structures and reproductive structure of foliose lichens.

Bryophyta: Study of habit, external and internal structures of vegetative and reproductive parts of
Riccia, Porella, Anthoceros and Polytrichum.

Pteridophyta: Study of habit and anatomical structure of vegetative and reproductive parts of
Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris.

Field work: collection and identification of algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Seminar: Presentation of the field report.

 Taxonomy and Lower Non-chordata

Course No.: Zool 313 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives:
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 unfold the magnitude of diversity as it exists in the non-chordate world from microscopic to
macroscopic organism.
 classify the non-chordates up to Orders with their examples.
 know the functional anatomy of typical representative/s of each Phylum.
 describe the different systems and adaptive modifications fixed by specific habitats inhabited
by diverse organisms of some lower non-chordates.
 assimilate the economic importance of animals of lower non-chordate Phyla.

Taxonomy: Concept, trends and significance of taxonomy. Taxonomy and Systematics. Species:
definition and types (Biological, Sibling, Monotypic and Polytypic). Basic concept of Metazoa and
their origin. Classification: Important features of Phyla of lower non-chordates (Protozoa, Porifera,
Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida) and classification up to orders with
characters and examples. 13 Pds.

Protozoa: Habits, habitat, structure and reproduction of Monocystis and Giardia. 3 Pds.

Porifera: Habits, habitat, structure, reproduction and embryogeny of Sycon. Introduction and
examples of freshwater sponges. Canal and Skeletal systems. Economic values of Porifera.
6 Pds.

Coelenterata: Habit, habitat, structure, reproduction and development of Obelia. Polymorphism.

Distribution, types and formation of corals, and coral in commerce and industry. Coral and
dinoflagellate symbiosis and coral bleaching. Economic values of Coelenterates. 8 Pds.

Platyhelminthes: Structure, life cycle, pathogenicity and control measures of Taenia solium and
Fasciola hepatica. Morphological and physiological adaptations of helminth parasites. 6 Pds.

Aschelminthes: Structure, life cycle, pathogenicity and control measures of Ancylostoma duodenale
and Enterobius vermicularis. 4 Pds.

Annelida: Characteristics of Coelom and Nephridia in Annelida. Structure, organ systems, life cycle
and parasitic adaptations of Hirudinaria granulose. 5 Pds.

Text Books
Jordan, E.L. and Verma, P.S.: Invertebrate Zoology, Latest Ed., S. Chand & Company
Ltd.,Delhi,India.
Kotpal, R.L.: Modern textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates, Latest Ed., Rostogi Pub., Meerut, India.

Reference Books
Dhami,P.S. and Dhami, J.K.: Invertebrate Zoology, Latest Ed., R. Chand and Co., New Delhi, India.
Prasad, S.N.: Life of Invertebrates, Latest Ed., Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
Hyman, L.H. : The Invertebrates Vol. I-VI, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Parker, T.J. and Haswell, W.A. : Textbook Zoology, Vol. I, The MacMillan Press Ltd., London, UK.
 Lower Non-chordata

Course No.: Zool 314 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Course Objectives:
At the end of this course,the students will able to:
 identify the representatives of different lower nonchordate plyla.
 know the pathogenic animals; histology of different organs of lower non-chordate animals.
 know the structure of mouth-parts of insects and structure of larval forms of different
arthropods.
 know the basic differences in general anatomy of different animals.

Museum specimens: Typical representative of animal types available in the locality either on slide or
the specimens (as per available).

Culture of Protozoa: Any type (a few).

Study of Permanent ( Whole Mount and Histological) slides: Any slides of the animals mentioned
in detail study (Vorticella, Leishmania, Obelia with larval stages, Fasciola with its sections and larval
stages, Taenia with its sections and larval stages, Ascaris - sections, Hirudo- sections.

Mounting (Permanent Slide Preparations): Any cultured Protozoa; jaw of Hirudinaria.

Dissection: Leech – General Anatomy, Excretory and Reproductive.

Practical note book preparation as regular study.

Practical Books:
Verma, P.S. : A Manual of Practical Invertebrate Zoology, S. Chand and Co. Ltd.,New Delhi, India.
Lal, S.S. : A Text Book of Practical Zoology : Invertebrate, Rastogi Pub., Meerut,India.
 Fundamentals of Statistics

Course No.: Stat 315 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to acquaint students with some basic concepts and practices in
descriptive statistics. They will be introduced to some elementary statistical methods and their
applications in data analysis.

1. Introduction to Statistics: (2 Lhr)

Meaning of statistics as a science, importance and scope of Statistics in the field of physical,
biological, medical, health, industrial and social sciences, and economics, management, information
technology, agriculture, insurance, education, psychology, etc.

2. Data Characteristics: (3 Lhr)

Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales, qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous variables,
attributes, entities.
Types of Data: Primary data, methods of collection of primary data, secondary data and their sources,
cross-sectional data, time series data.

3. Presentation of Data: (5 Lhr)

Organization of data: Data entry, mining, editing, coding and data management; assessing quality of
data.
Classification and tabulation : Raw data and its classification, discrete frequency distribution,
construction of class interval (Sturge’s rule), continuous frequency distribution, inclusive and
exclusive classes, open ended classes, cumulative frequency distribution and relative frequency
distribution, tabulation, construction of bivariate frequency distribution.
Diagrammatic presentation of data: Simple bar diagram, multiple bar diagram, sub-divided bar
diagram, pie-chart.
Graphical presentation of data: Histogram, frequency curve, frequency polygon, ogive curves, stem
and leaf plot.

4. Measures of Central Tendency: (10 Lhr)

Concept of central tendency of statistical data: Statistical average, characteristics of a good statistical
average.
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.): Definition, effect of change of origin and scale, combined mean of a number
of groups, weighted arithmetic mean, merits and demerits, trimmed arithmetic mean.
Mode: Definition, formula for computation (with derivation), graphical method of determination of
mode, merits and demerits.
Median: Definition, formula for computation (with derivation), graphical method of determination of
median, merits and demerits.
Partition Values: Quartiles, deciles and percentiles, percentile ranks, mid-hinge, box plot. Empirical
relation between mean, median and mode.
Geometric Mean (G.M.): Definition, weighted G.M., merits and demerits.
Harmonic Mean (H.M.) Definition, weighted H.M., merits and demerits.
Order relation between arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean (proof
for n = 2). Choice of an appropriate average.
Problems and examples.
5. Measures of Dispersion: (8Lhr)
Concept and definition of dispersion, characteristics of good measure of dispersion.
Range: Definition, merits and demerits.
Semi-interquartile range (quartile deviation).
Mean deviation: Definition, merits and demerits, minimality property.
Mean square deviation: Definition, minimality property of mean square deviation (with proof).
Variance and standard deviation: Definition, merits and demerits, effect of change of origin and scale,
combined variance (derivation for 2 independent groups), combined standard deviation, generalization
for n groups.
Measures of dispersion for comparison (relative measures): coefficient of range, coefficient of quartile
deviation, coefficient of mean deviation, coefficient of variation (C.V.).
Problems and examples.

6. Moments: (4 Lhr)
'
Raw moments ( mr ) for grouped and ungrouped data, moments about an arbitrary constant for grouped
and ungrouped data mr (a) , central moments ( mr ) for grouped and ungrouped data, effect of change of
origin and scale, relations between central moments and raw moments (up to 4th order).
Problems and examples.

7. Skewness and Kurtosis: (5 Lhr)

Concept of skewness, positive skewness, negative skewness, symmetric frequency distribution.
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness: Computation of coefficient of skewness using Bowley’s formula
and its interpretation, interpretation using box plot.
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness, measures of skewness based on moments ( 1 ,  1 ) , concepts of
kurtosis, leptokurtic, mesokurtic and platykurtic frequency distributions, measures of kurtosis using
partition values, measures of kurtosis based on moments (  2 ,  2 ) .
Problems and examples.

8. Correlation: (5 Lhr)
Concept of correlation, Bivariate data, bivariate frequency distribution, Correlation between two
variables, positive correlation, negative correlation, zero correlation, scatter diagram to explore the
type of correlation, Covariance between two variables: Definition, computation, effect of change of
origin and scale, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r): Definition, computation for grouped and
ungrouped data and interpretation, properties (with proof) : (i) 1  r  1 , (ii) Effect of change of
origin and scale.
Problems and examples.

9. Review and discussion of overall course (3 Lhr)

Reference Books:

 Miller and Fruend (2007): Modern Elementary Statistics, Pearson Publication.

 Neil Weiss: Introductory Statistics (2011): Pearson Publishers.
 Snedecor and Cochran: Statistical Methods (1989): Oxford and IBH Publishers.
 Gupta S.C. and Kapoor V.K. (1984): Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand
and Sons, New Delhi.
 Mukhopadhyay, P: Mathematical Statistics (1996): New Central Book Agency, Calcutta,
introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Ed. 4 (1989): MacMillan Publishing Co. New York.
 Amir D. Aczel and Jayael Soundarpandiyan (2006): Complete Business Statistic: McGraw Hill
Education (6th Edition).
 K. V. S. Sarma : Statistics Made Simple (2001) : Do it yourself on PC. Prentice Hall of India
 Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Shrestha H.B., Statistics and probability (1997): Concepts and Techniques, EKTA Books.
 Sthapit AZaya, Yadav Rashinder, Khanal Shankar (2004): Business Statistics, Asmita
Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal.
 Shrestha, Ganga, Fundamental of Statistics (2006): ASAN Publications, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Practical for Fundamentals of Statistics

Course No.: Stat 316 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in theory and paper, and the laboratory with well equipped
computer facility should be arranged.

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students able to apply elementary statistical
methods in data analysis and able to interpret summary statistics.

Titles of the Experiments

Sr. No. Title of the experiment No. of

exp.
1 Arrangement of raw data pertaining to discrete and continuous variables into 1
the proper format for further statistical analysis using appropriate codes (if
necessary)
2 Preparation of frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution, 2
histogram, frequency curves, stem and leaf plot, box and whisker plot.
3. Diagrammatical presentation of data(Also use MSEXCEL Spread sheet) with 2
problems based on simple diagram, subdivided bar diagram, Pie diagram etc.
4 Computation of measures of central tendency (ungrouped and grouped data). 3
Use of an appropriate measure and interpretation of results and computation of
partition values.
5 Computation measures of dispersion (ungrouped and grouped data) and 2
computation of coefficient of variation.
6 Computation of raw and central moments. 1
7 Measures of skewness and kurtosis using method of moments 1
8 Measures of Skewness using Box and whisker plot. 1
9 Scatter diagram, correlation coefficient (ungrouped data) and interpretation. 1
Total number of experiments 14
 Calculus I

Course No.: Math 313 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives:
At the end of the course, students ensure to :
 define fundamental concept of function ,limit and continuity.
 discuss rules of differentiation and application .
 present some ideas of integration and its application on various field.
Course Contents:
The book Calculus with Early Transcendental Functions, by James Stewart, will be followed strictly.
There is bound to be some overlap with school level calculus. These portions, nonetheless, should not
be skipped. The following is a list of chapter and section headings for the course.

1. Functions and Models: [3 hrs]

1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function (Review)
1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions
1.3 New Functions from Old Functions
1.4 Graphing Calculators and Computers (Recommended)
1.5 Exponential Functions (Review)
1.6 Inverse Functions and Logarithms (Review)

2. Limits and Derivatives [5 hrs]

2.1 The Tangent and Velocity Problems (Review)
2.2 The Limit of a Function
2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws
2.4 The Precise Definition of a Limit
2.5 Continuity
2.6 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes
2.7 Derivatives and Rates of Change
2.8 The Derivative as a Function

3. Differentiation Rules [5 hrs]

3.1 Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions (Review)
3.2 The Product and Quotient Rules (Review)
3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions (Review)
3.4 The Chain Rule (Review)
3.5 Implicit Differentiation
3.6 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions (Review)
3.7 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences
3.8 Exponential Growth and Decay
3.9 Related Rates
3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials
3.11 Hyperbolic Functions

4. Applications of Differentiation [9 hrs]

4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values
4.2 The Mean Value Theorem
4.3 How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph
4.4 Indeterminate Forms and L?Hospital?s Rule
 4.5 Curve Sketching
4.6 Graphing with Calculus and Calculators (Recommended)
4.7 Optimization Problems
4.8 Newton's Method
4.9 Antiderivatives

5. Integrals [4 hrs]
5.1 Areas and Distances
5.2 The Definite Integral
5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
5.4 Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem
5.5 The Substitution Rule (Review)

6. Applications of Integration [3 hrs]

6.1 Areas between Curves (Review)
6.2 Volumes
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
6.4 Work
6.5 Average Value of a Function

7. Techniques of Integration [5 hrs]

7.1 Integration by Parts (Review)
7.2 Trigonometric Integrals (Review)
7.3 Trigonometric Substitution (Review)
7.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
7.5 Strategy for Integration
7.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems (Recommended)
7.7 Approximate Integration
7.8 Improper Integrals

8. Further Applications of Integration [5 hrs]

8.1 Arc Length
8.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution
8.3 Applications to Physics and Engineering
8.4 Applications to Economics and Biology
8.5 Probability

9. Differential Equations [6 hrs]

9.1 Modeling with Differential Equations
9.2 Direction Fields and Euler?s Method
9.3 Separable Equations
9.4 Models for Population Growth
9.5 Linear Equations
9.6 Predator-Prey Systems

Textbook:
Stewart, J., Calculus with Early Transcendental Functions, 6th Ed., Cengage Learning India, Delhi
 Problems in Calculus I

Course No.: 314 Semester: I

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 2
Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students clear about the concepts the pre-
mentioned topics and will able to use the mathematics in different fields .

Course Contents:
Problems in Math313 , Calculus I, form the contents of this problem solving course.

English
Course No. Eng 317 Semester: First
Nature of Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Description
There are two English courses for the four –year Bachelor’s level in Science at Mid Western
University, Surkhet. The first course is prescribed for the first semester with 3 credit and the second
course in the second semester with 3 credit and thus 6 credit courses altogether have been prescribed
for English subject. These courses are designed to link up with and develop the higher secondary
English courses and make students familiar with latest ideas from interdisciplinary domains published
in English. The particular addition to this level is different skills for technical writing. The rationale of
these courses is to give students tools for systematic study and understanding of texts, and help them
apply the tools in appreciating texts and improve their writing ability in English. These courses also
attempt to develop in students a spirit of inquiry, sense of reasoning and profound taste for reading
good texts.

Objectives:
The objectives of English courses are as follows:
-to equip students with basic ideas for technical writings
-to give students standard and cutting edge materials to improve their reading capacity
-to give students appropriate methods/ideas for understanding and responding variety of text.
-to make them familier with the skills of researching,summarizing,formatting and outling.

From Technical Report Writing Today[Book]

Unit One: 7 hrs
1.1 Definition and Ethics in Technical Writing.
1.2 The Technical Writing Process.
1.3 Defining Audiances.
1.4 Technical Writing Style
Unit Two: 7 hr
2.1 The Basic Skills of Researching, summarizing, and Outlining
2.2 Formatting
2.3 Creating Formal and Informal Definitions
2.4 Planning the Mechanism Description and Process Description

Unit Three: 8 hrs

3.1 Planning and Writing the set of instructions
3.2 Writing Precis and Abstract
3.3 Memorandums and informal Reports, Formal Reports
3.4 Recommendations and feasibility Reports

Unit Four: 8 hrs

4.1 Using visual Aids
4.2 Using Tables
4.3 Using Line Graphs, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts, Using Charts, Using Illustrations

Unit Five : 15 hrs

5.1 Reading materials [Flax Golden Tates]
5.2 The Wretched Stone: Van Allsburg
5.3 Smarter Kids, Brought to you by the Letters T and V Christakis
5.4 Adoptive Failure Easter’s End Diomond
5.4 How Sane Are We? Chaudhary
5.5 The Four-Tusked Elephant: Denis
5.6 The Making of Scientist: Ramchandran
5.7 Scientific Inquiry: Invetion and Test: Hempel
5.8 To Know a Fly: Dethier
5.9 Mr. Know All: Maugham
5.10 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening: Frost
5.11 Whether the Mind is Without Fear: Tagore

Recommended Text Books

Technical Report Writing Today by Steven E, Pauley and Daniel G. Riodan, AITBS: Delhi, 2001.
Flax Golden Tales by Nissani and Lohani, Ekta Books: Kathmandu, 2008.