Sodium Silicate
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Silicate
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Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author LC designed the study. Authors
AB, DC and FDA performed the statistical analysis and wrote the protocol. Authors PK and SL
managed the analyses of the study, the literature searches, wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All
authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2017/33641
Editor(s):
(1) Luigi dell'Olio, School of Civil Engineering, Channels and Ports, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain.
(2) Luigi Rodino, Professor of Mathematical Analysis, Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Torino, Italy.
Reviewers:
(2) Halil Görgün, Dicle University, Turkey.
(3) Leo Baldenegro, Center of Engineering and Industrial Development, Mexico.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/19001
ABSTRACT
Present case study investigates the rheological, mechanical and in-placing performances of fiber-
reinforced shotcrete manufactured with different fibers (steel, glass and polypropylene) and with
sodium silicate based set-accelerating admixture for tunnel linings. The study compares the
performances of concretes manufactured and fully compacted with those shotcretes which are
manufactured directly on the job-site. The influence of sodium silicate accelerator on mechanical
and rheological properties of fiber-reinforced shotcretes with respect to reference concrete were
evaluated. It was observed that: The addition of fibers does not influence slump and workability
retention with respect to reference concrete, independent of type and dosage of fibers; Spraying
and set accelerator dosage determined a decrease about of 10-30% in compressive strength
compared to that of concrete placed and vibrated without sodium silicate accelerator; The set-
accelerating admixture has negative effect on compressive strength of fiber-reinforced shotcrete
(15%).
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Keywords: Sodium silicate based set-accelerating admixture; mechanical and rheological properties.
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used as fine aggregates. In addition, crushed (GF) and polypropylene fibers (PF) were added
stone (max size 8 mm) was used as coarse to the mix. The main properties of fibers are
aggregate (35%). A sieve analysis of fine and listed in Table 4. The amount of fibers added to
coarse aggregates is shown in Table 2.
2 the concrete mixes is shown in Table 5. The
dosage by volume of steel and glass fibers is
Table 1. Chemical composition (% by mass) very similar; Consequently,, rheological and
of the cement (CEM II/A-LL
LL 42.5R) mechanical properties are directly comparable
establishing the efficiency of the two types of
CEM II/A-LL
LL 42.5R fibers. The dosage of polypropylene fibers is
Loss of ignition, % 0.88 lower than that used for the steel and glass fibers
SiO2, % 19.31 (about 37% and 39% lower, respectively). During
Al2O3, % 4.31 casting (at 1/5 and 4/5 of the placing), before the
addition of set-accelerating
accelerating admixture, the
CaO, % 61.08
workability and the density were evaluated in
MgO, % 2.38
order to investigate the fiber influence on
SO3, % 2.96 rheological properties
perties of the concrete. The fiber
Na2O, % 0.29 content and the shotcrete rebound were
K2O, % 0.86 measured according to EN 14488-7. 7.
TiO2, % 0.14
Fe2O3, % 2.28
In order to compare the influence of different Test panels with and without the addition of set
set-
types and dosages of fiber reinforcement on accelerating admixture were manufactured to
rheological and mechanical properties of evaluate hardened concrete properties according
shotcrete with respect to reference concrete to EN 14488. The panels were manufactured by
(without
ithout fibers: PL), steel fibers (SF), glass fibers spraying the set-accelerated
accelerated admixture in order
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to evaluate the energy absorption capacity after any increase in water demand with respect to the
1, 7 and 28 days. For reference mix (without reference concrete for all the fiber-reinforced
fibers), a steel mesh (diameter: 6 mm; Spacing: mixes, independent of the type of fiber.
150 mm) was used as reinforcement. In order to Moreover, no slump loss was noticed at 1/5 of
avoid water evaporation the panels were the dumping (see Fig. 3).
immediately wet cured after casting. Afterward,
the specimens were cured on site conditions until
they were cored according to EN 14488-1:2005.
Three cylindrical specimens (d=100mm,
h=100mm, h/d=1) for each panel were obtained.
The density and compressive strength of the
hardened concrete at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days were
measured in accordance with EN 12390-2.
The values are similar for all the mixes, Fig. 4 shows the shotcrete rebound index and
independent of the type of fiber used. It can be the set-accelerating admixture dosage. The
noted that fibers do not determine any lower dosage of sodium silicate accelerator was
anomalous air entrapment. The target workability used for the steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete and
(S5 according to EN 206-1) was attained without the higher one for glass fiber-reinforced
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Coppola et al.; JSRR, 14(2): 1-8, 2017; Article no.JSRR.33641
compressive strength lower (in the range science and technology. Noyes
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COMPETING INTERESTS seismic applications. In Proceedings of the
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5 International conference on
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interests exist. Vancouver, BC, Canada; 2005.
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© 2017 Coppola et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
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