1a. Work Power Energy - Synopsis (1-29)

JEE-MAIN PHYSICS-VOLII - II
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- WORK,ENERGY,POWER & VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
WORK, ENERGY, POWER & VERTICAL

CIRCULAR MOTION
uuruur uur ur
or W = ∫ FR .ds  asFR = Σ F 
SYNOPSIS
Work done in displacing a particle under the action
Work done by constant force: of a number of forces is equal to the work done by
ur the resultant force.
Ø When a constant force F acts on a particle and Ø Nature of Work: Work done by a force may
ur
the particle moves through a displacement S , then be positive or negative or zero.
the force is said to do work W on the particle. Ex:(a) If we lift a body from rest to a height h
ur ur F
W = F .S
ur ur h
The scalar (dot) product of F and S , can be
ur ur
evaluated as W = F .S = FS cos θ
ur
Where F is the magnitude of F ,S is the magnitude
ur ur ur mg
of S and θ is the angle between F and S . Ø Work done by lifting force F
W = FS cos θ = F ( S cos θ ) W1 = Fh cos00 = Fh ( +ve)
= magnitude of the force × component of Ø Work done by gravitational force
displacement in the direction of force W2 = mgh cos1800 = −mgh (−ve)
W = ( F cos θ ) S So, net work
= component of the force in the direction W = W1 +W2 = Fh − mgh = ( F − mg ) h
of displacement × magnitude of the displacement
Now, if the body is in equilibrium F = mg ,W = 0
Ex: (b) If a body is pulled on a rough horizontal
road through a displacement S
N
S
Ø Work is a scalar quantity.
Ø SI Unit is Nm or joule (J). F
Ø CGS unit is erg. f
////////////////////////////
1J = 1N ×1m ; 1 erg = 1 dyne x 1cm
mg
Dimensional formula of work is  M L2 T −2  . Ø Work done by normal reaction and gravity
Ø Relation between joule and erg:1 joule = 10 7 erg W1 = 0 as force is ⊥ to S
Other units of work: Ø Work done by pulling force F,
Electron Volt ( eV ) = 1.6 × 10 ( +ve )
−19
J W2 = FS cos0o = FS
Kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 106 J Ø Work done by frictional force f ,
Ø Work done by multiple forces: W3 = fs cos1800 = − µ mgs ( − ve )
If a number of forces act on a body or particle then:
Net work W = W1 +W2 +W3 = 0 + FS − fS = ( F − f ) S
W = W1 + W2 + W3 + ......
uur uur uuruur Now, if the body is in dynamic equilibrium f = F
or W = ∫ F1.ds + ∫ F2 .ds +......
So, W = 0
uur uur uur
( )
or W = ∫ F1 + F2 + ..... .ds
Ø
Zero Work:
Work done is zero if
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 1
WORK,ENERGY,POWER & VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION JEENEET-PHYSICS-VOL-
MAINS - C.W - VOL - IIII
1. Force and displacement are perpendicular. Graphical representation of work done:
2. Displacement of point of application of
force is zero. Ø The area enclosed by the F-S graph and
displacement axis gives the amount of work done
3. Net force acting on the body is zero.
ur r r by the force.
Ø As W = ∫ F.d s so, if d s = 0 , W=0 i.e., if the F
displacement of a particle or body is zero whatever P Q
be the force , work done is zero (except non-
conservative force)
(a) When a person tries to displace a wall or stone
by applying a force and it (actually its centre of mass
) does not move, the work done is zero. O R S
(b) A weight lifter does work in lifting the weight from Work = FS = Area of OPQR
the ground but does not work in holding it up. Ø Work done by variable force.
F
Ø As W = ∫ Fds cos θ , so W = 0 , if θ = 900 , i.e.,
if force is always perpendicular to motion, work
done by the force will be zero though neither force
nor displacement is zero. This is why:
(a) When a porter moves with a suitcase on his
head on a horizontal level road, the work done by xi dx xf S
the lifting force or force of gravity is zero. Ø For a small displacement dx the work done will be
(b) When a body moves in a circle the work done the area of the strip of width dx
xf xf
by the centripetal force is always zero.
(c) When the bob of a simple pendulum swings, W= ∫ dW = ∫ F dx
the work done by tension in the string is zero. xi xi
Ø If area enclosed above X-axis, work done is +ve
WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE: and if the area enclosed below X-axis, work done
is –ve.
F
xi xf
O
Negative work
Applications on work
Ø If a force is changing linearly from F1 to F2 over a
Ø When the magnitude and direction of a force varies displacement S then work done is
with position, then the work done by such a force  F + F2 
for an infinitesimal displacement ds is given by W = 1 S
uruur  2 
dW = F .ds Ø
r
If a force displaces the particle from its initial
The total work done in going from A to B is uur
B uruur
position ri to final position r f then displacement
ur uur ur
B
WAB = ∫ F .ds = ∫ ( F cosθ ) ds vector is S = rf − ri .
A A
y
In terms of rectangular components
r uur F
F = Fx iˆ + F y ˆj + Fz kˆ ; ds = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ S
rf
x2 y2 z2
W= ∫ F dx + ∫ F dy + ∫ F dz
x1
x
y1
y
z1
z
ri
ur ur ur uur ur X
(
W = F .S = F . rf − ri )
2 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
Ø Work done in pulling the bob of mass m of a simple Ø A block of mass m is suspended vertically using a
pendulum of length L through an angle θ to vertical rope of negligible mass. If the rope is used to lift the
by means of a horizontal force F. block vertically up with uniform acceleration ‘a’,
work done by tension in the rope is
W = m ( g + a ) h (h= height)
If block is lowered with acceleration ‘a’, then
L-h θ T W = −m ( g − a )h
L Ø A uniform chain of mass M and length L is kept on
C 1
A smooth horizontal table such that th of its length
F n
is hanging over the edge of the table.
h mg The work done by the pulling force to bring the
B hanging part onto the table is
L− h h h
cos θ = = 1− ; = 1 − cos θ
L L L
L
h = L (1 − cos θ ) 2n L
Work done by gravitational force C.G n
W = −mgh = −mgL (1 − cos θ )
Work done by horizontal force F is W = FL sinθ
Work done by tension T in the string is zero.  
M M   L  MgL
Ø Work done by gravitational force in pulling a uniform W =  n  gh =  n  g  2n  = 2n 2
rod of mass m and length l through an angle θ is      
given by M
Mass of hanging part is
n
Ø A uniform chain of mass M and length L rests on a
θ 1
C.G smooth horizontal table with n th part of its length
1
h is hanging from the edge of the table. Work done in
C.G pulling the chain partially such that
1
th part is hanging from the edge of the table is
n2
l
W = −mg (1 − cos θ ) , Where l is the distance given by W=
MgL  1 1
 2 − 2
2 2 2  n1 n2 
of centre of mass from the support. Ø A uniform chain of mass ‘M’ and length L is
Ø A ladder of mass ‘m’ and length ' L' resting on a suspended vertically. The lower end of the chain is
level floor is lifted and held against a wall at an lifted upto point of suspension
angle θ with the floor
Work done by gravitational force is
 L G2
Wg = −mgh = −mg  sin θ
2   l/4
G1
G1
l/4
G2
L/2
θ L L L
h= + = = raise in centre of mass of
4 4 2
Ø A bucket full of water of total mass M is pulled by lower half of the chain .
using a uniform rope of mass m and length l. Work Work done by gravitational force is
M L MgL
done by pulling force W = Mgl + mg
l Wg = − g = −
2 2 2 4

Ø The Work done in lifting a body of mass ‘m’ having N F cos θ

density ' d1 ' inside a liquid of density ' d 2 ' through
F
a height ‘ h ’ is
mg sin θ θ mg cos θ
mg F sin θ
FB h
θ
Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is sliding down on rough inclined
plane of inclination θ . If L is the length of incline and
mg
 d2 
µK is the coefficient of kinetic friction then work done
W = m g|h = mgh 1 − d  by the resultant force on the body is
 1 N
Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a frictionless fk
horizontal surface. A force F acts on the body
parallel to the surface such that it moves with an
acceleration ‘a’, through a displacement ‘S’. The mg sin θ θ mg cos θ
work done by the force is
mg
W = F S = maS (Qθ = 0 ) 0
θ
Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a rough horizontal W = ( mgsinθ − f k ) L = ( mg sin θ − µ k mg cos θ ) L
surface of coefficient of friction µ . A force F acts
on the body parallel to the surface such that it moves = mgL ( sin θ − µ k cos θ )
with an acceleration ‘a’, through a displacement Ø A uniform solid cylinder of mass m, length l and
‘S’. The work done by the frictional force is radius r is lying on ground with curved surface in
contact with ground. If it is turned such that its
f = µ mg cos θ ; but θ = 0 0 circular face is in contact with ground then work
∴ f = µ mg cos0 = µ mg ⇒ W f = µ mgs
0 done by applied force is
Wnet = ( f + ma ) S = ( µ mg + ma ) S = m ( µg + a ) S
If the body moves with uniform velocity then
W = f S = µ mg S l
Ø A body of mass m is sliding down on a smooth
inclined plane of inclination θ . If L is length of l/2
inclined plane then work done by gravitational force r
is
N l   l 
L W = mgh = mg  − r  Qh = 2 − r
2   
Ø A gas at a pressure P is enclosed in a cylinder with
a movable piston. Work done by the gas in
mg sin θ θ producing small displacement dx of the piston is
mg cos θ
mg
θ
Wg = F S = mg sin θ L
Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is moved up the smooth inclined
plane of inclination θ and length L by a constant
horizontal force F then work done by the resultant
force is
W = ( F cos θ − mg sin θ ) L

r ur ur ur ur
dW = Fdx = PAdx = PdV
Total work done by the gas during the change in its
Sol. Work done W = F .S ; W = F . rB − rA ( )
 ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^ 
V2
W= 2i+ 3 j−k. 6i− 4j +2k− 2i +4j −6k 
volume from V1 to V2 is W = ∫ PdV      
Ø
V1
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (m1 > m2 )

ˆ( ˆ ˆ )(
W = 2i + 3 j − k . 4i − 8 j + 8k
ˆ ˆ ˆ )
W = 8 – 24 – 8 = -24 units
connected by an inextensible string are passing over r
WE-2: A force F = 2 xiˆ + 2 ˆj + 3z 2 kˆ N is acting on a
a smooth, massless pulley. The two blocks are
particle. Find the work done by the force in
released from the same level. At any instant ‘t’, if displacing the body from (1,2,3)m to (3,6,1)m.
x2 y2 z2
‘x’ is the displacement of each block then
Sol. Work done W = ∫ Fx dx + ∫ Fy dy + ∫ Fdz z
x1 y1 z1
. 3 6 1
W = ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 2dy + ∫ 3 z 2dz

1 2 3
3 1
 x2   z3 
W = 2  + 2[ y ] + 3   = - 10 J
6
 2  2  3 
T T 1 3
WE-3:The force acting on an object varies with the
m2 distance travelled by the object as shown in
x the figure.Find the work done by the force in
moving the object from x = 0m to x = 14m.
m2g F(N)
x
m1
4
m1g
S
Work done by gravity on block m1 ,W1 = + m1gx O 6 10 14
Sol. Work done = Area under F - S curve.
Work done by gravity on block m2 ,W2 = - m2 gx
1  1 
Work done by gravitational force on the W =  × 6 × 4  + ( 4 × 4 ) + × 4 × 4  = 36J.
2  2 
system, Wg = m1g x − m2 gx
WE-4: When a rubber band is stretched by a
1 2
Wg = ( m1 − m 2 ) gx = (m1 − m2 ) g  at 
distance ‘x’, it exerts a restoring force of
2  magnitude F = ax + bx 2 , where a and b are
Qv 2 − u 2 = 2as  constants. Find the work done in stretching
the unstretched rubber band by ‘L’.(JEE MAIN
( m1 − m2 ) g 2 t2
2
 ( m1 −m 2 ) g 
Q a =
2014)
Wg = 
2 ( m1 + m2 )
 m1 + m2  Sol:The restoring force exerted by the rubber
Note: In this case work done on the two blocks band when it is stretched by a distance ‘x ’is
by tension is zero.
F = ax + bx 2 .
W = T ( x ) + T (− x) = 0
The small amount of work done on the rubber band
r
WE-1:A body is displaced from rA = 2iˆ+ 4 ˆj − 6kˆ( ) in stretching through a small distance ‘dx’ is
r
(
to rB = 6iˆ − 4jˆ + 2kˆ )
under a constant dW = Fdx = ( ax + bx 2 )dx
r
( )
The total work done in stretching the unstretched
force F = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ .Find the work done. rubber band by ‘L’ is

L L L L WE-7: A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a

W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ ( ax + bx 2 )dx = axdx + bx dx ∫ ∫
2
table such that a length of 60 cm hangs freely
0 0 0 0 from the edge of the table. The total mass of
L L the chain is 4 kg. What is the work done in
 x2   x3  aL2 bL3 pulling the entire chain back onto the table?
W = a  + b  = + Sol:M = 4 kg, L = 2 m, l = 0.6 m, g = 10 m/s2
2 0  3 2 3
0 l M  l
WE-5: A particle of mass ‘m’ is projected at an angle Work done W = mg 2 =  L  l g 2
 
α to the horizontal with an initial velocity u.
 4 0.6
Find the workdone by gravity during the time it W =   × 0.6 × 10 × = 3.6 J
reaches the highest point.  2 2
Y
WE-8: Find the work done in lifting a body of mass
20 kg and specific gravity 3.2 to a height of 8
m in water? (g = 10 m/s 2 )
r ρb
Sol:Given specific gravity ρ = 3.2
w
H ρb = 3.2 × ρ w = 3.2 ×1000 = 3200
Sol:
α
X Workdone W = mgh 1 − ρw  = 20× 10 ×8 1 − 1000 
 ρb 
O x  3200 
ur r  2200 
Fy = −mg $j ; ry = H max =  u sin α  ˆj
 2 2
 W = 20 × 10 × 8   = 1100 J
 3200 
 2g 
WE-9: A block of mass ‘m’ is lowered with the help
r r  u sin α  ˆ 2 2
(
W = Fy .ry = −mgjˆ . 
2g )
j
 
of a rope of negligible mass through a distance
‘d’ with an acceleration of g/3. Find the work
done by the rope on the block?
1
W = − mu 2 sin 2 (α ) Sol:During lowering a block, tension in rope is
2 T = m ( g − a ) and S = d
WE-6: A 10 kg block is pulled along a frictionless
surface in the form of an arc of a circle of work done W = − m ( g − a) d
radius10 m. The applied force is 200 N. Find
 g 2 mgd
the work done by (a) applied force and W = −m  g − d =−
(b) gravitational force in displacing through  3  3
an angle 600 WE-10: If the system shown is released from rest.
Find the net workdone by tension in first one
second (g=10m/s2 )
0 r
60
r F
3 kg B
Sol: Work done by applied force W = Fr sin θ
A 2 kg
3
W = 200 ×10 × sin60 =200 ×10 × 0
= 1732 J  m 2 − m1  3−2 
2 Sol. a =  g =  10 = 2m/s2
 1
m + m 2   2 + 3 
work done by gravitational force
2 m1 m2 g 2 × 2 × 3 × 10
W = − mgr (1 − cos θ ) T = = = 24N
m1 + m 2 2+3
W = −10 × 9.8 ×10 (1 − cos60 0 ) 1 2 1
for each block S = at = × 2 × 1 = 1m
 1 2 2
W = − 98 × 10  1 −  = − 490 J
 2 ∴ Wnet = W1 + W2 = TS − TS = 0

Energy: Examples for bodies having K.E

Ø Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. Greater 1) A vehicle in motion.
the amount of energy possessed by the body, greater 2) Water flowing in a river.
the work it will be able to do. 3) A bullet fired from a gun.
Ø Energy is cause for doing work and work is Ø Kinetic energy depends on frame of reference.
Ex: kinetic energy of a person of mass m sitting in
effect of energy. a train moving with speed v is zero in the frame of
Ø Energy is a scalar. Energy and work have same
units and dimensions. 1 2
train but mv in the frame of earth.
Ø The different forms of energy are Mechanical energy, 2
Light energy, Heat energy, Sound energy, Electrical Relation between K.E. and linear momentum
energy, Nuclear energy etc.
Ø 1 2 P2 1
Mechanical energy is of two types Ø KE = mv = = Pv (Q P = mv )
a) Potential Energy b) Kinetic Energy 2 2m 2
Potential energy (U) Ø If two bodies of different masses have same
momentum then lighter body will have greater KE
Ø Potential energy of a body is the energy possessed
 1 
by a body by virtue of its position or configuration Q K Eα 
in the field.  m
Ø Potential energy is defined only for conservative Ø When a bullet is fired from a gun the momentum of
the bullet and gun are equal and opposite.
forces. It does not exist for non-conservative
forces. In case of conservative forces. K E bullet M gun
i. e =
 dU  uruur
U2 r2
uruur K E gun M bullet
F = −  ∴ dU = − F .dr ⇒ ∫ dU = −∫ F.dr Hence, the KE of the bullet is greater than that of
 dr  U1 r1 the gun
r2
ur uur Ø A body can have energy without momentum. But it
U 2 − U1 = − ∫ F. dr = −W can not have momentum without energy.
r1
Ø A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ stops
in wooden block after penetrating through a distance
r ur uur
‘x’. If F is resistance offered by the block to the
If r1 = ∞ ,U 1 = 0 ∴ U = ∫ F .dr = −W bullet
∞
(Assuming F is constant inside the block)
Ø P.E can be +ve or -ve or can be zero.
1 2 mv 2
Ø P.E depends on frame of reference. mv = Fx ; F = ∴v 2α x
Ø Ex: Water stored in a dam , A stretched bow, 2 2x
A loaded spring etc., possesses P.E Ø For a given body
Ø In case of conservative force (field) potential energy 1) The graph KE between KE and P is a parabola.
is equal to negative of work done in shifting the
body from some reference position to given position
Ø A moving body may or may not have potential
energy.
Ø Potential energy should be considered to be a P
property of the entire system, rather than assigning 2) The graph between KE and P is a straight line
it to any specific particle. 1
Kinetic energy passing through the origin.Its slope =
2m
Ø Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body
by virtue of its motion. K
Ø Kinetic energy of a body of mass ‘m’ moving with
1 2
a velocity ‘v’, KE = mv
2
Ø Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
Ø The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the P
1
work an object can do by the virtue of its motion. 3) The graph between KE and P is a rectangular
hyperbola.
1
K and slope =
2m
P 2 = 2mK
K
1
p
Ø A particle is projected up from a point at an angle
' θ ' with the horizontal. At any time ‘t’ if ‘P’ is linear
momentum, ‘y’ is vertical displacement and ‘x’ is P2
horizontal displacement, then nature of the curves
drawn for KE of the particle (K) against these P 2αK
parameters are
i) K - y graph: Conservative and non - Conservative forces
K = Ki − mgy ; It is a straight line Ø If work done by a force around a closed path is
zero and is independent of path then the force is
said to be conservative force.
dU
Ø Under conservative force F = − where U is
dr
Potential Energy. U = dU = − uruu r
y ur
∫ ∫ F .dr
( F = Fx $i + F y $j + Fz k$ and
ii) K - t graph uur
 1 
dr = dxi$ + dy $j + dzk$ )
K = Ki − mg u y t − gt2 
ur  ∂u ∂u $ ∂u $ 
F = −  $i +
 2 
j+
∂z 
k
 ∂x ∂y
1
Q y = u y t − gt 2 ; It is a parabola
2 Ex1: Gravitational force is a conservative force
K
Ex2: Elastic force in a stretched spring is a
conservative force
Non-Conservative Forces:
Ø If the work done by a force around a closed path is
not equal to zero and is dependent on the path
t then the force is non-conservative force
Ex:-Force of friction , Viscous force.
iii) K - x graph Ø Work done by the non-conservative force will not

be stored in the form of Potential energy.
gx  2
K = Ki − mg  x tan θ − 2 
Ø Potential energy is defined only for conservative
 2u x  forces.
 g  Spring force
Q y = ( tan θ )x −  2  x 2 ; It is also a parabola
 2u x  Ø Spring force is an example of a variable force which
K is conservative.
Ø In an ideal spring, the spring force Fs is directly
proportional to ‘x’. Where x is the displacement of
the block from equilibrium position. i.e.,
Fs = − Kx .The constant K is called spring
X
2 constant.
iv) K - P graph Ø The work done on the block by the spring force as
It is a straight line passing through origin the block moves from undeformed position
x = 0 tox = x1

uruur
dW = F.dx = − Kxdx WE-13: An athlete in the Olympic games covers a
x1
distance of 100 m in 10s. His kinetic energy can
W = ∫ dW = ∫ − Kxdx = − K ( x2 ) 1 = − Kx12
1 x 1
0 2 0 2 be estimated to be in the range (JEE MAIN 2008)
Ø If the block moves from x = x1 tox = x2 the work 1) 200 J - 500 J 2) 2 × 105 J − 3 × 105 J
x2 3) 20,000J - 50,000J 4) 2,000 J - 5, 000 J
done by spring force is W = ∫ −Kxdx Sol:Approximate mass of the athlete = 60 kg
x1
Average velocity = 10 m/s.
1
2
(2 2
2
)
1 2 1 2
W = K x1 − x2 = Kx1 − Kx 2
2
1 2 1
Approximate K.E. = mv = × 60 ×10 = 3000 J
2
2 2
Potential energy stored in a spring: Range of KE = 2000 J to 5000J
Ø The change in potential energy of a system W.E-14:Kinetic energy of a particle moving along
corresponding to a conservative internal force is
x r uur
a circle of radius ‘r’ depends on the distance
dU = −∫ F. dx , as KE = cs2 , (c is constant,s is displacement).
0 Find the force acting on the particle
dU = - (work done by the spring force)
1 2  2c 
 − Kx 2  1 Sol. KE = 2 mv = cs 2
⇒ v =   s
dU = −   ; U f − U i = Kx
2
 m
 2  2
dv 2c ds 2c
since U i is zero when spring is at its natural length at = = × =v
dt m dt m
1
∴U f = Kx2
2 2c  2c  2c
Ft = mat = mv = m s = 2cs
W.E-11:Two spheres whose radii are in the ratio m  m  m
1 : 2 are moving with velocities in the ratio
3 : 4. If their densities are in the ratio 3 : 2,  mv 2 
2
( 2cs ) + 
2
Total force F = F t + Fc =
2 2
then find the ratio of their kinetic energies. 
 r 
r1 1 v 1 3 ρ1 3
Sol. r = 2 , v = 4, ρ = 2 s2
2 2 2 F = 2 cs 1 +
r2
1 2 1 14 3  2
K .E = mv = (V ρ ) v =  π r ρ  v
2
W.E-15: A rectangular plank of mass m1 and height
2 2 23 
‘a’ is on a horizontal surface. On the top of it
3 2
KE1 ρ1  r1   v1  3  1   3 
3 2
another rectangular plank of mass m2 and
= ×  ×   = × ×
KE2 ρ2  r2  v2  2  2   4  height ‘b’ is placed. Find the potential energy
of the system?
KE1 3 1 9 27
= × × =
KE2 2 8 16 256 m2
b
W.E-12:A particle is projected at 60 0 to the horizontal
with a kinetic energy ‘K’.Find the kinetic m1 a
energy at the highest point ?(JEE MAIN 2007)
1 2 Sol: Total potential energy of system U = U1 + U 2
Sol.Initial kinetic energy is K = mu
2 a  b   m1   b 
The velocity at highest point v x = u cos θ . = m1 g + m2 g  a +  =  2 + m2  a + m2  2  g
2  2     
kinetic energy of a particle at highest point WE-16: A rod of mass m and length L is held
1 1 K vertical. Find its gravitational potential
KH = mvx 2 = mu 2 cos2 θ = K cos 2 600 = energy with respect to zero potential energy at
2 2 4
the lower end?

1 2
Sol: Initial potential energy Ui = kx
2
1
Final potential energy U f = k ( x + y )
dy 2
2
y
1 1 2
Work done W= Uf - Ui = k ( x + y ) − kx
2
Sol.Choose a small element of length dy, then 2 2

1
 m W = ky ( 2x + y )
mass of the element dm =   dy . 2
L
The potential energy of the element dU= (dm)g(y) Work - energy theorem
Ø Work done by all forces acting on a body is equal
Potential energy of the entire rod
to change in its kinetic energy.
m
L L L
m
U = ∫ ( dm ) gy = ∫   ( dy ) .gy = g ∫ ydy 1 2 1
i.e., W = K f − Ki = mv − mu
2
0
0
L L 0 2 2
L Where Kf and Ki are the final and initial kinetic
m  y2  mgL
U = g  = energies of the body.
L  2 0 2 Ø Work energy theorem is applicable not only for a
WE-17: A chain of length l and mass ‘m’ lies on single particle but also for a system of particles.
the surface of a smooth hemisphere of radius Ø When it is applied to a system of two or more
R > l with one end tied to top of the particles change in kinetic energy of the system is
equal to work done on the system by the external
hemisphere.Find the gravitational potential
as well as internal forces.
energy of the chain? Ø Work-energy theorem can also be applied to a
Sol. system under the action of variable forces, pseudo
(Rd θ) forces, conservative as well as non-conservative
forces.
R Applications of work-energy theorem:
θ dθ Ø A body of mass m starting from rest acquire a
y = Rcosθ
velocity ‘v’ due to constant force F. Neglecting air
Consider a small element of chain of width resistance.
dθ at an angle θ from the vertical 1 2
Work done =change in Kinetic energy = mv
m 2
The mass of the element dm =   Rdθ Ø
l A particle of mass ‘m’ is thrown vertically up with a
speed ‘u’. Neglecting the air friction, the work done
The gravitational potential energy of the
by gravitational force, as particle reaches maximum
element du= (dm)gy
height is Wg = ∆ K = K f − K i
The gravitational potential energy of total chain
1 1 1
Wg = m ( 0) − m × u2 = − mu 2
l 2
m 
R l
2 2 2
U = ∫ ( dm )gy = ∫  Rdθ g ( R cos θ )
R
Ø A particle of mass ‘m’ falls freely from a height ‘h’
0 l 0

in air medium onto the ground. If ‘v’ is the velocity
mgR 2 l
mgR 2 l with which it reaches the ground, the work done
U= [sin θ ]0R = sin   by air friction is Wf and work done by gravitational
l l R
1 1
WE-18: A spring of force constant ‘k’ is stretched force Wg then , Wg + W f = 2 mv2 − 0 = 2 mv 2
by a small length ‘x’. Find work done in
Ø A block of mass ‘m’ slides down a frictionless
stretching it further by a small length ‘y’?
incline of inclination ‘θ ’ to the horizontal. If h is
the height of incline, the velocity with which body
reaches the bottom of incline is  h

mg ( h+ s ) + ( − Rs ) = 0 ; R = mg 1 + 
1 2  s
Wg = ∆ K ; mgh = mv − 0 u=0
2
h air
1 v1 = 2 gh
mgh = mv 2 ; v = 2 gh
2
Ø A body of mass ‘m’ starts from rest from the top of s soil
a rough inclined plane of inclination ‘θ ’ and length
‘l’. The velocity ‘v’ with which it reaches the bottom v=0
of incline if µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction is Here time of penetration is given by impulse
Wg + W f = ∆k equation ( R − mg ) t = 0 − m 2 gh
1 2 Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is initially at rest. By the
( mg sin θ )l + (− µk mg cos θ ) l = mv − 0
application of a constant force, its velocity changes
2
v = 2 gl ( sin θ − µ k cosθ ) to v 0 in time to the kinetic energy of the body at
time ‘t’ is
Ø A bob of mass m suspended from a string of length W = ∆K = Kf − K i = K f − 0
l is given a speed u at its lowest position then the 1  1
K f = W = mas = ma  at  = ma 2t 2
2
speed of the bob v when it makes an angle θ with 2  2
the vertical is 2
vo 1 v 
Since a = ; Kf = m 0  t2
Wg + WT = ∆K ⇒ −mgl (1 −cos θ ) + 0 = m ( v2 − u 2 )
1 to 2  t0 
2
WE-19: Under the action of force 2kg body moves
v = u2 − 2 gl (1 − cos θ ) such that its position ‘x’ varies as a function
Ø A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ stops t3
of time t given by x = , x is in metre and t in
in a wooden block after penetrating through a 3
distance x. If ‘f ’ is the resistance offered by the second. Calculate the workdone by the force
block to the bullet. in first two seconds.
W f = K f − Ki ; − fx = 0 − KE i Sol. From work-energy theorem W = ∆KE
KE mv 2 P2 t 3
i.e., stopping distance x= f i = 2 f = 2 mf dx
x = , Velocity v = = t 2
3 dt
Ø A block of mass ‘m’ attached to a spring of spring At t = 0, v 1 =0, At t = 2s, v 2 = 4m/s
constant ‘K’ oscillates on a smooth horizontal table.
W = m ( v22 − v12 ) = × 2 ( 42 − 0 ) = 16J
1 1
The other end of the spring is fixed to a wall. It has 2 2
a speed ‘v’ when the spring is at natural length. The
WE-20: A uniform chain of length ‘l’ and mass’M’
distance it moves on a table before it comes to rest is on a smooth horizontal table, with (1/n)th
is calculated as below part of its length hanging from the edge of the
WS . F + Wg +WN = ∆K (S.F=spring force) table. Find the kinetic energy of the chain as
Let the mass be oscillating with amplitude ‘x’. it completely slips off the table.
On compressing the spring WS . F = − 1 Kx 2
2
L
Wg = FS cos90 = 0 ;
0
WN = NS cos90 = 0 0
n
1 1 m
⇒ − 2 Kx = 0 − 2 mv ⇒ x = v K
2 2
WS. F = K f − K i
Ø A pile driver of mass ‘m’ is dropped from a height ‘h’ Sol: Work done ∆W = U i − U f = K f − K i
above the ground. On reaching the ground it pierces
through a distance ‘s’ and then stops finally. If R is the Mgl Mgl 1  1
− 2 = Mv2 ; v = gl 1 − 2 
average resistance offered by ground then 2 2n 2  n 
1 2 1 2
Wg + WR = Kf − Ki = mu − mv
2 2

WE-21:Two blocks having masses 8 kg and 16kg WE-23: In the below figure, what constant force
are connected to the two ends of a light spring. ‘P’ is required to bring the 50kg body, which
The system is placed on a smooth horizontal starts from rest to a velocity of 10m/s in moving
floor. An inextensible string also connects B 7m along the plane? (Neglect friction)
with ceiling as shown in figure at the initial
moment. Initially the spring has its natural p 0
length.A constant horizontal force F is applied 30
to the heavier block as shown. What is the 50 kg
maximum possible value of F so that lighter
block doesn’t loose contact with ground.
0
30
5m 4m A Sol. Work done by force P in displacing the

block by 7m, W1 = ( F cos θ )( S )
8kg 16kg F
B
W1 = ( P cos300 ) 7 =
7 3
PJ
Sol: Draw FBD of B to get extension in spring. 2
When block B just looses contact with ground
W2 = −mgh = −50 ×9.8 × 7sin300 = −1715 J
resultant force on it is zero.
N According to work energy theorem
T
θ W1 + W2 =
1
2
(
m v22 − v12 )
kx
P − 1715 = ×50 × (10 2 − 0 2 ) ⇒ P = 607 N
7 3 1
2 2
mg WE-24: Figure shows a spring fixed at the bottom
Kx
Kx − T cos θ = 0 ⇒ T = ; Tsin θ + N − mg = 0 end of an incline of inclination 370 . A small
cosθ
block of mass 2 kg starts slipping down the
Kx
When N = 0 then T sin θ = mg ⇒ cosθ sinθ = mg incline from a point 4.8 m away from the
mg 80 60 spring. The block compresses the spring by 20
x= = =
K tan θ K × (4/3) K cm, stops momentarily and then rebounds
If spring has to just extend till this value then
through a distance 1 m up the incline. Find
from work energy theorem we get
(i) the friction coefficient between the plane
1 2
Fx = Kx ⇒ F = 30 N and the block and (ii) the spring constant of
2
WE-22: A 2kg block slides on a horizontal floor the spring. (g = 10 ms-2 )
with a speed of 4 m/s. It strikes an
uncompressed spring and compresses it
till the block is motionless.The kinetic
frictional force is 15 N and spring constant is
10,000 Nm-1. Find the compression in the
spring?(JEE MAIN 2007) 37
0
1 1
Sol: KE = mv 2 =W friction + Kx2
2 2
Sol: Applying work energy theorem for
1 1
⇒ × 2 × 42 = 15 x + × 10000 × x2 downward motion of the body W = ∆KE
2 2
⇒ 5000 x 2 + 15x − 16 = 0 mg sin θ ( x + d ) − f × l1 −
1 2
Kx = ∆KE
⇒ x = 0.055 m o r x = 5.5 cm 2

1 dU
20sin370 ( 5) − µ × 20cos370 ×5 − K (0.2) = 0 = 0 (or) slope of U-r graph is zero
2
2.
2 dr
3. When displaced from its equilibrium position, a net
80µ + 0.02 K = 60 → (1) force starts acting on the body which moves the
For the upward motion of the body body in the direction of displacement or away from
1 the equilibrium position
− mg sin θ l2 + ( f × l2 ) + Kx 2 = ∆KE 4. PE in equilibrium position is maximum as compared
2
1 d 2U
−2 ×10sin370 ×1 −µ × 20cos370 ×1 + K ( 0.2) = 0
2
to other positions as 2 isnegative
dr
2 5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre
16µ − 0.02 K = − 12 → ( 2) of gravity of the body goes up
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
96 µ = 48 ⇒ µ = 0.5
Now, use the value of µ in equation (1),
we get K = 1000 N/m.
Neutral equilibrium
Types of Equilibrium 1. Net force is zero
A body is said to be in translatory equilibrium, if net
ur 2.
dU
= 0 or slope of U-r graph is zero
force acting on the body is zero i.e., F net = 0 dr
3. When displaced from its equilibrium position the
dU body has neither the tendency to come back nor
If the forces are conservative F = −
dr move away from the original position.
and for equilibrium F = 0 , 4. PE remains constant even if the body is moving to
d 2U
dU dU neighbouring points =0
so − = 0 or = 0 , ∴ At equilibrium position dr 2
dr dr 5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre
slope of U-r graph is zero or the potential energy is of gravity of the body remains constant
optimum (maximum or minimum or constant)
There are three types of equilibrium Potential energy and Equilibrium
(i) Stable equilibrium (ii) Unstable equilibrium U
(iii) Neutral equilibrium. B
Stable equilibrium
1. Net force is Zero 1. A
dU
2. = 0 or slope of U-r graph is zero x
dr
3. When displaced from its equilibrium position, a net In the figure, at A :
retarding forces starts acting on the body, which dU d 2U
=0, and is positive
has a tendency to bring the body back to its dx dx 2
equilibrium position Thus at A the particle is in stable equilibrium.
4. PE in equilibrium position is minimum as compared dU d 2U
to its neighbouring points as At B; = 0 , and is negative
dx dx2
d 2U Thus at B the particle is in unstable equilibrium
ispositive
dr 2 WE-25: In a molecule, the potential energy between
5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre a b
of gravity of the body comes down two atoms is given by U(x) = − . Where
x12 x6
‘a’ and ‘b’ are positive constants and ‘x’ is the
distance between atoms. Find the value of ‘x’
at which force is zero and minimum P.E at that
Unstable equilibrium point. (JEE MAIN 2010)
1. Net force is zero

dU Sol. By conservation of mechanical energy

Sol: Force is zero ⇒ =0
1
dx mg ( h + y ) = Ky 2
i.e., a ( −12) x −13 − b ( −6) x −7 = 0 2
h = height of particle
−12a 6b 12a 6b
13
+ 7 = 0 ⇒ 13 = 7 y = compression of the spring
x x x x
1 As here particle and spring remain same
2a  2a 6 2
h1 + y1  y1  0.24 + 0.01  0.01 
2
⇒x = 6
∴x=  =  ; =
b  b   ; h2 = 3.96 m
h2 + y2  y2  h2 + 0.04  0.04 
Substituting the value of x
12 6 WE-27: A small mass ‘m’ is sliding down on a
= a 
b 6
− b 
b 6
⇒ U min   smooth curved incline from a height ‘h’ and
 2a   2a  finally moves through a horizontal
 b2   b2  − b 2
smooth surface. A light spring of force
U min =   −   ⇒ U =
 4a  2a 
min
4a constant K is fixed with a vertical rigid stand
Law of conservation of Mechanical on the horizontal surface, as shown in the
figure.Find the value for the maximum
energy: compression in the spring if mass ‘m’ is
Ø Total mechanical energy of a system remains released from rest from height ‘h’ and hits the
constant, if only conservative forces are acting on a
system of particles and the work done by all other spring on the horizontal surface.
forces is zero. A
∴ U f − U i = −W m
From work energy theorem W = k f − ki h
∴U f − U i = − ( k f − ki ) C K
∴U f + k f =U i + k i ⇒ U+K=constant
The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy Sol. Conservation of energy b/w positions A and C
remains constant in any state.
Ø A body is projected vertically up from the ground. ( PEA )block + KE A = ( PEC )spring + KEC
When it is at height ‘h’ above the ground, its
1 2 1 2 2mgh
potential and kinetic energies are in the ratio x : y. If mgh + 0 = Kx + 0 ;mgh = Kx ; x =
H is the maximum height reached by the body, then 2 2 K
x h h x WE-28:A vehicle of mass 15 quintal climbs up a
= or =
y H −h H x+ y hill 200m high. It then moves on a level road
WE-26: A massless platform is kept on a light with a speed of 30ms −1 .Calculate the potential
elastic spring as shown in figure. When a sand
particle of 0.1kg mass is dropped on the pan energy gained by it and its total mechanical
from a height of 0.24m, the particle strikes the energy while running on the top of the hill
pan and the spring compresses by 0.01m. From −2
what height should particle be dropped to Sol. m = 15 quintal = 1500kg, g= 9.8ms ,h = 200m
cause a compression of 0.04m. P.E.gained,U=mgh =1500 x 9.8 x 200=2.94 x 106 J
0.1 kg
1 2 1
K.E. = mv = x 1500 x (30)2 = 0.675 x 106 J
2 2
Total mechanical energy
E = K + U = (0.675 + 2.94) x 106 = 3.615 x 106 J
WE-29: A particle is released from height H.At
certain height from the ground its kinetic
energy is twice its gravitational potential
energy. Find the height and speed of particle
at that height

2
Sol. K.E = 2PE But KE = TE – PE WE-31: The potential energy of 1 kg particle free
mg(H – h) = 2mgh; mgH = 3mgh to move along X - axis is given by
H  x4 x2 
⇒h= ; Also K.E = 2P.E , U (x) =  −  J. The total mechanical
3  4 2
energy of the particle is 2 J. Find the
1 2 H gH
mv = 2mg   ⇒ v = 2 maximum speed of the particle.
2  3 3 dU
Sol:For maximum value of U, =0.
WE-30: A heavy flexible uniform chain of length dx
π r and mass λπ r lies in a smooth 4 x3 2x
semicircular tube AB of radius ‘r’. Assuming ∴ − = 0 or x = 0, x = ± 1.
a slight disturbance to start the chain in 4 2
motion, find the velocity v with which it will d 2U d 2U
emerge from the end of the tube? At x = 0, = − 1 and At x = ± 1, =2
dx 2 dx2
Hence U is minimum at x = ± 1 with value
1 1 1
C.G 2r/π U min = − = − J
4 2 4
B A
1 9
Reference level Kmax + Umin = E or Kmax − = 2 or Kmax =
4 4
1 9 3
⇒ mv 2 = ⇒ v max = ms − 1
2 4 2
WE-32:Figure shows a particle sliding on a
Sol: frictionless track which terminates in a straight
horizontal section. If the particle starts slipping
from the point A, how far away from the track
will the particle hit the ground?
B A
A
πr
__
2 B
C.G 1.0 m
0.5 m
Sol: Applying the law of conservation of
Centre of gravity of a semicircular arc is at a mechanical energy for the points A and B,
1 2
distance
2r
from the centre . mgH = mv + mgh
π 2
v2 g
Initial potential energy Ui = ( λπ r ) g  2r  g− = or v 2 = g ⇒ v = g = 3.1 ms − 1
π
  2 2
After point B the particle exhibits projectile motion
 −π r 
Final potential energy U f = ( λπ r ) g   with θ = 00 and y = − 0.5 m
 2  Horizontal distance travelled by the body
When the chain is completely slipped off the tube,
2h 2 × 0.5
all the links of the chain have the same velocity v. R=u = 3.1× = 1m
1 2 1 g 9.8
kinetic energy of chain k = mv = ( λπ r ) v
2
2 2 POWER
From conservation of energy , Ø The rate of doing work is called power.
Power or average power is given by
 2r   −π r  1
λπ rg   = ( λπ r ) g   + ( λπ r ) v
2
work done
π   2  2 Pavg = , Power is a scalar
time
SI Unit: watt(W) (or) J/s, CGS Unit : erg/sec
2 π 
0n solving we get, v = 2rg π 2 + Other Units : kilo watt, mega watt and horse power
  One horse power (H.P)=746 watt

Ø Instantaneous Power: Ø When a liquid of density ‘ ρ ’ coming out of a hose

 ∆W  pipe of area of cross section ‘A’ with a velocity ‘v’
P = Lt   strikes the wall normally and stops dead. Then
∆ t →.0
 ∆t 
ur ur 1 mv 2 1
It is also calculated by P = FV cos θ = F .V power exerted by the liquid is P= = ?Av 3
2 t 2
Ø Relation Between Pavg and Pins : (Q mass=density x volume = m = ρ × A × l )
Ø
1 ur ur
A vehicle of mass ‘m’ is driven with constant
W mv 2 = 1 mv  v  1
Pavg = =   = mav = F .V acceleration along a straight level road against a
t 2t 2 t  2 2 constant external resistance ‘R’ when the velocity
1
Pavg = Pinst is ‘v’, power of engine is P = F v = ( R + m a ) v
2 Ø If P is a rated power of a device and if its efficiency
Ø The area under P − t graph gives work done x
is x% , useful power is (output power) P =
1
P
dW
P= ∴W = ∫ Pdt
. 100
dt Ø If a motor lifts water from a well of depth ‘h’ and
The slope of W-t curve gives instantaneous power delivers with a velocity ‘v’ in a time t then power of
dW 1
P= = tanθ mgh+ mv 2
dt the motor P= 2
t
Ø If a body of mass ‘m’ starts from rest and accelerated
Work
uniformly to a velocity v0 in a time t 0 , then the work

power
done on the body in a time ‘t’ is given by

θ 1 1 v t
2
v0  v0 
x W = mv2 = m  o  ; a= ; v=at=   t
x O time 2 2  to  to  to 
O time
Applications on power Instantaneous power, P = F v = m a v
Ø The power of a machine gun firing ‘n’ bullets each v0  v0  v 02
of mass ‘m’ with a velocity ‘v’ in a time interval ‘t’ ∴ P = m  t = m 2 t
to  to  t0
1 2
n  mv  Ø A motor pump is used to deliver water at a certain
is given by P=  2  nmv
2
= rate from a given pipe. To obtain ‘n’ times water
t 2t from the same pipe in the same time by what amount
Ø A crane lifts a body of mass ‘m’ with a constant of (a) force and (b) power of the motor should be
velocity v from the ground, its power is increased.
P=Fv=mgv If a liquid of density ‘ ρ ’ is flowing through a pipe
Ø Power of lungs of a boy blowing a whistle is of cross section ‘A’ at speed ‘v’ the mass coming
1 dm
P= ( mass of air blown per sec) (velocity)2 out per second will be = Avρ .
2 dt
Ø Power of a heart pumping blood To get ‘n’ times water in the same time
= (pressure) (volume of blood pumped per sec) 1
Ø A conveyor belt is moving with a constant speed  dm  = n  dm 
    ⇒ A' v 'ρ ' = n ( Avρ )
‘v’ horizontally and gravel is falling on it at a rate of  dt   dt 
dm As the pipe and liquid are not changed,
. Then additional force required to maintain
dt ρ | = ρ ; A' = A & v ' = nv
dm 1
v | 
dm 
nv )  n
speed v is F = v dm 
dt
and additional power  ( 
dm F'
=  dt  =  dt  = n 2
as F = v ⇒ F
v 
dm 
v 
2 dm dm 
required to drive the belt is, P = Fv = v dt  
dt  dt   dt 

as P = Fv ⇒ WE-34: The 50 N collar starts from rest at A and is

P ' F ' v ' ( n F ) ( nv )
2 lifted with a constant speed of 0.6 m/s along
= = = n3 the smooth rod. Determine the power
P Fv Fv developed by the force F at the instant shown.
∴F ' = n F2
∴ P ' = n3 P 0.9 m
To get ‘n’ times of water force must be increased
F
n 2 times while power n 3 times.
1.2 m TT
Position and velocity of an automobile θ
w.r.t.time: A
An automobile of mass ‘m’ accelerates starting from
rest, while the engine supplies constant power,its Sol: Since the collar is lifted with a constant speed
position and velocity changes w.r.t time as T cos θ − mg = 0 ⇒ T cos θ = mg = 5 ×10
Velocity : As F v = P = constant ur r
Now, P = F .v = T cosθ × v ;Here T = F
dv  dv 
i.e. m v=P  F=m  P = 50 × v = 50 × 0.6 = 30W
dt  dt 
WE-35: A machine delivers power to a body which is
P
or ∫ vdv= ∫ dt on integrating we get directly proportional to velocity of the body. If
m the body starts with a velocity which is almost
v2 P negligible, find the distance covered by the body
= t+C 1 in attaining a velocity v.
2 m
As initially the body is at rest,  dv 
ie. v = 0 at t = 0 ⇒ C 1 = 0 ; Sol. Power P = Fv cos0 = Fv = m   v ∝ v
 dt 
1/2
 2Pt 
v=   ⇒ v a t 1/2 mv
dv
= K 0 v , Where K0 =constant
 m  dt
Position: From the above expression dv  dv  dx
1/2 m = K 0 ; m   = K0
 2Pt   dx  dt
1/2
ds  2 Pt  dt
v=   =
dt  m 
(or)
 m  dv K 
mv = K 0 ; vdv=  0  dx
 2Pt 
1/2 1
dx m
dt =  2 p  ∫ t 2 dt
1
∫ ds = ∫  m 
2
x K 
 m  ∫ vdv= ∫  0
v
Integrating  dx ;
integrating on both sides we get 0 0
 m 
v 2  K0 
1/2
1 mv 2
S = 
2P  2 3/2
 . t + C2 ⇒ x =
2  m 
= x
 m 3 2 K0
Now at t = 0, S = 0 ⇒ C2 = 0
1/2
WE-36: Find the power of an engine which can
 8P  3/2 draw a train of 400 metric ton up the inclined
S =  t , ∴S α t 3/2
 9m  plane of 1 in 98 at the rate 10 ms-1.The

WE-33: An automobile is moving at 100 kmph and resistance due to friction acting on the train
is exerting attractive force of 3920 N. What is 10 N per ton.
horse power must the engine develop, if 20 % 1
So1. Given sin θ = ; m = 400 × 10 3 kg
of the power developed is wasted? 98
5 frictional force f = 10 × 400 = 4000 N ;
Sol :Velocity = 100kmph = 1 0 0 × m/s
18 velocity v = 10 ms-1
Force = 3920 N;;Useful power = 80%
∴ Power P = (mg sinθ + f) v
W F.S 80 5
Power = = =F.v ⇒ 100 P = 3920 × 100 × 18  1 
t t ∴ P =  400 × 10 × 9.8 ×
3
 + 4000  × 10
 98  
100 5
P= × 3920 × 100 × = 13.16 ×104 W = 182.5hp = 440000W=440KW
80 18

WE-37: A hose pipe has a diameter of 2.5cm and is Ø Velocity of the body at any point on the vertical
required to direct a jet of water to a height of
atleast 40m. Find the minimum power of the circle:
pump needed for this hose. 1 1
TE A = TE P ; mV12 + 0 = mV θ2 + mgh
Sol.Volume of water ejected per sec 2 2
Vq = V1 - 2 gh , but h = r (1 - cos q)
2 2 2
Av = π   × 2 gh m 3 / s ; ∴ v = 2 gh
d
Vq = V1 - 2 gr (1 - cos q ) ; Vq = V1 2 -2 gr (1 -cos q )
2 2
2
1 If V2 is the velocity of the body at highest point
Mass ejected per sec is M = π d 2 × 2gh ρ Kg/s
4 ( q = 1800 )
Kinetic energy of water leaving hose / sec
3
V2 = V 1 - 2 g r (1 + 1)
2
= V 12 - 4 g r
1 1
K .E = mv 2 = π d 2 ×( 2 gh ) 2 ×ρ Tension in the string at any point :
2 8
Ø
= 8 × 3.14× ( 2.5× 10−2 ) × ( 2 ×9.8× 40) × 1000 =21.5KJ
1 2 3
2
Let Tq be the tension in the string when the string
makes an angle q with vertical.
WE-38: A body of mass m accelerates uniformly
from rest to velocity v0 in time t0 , find the mVq 2
instantaneous power delivered to body when Tq = + mg cos q
r
v Ø 1) At the lowest point q = 0 0 tension in the string is
velocity is 0 .
2 mV12
v0 mv0 TL = + mg (maximum).
Sol.Acceleration a = t ; Force F = t r
0 0 Ø 2) At the highest point q = 1800 .
2
v  mv  v mv m V2 2
Instantaneous power P= F . 20 =  t 0  20 =
0
The tension in the string is TH = - m g (minimum)
 0  2t0 r
Ø 3) When the string is horizontal, q = 900 , tension
Vertical circular motion with variable speed: 2
mVhorz
in the string at this position is T(h o r) =
r
Ø 4) The difference in maximum and minimum tension
in the string is
O
mV12 mV22
Tmax–Tmin= + mg - + mg
r r r
= (V12 - V22 ) + 2mg
m
V1 r
A
= ( 4 gr ) + 2mg = 4mg + 2 mg = 6 mg
m
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ tied at one end of a
string of length ‘r’ and is whirled in a vertical circle r
by fixing the other end at ‘O’. Let V1 be the velocity Ø 5) Ratio of maximum tension to minimum tension in
of the body at the lowest point. the string is
V2 mV12
+ mg V 12 + r g
Tmax
= r 2 =
V 22 - r g
mg
Tm i n mV2
- mg
r
TH Vhor Ø When the particle is at ‘P’
O Thor a) Tangential force acting on the particle is
θ Tθ Ft = m g sin q .
P
mVθ2 Tangential acceleration a t = g sin q
r
TL θ
mg cos θ b) Centripetal force acting on the particle is
mg æ mV 2 ö÷
Fc = ççç
V1 q ÷
A = Tq - mg cos q .
mg çè r ø÷÷

V2
Centripetal acceleration ac = q
From the Law of conservation of energy
r total energy at point ‘A’ = total energy at point P
c) Net acceleration of the particle at the point
U A + KEA = UP + KEP
‘P’ is a = at2 + ac2 . 1 1
O + mV12 = mgh + mVθ2
d) The net force acting on the particle at point 2 2
‘P’ is F = Ft 2 + Fc2 1 1
m ( 5 gR ) = mgR (1 − cos θ ) + mVθ2
Ø Angle made by net force or net acceleration with 2 2
F a
centripetal component is f and tan f = F = a
5gmR 1
= mgR − mgR cosθ + mVθ2
t t
c c 2 2
Condition for vertical circular motion of 5gmR 1
a body − mgR + mgR cos θ = mVθ2
B 2 2
V2 mgR 1
mg
T2
[ 3 + 2cos θ ] = mVθ2
2 2
O Vθ = gR ( 3 + 2cos θ )
T1 Minimum tension in the string to just
V1
A mg complete vertical circle:
mV22 Ø Let Tθ be the tension in the string when the string is
We know that 2T = − mg
r making an angle θ from lowest point
The body will complete the vertical circular path
when tension at highest point is such that
mV22
T2 ≥ 0 , − mg ≥ 0 ; V2 min = gr O
r Vθ
Tθ
Hence the minimum speed at highest point to just
θ
complete the vertical circle is gr P
From the law of conservation of mechanical energy θ
total energy at lowest point A = total energy at mg cos θ
highest point B mg sinθ mg
U A + KE A = UB + KEB mvθ2 m
Tθ = mg cos θ + = mg cosθ + gR ( 3 + 2cos θ )
1 1 R R
O + mV12 = mg ( 2r ) + mV22 = mg cos θ + 3mg + 2mg cosθ
2 2
1 1 = 3mg cos θ + 3mg = 3mg (1 + cos θ )
mV 2 = 2 mgr + mgr QV 2 = gr 
2 1 2  Ø In case of non uniform circular motion in a vertical
5 plane if velocity of the body at the lowest point is
= mgr ⇒ V1 = 5 gr
2 less than 5gr , the particle will not complete the
For the body to continue along a circular path the circle in vertical plane, the particle may either
critical velocity at lowest point is 5gr oscillate about the lowest point or it leaves the circle
with out looping.
Critical velocity at any point on the vertical circle: Condition for oscillating about the
lowest position:
1) If 0 < VL < 2 gr , in this case, velocity becomes
O
R-h θ T θ Vθ zero before tension vanishes and the particle
oscillates about its lowest position with angular
B P
θ amplitude 0 0 < θ < 90 0
AV
1 mg

2) If velocity of the body at the lowest point mv 2
VL < 2gr , then the maximum height reached by Centripetal force = mgcos?-N=
r
mv 2
the body just before its velocity becomes zero is and normal reaction N=mgcos?-
r
VL2 Ø A ball of mass ‘M’ is suspended vertically by a string
given by h= . of length ‘L’. A bullet of mass ‘m’ is fired horizontally
2g with a velocity ‘u’ onto the ball, sticks to it. For the
3) The angle made by the string with the vertical when system to complete the vertical circle, the minimum
its velocity becomes zero is given by ( M + m)
value of ‘u’ is given by u = 5 gL
2
m
V
cos q = 1- L
2gr
Note: If 0 < VL ≤ 2 gr then the particle oscillates
such that 00 < θ ≤ 900 0
Condition for leaving the circular path L
without looping:
Ø If 2 gr < VL < 5gr . the particle is not able to u m M
complete the vertical circle, it goes to certain height Ø A nail is fixed at a certain distance ‘x’ vertically
and leaves the circular path (90o < θ <180o ) below the point of suspension of a simple pendulum
while leaving the circular path T = 0 but V ≠ 0 of length L. The bob is released when the string
Ø The angle made by the string with downward vertical makes an angle θ with vertical. The bob reaches
when the tension in the string becomes zero is given the lowest position then describes a vertical circle
2 V 2 whose centre coincides with the nail. Then
by cos θ = − L L ( 3 + 2cos θ )
3 3 gr
Ø The height at which the tension in the string becomes xmin =
5
VL 2 + gr
zero is given by h =
3g
Ø When car moves on a concave bridge of radius
N
x
θ
L o
nail
θ v
L-x
mg cos θ Concave Bridge
mg Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is allowed to slide down from

mv 2 rest, from the top of a smooth incline of height ‘h’.
Centripetal force = N-mgcos?=
r For the body to move in a loop of radius ‘r’ on
mv 2 arriving at the bottom.
and normal reaction N=mgcos?+
r
Ø When car moves on a convex bridge of radius r
h r
N
V
 5r 
a) Minimum height of smooth incline h =  
 2 
θ
b) ‘h’ is independent of mass of the body
mg

Ø A small body is freely sliding down from the top of To complete vertical circle
a smooth convex hemisphere of radius r, placed on
a table with its flat face on the table then Vmin = 5 gr = 5 g ( l − d ) — (2)
Equating ,equations (1) and (2), we get
4l 4
gl = 5 g ( l − d ) ⇒ d = = = 0.80m
5 5
h WE-40: A body slides without friction from a height
θ r
H = 60cm and then loops the loop of radius R =
20cm at the bottom of an incline. Find the ratio
a) Normal reaction on the body is zero at the instant of forces exerted on the body by the track at the
positions A, B and C ( g = 10ms −2 )
the body leaves the hemisphere.
b) the vertical height from table at which the body
leaves the hemisphere is h=2r/3 C
c) If the position vector of the body with respect to
the centre of curvature makes an angle θ with
vertical when the body leaves the hemisphere, then
cos θ = 2 / 3 B
H
2 gr R
d) velocity of block at that instant is V =
3
e) If the block is given a horizontal velocity ‘u’ from
the top of the smooth convex hemisphere then the A
Sol. From data H = 3R
angle θ with vertical at which the block leaves
Velocity at A, VA = 2 gH = 2 g ( 3 R ) = 6 gR
2 u2
hemisphere is cos θ = + Velocity at B, VB = 4gR
3 3 gr
WE-39: A nail is located at certain distance vertically Velocity at C, VC = 2 gR
below the point of suspension of a simple
+ mg cos ( 0 0 )
pendulum. The pendulum bob is released from mVA2
Reaction force at A = R =
the position where the string makes an angle 60 0 1
R
from the vertical. Calculate the distance of the m × 6 gR
nail from the point of suspension such that the = + mg =7mg
bob will just perform revolutions with the nail R
+ mg cos ( 90 0 )
as the centre. Assume the length of the pendulum mVB2
to be 1m. Reaction force at B = R 2
=
R
m × 4 gR
= + 0 = 4mg
R
0
+ mg cos (1800 )
60 mVC2
Reaction force at C = R3 =
R
P
m × 2gR
= − mg =mg
R
∴ R1 : R2 : R3 = 7 : 4 : 1
Sol.Velocity of bob at lowest position WE-41: A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by
a light inextensible string of length l is projected
V = 2 g l (1 − cos θ )
horizontally with a speed of gl .Find the speed
l
= 2 g × l (1 − cos60 ) = 2 g = gl ..(1)
0
of the particle and the inclination of the string to
2 the vertical at the instant of the motion, when the
Let ‘d’ be the distance of nail from the tension in the string is equal to the weight of the
point of suspension. The bob will have to
particle.
complete the circle of radius r = l − d

Oblique Collision:
Ø It is the collision in which the velocities of the
T colliding bodies are not confined to same straight
θ B
line before and after collision.
Sol: Ø Oblique collision may be two dimensional or three
h u mg cos θ dimensional.
mg
u = gl A
Ø When a particle hits elastically and obliquely another
mg sin θ stationary particle of same mass, then they move
Let T = mg at an angle ‘θ ’as shown in the perpendicular to each other after collision.
figure and h = l (1 − cos θ ) à (i) Types of Collision:Based on conservation of
kinetic energy collisions are classified into
Applying law of conservation of mechanical energy (i) Elastic Collision (ii) Inelastic collision
between the points A and B, Elastic Collision:It is the collision in which both
momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
we get m ( u − v ) = mgh
1 2 2
Forces involved during collision are conservative
2 in nature
Here u = g l à (ii)
2
Ex.1. Collision between atomic particles.
and v 2 = u 2 − 2 gh à (iii) 2. Collision between two smooth billiard balls.
3. Collision of α particle with nucleus.
mv 2 Inelastic collision:It is the collision in which
Further T − mg cos θ = (T = mg)
l momentum is conserved but not kinetic energy. Some
or all the forces involved during collision are non
v 2 = g l (1 − cos θ ) à(iv) conservative.
From equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) Ex: Collision between two vehicles.
we have g l (1 − cosθ ) = gl − 2 g l (1 − cosθ ) Perfectly inelastic collision:
Ø It is the collision in which the colliding bodies stick
2  2
−1 together and move as a single body after collision.
cosθ = 3 ; θ = cos   Ø In perfectly inelastic collision the momentum
 3 remains conserved but the loss of kinetic energy is
gl maximum.
From equation (iv) v = Ex: A bullet is fired into a wooden block and
3 remains embedded in it.
Collisions Line of impact:The line passing through the
Ø The strong interaction among bodies involving common normal to the surfaces in contact during
exchange of momentum in a short interval of time impact is called line of impact. The force during
is called collision. collision acts along this line on both bodies.
Ø During collision bodies may or may not come into Ex 1: Two balls A and B are approaching each
physical contact. other such that their centres are moving along line
Ex: In the collision of α particle with nucleus, due CD.
to coulombic repulsive forces α particle is scattered Line of impact and
away without any physical contact. A line of motion
B
Ø Based on the direction of motion of colliding bodies,
collisions are classified into C D
(i) Head on or one dimensional collision A
B
(ii) oblique collision Head on Collision
Ex 2: Two balls A and B are approaching each
Head on (or) one dimensional collision other such that their centres are moving along dotted
Line of impact and lines as shown in figure.
A line of motion B
B
C D Line of motion
A
B of ball B
Ø It is the collision in which the velocities of the A
colliding bodies are confined to same straight line
before and after collision.
Oblique collision

Ex 3: Ball is falling on a stationary wedge Applications:
Line of motion Ø A body of mass m1 moving with a velocity v1
of ball
Line of impact collides elastically with a stationary mass m2
r  m -m  r
Velocity of first body after collisionv1 =  m +m  u1
1 2
1)
 1 2 
2) Velocity of second body after collision
r  2m1  r
Oblique Collision v2 =   u1
 m1 + m2 
Elastic collision in one dimension: 3) KE of first body after collision (or) KE retained by
When two particles of masses m1 and m2 are 2
1 1  m − m2  2
moving along the line joining their centers with first body K .E1 = m1v12 = m1  1  u1
2 2  m1 + m2 
velocities u1 and u2 ( u1 > u2 ) before collision.  m − m2 
2
 m1 − m2 
2
1
K.E ret = m1 u12  1  = KE i  
Then v1 and v2 are their velocities after collision 2  m1 + m2   m1 + m2 
u1 u2
m1
v1
m2
v2
4) Fraction of KE retained by 1st body
2
m1 m2 K .Eret  m1 − m2 
Before collision
During After collision
= 
Collision
From the conservation of linear momentum K .Ei  m1 + m2 
r r r r 5) KE of second body after collision (or) KE
m1 ( u 1 - v1 ) = m 2 ( v 2 - u 2 ) transferred to the second body
From Law of conservation of K.E 2
1 1  2 m1  2
1 1 1 1 KE2 = m2 v 2 2 = m2   u1
m1u12 + m 2 u22 = m1v12 + m 2 v22 2 2  m1 + m2 
2 2 2 2
r r r r  4m m  1
∴ u1 - u 2 = v2 - v1 
KE2 =  1 2
  m1u12 
i.e Relative velocity of approach before collision  ( m + m )2  2 
 1 2 
= Relative velocity of separation after collision
Ø Velocities after collision are  4m m 
KEtra =  1 2
 KEi
r  m -m  r  2m 2  r  ( m + m )2 
v1 =  1 2  u 1 +   1 2 
 u2
 m1 +m 2   m1 +m 2  6) Fraction of KE transferred from 1st body to second
r  2m1  r  m 2 -m1  r
body (or) Fraction of KE lost by 1st body is
v2=   u1 +   u2 KEtra 4m1m2
 m1 +m 2   m1 +m2  =
( m1 + m2 )
2
Special cases: KEi
1) If colliding particles have equal masses
r r
7) Fraction of momentum retained by m1
r r
i.e m1 = m2 = m ; v1 =u 2 , v2 =u1 P1 m1 v1 m1 − m2
= =
2) If two bodies are of equal masses and the second Pi m1u1 m1 + m2
r r
body is at rest ie., m = m =m and u2 = 0 then 8) Fraction of momentum transferred from 1st body
1 2 to second body
r r r r
v1 =0 ; v 2 =u 1
P2 Pi − P1 P  m − m2  2m2
3) A lighter particle collides with heavier particle which = = 1 − 1 = 1−  1 =
r  m1 + m2  m1 + m2
is at rest m 1 <<< m 2 , ur2 = 0
Pi Pi Pi
WE-42: A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving at a speed ‘v’
r r r hits a ball of mass ‘M’ kept at rest. A small
v 1 =-u 1 , v2 =0
4) A heavier body collides with lighter body at rest part having mass m1 breaks from the ball and
r r sticks to the bullet. The remaining ball is found
m 1 >>> m 2 , u 2 = 0 ;
r r r r to move at a speed v2 in the direction of the
v1 =u 1 , v 2 =2u1
bullet.Find the velocity of the bullet after the
collision.

Sol:Mass of bullet = m and speed = v. WE-45: n elastic balls are placed at rest on a
Mass of the ball M and fractional mass of the ball m1 smooth horizontal plane which is circular at
According to law of conservation of linear the end with radius ‘r’ as shown in the figure.
momentum m m m
mv+0= ( m+m1 ) v1 + ( M-m1 ) v 2 The masses of the balls are m, , 2 ,........ n −1
2 2 2
Where v1 = final velocity of the respectively. Find the minimum velocity that
should be imparted to the first ball of mass
(bullet + fractional mass)
‘m’ such that the ‘ nth ’ ball will complete the
mv- ( M-m1 ) v 2
v1 = vertical circle.
( m+m1 )
WE-43: Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are 1 2 n r
moving with velocities 1ms −1 and 3ms −1
respectively in opposite directions. If the
bodies undergo one dimensional elastic Sol:Let speed to be imparted to the first ball be v0 .
Consider the impact between the first two balls and
collision, the body of mass m 1 comes to v1 andv2 be the velocities of balls 1 and 2 after
rest.Find the ratio of m 1 and m 2 the impact respectively.
According to law of conservation of linear
Sol. u1 = 1 m / s , u 2 = -3m/s,v1 = 0
m
 m1- m 2   2m 2  momentum mv 0 =mv1 + v 2 → (1)
v1 =   u1 +   u2 2
 m1 +m2   m1 +m2  According to law of conservation of kinetic energy
 m − m2   2m2  1 1 1m  2
(− 3) mv0 = mv1 +   v 2 → ( 2 )
2 2
0= 1  1+  
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2  2 2 2 2 
m1 7 4
m1 − m2 = 6m2 ; m1 = 7m2 ; m = 1 Solving equations (1) and (2), we get v2 = v0
3
2
n-1
WE-44: Two identical balls A and B are released 4
from the positions as shown in the figure. They Similarly, for nth ball vn =   v0 → ( 3 )
3
collide elastically on the horizontal portion.
For the n ball to complete the vertical circular
th
The ratio of heights attained by A and B after
collision (neglect friction) motion vn = 5gr → ( 4)
A From equations (3) and (4), we have
n-1 n-1
B 4 3
4h   v 0 = 5gr ; v 0 =   5gr
h 3 4
450 600 Coefficient of restitution
Ø Newton introduced a dimensionless parameter
Sol.As mass of two balls are equal, they exchange their called the coefficient of restitution (e) to measure
velocities after collision. the elasticity of collision. It is defined as the ratio of
the relative velocity of separation to the relative
uA 2
uA = 2 gh , uB = 2g ( 4h) = 8gh ; h A = =h; velocity of approach of the two colliding bodies
2g r r
Relative velocityof separation v 2 -v1
vB 2 sin2 600 9h 13h e= = r r
hB = h + = h+ = Relative velocityofapproach u1 -u 2
2g 4 4 Ø This formula is applied along the line of impact. Here
(Q( v B ) 2 − uB2 = −2 gh ⇒ vB 2 = uB2 − 2gh ⇒ vB 2 = 6gh ) the velocities mentioned in the expression should
be taken along the line of impact.
hA 4 For a perfectly elastic collision e = 1
=
hB 13 For an inelastic collision o < e < 1
For completely inelastic collision e = 0

Ø A body dropped freely from a height ‘h’ strikes the Ø Change in momentum in 1st collision
⇒ mv1 − ( − mu ) = (m v1 + mu )
floor and rebounds to a height h1
h
e = 1 and after nth rebound hn = e2 n h
h = meu + mu = mu (1 + e )
Change in momentum in 2nd collision
t ⇒ m ( v2 + v1 ) = m (e 2u + eu ) = meu (1 + e )
Total change in momentum before it stops is
t1
t2 ∆p = mu (1 + 2e + 2e2 + ......) u = 2 gh 
 
h
h1 t3 1 + e  1 + e 
= mu   = m 2 gh 
h2 1 − e   1 − e 
h3 Ø Distance travelled before second impact is
Ø When a freely falling ball strikes the ground with a d 2 = h + 2h 1 = h (1 + 2e 2 )
velocity ‘v’ and rebounds with a velocity v1 then Distance travelled before third impact is
d3 = h + 2 h1 + 2h2 = h(1 + 2e2 + 2e4 )
v
e = 1 and after nth rebound vn = e n v
v Time taken for second impact is
Ø Total distance travelled by the ball before it stops
2h
bouncing
d = h + 2h1 + 2h2 + 2 h3 + ........
t 2 = t + 2t1 = (1 + 2e )
g
= h + 2e 2h + 2 e 4 h + 2e 6h + ...... Time taken for third impact is
= h + 2e2 h 1 + e 2 + e 4 + ...... t3 = t + 2t1 + 2t 2 =
2h
( 1 + 2e + 2 e 2 )
g
1 + e2  Application
d =h 2
1 − e  Ø A particle of mass m moving with a speed u strikes
Ø Total time taken by the ball to stop bouncing a smooth horizontal surface at an angle α . The
T = t + 2 t1 + 2t 2 + 2 t3 + ........ particle rebounds at an angle β with a speed v..
2h 2h1 2h2 2h3 The coefficient of restitution is ‘e’.
= +2 +2 +2 + ..........
g g g g m m
2h 2h
= + 2e 1 + e + e 2 + .......
g g
2 h 1 + e 
=
g  1 − e  θ φ
Ø Average speed of the ball during its entire β
journey is given by
Totaldist ance travelled
Average speed = Since no external impulse acts in the horizontal
Totaltimetaken direction, momentum of the ball is conserved in
é1 + e 2 ù the horizontal direction.
h ê ú
ê1 - e 2 ú g h (1 + e ) mu cos α = mvcos β
2
= ë û =
2 h é1 + e ù 2 (1 + e )2 u cos α = vcos β .......(1)
ê ú By def of coefficient of restitution we get
g êë 1 - e úû
eu sin α = vsin β − (2)
Ø Average velocity of the ball during its entire
journey is given by from (1) and (2) , tan β = e tan α
Netdisplacement tan β
Average velocity = Totaltimetaken tanα =
e
gh (1- e)
On squaring eq (1) and (2) and adding we get
h
= = v 2 = u 2 ( cos2 α + e 2 sin 2 α )
2h é1+ e ù 2 (1 + e)
ê ú
g êë 1- e úû v = u cos2 α + e 2 sin2 α

Ø A ball is projected with an initial velocity u at an angle 11) The sum of maximum heights reached by the ball is
θ to the horizontal surface. If ‘e’ is the coefficient of H 1 = H + H1 + H2 + ........
restitution between the ball and the surface then
= H + e 2 H + e 4 H + ........
Y
u H
= H 1 + e 2 + e 4 + ....... , H =
1
1−e
2
If the collision is elastic e = 1 and H ′ = ∞

θ x
1 st 2nd 3rd Head on inelastic collision
2u sin θ Two bodies of masses m 1 and m2 moving with
Time taken for 1st collision, T = g r r
1) initial velocities u1 and u2 ( u1 > u2 ) collide. After
2) Time interval between 1st and 2nd collisions, r
collision two bodies will move with velocities v1 and
T1 = 1
2v sin θ (Q v1 = eu ) r
v2 .
g
From Law of conservation of linear momentum
2 ( eu ) sin θ r r r r
T1 =
g
= eT m 1 ( u 1 -v 1 ) = m 2 ( v 2 -u2 )
By the definition of coefficient of restitution
3) Time interval between 2nd and 3rd collisions, r r r r
2v sin θ 2( e u ) sinθ
2
v -v = e ( u 1 − u2 )
(Q v = e u)
2 1
T2 = 2
= 2
=e T 2
r  m − em2  r  (1+ e) m2  r
2
g g
v1 =  1  u1 +  u 2
4) The total time of flight is  m1 + m2   m1 + m2 
T 1 = T + T1 + T2 + ......... r  (1 + e ) m1  r  m2 − em1  r
v2 =   u1 +   u2
= T + eT + e2T + e3T + ......  m1 + m2   m1 + m2 
= T [1 + e + e 2 + e 3 + ........] Ø If m1 = m2 = m, u2 = 0 then
T
T1 = u u
1− e v1 = (1 − e ) 1 ; v2 = (1 + e ) 1
2 2
If collision is elastic, e = 1 then T 1 = ∞
v1 1 − e
5) The horizontal distance covered by the ball before =
1st collision is v2 1 + e
u 2 sin2θ Loss of kinetic energy of the system:
R= = u cos θ × T
g ∆ KE = KE I − KE F
6) The horizontal distance covered by it between 1st
1  m1m2  r r 2
and 2nd collisions, R1 = u cos θ × eT = eR ∆KE =   ( u1 − u2 ) (1 − e 2 )
7) horizontal distance covered between 2nd and 3rd 2  m1 + m2 
collisions, R2 = u cos θ × e 2T = e 2 R In case of perfectly in-elastic collision, e = 0
8) Total horizontal distance covered by the ball is ∴ loss in KE of system is
R1 = R 0 + R 1 + R2 + R3 + ......... 1 mm  r r 2
∆KE =  1 2  ( u1 − u 2 )
= R + eR + e2 R + ...... 2  m1 + m2 
= R 1 + e + e 2 + ....... Ø If two bodies are approaching each other then
loss in KE of the system is maximum
R 1 mm 
R1 = ∆KEmax =  1 2  ( u1 + u2 )
2
1−e 2  m1 + m2 
For perfectly elastic collision e = 1 and R1 = ∞ WE-46: Ball 1 collides with an another identical
9) The maximum height reached by the ball before 1st ball 2 at rest as shown in the figure. For what
value of coefficient of restitution e, the velocity
u 2 sin 2 θ ( u sin θ )
2
collision H = = of second ball becomes two times that of first

2g 2g ball after collision?
10) Maximum height it reaches between 1st and 2n d
1 2
(eu sin θ )
2
collisions is H 1
= =e H
2
2g

Sol.Here m1 = m2 and u2 = 0 Sol : Let ‘u’ be the velocity of ball before collision.
Speed of the ball after collision will become
1+e   1− e 
After collision, v2 =   u & v1 =  u v = u2 sin2 θ + e2 u2 cos2 θ
 2   2  2 2
+ −  u   u  5
 1 e   1 e  =    +  = 8 .u
Given v2 =2v1 ;   u = 2  u  2  2 2
 2   2 
\ Fraction of KE lost in collision
1
1+e = 2 – 2e ; 3e = 1; e = 1 1
3 mu 2 − mv2 2
WE-47: A body ‘A’ with a momentum ‘P’ collides = 2 2  v 5 3
1 = 1 −   =1 − =
with another identical stationary body ‘B’ one mu 2
 u 8 8
dimensionally. During the collision, ‘B’ gives 2
an impulse ‘J’ to the body ‘A’ . Then the WE-50: Two equal spheres A and B lie on a smooth
coefficient of restitution is horizontal circular groove at opposite ends of a
Sol : From the law of conservation of linear momentum, diameter. At time t = 0 , A is projected along the
groove and it first impinges on B at time t =T1
m1 u1 +m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 and again at time t = T2 . If ‘e’ is the coefficient of
mu + m(0) = mv1 + mv2
Þ P – P1 = P2 where P2 = J, (given) restitution, find the ratio of T
T2
v2 -v1 mv 2 -mv1 P2 -P1 1
\ u -u
e= =
mu-0
=
P t=T v 1
1 2 1
P2 -( P - P2 ) 2 P2 - P 2 J - P 2 J A
= = = = -1 A
u 1 u =0 2
P P P P B B
v2
WE-48: A ball of mass m collides with the ground
at an angle a with the vertical . If the collision
lasts for time t, the average force exerted by πR
Sol : T1 = ...... (1)
the ground on the ball is : (e =coefficient of u1
restitution between the ball and the ground)
v2 − v1
= e ⇒ v 2 − v1 = eu1
u1
Time taken for A to collide with B again is
2 πR 2πR
T2 − T1 = ⇒ T2 − T1 = .... (2)
u v2 − v1 eu1
α T2 2 + e
from (1) and (2), T = e
1
Sol : Impulse = change in linear momentum. WE-51: After perfectly inelastic collision between
eu cos α two identical particles moving with same speed
in different directions, the speed of the
combined particle becomes half the initial
u sin α u sin α speed of either particle . The angle between
the velocities of the two before collision is
Sol : In perfectly inelastic collision between two particles,
linear momentum is conserved . Let θ be the angle
u cos α u cos α between the velocities of the two particles before
(Before Collision) (After Collision) collision. Then
mucos α (1 + e )
\ Ft = m ( eucos α + ucos α ) or F = P 2 = P12 + P22 + 2 P1 P2 cos θ or
t
WE-49: A ball strikes a horizontal floor at an angle
θ = 45 0 with the normal to floor.The
2
 2 m v  = mv 2 + mv 2 + 2 m v m v cos θ
coefficient of restitution between the ball and   ( ) ( ) ( )( )
 2
the floor is e = 1/2 . The fraction of its kinetic 1
energy lost in the collision is or 1 = 1 + 1 + 2 cosq or cos θ = − ; (or) θ= 1200
2
WE-52: A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity
‘u’ passes through a wooden block of mass Y
V
M = nm as shown in figure. The block is resting
on a smooth horizontal floor. After passing V1 h
through the block, velocity of the bullet
becomes ‘v’ . Its velocity relative to the block is 3) t
O t1 2t1 3t 1 t
m -V1
u M=nm
V Y
Sol : Let v' be the velocity of block. Then from V1
conservation of linear momentum. h
t1 3t 1
 u − v 4) O t
mu = mv + mnv' (or) v' =  2t1 4t1
 n  -V 1 t
\ velocity of bullet relative to block will be
 u − v  (1 + n ) v− u Sol: When ball strikes the surface its velocity
v r = v − v' = v −  =
 n  n will be reversed so correct option is (3).
WE-53: A block of mass 0.50Kg is moving with a Ballistic pendulum :
speed of 2.00 m/s on a smooth surface. It strikes It is an arrangement used to determine the velocities
another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move of bullets .A log of wood of mass ‘M’ is suspended
together as a single body. Find the energy loss by a string of length ‘l’ as shown in the figure. A
during the collision (JEE MAIN 2008) bullet of mass ‘m’ is fired horizontally into the
Sol: From LCLM, m1u1 + m2u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v wooden block with a velocity ‘u’
2 −1 Case I : Let the bullet gets embedded in the block and
0.50 × 2 + 1 ×0 = ( 0.5 + 1) v ⇒ v = ms system rises to a height ‘h’ as shown in the figure.
3
1 1
∴ Energy loss ∆KE = 2 m1u1 − 2 ( m1 + m2 ) v
2 2
2 θ
( 0.5) ( 2) − (1.5 )  
1 1 2
∆KE = = 0.67 J
2
2 2 3
WE-54: Consider a rubber ball freely falling from
m
a height h = 4.9 m on a horizontal elastic plate. M
Assume that the duration of collision is h
negligible and the collision with the plate is m u M
totally elastic. Then the velocity as a function From the law of conservation of linear momentum
m1u1 + m2u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
of time and the height as a function of time
will be; (JEE MAIN 2009)
V Y mu
mu + 0 = ( m + M ) v ⇒ v = .......(1)
m+M
h KE of the system after collision is given by
V1
1
1) KE = ( m + M ) v 2
2
PE at highest point = ( m + M ) gh
t t1
O O
1
From LCE, ( m + M ) v = ( m + M ) gh
Y 2
V 2
V1 v 2 = 2 gh( or )v = 2 gh ....(2)
h From (1) and (2) velocity of the bullet
2) t M +m M +m
O u= 2 gh = 2 gl (1 − cos θ )
-V1 t m m
Loss in KE of the system = K E 1 − K E 2

1 1
mu 2 − ( m + M ) v 2
Y
∆KE = Tangential axis
2 2
1  m 2u 2 
∆KE =  mu − ( m + M )
2
2 X
2  ( m + M ) 
m1 m2 Normal
∆ KE = 
1 mM  2 axis
u
2  m + M 
Case II : v1 v2
If the bullet emerges out of the block with β1 β2
velocity ‘v’ then
mu = mv + MV Where V = 2 gh m1 m2
WE-55: A pendulum consists of a wooden bob of
mass ‘m’ and of length l . A bullet of mass m 1 is
From law of conservation of linear
fired towards the pendulum with a speed v1
momentum along x-axis:
and it emerges out of the bob with a speed v1 .
3 m1u1 cos θ1 + m2u2 cos θ2 = m1v1 cos β1 + m2 v2 cos β2
Find the initial speed of the bullet if the bob
just completes the vertical circle. Along y-axis:
Sol: From the Law of conservation of momentum m1u1 sin θ1 + m2u 2 sin θ2 = m1v1 sin β1 + m2 v 2 sin β 2
 v  m 2v Coefficient of restitution
m v = m1  v1 − 1  or v = 1 × 1 v cos β1 − v 2 cos β2
 3 m 3 e=− 1
u1 cos θ1 − u2 cos θ 2
To describe a vertical circle v = 5gl
WE-56:Two billiard balls of same size (radius r)
m 2v m 3 5gl and same mass are in contact on a billiard
hence 5gl = 1 × 1 ⇒ v1 = ×
m 3 m1 2 table. A third ball also of the same size and
mass strikes them symmetrically and remains
Collisions in two dimensions (oblique at rest after the impact. The coefficient of
collisions) restitution between the balls is
v
1. A pair of equal and opposite impulses act along
common normal direction.Hence,linear momentum
of individual particles changes along common θ
normal direction. u
2. No component of impulse acts along common Sol: :
tangent direction. Hence, linear momentum (or)
linear velocity of individual particles remains v
unchanged along this direction. r 1
sin θ = = ; \ θ = 30 0
3. Net impulse on both the particles is zero during 2r 2
collision. Hence, net momentum of both the From conservation of linear momentum
particles remain conserved before and after collision u
in any direction. mu = 2mvcos30 0 or v=
3
4. Definition of coefficient of restitution can be applied
relative velocity ofseparation
along common normal direction. Now e =
u1 u2 relative velocity of approach
θ1 θ2 in common normal direction
v u/ 3 2
Hence, e = 0
= =
m1 m1 ucos30 u 3/2 3

1a. Work Power Energy - Synopsis (1-29)

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What are the different units of work?

What are the different units of work?

What are the conditions for zero work?

What are the conditions for zero work?

JEE-MAIN PHYSICS-VOLII - II

NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- WORK,ENERGY,POWER & VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION

WORK, ENERGY, POWER & VERTICAL

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 3

Ø The Work done in lifting a body of mass ‘m’ having N F cos θ

4 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (m1 > m2 )

W = ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 2dy + ∫ 3 z 2dz

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 5

L L L L WE-7: A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a

6 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

Energy: Examples for bodies having K.E

8 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 9

Sol.Choose a small element of length dy, then 2 2

reaches the bottom of incline is  h

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 11

5m 4m A Sol. Work done by force P in displacing the

12 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 13

dU Sol. By conservation of mechanical energy

14 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 15

Ø Instantaneous Power: Ø When a liquid of density ‘ ρ ’ coming out of a hose

uniformly to a velocity v0 in a time t 0 , then the work

done on the body in a time ‘t’ is given by

16 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

as P = Fv ⇒ WE-34: The 50 N collar starts from rest at A and is

 9m  plane of 1 in 98 at the rate 10 ms-1.The

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 17

18 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 19

Condition for leaving the circular path L

mg Ø A body of mass ‘m’ is allowed to slide down from

20 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 21

22 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 23

24 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 25

If the collision is elastic e = 1 and H ′ = ∞

collision H = = of second ball becomes two times that of first

26 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

28 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 29

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