Sheet - 01 - Work Power Energy

(Physics) WORK POWER ENERGY & CIRCULAR MOTION
Work done by constant force :
➢ When a constant force F acts on a particle and the particle moves through a displacement S,
then the force is said to do work W on the particle.
W = FS
The scalar (dot) product of F and S , can be evaluated as W = F  S = FScos 
Where F is the magnitude of F , S is the magnitude of S and  is the angle between F and S .
W = FScos  = F ( Scos  )
= magnitude of the force  component of displacement in the direction of force
W = ( Fcos  ) S
= component of the force in the direction of displacement  magnitude of the displacement
➢ Work is a scalar quantity.

➢ SI Unit is Nm or joule (J).
➢ CGS unit is erg.
1J × 1N × 1m; 1erg = 1dyne × 1cm
Dimensional formula of work is [ML2 T −2 ].
➢ Relation between joule and erg : 1 joule = 107 erg

Other units of work :
Electron Volt ( eV ) = 1.6 10

−19
J
Kilowatt hour /
➢ Work done by multiple forces :
If a number of forces act on a body or particle then :
W = W1 + W2 + W3 +. . . . ..
or W = ∫ F1 ⋅ ds + ∫ F2 ⋅ ds +. . . . ..or W = ∫(F1 + F2 +. . . . . ) ⋅ ds
or W = ∫ FR ⋅ ds [asFR = ∑F]
Work done in displacing a particle under the action of a number of forces is equal to the work
done by the resultant force.
APNI KAKSHA 162
➢ Nature of Work : Work done by a force may be positive or negative or zero.
Ex : (a) If we lift a body from rest to a height h
➢ Work done by lifting force F
W1 = Fh cos0 = Fh ( + ve )
➢ Work done by gravitational force
W2 = mgh cos180 = −mgh ( −ve )

So, network
W = W1 + W2 = Fh − mgh = ( F − mg ) h
Now, if the body is in equilibrium F = mg, W = 0

Ex : (b) If a body is pulled on a rough horizontal road through a displacement S
➢ Work done by normal reaction and gravity W1 = 0 as force is ⊥ to S
➢ Work done by pulling force F,
W2 = FScos0 = FS ( + ve )
➢ Work done by frictional force f, W3 = fscos180 = −mgs ( −ve )
Net work W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 0 + FS − fS = (F − f)S
Now, if the body is in dynamic equilibrium f = F
So, W = 0
Zero Work :
APNI KAKSHA 163
➢ Work done is zero if
1. Force and displacement are perpendicular.
2. Displacement of point of application of force is zero.
3. Net force acting on the body is zero.
➢ As W =  F  ds so, if ds = 0, W = 0 i.e., if the displacement of a particle or body is zero
whatever be the force, work done is zero (except non-conservative force)

(a) When a person exerts a force to displace a wall or stone but the object, specifically its
center of mass, remains stationary, the work done by the person is zero.
(b) A weight lifter performs work when lifting a weight from the ground, but no work is done
in holding the weight in a static position.
As W =  Fds cos  , so W = 0 , if  = 90 , i.e., if force is always perpendicular to motion, work
done by the force will be zero though neither force nor displacement is zero. This is why :
(a) When a porter walks with a suitcase on his head along a horizontal level road, the work
done by the lifting force (against gravity) is zero.
(b) When a body moves in a circular path, the work done by the centripetal force is always zero.
(c) When the bob of a simple pendulum swings back and forth, the work done by the tension in
the string is zero.
WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE :
➢ When the magnitude and direction of a force varies with position, then the work done by such
a force for an infinitesimal displacement ds is given by dW = F  ds

The total work done in going from A to B is
B B
WAB =  F  ds =  ( Fcos  ) ds
A A
In terms of rectangular components

⃗F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂; ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ds = dxî + dyĵ + dzk̂
x y z
W = ∫x 2 Fx dx + ∫y 2 Fy dy + ∫z 2 Fz dz
1 1 1
APNI KAKSHA 164

Graphical representation of work done :
➢ The area enclosed by the F-S graph and displacement axis gives the amount of work done by
the force.
Work = FS = Area of OPQR

➢ Work done by variable force.
➢ For a small displacement dx the work done will be the area of the strip of width dx
xf xf
W =  dW =  Fdx
xi xi
➢ If area enclosed above X-axis, work done is +ve and if the area enclosed below X-axis, work
done is –ve.
APNI KAKSHA 165

Application on work
➢ If a force is changing linerly from F1 to F2 over a displacement S then work done is

 F + F2 
W= 1 S
 2 
➢ If a force displaces the particle from its initial position ri to final position rf then
displacement vector is S = rf − ri .
(
W = F  S = F  rf − ri )
➢ Work done in pulling the bob of mass m of a simple pendulum of length L through an angle 
to vertical by means of a horizontal force F.
L−h h h
cos  = =1− ; = 1 − cos 
L L L
h = L (1 − cos  )
Work done by gravitational force
W = −mgh = −mgL (1 − cos  )

Work done by horizontal force F is W = FLsin 
Work done by tension T in the string is zero.
➢ Work done by gravitational force in pulling a uniform rod of mass m and length through an
angle  is given by
APNI KAKSHA 166

ℓ ℓ
W = −mg 2 (1 − cos θ), where 2 is the distance of centre of mass from the support.
➢ A ladder of mass ‘m’ and length ‘L’ resting on a level floor is lifted and held against a wall at an
angle  with the floor
Work done by gravitational force is
L
Wg = −mgh = −mg   sin 
2
➢ A bucket full of water of total mass M is pulled by using a uniform rope of mass m and length .
Work done by pulling force
W = Mg + mg
2
➢ A block of mass m is suspended vertically using a rope of negligible mass. If the rope is used to
lift the block vertically up with uniform acceleration ‘a’, work done by tension in the rope is
W = m(g + a ) h
(h = height)
If block is lowered with acceleration ‘a’, then W = −m ( g − a ) h

1
➢ A uniform chain of mass M and length L is kept on smooth horizontal table such that of its
n th
length is hanging over the edge of the table.
The work done by the pulling force to bring the hanging part onto the table is
APNI KAKSHA 167

M M L MgL M
W = ( n ) gh = ( n ) g (2n) = Mass of hanging part is
2n2 n
1
➢ A uniform chain of mass M and length L rests on a smooth horizontal table with part of its
n1th
length is hanging from the edge of the table. Work done in pulling the chain partially such that
1 MgL 1 1
th
part is hanging from the edge of the table is given by W = 2 [n2 − n2]
n2 1 2
➢ A uniform chain of mass ‘M’ and length L is suspended vertically. The lower end of the chain is
lifted upto point of suspension
L L L
h = 4 + 4 = 2 = raise in centre of mass of lower half of the chain.
M L MgL
Work done by gravitational force is Wg = − 2 g 2 = − 4
➢ The Work done in lifting a body of mass ‘m’ having density ′d1 ′ inside a liquid of density ′d2 ′
through a height ‘h’ is
d
W = mgh = mgh [1 − d2 ]
1
APNI KAKSHA 168

➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. A force F acts on the body
parallel to the surface such that it moves with an acceleration ‘a’, through a displacement ‘S’.
The work done by the force is W = FS = maS (  = 0 )
➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is placed on a rough horizontal surface of coefficient of friction  . A force F
acts on the body parallel to the surface such that it moves with an acceleration ‘a’, through a
displacement ‘S’. The work done by the frictional force is f = mgcos ; but  = 0
 f = mgcos0 = mg  Wf = mgs
Wnet = ( f + ma ) S = ( mg + ma ) S = m ( g + a ) S
If the body moves with uniform velocity then W = FS = mgS
➢ A body of mass m is sliding down on a smooth inclined plane of inclination  . If L is length of
inclined plane then work done by gravitational force is
Wg = FS = mgsin  L
➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is moved up the smooth inclined plane of inclination  and length L by a
constant horizontal force F then work done by the resultnt force is W = ( Fcos  − mgsin  ) L
➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is sliding down on rough inclined plane of inclination  . If L is the length of
incline and v is the coefficient of kinetic friction then work done by the resultant force on the
body is
W = (mg sin θ − fk )L = (mg sin θ − μk mg cos θ)L

= mgL(sin θ − μk cos θ)
APNI KAKSHA 169

➢ A uniform solid cylinder of mass m, length and radius r is lying on ground with curved
surface in contact with ground. If it is turned such that its circular face is in contact with
ground then work done by applied force is
   
W = mgh = mg  − r   h= − r
2   2 
➢ A gas at a pressure P is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable piston. Work done by the gas in
producing small displacement dx of the piston is
dW = Fdx = PAdx = PdV

V2
Total work done by the gas during the change in its volume from V1 to V2 is W =  PdV
V1
➢ Two blocks of masses m1 and m 2 ( m1  m 2 ) connected by an inextensible string are passing

over a smooth, massless pulley. The two blocks are released from the same level. At any instant
‘t’, if ‘x’ is the displacement of each block then
APNI KAKSHA 170

Work done by gravity on block m1, W1 = +m1gx

Work done by gravity on block m2 , W2 = −m2gx
Work done by gravitational force on the system,
m2 , W2 = −m2gx
1 
Wg = ( m1 − m2 ) gx = ( m1 − m2 ) g  at 2   v 2 − u 2 = 2as 
2 
( m1 − m 2 ) g 2 t 2  ( m1 − m 2 ) g 
2
Wg =  a= 
2 ( m1 + m 2 )  m1 + m 2 
Note : In this case work done on the two blocks by tension is zero.
W = T ( x ) + T ( −x ) = 0
Energy:
• Energy is the capacity or ability to perform work. The greater the amount of energy a body
possesses, the more work it can do.
• Energy is the cause of work, and work is the effect of energy.
• Energy is a scalar quantity, and it shares the same units and dimensions as work.
• There are various forms of energy, including mechanical energy, light energy, heat energy,
sound energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and more.
• Mechanical energy can be classified into two types:
1. potential energy
2. kinetic energy
Potential energy (U)
• It is the energy possessed by a body based on its position or configuration in a field.
• Potential energy is applicable only to conservative forces and does not exist for non-
conservative forces.
In case of conservative forces.
U2 r2
 dU 
F = −   dU = −F  dr 
 dr 
 dU = −  F  dr
U1 r1
r2
U 2 = U1 = −  F  dr = − W
r1
If r1 = , U1 = 0  U =  F  dr = −W

APNI KAKSHA 171

➢ P.E. can be +ve or –ve or can be zero.
➢ P.E. depends on frame of reference.
➢ Ex : Water stored in a dam, A stretched bow,
A loaded spring etc., possesses P.E
➢ In the case of a conservative force or field, potential energy is defined as the negative of the
work done in moving a body from a reference position to a specific position.
➢ The presence of potential energy in a moving body depends on the specific situation and the
forces acting upon it.
➢ Consider potential energy as a property of the entire system, rather than attributing it to
individual particles.
Kinetic energy
➢ Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion.
1
➢ Kinetic energy of a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘v’, KE = mv2
2
➢ Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
➢ The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an object can do by the virtue of its
motion.
Examples for bodies having K.E
(1) A vehicle in motion.
(2) Water flowing in a river.
(3) A bullet fired from a gun.
➢ Kinetic energy depends on frame of reference.
Ex : kinetic energy of a person of mass m sitting in a train moving with speed v is zero in the
1 2
frame of train but mv in the frame of earth.
2
Relation between K.E. and linear momentum
1 P2 1
➢ KE = mv 2 = = Pv(∵ P = mv)
2 2m 2
➢ If two bodies of different masses have same momentum then lighter body will have greater KE
1
(∵ KEα m)
➢ When a bullet is fired from a gun the momentum of the bullet and gun are equal and opposite.
KEbullet Mgun
i. e =
KEgun Mbullet
Hence, the KE of the bullet is greater than that of the gun
APNI KAKSHA 172

➢ A body can have energy without momentum. But it can not have momentum without energy.
➢ A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ stops in wooden block after penetrating through a
distance ‘x’. If F is resistance offered by the block to the bullet
(Assuming F is constant inside the block)
1 mv 2
mv = Fx ; F =
2
 v 2 x
2 2x
➢ For a given body
(1) The graph between KE and P is a parabola.
1
(2) The graph between √KE and P is a straight line passing throught the origin. Its slope =
√2𝑚
1
(3) The graph between KE and is a rectangular hyperbola.
P
➢ A particle is projected up from a point at an angle '  ' with the horizontal. At any time ‘t’ if ‘P’ is
linear momentum, ‘y’ is vertical displacement and ‘x’ is horizontal displacement, then nature of
the curves drawn for KE of the particle (K) against these parameters are
(i) K – y graph :K = K i − mgy ; It is a straight line
APNI KAKSHA 173

(ii) K – t graph
 1 
K = K i − mg  u y t − gt 2 
 2 
1
y = u y t − gt 2 ; It is a parabola
2
 gx 2 
(iii) K – x graph K = K i − mg  x tan  − 
 2u 2x 
 g 
y = ( tan  ) x −  2  x 2 ; It is also a parabola
 2u x 
iv) K – P graph
1
It is a straight line passing through origin and slope = P 2 = 2mK
2m
P2K
Conservative and non-Conservative forces
➢ A force is considered to be a conservative force if the work done by the force around a closed
path is zero and is independent of the path taken.
➢ The property of a force being conservative indicates that the work done by the force depends
only on the initial and final positions of an object, rather than the specific path taken.
APNI KAKSHA 174

➢ Conservative forces are characterized by the absence of energy dissipation and the potential
for the conservation of mechanical energy.
dU
➢ Under conservative force F = − where U is Potential Energy.
dr
U =  dU = −  F  dr
( F = F î + F ˆj + F kˆ ) and
x y z
( F = F î + F ˆj + F kˆ and dr = dx î + dy ˆj + dz kˆ )
x y z
 u u u 
F = −  î + ˆj + kˆ 
 x y z 
Ex 1 : Gravitational force is a conservative force
Ex 2 : Elastic force in a stretched spring is a conservative force
Non-Conservative Forces :
➢ If the work done by a force around a closed path is not equal to zero and is dependent on the
path then the force is non-conservative force
Ex :- Force of friction, Viscous force.
➢ Work done by the non-conservative force will not be stored in the form of Potential energy.
➢ Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces.
Spring force
➢ Spring force is an example of a variable force which is conservative.
➢ In an ideal spring, the spring force Fs is directly proportional to ‘x’. Where x is the
displacement of the block from equilibrium position. i.e., Fs = −Kx . The constant K is calle
spring constant.
➢ The work done on the block by the spring force as the block moves from underformed position
x = 0 to x = x1
dW = ⃗F ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
dx = −Kxdx
x 1 x 1
W = ∫ dW = ∫0 1 −Kxdx = − K(x 2 )01 = − Kx12
2 2
➢ If the block moves from x = x1 to x = x 2 x2

the work done by spring force is W = ∫x −Kxdx
1
1 1 1
W = K(x12 − x22 ) = Kx12 − Kx22
2 2 2
APNI KAKSHA 175

Potential energy stored in a spring :
➢ The change in potential energy of a system corresponding to a conservative internal force is
x
dU = −  F  dx ,
0
dU = - (work done by the spring force)
 −Kx 2  1 2
dU = −   ; Uf − Ui = Kx
 2  2
Since Ui is zero when spring is at its natural length

1
 Uf = Kx 2
2
Work – energy theorem
➢ Work done by all forces acting on a body is equal to change in its kinetic energy.
1 1
i.e., W = K f − Ki = mv2 − mu 2
2 2
Where Kf and Ki are the final and initial kinetic energies of the body.
➢ The work-energy theorem is not limited to a single particle but can also be applied to a system
of particles.
➢ When applied to a system of two or more particles, the change in kinetic energy of the system
is equal to the work done on the system by both external and internal forces.
➢ The work-energy theorem is applicable to systems experiencing variable forces, pseudo forces,
conservative forces, as well as non-conservative forces.
Applications of work-energy theorem :

➢ A body of mass m starting from rest acquire a velocity ‘v’ due to constant force F. Neglecting air
resistance.
1
Work done = change in Kinetic energy = mv 2
2
➢ A particle of mass ‘m’ is thrown vertically up with a speed ‘u’. Neglecting the air friction, the
work done by gravitational force, as particle reaches maximum height is Wg = K = K f − K i
1 1 1
Wg = m ( 0 ) − m  u 2 = − mu 2
2
2 2 2
APNI KAKSHA 176

➢ A particle of mass ‘m’ falls freely from a height ‘h’ in air medium onto the ground. If ‘v’ is the
velocity with which it reaches the ground, the work done by air friction is Wf and work done
1 1
by gravitational force Wg then, Wg + Wf = mv2 − 0 = mv2
2 2
➢ A block of mass ‘m’ slides down a frictionless incline of inclination '  ' to the horizontal. If h is
the height of incline, the velocity with which body reaches the bottom of incline is
1 1
Wg = K ; mgh = mv2 − 0 ⇒ mgh = mv2 ; v = 2gh
2 2
➢ A body of mass ‘m’ starts from rest from the top of a rough inclined plane of inclination '  ' and
length ' ' . The velocity ‘v’ with which it reaches the bottom of incline if k is the coefficient of
kinetic friction is Wg + Wf = Δk
1
(mg sin θ)ℓ + (−μk mg cos θ)ℓ = mv 2 − 0
2
v = √2gℓ(sin θ − μk cos θ)
➢ A bob of mass m suspended from a string of length is given a speed u at its lowest position
then the speed of the bob v when it makes an angle  with the vertical is
Wg + WT = K  − mg (1 − cos  ) + 0 = m ( v2 − u 2 )
1
2
v = u 2 − 2g (1 − cos )
➢ A bullet of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ stops in a wooden block after penetrating through
a distance x. If ‘f’ is the resistance offered by the block to the bullet.
Wf = K f − K i ; −fx = 0 − KEi
KEi mv2 P2
i.e., stopping distance x = = = 2mf
f 2f
➢ A block of mass ‘m’ attached to a spring of spring constant ‘K’ oscillates on a smooth horizontal
table. The other end of the spring is fixed to a wall. It has a speed ‘v’ when the spring is at
natural length. The distance it moves on a table before it comes to rest is calculated as below
WS⋅F + Wg + WN = ΔK (S.F = spring force)
Let the mass be oscillating with amplitude ‘x’.
1
On compressing the spring WS⋅F = − 2 Kx 2
Wg = FS cos 9 0° = 0; WN = NS cos 9 0° = 0
1 1 m
WS⋅F = K f − K i ⇒ − 2 Kx 2 = 0 − 2 mv 2 ⇒ x = v√ K
APNI KAKSHA 177

➢ A pile driver of mass ‘m’ is dropped from a height ‘h’ above the ground. On reaching the ground
it pierces through a distance ‘s’ and then stops finally. If R is the average resistance offered by
ground then
1 1
Wg + WR = K f − K i = mu 2 − mv2
2 2
 h
mg ( h + s ) + ( −Rs ) = 0; R = mg 1 + 
 s
Here time of penetration is given by impulse equation ( R − mg ) t = 0 − m 2gh
➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is initially at rest. By the application of a constant force, its velocity changes
to v0 in time t 0 the kinetic energy of the body at time ‘t’ is
W = K = Kf − Ki = Kf − 0
1  1
K f = W = mas = ma  at 2  = ma 2 t 2
2  2
2
v 1 v 
Since a = 0 ; Kf = m  0  t 2
t0 2  t0 
Types of Equilibrium
A body is said to be in translatory equilibrium, if net force acting on the body is zero i.e.,
Fnet = 0
dU
If the forces are conservative F = −
dr
and for equilibrium F = 0,
dU dU
so − = 0 or = 0.
dr dr
 At equilibrium position, slope of U-r graph is zero or the potential energy is optimum
(maximum or minimum or constant)
APNI KAKSHA 178
There are three types of equilibrium
(i) Stable equilibrium
(ii) Unstable equilibrium
(iii) Neutral equilibrium.
Stable equilibrium
1. Net force is zero
dU
2. = 0 or slope of U-r graph is zero
dr
3. When displaced from its equilibrium position, a net retarding forces starts acting on the body,
which has a tendency to bring the body back to its equilibrium position
d2U
4. PE in equilibrium position is minimum as compared to its neighbouring points as is
dr 2
positive
5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre of gravity of the body comes down
Unstable equilibrium
dU
2. = 0 (or) slope of U-r graph is zero
dr
3. When a body is displaced from its equilibrium position, a net force arises, causing the body to
move in the direction of the displacement or away from the equilibrium position.
d2 U
4. PE in equilibrium position is maximum as compared to other positions as is negative
dr2
5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre of gravity of the body goes up
Neutral equilibrium
dU
2. = 0 or slope of U-r graph is zero
dr
3. When displaced from its equilibrium position, the body does not exhibit any tendency to
return to its original position or move away from it.
d2 U
4. PE remains constant even if the body is moving to neighbouring points =0
dr2
5. When displaced from equilibrium position the centre of gravity of the body remains constant
APNI KAKSHA 179

Potential energy and Equilibrium
In the figure, at A :
dU d2U
= 0 and is positive
dx dx 2
Thus at A the particle is in stable equilibrium.
dU d2U
At B; = 0 and is negative
dx dx 2
Thus at B the particle is in unstable equilibrium
Law of conservation of Mechanical energy :
➢ Total mechanical energy of a system remains constant, if only conservative forces are acting on
a system of particles and the work done by all other forces is zero.
 Uf − Ui = −W
From work energy theorem W = k f − ki
 U f − Ui = − ( k f − k i )
 Uf + kf = Ui + ki  U + K = constant
The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy remains constnt in any state.
➢ A body is projected vertically up from the ground.
When it is at height ‘h’ above the ground, its potential and kinetic energies are in the ratio x : y
x h h x
. If H is the maximum height reached by the body, then = or =
y H−h H x+y
POWER
➢ The rate of doing work is called power.
work done
Power or average power is given by Pavg = , Power is a scalar
time
SI Unit : watt (W) (or) J/s, CGS Unit : erg/sec
Other Units : kilo watt, mega watt and horse power
One horse power (H.P) = 746 watt
APNI KAKSHA 180
➢ Instantaneous Power :
 W 
P = Lt  
t →0
 t 
It is also calculated by P = FVcos  = F  V

➢ Relation Between Pavg and Pins :
W mv2 1  v  1 1
Pavg = = = mv   = mav = F  V
t 2t 2  t  2 2
1
Pavg = Pinst
2
➢ The area undere P-t graph gives work done
dW
P=  W =  P  dt
dt
The slope of W-t curve gives instantaneous power
dW
P= = tan 
dt
Applications on power
➢ The power of a machine gun firing ‘n’ bullets each of mass ‘m’ with a velocity ‘v’ in a time
1 
n  mv2 
 2  nmv2
interval ‘t’ is given by P = =
t 2t
➢ A crane lifts a body of mass ‘m’ with a constant velocity v from the ground, its power is
P = Fv = mgv
1
➢ Power of lungs of a boy blowing a whistle is P= (mass of air blown per sec) (velocity) 2
2
➢ Power of a heart pumping blood = (pressure) (volume of blood pumped per sec)
APNI KAKSHA 181

➢ A conveyor belt is moving with a constant speed ‘v’ horizontally and gravel is falling on it at a
dm dm
rate of . Then additional force required to maintain speed v is F = v and additional
dt dt
dm
power required to drive the belt is, P = Fv = v
2
dt
➢ When a liquid of density '  ' coming out of a hose pipe of area of cross section ‘A’ with a
velocity ‘v’ strikes the wall normally and stops dead. Then power exerted by the liquid is
1 mv 2 1
= Av
3
P=
2 t 2
( mass = density  volume = m =   A  )
➢ A vehicle of mass ‘m’ is driven with constant acceleration along a straight level road against a
constant external resistance ‘R’ when the velocity is ‘v’, power of engine is
P = Fv = ( R + ma ) v
➢ If P is a rated power of a device and it its efficiency is x%, useful power is (output power)
x
P1 = P
100
➢ If a motor lifts water from a well of depth ‘h’ and delivers with a velocity ‘v’ in a time t then power of the
1
mgh + mv 2
motor P = 2
t
➢ If a body of mass ‘m’ starts from rest and accelerated uniformly to a velocity v0 in a time t0 ,
then the work done on the body in a time ‘t’ is given by
2
1 1 v t v v 
W = mv2 = m  0  ; a = 0 ; v = at =  0  t
2 2  t0  t0  t0 
Instantaneous power, P = Fv = ma v
v0  v0  v02
 P = m  t = m 2 t
t0  t0  t0
➢ A motor pump is used to deliver water at a certain rate from a given pipe. To obtain ‘n’ times
water from the same pipe in the same time by what amount of (a) force and (b) power of the
motor should be increased.
APNI KAKSHA 182

If a liquid of density '  ' is flowing through a pipe of cross section ‘A’ at speed ‘v’ the mass
dm
coming out per second will be = Av .
dt
To get ‘n’ time water in the same time
1
 dm   dm 
  = n   A'v'  ' = n ( Av )
 dt   dt 
As the pipe and liquid are not changed,
 =  ; A' = A & v' = nv

1
 dm   dm 
v  ( nv )  n
|

as F = v
dm

F'
=  dt 
=  dt 
= n2
dt F  dm   dm 
v  v 
 dt   dt 
as P = Fv 
P' F'v' ( n F) ( nv )
2
= = = n3
P Fv Fv
 F' = n 2 F  P' = n 3P
To get ‘n’ times of water force must be increased
n 2 times while power n 3 times.
Position and velocity of an automobile w.r.t. time :
An automobile of mass ‘m’ accelerates starting from rest, while the engine supplies constant
power, its position and velocity changes w.r.t. time as
Velocity : As F v = P = constant
dv
v=P  dv 
i.e. m F = m 
dt  dt 
P v2 P
or  vdv =  m
dt on integrating we get ⇒ = t + C1
2 m
As initially the body is at rest,
i.e. v = 0 at t = 0  C1 = 0 ;
1/2
 2Pt 
v=   va t1/2
 m 
APNI KAKSHA 183

Position : From the above expression
1/2 1/2
 2Pt  ds  2Pt 
v=  ( or ) = 
 m  dt  m 
1
1/2
 2Pt   2p 
1
2
 ds =   m  dt =  m   t dt
2
Integrating on both sides we get

1/2
 2P  2 3/2
S=   t + C2
m 3
Now at t = 0, S = 0  C2 = 0
1/2
 8P  3/2
S=  t , S  t
3/2
 9m 
Vertical circular motion with variable speed :
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ tied at one end of a string of length ‘r’ and is whirled in a vertical
circle by fixing the other end at ‘O’. Let V1 be the velocity of the body at the lowest point.
APNI KAKSHA 184

➢ Velocity of the body at any point on the vertical circle :
1 1
TE A = TE P ; mV12 + 0 = mV 2 + mgh
2 2
V 2 = V12 − 2gh , but h = r (1 − cos  )
V2 = V12 − 2gr (1 − cos ) ; V = V1 − 2gr (1 − cos )

2
If V2 is the velocity of the body at highest point (  = 180 )

V2 = V12 − 2gr (1 + 1) = V12 − 4gr
Tension in the string at any point :

➢ Let T be the tension in the string when the string makes an angle with vertical.
mV 2
T= + mg cos 
r
mV12
➢ (1) At the lowest point  = 0 tension in the string is TL = + mg (maximum).
r
➢ (2) At the highest point  = 180 .
mV22
The tension in the string is TH = − mg (minimum)
r
➢ (3) When the string is horizontal,  = 90 , tension in the string at this position is
2
mVhorz
T( hor ) =
r
➢ (4) The difference in maximum and minimum tension in the string is
mV12 mV22
Tmax − Tmin = + mg − + mg
r r
= (
m 2
r
V1 − V22 ) + 2mg
m
= ( 4gr ) + 2mg = 4mg + 2mg = 6mg
r
➢ (5) Ratio of maximum tension to minimum tension in the string is
mV12
Tmax + mg V 2 + rg
= r = 12
Tmin mV22
V2 − rg
− mg
r
APNI KAKSHA 185

➢ When the particle is at ‘P’
(a) Tangential force acting on the particle is Ft = mgsin  .
Tangential acceleration a t = gsin 
mV2
(b) Centripetal force acting on the particle is Fc = ( ) = T − mg cos θ.
r
V2
Centripetal acceleration a c =
r
(c) Net acceleration of the particle at the point ‘P’ is a = a 2t + a c2 .
(d) The net force acting on the particle at point ‘P’ is F = Ft2 + Fc2
➢ Angle made by net force or net acceleration with centripetal component is and
Ft a t
tan  = =
Fc a c
Condition for vertical circular motion of a body
mV22
We know that T2 = − mg
r
The body will complete the vertical circular path when tension at highest point is such that
mV22
T2 ≥ 0, − mg ≥ 0; V√gr
r 2min
Hence the minimum speed at highest point to just complete the vertical circle is gr
From the law of conservation of mechanica energy total energy at lowest point A = total
energy at highest point B
UA + KEA = UB + KEB
1 1
O + mV12 = mg(2r) + mV22
2 2
1 1
mV12 = 2mgr + mgr[∵ V2 = √gr]
2 2
5
= mgr  V1 = 5gr
2
For the body to continue along a circular path the critical velocity at lowest point is 5gr
APNI KAKSHA 186

Critical velocity at any point on the vertical circle :
From the Law of conservation of energy total energy at point ‘A’ = total energy at point P
UA + KEA = UP + KEP
1 1
O + mV12 = mgh + mV2
2 2
1 1
m ( 5gR ) = mgR (1 − cos  ) + mV2
2 2
5gmR 1
= mgR − mgR cos  + mV2
2 2
5gmR 1
− mgR + mgR cos  = mV2
2 2
mgR 1
3 + 2cos  = mV2
2 2
V = gR ( 3 + 2cos  )
Minimum tension in the string to just complete vertical circle :
➢ Let T be the tension in the string when the string is making an angle  from lowest point
mV2 m
T = mg cos  + = mg cos  + gR ( 3 + 2cos  )
R R
= mgcos  + 3mg + 2mgcos 
APNI KAKSHA 187

= 3mg cos  + 3mg = 3mg (1 + cos  )

➢ In case of non uniform circular motion in a vertical plane if velocity of the body at the lowest
point is less than 5gr , the particle will not complete the circle in vertical plane, the particle
may either oscillate about the lowest point or it leaves the circle with out looping.
Condition for oscillating about the lowest position :
(1) If 0  VL  2gr , in this case, velocity becomes zero before tension vanishes and the particle
oscillates about its lowest position with angular amplitude 0    90

(2) If velocity of the body at the lowest point VL  2gr , then the maximum height reached by
VL2
the body just before its velocity becomes zero is given by h = .
2g
(3) The angle made by the string with the vertical when its velocity becomes zero is given by
VL2
cos  = 1 −
2gr
Note : If 0  VL  2gr then the particle oscillates such that 0    90
Condition for leaving the circular path without looping :

➢ If 2gr  VL  5gr , the particle is not able to complete the vertical circle, it goes to certain
height and leaves the circular path ( 90    180) while leaving the circular path T = 0
but V  0
➢ The angle made by the string with downward vertical when the tension in the string becomes
2 VL2
zero is given by cos  = −
3 3gr
V2L +gr
➢ The height at which the tension in the string becomes zero is given by h = 3g
➢ When car moves on a concave bridge of radius
mv2
Centripetal force = N − mg cos θ =
r
APNI KAKSHA 188

mv 2
and normal reaction N = mg cos  +
r
➢ When car moves on a convex bridge of radius r
mv 2
Centripetal force N = mg cos  +
r
mv 2
and normal reaction N = mg cos  −
r
➢ A ball of mass ‘M’ is suspended vertically by a string of length ‘L’. A bullet of mass ‘m’ is fired
horizontally with a velocity ‘u’ onto the ball, sticks to it. For the system to complete the vertical
circle, the minimum value of ‘u’ is given by u =

( M + m) 5gL
m
➢ A nail is fixed at a certain ditance ‘x’ vertically below the point of suspension of a simple
pendulum of length L. The bob is released when the string makes and angle  with vertical.
The bob reaches the lowest position then describes a vertical circle whose centre coincides
L ( 3 + 2cos )
with the nail. Then x min =
5
APNI KAKSHA 189

➢ A body of mass ‘m’ is allowed to slide down from rest, from the top of a smooth incline of
height ‘h’. For the body to move in a loop of radius ‘r’ on arriving at the bottom.
(a) Minimum height of smooth incline h = 

5r 

2
(b) ‘h’ is independent of mass of the body
➢ A small body is freely sliding down from the top of a smooth convex hemisphere of radius r,
placed on a table with its flat face on the table then
(a) Normal reaction on the body is zero at the instant the body leaves the hemisphere.
(b) the vertical height from table at which the body leaves the hemisphere is h = 2r/3
(c) If the position vector of the body with respect to the centre of curvature makes an angle 
with vertical when the body leaves the hemisphere, then cos  = 2 / 3
2gr
(d) velocity of block at that instant is V=
3
(e) If the block is given a horizontal velocity ‘u’ from the top of the smooth convex hemisphere
2 u2
then the angle  with vertical at which the block leaves hemisphere is cos  = +
3 3gr
APNI KAKSHA 190

EXERCISE – 1
1. The total work done on a particle is equal to the change in its kinetic energy:
(A) always
(B) only if the forces acting on the body are conserative
(C) only if the forces acting on the body are gravitational
(D) only if the forces acting on the body are elastic
2. You wish to lift a heavy block through a height h by attaching a string of negligible mass to it
and pulling so that it moves at a constant velocity. You have the choice of lifting it either by
pulling the string (i) vertically upward or (ii) along a frictionless inclined plane (see diagram).
Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) The magnitude of the tension force in the string is smaller in case (i) then in case (ii)
(B) The work done on the block by the tension force is the same in both cases
(C) The work done on the block by the tension force is smaller in case (ii) than in case (i)
(D) The work done on the block by the gravitational force is smaller in case (ii) than in case (i)
3. When the momentum of a body increases by 100%, its KE increases by:
(A) 400% (B) 100% (C) 300% (D) none of these
4. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The work done by force of gravity in 1st second, 2nd
second, 3rd second of the motion of the ball is
(A) 1 : 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 4 : 16 (C) 1 : 3 : 5 (D) 1 : 9 : 25
5. Statement – 1: while running on a straight track with increasing speed work done by friction is
not zero.
Statement – 2: work done by all the forces on a system is equal to the change in kinetic energy
of the system.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true
6. A Particle moves along the y-axis of a coordinate system, With a force component
Fy = ( 2N / m3 ) y3 acting on it .As the particle moves from the origin toy=3m, how much work is
done on it by the force?
(A) -162 J (B) 40.5 J (C) -40.5 J (D) 162 J
APNI KAKSHA 191

7. One end of a light rope is tied directly to the ceiling. Aman initially at rest on the ground starts
climbing the rope hand over hand upto a height .
From the time he starts at rest on the ground to the time he is hanging at rest at a height , how
much work was done on the man by the rope?
(A) 0 (B) Mg
(C) −Mg (D) It depends on how fast the man goes up.
8. A block slides over 3 rough inclined plane having equal coefficient of friction and equal height
but different slopes. The increase in kinetic energy will be greatest for:
(A) slope-1 (B) slope-2 (C) slope-3 (D) equal for all
9. A body of mass m, accelerates uniformaly from rest to 1 in time t1 . The instantaneous power
delivered to the body as a function of time t is:
m12 t m12 t m1t 2 m12 t
(A) (B) (C) (D)
t12 2t1 t1 t1
10. Which of the following graphs depict the variation of kinetic energy of a ball bouncingelastically
on a horizontalfloor, with height? (Neglect air resistance)
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of These
APNI KAKSHA 192

11. An elevator of total mass (elevartor + passenger) 1800 kg is moving up with a constant speed
of 2m/s. A frictional force of 4000N opposes its motion. Determine the instantaneous power
(kW) delivered by the motor to the elevator.
12. A body is moving with a speed of 1m/s and constant force F is needed to stop it in distance x. If
the speed of body is 3m/s then constant force needed to stop it in same distance x would be:
(A) 1.5 F (B) 3 F (C) 6 F (D) 9 F
13. The cause of increase in kinetic energy when a man start running without his feet slipping on
ground is asked from two students.
Ricky : Cause of increase in kinetic energy is work done by friction force without which he
cannot run.
Anil : Cause of increase in kinetic energy is work done by internal force of the body.
(A) Ricky is correct, Anil is wrong (B) Anil is correct, Ricky is wrong
(C) Both are correct (D) Both are wrong
14. A body is tied to one end of a light inextensible string and is moving in a vertical circle, the
other end of the string being fixed at the centre. Then (at all instants) (In the absence of air
resistance)
(A) Acceleration of the body is directed towards the centre

(B) Total mechanical energy of the body-earth system remains constant
(C) Tension in the string remains constant
(D) Acceleration of the body remains constant
15. Different locations of a cyclist moving with constant speed on a road of hilly region are as
shown in the figure below. At which of these locations would he feels heaviest?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
APNI KAKSHA 193

16. A block of mass 1 kg is pressed against a spring of force constant 400 N/m. The spring is
compressed by 10 cm and block is released. Which of the following is a possible velocity of the
block during subsequent motion ?
(A) 2 m/s (B) 1 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) 4 m/s

17. An elevator is rising at constant speed. Select the correct statement(s) :
(A) The upward cable force is constant
(B) The kinetic energy of the elevator is constant
(C) The gravitational potential energy of the Earth-elevator system is constant
(D) The mechanical energy of the Earth-elevator system is constant
18. An escalator is moving down with constant speed. You are moving on it such that you remain at
rest with respect to ground. Choose correct statements from ground frame :
(A) work done by you is zero (B) work done by escalator on you is zero
(C) work done by gravity on you is zero (D) work done by escalator on man is negative
19. A cart is rolling at constant speed towards a fixed spring. What can you say about the velocity
and acceleration of the cart after the cart hits the spring, but before it stop instantaneously?
(A) The velocity is to the right (B) The velocity is to the left
(C) The acceleration is to the right (D) The acceleration is to the left
20. The potential energy (in joules) function of a particle in a region of space is given as :
U = ( 2x 2 + 3y2 + 2z )
Here x, y and z are in metres. Find the magnitude of x component of force acting on the particle
at point P (1 m, 2 m, 3 m).
(A) 2 N (B) 4 N (C) 6 N (D) 8 N
APNI KAKSHA 194

EXERCISE – 2
1. Which of the following graphs best represents the graphical relation between momentum (p)
and kinetic energy (K) for a body in motion?
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
2. The work done by the force F = xiˆ + yjˆ around the path shown in the figure is:
Y
C B(a,a)
(0,a)
O A
X
(0,0) (a,0)
(A) 2 a 3 (B) zero (C) a 3 (D) 4 a 3

3 3
3. The U ( x ) − x curve for system is shown in the figure. Its force curve will be:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
APNI KAKSHA 195

4. Two conservation force, F1 and F2 , act on an object. What is the relationship between
W+ =  ( F1 + F2 ) .ds and W− =  ( F1 − F2 ) .ds ?
(The circle on the tangential symbol means that the integral is to be evaluated around a closed
path)
(A) W+  W− (B) W+ = W−  0 (C) W+ = W− = 0 (D) W+  W−
− kx
5. A particle moving along the x-axis is acted upon by a single force F = F0e , where F0 and k
are constants. The particle is released from rest at x = 0. It will attain a maximum kinetic
energy of:
(A) F0 (B) Fk0 (C) kF0 (D) 1 ( kF0 )2
k e 2
6. An endless inextensible string passes over two smooth pegsA and B, AB being horizontal. Two
particles of mass M and m(M>m) are tied symmetrically to the two parts of the strings as
shown. The particle of mass m is released when it is in level with the pegs. As it comes down
M rises up vertically and when they cross each other.
m
A B
M
(A) The speed of M > the speed of m (B)The speed of M = the speed of m
(C) the speed of M< the speed of m (D) The ratio of their speeds is M: m
7. Potential energy of a system is given by U ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) . Then:
(A) Point x = − 3 corresponds to equilibrium position of the system

2
(B) Point x = −1 and x = −2 corresponds to equilibrium position of the system
(C) System is in stable equilibrium position at the x = − 3
2
(D) System is in unstable equilibrium position at the x = − 3
2
8. A spring having a relaxed length L0 = 25cm has a block attached to one end, while the other
end is attached to a ceiling as shown. A person slowly lowers the block a distance d until the
block just hangs without moving, as shown in the second diagram. Which statements below
are true ?
(Mark ALL that apply. Use k = 2 N/cm and m = 600 g.)
APNI KAKSHA 196

(A) The distance d is 6 cm
(B) The potential energy stored in the spring when the block is simply hanging from it is 0.09 J
(C) The change in gravitational potential energy of the earth-block system is − 0.18 J
(D) The decrease in gravitational potential energy is equal (in magnitude) to the increase in
potential energy stored in the spring
9. Two blocks of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are connected by an ideal unstretched spring of spring
1
constant 2 N/m and is kept on a rough horizontal surface with friction coefficient  = .
2
Now the left block is imparted a velocity u towards right as shown. The largest value of u such
that the block of mass 2 kg never moves is
u
K
1 kg 2 kg
 
Fixed rough horizontal surface
(A) 2.5 mn/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 7.5 m/s (D) 10 m/s
10. In the figure shwon two small spheres are arranged with string and pulleys. Part ACB is
horizontal and BE vertical. AC is 3 meters and CB is 1 meter. The system is released from rest.
When the heavier sphere is about to strike the vertical wall AD, find the sum of kinetic
energies of the two spheres is
2m
A B
C
m
D E
(A) mg (B) 2 mg (C) 3 mg (D) 4 mg
1
11. A block of mass 1 kg is released from top of a rough incline having  = . The initial speed
3
of block is 2 m/s. The incline plane is of unknown length and has a spring of constant k =
1N/m connected at base as in figure. Find the maximum compression of spring (answer in
meter).
m
u
k

30
(A) 1 m (B) 2 m (C) 3 m (D) 4 m
APNI KAKSHA 197
12. A mass is attached to one end of a massless string, the other end of which is attached to a fixed
support. Length of the pendulum is 25 cm. At lower most position P, pendulum is given
velocity 5 m/s. When string becomes horizontal, string is cut. Find maximum height, achieved
by the pendulum from the horizontal position of the string. (g = 10m / s )

2
h
O
P
(A) 1 m (B) 1.5 m (C) 2 m (D) 2.5 m
13. A block of mass m = 1 kg falls from a height h = 0.4 m on a massless spring of stiffness
constant k = 300 Nm. If g = 10m / s , then, find the maximum acceleration of the block is
2
1 kg
0.4m
2 2 2 2
(A) 25 m / s (B) 50 m / s (C) 75 m / s (D) 100 m / s
14. An inextensible, flexible and homogeneous chain length L = 2 m can move along the incline
having a shape of an isosceles triangle with an apex angle 2 (where  = 37 ) and located
in a vertical plane. There is no friction between the chain and the incline. Find the lowest
initial speed of the chain necessary to overcome the inclined hill of height H = 3 m. At the
initial moment the position of the chain is shown in the figure.
2
L H
(A) 2 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 8 m/s
APNI KAKSHA 198

15. A single conservative force F(x) acts on 1 kg particle that moves along x-axis. The potential
energy U(x) is given by U ( x ) = ( x − 2) − 20 . Where x is in meters and U(x) in joules. If particle

2
has a kinetic energy of 20 J at x = 5 m, find mechanical energy at x = 2 m.

(A) 3 J (B) 6 J (C) 9 J (D) 12 J
16. A particle is given a certain velocity v at a point P as shown on a hemispherical smooth
surface. The value of v, such that particle when reaches Q the normal reaction of surface is
equal to particle’s weight, is : R = 1.6m, g = 10m / s2 
v
Q
P
60 R
(A) 2 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 8 m/s
17. A mass of 2 kg slides down 1 circular track of radius 1 m. If the speed of mass at the bottom
4
is 4ms−1 , find the work done by the frictional force is g = 10 ms 2 

(A) − 2 J (B) + 2 J (C) − 4 J (D) + 4 J
−1
18. A pendulum bob has a speed of 3 ms at its lowest position. The pendulum is 0.5 m long.
Find the speed of the bob, when the length makes an angle of 60 to the vertical. g = 10ms−2 ( )
(A) 1 m/s (B) 2 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) 4 m/s
19. A small ball of mass m is attached to the end of the string of length = 1m whose other end is
fixed. From its lowest position, the ball is given a kinetic energy mg / 5 . The net acceleration
of the ball at the instant when the string makes an angle  of 37 with the vertical is
(A) 2m / s2 (B) 4m / s2 (C) 8m / s2 (D) 6m / s2
20. A small block of mass m is lying at rest at point P of a wedge having a smooth semi circular
track of radius R. The minimum value of horizontal acceleration a 0 of wedge so that mass can
a 
just reach the point Q. Find the value of  0  .
 g 
Q
a0 P
APNI KAKSHA 199

21. Potential energy (sinusoidal curve) is shown graphically for a particle. The potential energy
does not depend on y and z coordinates. For range 0  x  2 maximum value of conservative
force (in magnitude) is  . Find the value of  . [Here this force is corresponding to above
potential energy and all units are in S.I.]
U (Joule)
0 x (Meter)
1 1 3 2
2 2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

22. Two small body of mass m 2 = 6 kg and m1 = 2 kg is connected by a massless thread and
placed on a fixed smooth cylindrical surface of radius R = 0.5 m as shown in Figure (a). After
the body is released from rest, they begin to move and attain the position shown in figure (b).
Find the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the system.
Take  = 53; cos 53 = 0.6, cos 26.5 = 0.9 .
m1
m1 m2
m2
g   g
2 2 
Fix Fix
Figure (a) Figure (b)
(A) 8 J (B) 6 J (C) 4 J (D) 2 J
23. A particle of mass ‘m’ moves along the quarter section of the circular path whose centre is at
the origin. The radius of the circular path is ‘a’. A force F = yiˆ − xjˆ newton acts on the particle,
where x, y denote the coordinates of position of the particle. Find the magnitude of work done
by this force in taking the particle from point A (a, 0) to point B (0, a) along the circular path is
y
B ( 0, a )
m
( x, y )
x
O A ( a, 0 )
 a2  a2 2 a 2 3 a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 2
APNI KAKSHA 200

24. A body of mass m = 0.1 kg is connected to a massless and intextensible thread of length
= 1m . It rotates in a vertical circle such that the center of circle is 2 m above the floor. When
passing through the lowest position, the thread breaks and the body falls on the floor at a
distance of 4 m (horizontal) from the point of breakage. Determine the tension in thread just
before it breaks.
(A) 3 N (B) 12 N (C) 6 N (D) 9 N
25. From the top of tower of height 80 m, a body is projected up with velocity 50 m/s at an angle
of inclination of 37 . If mass of the body is m = 0.02 kg and acceleration due to gravity is
10 m / s 2 , then find instantaneously power supplied by gravitational force on the body just
after the 7 s of projection.
(A) 8 W (B) 1 W (C) 6 W (D) 2 W
26. A train of mass 100 metric tons is ascending uniformly on an incline of 1 in 250, and the
resistance due to friction, etc is equal to 60 kg per metric ton. If the engine be of 7.84 104
watts and be working at full power, find the speed at which the train is going.
(A) 1 m/s (B) 9 m/s (C) 8 m/s (D) 3 m/s
27. A block of mass m is being pulled up the rough incline, inclined at an angle 37 with
horizontal by an agent delivering constant power P. The coefficient of friction between the
block and the incline is  . Find the maximum speed of the block during the course of ascent.
[Take : P = 60 W, m = 1kg,  = 0.5 ]
P
m

 = 37
(A) 6 m/s (B) 2 m/s (C) 1 m/s (D) 7 m/s

28. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with time as P = 2t watt, t is in second.
Velocity of particle at t = 0 is 6 m/s. What is the velocity of particle at time t = 13s ?

(A) 3.5 m/s (B) 4.5 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 7 m/s
29. The block bas mass m and rests on a surface for which the coefficient of friction  . If a force
F = kt 2 is applied to the cable (see figure), find the power ‘P’ developed by the force F at t = t2
is
(Given : M = 20kg,  = 0.4, k = 40 N / s , t 2 = 3sec .)

2
APNI KAKSHA 201

(A) 16.2 kW (B) 14.2 kW (C) 17.2 kW (D) 19.2 W

30. The total mass of a cyclist and her bicycle is 120 kg. While pedalling, she generates power of
640 W. Her motion is opposed by road resistance of magnitude 16 N and air resistance of
magnitude 8v N. Where v in m/s is her speed. Find the greatest speed that she can maintain
on a horizontal road.
(A) 1 m/s (B) 6 m/s (C) 8 m/s (D) 3 m/s
APNI KAKSHA 202

EXERCISE – 3
1. A body is moving uni-directionally under the influence of a source of constant power. Its
displacement in time t is proportional to t  /  . Find  +  ?
2. A particel is projected along a horizontal field whose coefficient of friction varies as  = A2

r
where r is the distance from the origin in meters and A is a positive constant. The initial
distance of the particle is 1m from the origin and its velocity is radially outwards. The
minimum initial velocity at this point so that particle never stops is (if the given friction
condition continues):
(A)  (B) 2 gA (C) 2gA (D) 4 gA
3. The kinetic energy (KE) vs time graph for a particle moving along a straight line is shown in
the figure. The force vs time graph for the partice may be:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
4. A Cannon ball of mass m is fired with an initial velocity u = u x î + u y ˆj , which makes an angle
u 
 = tan −1  y  with respect to the horizontal. What is the work done by gravity on the cannon
 ux 
ball till it reaches the peak (i.e., highest elevation) of its trajectory? (Consider y-axis along
vertical)
(A) 1 mu 2y (B) 1 mu 2x (C) − 1 mu 2y (D) − 1 mu 2x

2 2 2 2
APNI KAKSHA 203

5. potential energy curve U of a particle as function of the position of a particle is shown. The
particle has total mechanical energy E of 3.0 J. Then select correct alternative
U(J)
6
5
4
3
2
1
x(m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
(A) It can never be present at x = 0 m

(B) It can never be present at x = 5 m
(C) At x = 2 its kinetic energy is 0 J
(D) At x = 1 its kinetic energy 3 J
6. The potential energy of a body is given by U = 92 − 2 . The position at which it’s speed can be
x x
maximum is:
(A) x = +3m (B) x = −3m (C) x = 9m (D) x = −9m
7. A ball is suspended from the top of a cart by a string of length 1.0 m. The cart and the ball are
initiallymoving to the right at constant speed V, as show in figure
(1). The cart comes to rest after colliding and sticking to a fixed bumper, as in figure
(2). The suspended ball swings through a maximum angle 60 .
The initial speed V is  m / s . Find  ? ( Take g = 10 m / s2 )

V
L 60
Figure (1) Bumper Figure (2) Bumper
APNI KAKSHA 204

8. Two springs of force constant 100 N/m and 150 N/m are in series as shown. The block is
pulled by a distance of 2.5 cm to the right from equilibrium position. What is the ratio of work
done by the spring at left to the work done by the spring at right?
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 0.2 (D) None of these

2 3
9. A block of mass m is pushed up against a spring, compressing it a distance x, and the block is
then released. The spring projects the block along a frictionless horizontal surface, giving the
block a speed  . The same spring projects a second block of mass 4m, giving it a speed 3 .
The distance was the spring compressed in the second case is nx. Find n?
10. A body is released from rest at height from the bottom of the crate shown. The portion AB of
crate has fixed inclination  . The very long portion CD can be set into inclinations
1 = 30, 2 = 45 and 3 = 60 . The body always remain in contact with the crate and rises
upto heights h1,h 2 ,h3 respectively from the bottom for the given angles. All the surfaces are
frictionless.Which of the follwing is correct?
(A) h1  h 2  h 3 (B) h1  h2  h3 (C) h1 = h 3  h 2 (D) h1 = h 2 = h 3

11. A sysetm comprises of two small spheres with same masses ‘m’. The spring is non deformed.
The spheres are set in motion in gravity free space at the velocities as shown in the diagram.
The maximum elastic potential energy stored in the system is :
m 02
(C) 1 m 02
2 2
(A) (B) m 0 (D) 2m0
2 2 2
12. A mass m is pulled outward until the string of length L to which it is attached makes a 90
angle with the vertical. The mass is released from rest and swings through a circular arc. What
is the tension in the string when the mass swings through the bottom of the arc?
APNI KAKSHA 205

L
90 m
(A) 0 (B) mg (C) 2 mg (D) 3 mg

13. A ball of mass m is hung on a thread. The thread is held taut and horizontal, and the ball is
released as shown. At what angle between the thread and vertical will the tension in thread be
equal to weight in magnitude?
−1  2  −1  1 
(A) 30 (B) cos   (C) cos   (D) Never
3 3
14. A pendulum of mass m and length is released from rest in a horizontal position. A nail, a
distance d below the pivot, causes the mass to move along the path indicated by the dotted
line. The minimum distance such that the mass will swing completely round in the circle
shown in figure is d then 5d is:

L
m
Pivot
d
Nail
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

15. Two identical blocks A and B are placed on two inclined planes as shown in diagram. Neglect
air resistance and friction.
Read the following statement and choose the correct options:

STATEMENT-1: Kinetic energyof “A” on sliding to J will be greater than the kinetic energy of B
on falling vertically to M.
STATEMENT-2: Acceleration of “A” will be greater than acceleration of “B” when both are
released to slide on inclined planeds.
STATEMENT-3: Work done by external agent to move block slowlyfrom position B to O is negative.
APNI KAKSHA 206
(A) Statement I is true (B) Statement II is true
(C) Statement III is true (D) No statement is true
16. Aconservative force has the potential energy function U(x) as shown by the graph.A particle
moving in one dimension under the influence of this forece has kinetic energy 1.0 J when it is
at position x1 . Which of the following is/are correct statement(s) about the motion of the
particle?
U(x)
1.0J
0 x1 x
x0 x2 x3
−1.0J
−2.0J
(A) It oscillates (B) It moves to the right of x 3 and never returns
(C) It comes to rest at either x 0 or x 2
(D) It cannot reach either x 0 or x 2
17. A particle of mass 2 kg starts moving in a straight line with an initial velocity of 2 m/s and a
constant acceleration of 2m / s2 . Then rate of change of KE

(A) it four times the velocity at any moment
(B) is two times the displacement at any moment
(C) is four times the rate fo charge of velocity at any moment
(D) is constant throughout
18. Figure given below shows the plot of velocity of a body moving rectilinearly under the
influence of certain forces. Choose the correct statement(s) :
v (m/s)
20
15
10
5
t(s)
1 2 3 4 5
(A) The net work done by the forces for the first five seconds is zero
(B) The average velocity of the body during the first five seconds is zero
(C) The average acceleration of the body during the first five seconds is zero
(D) The average force acting on the body during the first five seconds is zero
19. Displacement time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Select the
correct alternative(s) :
APNI KAKSHA 207

S
B
AB is a straight line
A
O t
(A) Work done by all the force in region OA and BC is positive

(B) Work done by all the force in region AB is zero
(C) Work done by all the force in region BC is negative
(D) Work done by all the force in region OA is negative
20. The axle of a pulley of mass m = 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring of spring constant k =
200 N/m whose other end is fixed to the ceiling. A rope of negligible mass is placed on the
pulley such that its left end is fixed to the ground and its right end is hanging freely from the
pulley which is at rest in equilibrium. We begin to pull the endpoint A at the right end of the
rope by a constant vertical force of F = 15 N. Friction can be neglected between the rope and
the pulley. Find the maximum displacement of point A after applying F.
(A) 20 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 60 cm (D) 80 cm

21. Consider the system shown in figure, with two equal masses m = 1 kg and a spring with spring
constant 800 N/m. The coefficient of kinetic friction is  = 0.2 and the pulley is frictionless.
The system is held with the spring at its relaxed length and then released. Find maximum
displacement (in cm) of the block in subsequent motion.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

APNI KAKSHA 208
22. A block-spring system is placed on a smooth horizontal plane as shown. What initial velocity
should be given to the block along a direction parallel to the force as shown in the figure,
simultaneously when then force is applied so that the maximum elongation occurred in the
spring is twice of the maximum compression occurred in it.
Fixed
m = 2 kg
k = 16 N / m
F = 10 N
(Unstretched
initially)
(A) 2.5 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 7.5 m/s (D) 10 m/s
23. There are 10 small identical elastic balls placed at rest on a smooth horizontal surface as
shown in figure. Find the least velocity which should be provided to the first ball such that
10th ball completes the circle.
1m
=
R
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
(A) 7 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) 6 m/s

24. As shown in the figure, a ball is released from a certain height which has to perform circular
motion on the vertical track of radius 4 m. The track is absent between points A and B.
Calculate the height from where the ball has to be released so that it will reach at highest
point B of the circular track.
60 A
4m
R=
(A) 3 m (B) 12 m (C) 6 m (D) 9 m
25. A bob of mass ‘m’ is suspended by a light inextensible string of length ' ' from a fixed point
such that it is free to rotate in a vertical plane. The bob is given a speed of 4g horizontally
where = 3m . Find the height of the bob from lower most point where the string just
becomes slacked.
(A) 2 m (B) 1 m (C) 5 m (D) 4 m
APNI KAKSHA 209

EXERCISE – 4
1. In the figure shown the spring constant is k. The mass of the upper disc is m and that of the
lower disc is 3m. The upper block is depressed down from its equilibrium position by a
distance  = 5 mg / k and released at t = 0 . Find the velocity of ‘m’ when normal reaction on
3m is mg.
m
3m
(B) g  m / k  (C) 2g  m / k  (D) 4g  m / k 

1/2 1/2 1/2
(A) zero
2. A potential energy curve U(x) is shown in the figure. What value must the mechanical energy
E mec of the particle not exceed, if the particle is to be trapped within the region shown in
graph?
8
6
U(x) (J)
1
x
0
A B C D E F G H
(A) 3J (B) 5J (C) 6J (D) 8J

3. A chain of mass M is kept on a hemisphere as shown. Find out potential energy of the chain
assuming reference line as a zero potential energy level.
M
u=0 Reference line
(A) Mg 2R (B) Mg R (C) Mg R (D) Mg 3R

  2 2
4. The variation of the vertical speed with time of a ball falling in air is shown below.
During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy E P . Which of the following statements must be correct?
APNI KAKSHA 210

(A) E P is equal to the gain in kinetic energy

(B) E P is equal to the work done against air resistance
(C) E P is greater than the gain in kinetic energy
(D) E P is less than the work done against air resistance
5. A particle is rotated in a vertical circle by connecting it to a light rod of length and keeping
the other end of the rod fixed. The minimum speed of the particle when the light rod is
horizontal for which the particle will complete the circle is g . Find  ?
6. Consider a roller coaster with a circular loop. A roller coaster car starts from rest from the top
of a hill which is 5m higher than the stop of the loop. It rolls down the hill and through the
loop. What must the radius (in m) of the loop be so that the passengers of the car will fell at
highest point, as if they have their normal weight?
5m
7. A particle is given an initial speed u from the lowest point inside a fixed smooth spherical shell
of radius R = 1m that it is just able to complete the circle. Acceleration of the particle when its
velocity is vertical is:
(A) g 10 (B) g (C) g 2 (D) g 6

8. The spring is compressed by a distance a and released. The block again comes to rest when
the spring is elongated by a distance b. During this process :
1
(A) work done by the spring on the block= 2 k(a2 + b2 )
1
(B) work done by the spring on the block = 2 k(a2 − b2 )
k(a−b)
(C) coefficient of friction = 2mg
k(a+b)
(D) coefficient of friction= 2mg
APNI KAKSHA 211

9. A particle of mass m is at rest in a train moving with constant velocity with respect to ground.
Now the particle is accelerated by a constant force F0 acting along the direction of motion
oftrain for time t 0 . A girl in the train and a boy on the ground measure the work done by this
force. Which of the following are incorrect?
(A) Both will measure the same work.
(B) Boy will measure higher value than the girl.
(C) Girl will measure higher value than the boy.
(D) Data are insufficient for the measurement of work done by the force F0
10. A single conservative force acts on a 1 kg particle that moves along x-axis. The potential
energy of the particle varies with x as U = 20 + ( x − 2) , here U is in joules and x is in meters.
2
When the particle is at x = 5 m , its kinetic energy is 20 J. Then which of the following is/are
correct ?
(A) Mechanical energy of particle is 49 J
(B) Least and greatest value of x between which particle can move is (2 − )
29 m and
(2 + )
29 m respectively
(C) Maximum kinetic energy of the particle is 29 J

(D) At x = 2, the body is in equilibrium
11. In figure, a block of mass m is released from rest when spring was in its natural length. The
pulley also has mass m but it is frictionless. Suppose the value of m is such that finally it is just
able to lift the block M up after releasing it.
Rod
String
m
(A) The weight of m required to just lift M is M g

2
(B) The tension in the rod, when m has zero acceleration M g

2
(C) The normal force acting on M when m has zero acceleration M g

2
(D) The tension in the string when displacement of m is maximum possible is Mg
APNI KAKSHA 212

12. A moving particle is acted by several forces F1 , F2 …etc. One of the force is chosen say F2 ,
then which of the following statement about work done by F 2 will be true.
(A) Work done by F 2 will be negative if speed of particle is decreasing
(B) Work done by F 2 will be positive if speed of particle is increasing
(C) Work done by F 2 will be equal in magnitude to the sum of work done by all other forces if
speed of particle remains constant
(D) If F2 is conservative force, then work done by all other forces will be equal to change in
P.E. due to F 2 if speed remains constant

13. A small bead is threaded in a smooth fixed ring of radius 2.5 m kept in a vertical plane. What
can be the velocity of the bead at lowermost point so that it can complete the circle?
(A) 9 m/s (B) 12 m/s (C) 10.5 m/s (D) 14 m/s

14. A particle of mass m is going along surface of smooth hemisphere of radius R in vertical plane.
At the moment shown its speed is v. Choosen correct option(s).
R

v2 mv2
(A) mg − N cos θ = m (g sin2 θ − cos θ) (B) N − mg cos θ =
R R
mv2 v2
(C) mg − N sin θ = (D) N sin θ = m (g sin θ cos θ − sin θ)
R R
15. Two light string AC and BC attached to a ceiling at point A and B holds the mass m in the
position as shown, at t = 0 the string AC is cut. The tension in BC just after the string AC is cut :
mg mg 3
(A) (B) mg (C) (D) None of these
3 2
APNI KAKSHA 213

16. Two light string AC and BC attached to a ceiling at point A and B holds the mass m in the
position as shown, at t = 0 the string AC is cut. The acceleration of mass m, when the string BC
becomes vertical :
(
(A) g 2 − 3 ) (
(B) g 2 + 3 ) (C) g (D)
2g
3
17. Two blocks of A and B of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are hung from light pulley. Initially the block B is
held stationary. At t = 0 block B is given velocity 10 m/s in upward direction. String and pulley
are light and there is no friction anywhere. Velocity of block ‘B’ as block ‘A’ has ascended by
distance 5m from its original position :
10 5 7
(A) 10 7 m / s (B) 2m/s (C) 10 m/s (D) 10 m/s
2 3 3
18. A small ball hanging by a thread undergoes circular motion in vertical plane. At the uppermost
point of its path its velocity is 6 m/s. The tension in the thread is three times at the lowermost
point than at the uppermost point. What is the maximum velocity of the ball ?
(A) 6 5 m / s (B) 30 m/s (C) 6 2 m / s (D) None of these
19. A small ball of mass 1 kg hanging on a thread revolves in a vertical plane. At the uppermost
point of its path its velocity is 6 m/s. The tension force stretching the thread at the lowermost
point is four times as much as that at the uppermost one. What is tension in the string at the
(
lowermost point ? g = 10 m / s 2 )
(A) 20 N (B) 70 N (C) 80 N (D) None of these
APNI KAKSHA 214

20. Figure here shows a ball of weight W hanging at the end of a light and inextensible string of
length L. A force F, which is always kept horizontal, is applied to push the ball sideways, and its
value is very slowly varied corresponding to rise h of the ball (for angle  shown). Such a
process is called quasistatic process. The force is increased so slowly that the ball may be
treated to be in equilibrium under the forces T, W and F all the time, where T is the tension in
the string. At any state magnitude of tension in string is equal to :
W W
(A) Wcos (B) Wsin  (C) (D)
cos  sin 
21. This diagram depicts a block sliding along a frictionless ramp in vertical plane. The eight
numbered arrows in the diagram represent directions to be referred when the direction of the
acceleration of the block, when in position I, is best represented by which of the arrows in the
diagram ?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) None of the arrows, the acceleration is zero
acceleration of the block when in position II is best represented by which of the arrows in the
diagram ?
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 8
APNI KAKSHA 215

acceleration of the block (after leaving the ramp) at position III is best represented by which of
the arrows in the diagram?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 6

(D) None of the arrows, the acceleration is zero
1
24. A block of mass m = kg is kept on a rough horizontal plane. Friction coefficient is  = 0.75 .
3
Find the work done by minimum force required to drag the block along the plane by a
distance 5 m, is
(A) 2 J (B) 4 J (C) 6 J (D) 8 J
25. 2 kg block is kept on 1 kg block as shown. The friction between 1 kg block and fixed surface is
absent and the coefficient of friction between 2 kg block and 1 kg block is  = 0.1. A constant
horizontal force F = 4 N is applied on 1 kg block. Find the work done by the friction on 1 kg
blcok in 2s is
2 kg  = 0.1
F = 4N 1 kg smooth
(A) 8 J (B) 6 J (C) 2 J (D) 4 J

26. A long vertical ladder of mass 100 kg is moving downward with constant speed 3 m/s. A boy
of mass 50 kg is climbing up on ladder with constant speed of 5 m/s w.r.t. ladder. Work done
by gravity on ladder and boy in 2 sec. are respectively W1 and W2 . Find the value of
W1 − W2 is
(A) 4 kJ (B) 6 kJ (C) 8 kJ (D) 10 kJ
27. An object of mass 4 kg falls from rest through a vertical distance of 10 m and reaches ground
with a speed of 14 m/s. How much work is done against air friction is
g = 10 m / s2 
 
(A) 6 J (B) 7 J (C) 8 J (D) 9 J
APNI KAKSHA 216

28. A bead of mass 150 g is constrained to move along a vertical smooth and fixed circular track of
radius 3 m as shown in figure is released at B. The spring is in the plane of the track has
natural length of 1m and spring constant of 3 N / m . It starts from rest at B. What is the
16
normal force exerted by the track on the bead when it passes through A?
A 3m
C
1m
D
(A) 2 N (B) 6 N (C) 4 N (D) 7 N
APNI KAKSHA 217

EXERCISE – 5
1. Figure shows a pendulum of length L suspended from the top of a flat beam of height L/2. The
bob is pulled away from the beam so it makes an angle  with the vertical. Now, it is released
from rest. If  is the maximum angular deflection to the right, then:
 L/2
L
(A)  =  (B)    (C)     2 (D)   2

2. A skier plans to ski a smooth fixed hemisphere of radius R. He starts from rest from a curved
smooth surface of height (R/4). The angle  at which he leaves the hemisphere is:
R/4
 R
O
−1  2   5  −1  5   5 
(A) cos   (B) cos −1   (C) cos   (D) cos −1  
3  3 6 2 3
3. Two bodies of mass m and 4m are attached to a string as shown in the figure. The body of
mass m hanging from string is executing oscillation with angular amplitude 60 while other
body is at rest on a horizontal surface. The minimum coefficient of friction between the mass
5
4m and the horizontal surface is . Find n?
n
4m
4. Consider a pendulum, consisting of a massless string with a mass on the end. The mass is held
with the string horizontal, and then released. The mass swings down, and then on its way
back up, the string is cut at point P when it makes an angle of  with the vertical.What
should  be, so that the mass travels the largest horizontal distance from P by the time it
returns to the height it had when the string was cut?
 cut
 1   1 
(D) tan (1)
−1 −1
(A) tan 3 (B) tan −1   (C) tan −1  
 3  2
APNI KAKSHA 218

5. A block of mass 1 kg kept on a rough horizontal surface (  = 0.4 ) is attached to a light spring
(force constant = 200 N/m) whose other end is attached to a vertical wall. The block is pushed
to compress the spring by a distance d and released. Find the value(s) of ‘d’ for which (spring
+ block) system loses its entire mechanical energy in form of heat.
(A) 4 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 8 cm (D) 10 cm
6. Figure shows an ideal spring block system, force constantt of spring is k which has been
compressed by an amount x 0 . If x is instantaneous deflection of spring from its natural length,
mark the correct option(s).

Smooth
k
m
(A) Instantaneous power developed by spring is P = kx

k
2m
(
x 02 − x 2 )
k k 2
(B) Maximum power of spring is x0
2 m
x0
(C) Maximum power occurs at x =
2
x0
(D) Maximum power occurs at x =
2
7. On the figure shown, a stone tied to a light string is oscillating between extreme points A and
C in a vertical plane. Acceleration of strone has magnitude a A , a B and a C at the respective
 4
points then :  Given :sin  = 
 5
A C
B
(A) a A = aB (B) a B = 2a A
(C) 2a B = a A + aC (D) a A = aC
APNI KAKSHA 219

8. A heavy particle is attached to one end of a string 1m long whose other end is fixed at O. It is
projected from its lowest position horizontally with a velocity V :
(A) If V  5g the particle will describe complete circular motion in the vertical plane
2
(B) If V = 3.5g the tension in the string will becomes zero after the string has turned
2
through 120
(C) If V = 2g , the tension in the string becomes zero the velocity of the particle also
2
becomes zero
(D) If V = g the velocity of the particle becomes zero after the string turns through 60
2
9. The axle of a pulley of mass m = 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring of spring constant k =
200N/m whose other end is fixed to the ceiling. A rope of negligible mass is placed on the
rope by a constant vertical force of F = 15 N. Friction can be neglected between the rope and the
pulley. What is the elongation of the spring before applying force F ?
(A) 50 cm (B) 0.5 cm (C) 0.05 cm (D) 5 cm

10. The axle of a pulley of mass m = 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring of spring constant 𝑘 =
200𝑁/𝑚 whose other end is fixed to the ceiling. A rope of negligible mass is placed on the
pulley. Find the greatest elongation of the spring.
(A) 25 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 35 cm (D) None of these
APNI KAKSHA 220

11. The axle of a pulley of mass m = 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring of spring constant
k = 200 N / m whose other end is fixed to the ceiling. A rope of negligible mass is placed on
the pulley such that its left end is fixed to the ground and its right end is hanging freely from the
pulley. Find the maximum displacement of point A after applying F.
(A) 60 cm (B) 30 cm (C) 40 cm (D) None of these
12. A suitcase of mass M is placed on a level conveyor belt at an airport. The coefficient of static
friction between the suitcase and the conveyor belt is s , and the coefficient of kinetic friction
is k , with k  s . The conveyor belt moves with constant speed u, and at time t = 0 the
suitcase is placed on the conveyor with speed v = 0. At a time t f , after moving a distance , the
suitcase catches up with the conveyor belt, and starts to move at speed u with the conveyor
belt. Gravity acts downward with acceleration g > 0. Work can depend on one’s frame of
reference, so be sure to answer the following two parts in the frame of reference of the airport.
How much work does friction do on the suitcase during this period?
1 1
(A) 2 Mu2 (B) − 2 Mu2
(C) Mgℓ (D) μs Mgℓ
APNI KAKSHA 221

13. A suitcase of mass M is placed on a level conveyor belt at an airport. The coefficient of static
friction between the suitcase and the conveyor belt is s , and the coefficient of kinetic friction
is k , with k  s . The conveyor belt moves with constant speed u, and at time t = 0 the
suitcase is placed on the conveyor with speed v = 0. At a time t f , after moving a distance , the
suitcase catches up with the conveyor belt, and starts to move at speed u with the conveyor
belt. Gravity acts downward with acceleration g > 0. Work can depend on one’s frame of
reference, so be sure to answer the following two parts in the frame of reference of the airport.
How much work does the force of friction from the suitcase do on the belt, during this time
period?
(A) μk Mgℓ (B) −μk Mgℓ (C) μk Mgut f (D) −μk Mgut f
14. Figure gives the velocity v versus time t graph of a carriage of constant mass being moved along
an axis by applying force. The time axis shows four time periods, with Δt1 = Δt 2 = Δt 3 and
Δt 4 = 2Δt1. The work done by the force is maximum during which time period :
(A) Δt 3 and Δt 4 (B) Δt1 , Δt 3 and Δt 4 (C) Only Δt 3 (D) Only Δt 4

15. Figure gives the velocity v versus time t graph of a carriage of constant mass being moved along
an axis by applying force. The time axis shows four time periods, with Δt1 = Δt 2 = Δt 3 and
Δt 4 = 2Δt1. The rate at which work done is maximum :
APNI KAKSHA 222

(A) Only t1 (B) t1 and t 3 (C) Only t 3 (D) t 4

16. A small block of mass m, can move without friction on the outside of a fixed vertical circular track of
radius R. The block is attached to a spring of natural length R/2 and spring constant k. The other
end of spring is connected to a point at height R/2 directly above the centre of track. If the block is
released from rest when the spring is in horizontal state (see figure) then at that moment :
√3 kR
(A) tangential acceleration is g − 4m (√3 − 1)
2
g kR√3
(B) radial acceleraton is 2 + (√3 − 1)
4m
g kR√3
(C) tangential acceleration is 2 − (√3 − 1)
4m
√3 kR
(D) radial acceleration is g − 4m (√3 − 1)
2
17. A small block of mass m, can move without friction on the outside of a fixed vertical circular
track of radius R. The block is attached to a spring of natural length R/2 and spring constant k.
The other end of spring is connected to a point at height R/2 directly above the centre of track.
Consider block to be at rest at top most point A of track. If the block is slowly pushed from rest
at the highest point A. When the spring reaches in horizontal state, then :
3kR2
(A) spring potential energy is ( ) (2 − √3)
4
kR2 2
(B) spring potential energy is ( ) (√3 − 1)
8
mgR
(C) gravitational potential energy (taking U = 0 at  = 0 ) is ( )
2
APNI KAKSHA 223

3mgR
(D) gravitational potential energy (taking U = 0 at  = 0 ) is ( )
8
18. A small block of mass m, can move without friction on the outside of a fixed vertical circular
track of radius R. The block is attached to a spring of natural length R/2 and spring constant k.
The other end of spring is connected to a point at height R/2 directly above the centre of track.
If the complete setum is in a gravity free space, then the minimum speed ( v 0 ) required at the
highest point A to just reach the lowest point is :
k 3R k
(A) 2R (B)
m 2 m
k
(C) R (D) motion not possible in gravity free space.
m
19. A block suspended from a spring is released from rest when spring is unstretched. ‘x’
represents stretch in spring. Select the appropriate graph taking quantities in column-I as y-
axis.
Column – I Column – II
(A) The KE of block (P) 1
(B) The work done on the block by gravity (Q) 2
(C) The magnitude of work done on the block by spring (R) 3
(D) The total mechanical energy of block earth spring system (S) 4
(A) ( A − R ) ; ( B − P ) ; ( C − Q ); ( D − S) (B) ( A − R ) ; ( B − P ) ; ( C − Q ); ( D − S)
APNI KAKSHA 224
(C) ( A − P ) ; ( B − R ) ; ( C − Q ); ( D − S) (D) ( A − R ) ; ( B − P ) ; ( C − S) ; ( D − Q )
20. Initially spring are in natural length. An application of external varying force F causes the block
to move slowly distance x towards wall on smooth floor :
(A) Work done by S2 on block (P) Zero
1 k k 
(B) Work done by S2 on S1 (Q) −  1 2  x2
2  k1 + k 2 
1  k1k 2  2
(C) Work done by F on block (R)  x
2  k1 + k 2 
1 k1k 22 x 2
(D) Work done by S1 on wall (S)
2 ( k1 + k 2 ) 2
(A) ( A − Q ) ; ( B − S) ; ( C − P ) ; ( D − R ) (B) ( A − S) ; ( B − Q ) ; ( C − R ) ; ( D − P )
(C) ( A − Q ) ; ( B − S) ; ( C − R ) ; ( D − P ) (D) ( A − R ) ; ( B − S) ; ( C − Q ) ; ( D − P )
22. Four packages each having a mass of 4 kg are attached on the belt at equal distances d = 200
mm as shown in the figure. Initially belt is at rest. If a constant force of magnitude 840 N is
applied to the belt, determine the velocity of package 2 as it falls off the belt at point A.
Assume that the mass of the belt and pulleys is small compared with the mass of the packages.
Assume that the radius of pulley is negligible in comparison to width d.
d d d d
A 1 2 3 4 B
840 N
(A) 5 m/s (B) 6 m/s (C) 7 m/s (D) 8 m/s
APNI KAKSHA 225

EXERCISE(ALP)
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER TYPE
1. An observer A is at rest in ground frame, observer B is moving with constant acceleration of
2m/s2 and another observer C is moving with constant velocity of 1 m/s. A constant force F =
2N is applied on the block of mass 1 kg. Comment on work on block of mass 1 kg.
(A) Net work done by all forces (both real and pseudo) in 1 sec. in frame of A is 2 J
(B) Net work done by all forces (both real and pseudo) in 1 sec. in frame of B is 0 J
(C) Net work done by all forces (both real and pseudo) in 2 sec. in frame of C is 4 J
(D) Change in kinetic energy in frame of C in 1 sec. is zero
2. Which of the following statements are correct regarding work energy theorem
(A) The work energy theorem is an invariant law of physics
(B) Work energy theorem is also applicable in non inertial frame of reference with modification
(C) For the system of particles it is change in kinetic energy is equal to work done by external
forces.
(D) Work done by kinetic friction on a system of two blocks is always negative
3. In the x-y plane there exist an equilateral triangle ABC and ellipse E. side length of equilateral
triangle is L and length of major and minor axis of the ellipse is given by 4L and 2L respectively.
⃗ = K(yî − xĵ) in complete rotation in anti clock wise sense for triangle ABC
If work done by the F
and ellipse E is given by W1 and W2 respectively.
APNI KAKSHA 226

Choose the CORRECT option(s) :
3KL2
(A) W1 =
2
(B) W2 = 4 KL
2
(C) total work done remains same even if orientation of equilateral triangle ABC and ellipse E
are changed.
(D) The given force is a non-conservative force
4. No work is done by a force on an object if
(A) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity
(B) the force is always perpendicular to its acceleration
(C) the object is stationary but the point of application of the force moves on the object
(D) the object moves in such a way that the point of application of the force remains fixed
5. A ball A of mass m = 2kg can slide without friction on a fixed horizontal rod which is led
through a diametric hole across the ball. There is another ball B of the same mass ‘m’ attached
to the first ball by a thin thread of the length l = 1.6m. Initially the balls are at rest. The thread is
taut and is initially oriented in horizontal direction as shown in figure. Then, the ball B is
released with zero initial velocity. At the instant when the string becomes vertical.
(A) Velocity of A is gl towards right
(B) Acceleration of A is zero

(C) Acceleration of B is g in vertically upward direction
(D) Tension in the string is 2mg
6. A block of mass m = 2kg is kept on a wedge as shown in figure. Coefficient of friction between
the block and the incline surface of the wedge is  = 0.2 . At time ‘t’ = 0, the block is at rest and
the wedge starts moving towards right, from rest, with a constant acceleration of a 0 = 5 m / s .
2
During the interval t = 0 to 1s
APNI KAKSHA 227

(A) Work done by normal contact force acting on the block (from wedge) is 37.5 J
(B) Total work done by internal friction between the block and the wedge is 3 J
(C) Total work done by interval normal contact force between the block and the wedge is zero
(D) Mechanical energy dissipated at the interface between the block and the wedge is 3 J
7. A ring of mass ‘m’ is just loosely fit on a frictionless rod AB of length 2l 0 which rotates in
horizontal plane with a constant angular velocity 0 . Initially the ring is located at a distance l0
from the end A. Now, the ring is left free and is allowed to slide along the rod. In the subsequent
motion,
(A) Component of acceleration of the ring parallel to rod is zero

(B) Component of velocity of the ring parallel to rod as a function of its radial distance r (  l 0 ) is
vr = 0 (r 2
−l02 )
(C) Component of acceleration of the ring perpendicular to rod is zero
(D) work done by the rod, on the ring when the ring leaves the rod is 3 m02 l 02
2
8. A particle of mass m = 2kg with potential energy shown in the graph is moving towards positive
x-axis with a speed 1 m/s at x = 1m.
(A) Particle reverses its direction of motion at x = 2m

(B) Particle reverses its direction of motion at x = 6m
(C) Force acting on the particle at the instant of its direction of reversal is 1N towards negative
x direction
(D) Maximum speed of the particle before it reverses its direction is 3 m/s
APNI KAKSHA 228

9. A body of mass 2 kg is moving on a rough curved surface under a constant force F = 10N which
acts at an angle of 37 from the x-axis. Initially the object is at origin and is moving with a
speed of 10m/sec. At point ‘P’ the speed of body is 6m/sec. Choose correct option(s).
( g = 10 m / s ) 2
(A) Normal reaction and friction force on the body are constant in magnitude
(B) Normal reaction and friction force on the body are variable
(C) The work done by friction force on the body when it moves from O to P is 68 J
(D) The work done by friction force cannot be calculated as friction force is not known
10. Which of the following is/are conservative force(s)?
5 3(xî+yĵ) 3(yî+xĵ)
(A) ⃗F = 2r 3 r̂ (B) ⃗F = − r̂ (C) ⃗F = (D) ⃗F =
r (x2 +y2 )3/2 (x2 +y2 )3/2
11. There are two massless springs A and B of spring constant K A and K B respectively and K A > K B .
If WA and WB be denoted as work done on A and work done on B respectively, then
(A) If they are compressed to same distance, WA > WB
(B) If they are compressed by same force (upto equilibrium state) WA < WB
(C) If they are compressed by same distance, WA = WB
(D) If they are compressed by same force (upto equilibrium state) WA > WB
12. Work done by a force on an rigid object having no rotational motion will be zero, if:
(A) the force is always perpendicular to acceleration of object.
(B) the object is at rest relative to ground but the point of application of force moves on the
object.
(C) the force is always perpendicular to velocity of object.
(D) The point of application of force is fixed relative to ground but the object moves
13. A body of mass ‘m’ is slowly halved up a rough hill by a force F, which at each point is directed
along the tangent to the surface of hill. Let  be the coefficient of friction at the interface. Then
APNI KAKSHA 229

(A) work done by friction on the hill wf = −mgx
(B) work done by friction on the block is wf = −mgx
(C) work done by F is WF = mgx + mgy

(D) Mechanical energy supplied by F to the block is mgx + mgy
14. Choose the correct statement(s)
(A) Total work done by action and reaction pair is zero
(B) Total work done by action and reaction pair is frame invarient
(C) Total work done by internal static friction is zero in any frame of reference
(D) Total work done by internal kinetic friction is negative
(E) A normal reaction which does not cause deformations at the interface beyond elastic limit is
non-dissipative
15. Which of the following is/are correct expression work-energy theorem for a particle?
(A) Work done by all the forces acting on the particle =change in KE of the particle.
(b) Work done by non-conservative forces acting on the particle = change in potential energy of
the particle
(C) work done by non-conservative forces acting on the particle = change in mechanical energy
of the particle (steady surroundings)
(D) Work done by conservative forces acting on the particle = - U of the particle (steady
surroundings)
16. Which of the following statements is TRUE for a system comprising of two bodies in contact
exerting frictional force on each other:
(A) Total work done by static friction on whole system is always zero
(B) Work done by static friction on a body is always zero
(C) Work done by kinetic friction on a body is always negative
(D) Total work done by internal kinetic friction on whole system is always negative
17. In the figure shown, the spring constant is k. The mass of upper block is m and that of the lower
block is 3m. The upper block is depressed from its equilibrium position by a distance  and
released at t = 0
APNI KAKSHA 230

(A) The minimum value of  for which the lower block loses contact with the ground is 4mg
k
(B) The minimum value of  for which the lower block loses contact with the ground is 2mg
k
(C) The value of  for which the minimum normal reaction on 3m from ground, is mg is 3mg
k
mg
(D) The value of  for which the minimum normal reaction on 3m from ground, is mg is
2k
18. A horizontal plane supports a plank with a block placed on it. A light elastic string is attached to
the block which is attached to a fixed-point O. Initially the string is unstretched and vertical.
The plank is slowly shifted to right until the block starts sliding over it. It occurs at the moment
when the string deviates from vertical by an angle  . Work done by force F equals
(A) Energy lost against friction f1 plus strain energy in string

(B) Work done against total friction acting on the plank alone
(C) Work done against total friction acting on plank plus strain
(D) work done against total friction acting on the plank plus the difference of strain energy in
the spring and work done by friction acting on the block.
19. A block of mass 1 kg is kept on a rough horizontal surface (  = 0.4 ) is attached to a horizontal
light spring (k = 400 N/m) whose other end is attached to a vertical wall. The block is pushed
to compress the spring by a distance d and released. Find the value(s) of ‘d’ for which (spring +
block) system loses its entire mechanical energy in form of heat
(A) 4 cm (B) 6cm (C) 8cm (D) 10 cm
20. End ‘B’ of an ideal spring is attached to a wall moving with a constant velocity ‘u’ towards right.
The order end A is held by a man who is travelling on a trolley with a constant velocity ‘u’
towards left. At time “t=0”, the spring is in relaxed state and the man starts pulling end ‘A’
towards left with a constant velocity 2u.
Stiffness constant of the spring is K = 10N . When deformation in the spring becomes
cm
 = 6cm , (Assume no slip between the man and trolley)
(A) work done by man on the spring from t = 0 is 1.2 J
(B) work done by man on the trolley from t = 0 is -0.6J
(C) work done by wall on the spring from t = 0 is 0.6 J
(D) Total work done by the spring is -1.8 J
APNI KAKSHA 231

PROFICIENCY TEST – 1
1. A block of mass m = 2kg is moving with velocity  0 towards a massless unstretched spring of
1
force constant k = 10N/m. Coefficient of friction between the block and the ground is μ = 5.
Find the maximum value of  0 , so that after pressing the spring the block does not return back
but stops there permanently.
0 m
1m
(A) 6 m/s (B) 12 m/s (C) 10 m/s (D) 6.4 m / s

2. A ball is projected upwards with an initial velocity. Which of the following graphs best
represent the kinetic energy of the ball as a function of time till it reaches back the point of
projection.
K K
(A) (B)
t t
K K
(C) (D)
t t
3. A block of mass m starts at rest at heigt h on a frictionless inclined plane. The block slides down
the plane. On a rough horizontal surface with coefficient of kinetic friction  , and compresses
a spring with force constant k by distance x and travels total distance d on horizontal surface
before momentarily coming to rest. Then the spring extends and the block travels back across
the rough surface, sliding up the plane. The correct expression for the maximum height h ' that
the block reaches on its return is:
(A) mgh′ = mgh − 2μmgd (B) mgh′ = mgh + 2μmgd

(C) mgh′ = mgh + 2μmgd + kx 2 (D) mgh′ = mgh − 2μmgd − kx 2
APNI KAKSHA 232
4. In the figure shown, the mass of the hanging block is m, while that of the block resting on the
floor is 3m. The floor is horizontal an frictionless and all pulleys ideal. The system is initally
held stationary with the inclined thread making an angle  = 30 with the horizontal. The
blocks are now released from rest and allowed to move. The hanging block falls through a
height (49/5)m before hitting the floor. It is found that the value of  becomes 60 , when the
hanging block hits the floor.
The speed (in m/s) with which the hanging block hits the floor.
5. The potential energy of a 1 kg particle free to move along the x-axis is given by :
 x4 x2 
V(x) =  − J
 4 2 
The total mechanical energy of the particle is 2 J. Then the maximum speed (in m/s) is :
3
(A) (B) 3 2 (C) 9 (D) 2
2 2
P t 2
6. Amachine delivers power given by P = (t+t0 0)2 where P0 and t 0 are constants. The machine
0
starts at t = 0 and runs forever. What is maximum work that the machine can perform?
(A) Infinite
(B) zero
(C) P0 t 0
(D) Cannot be predicted, data insufficient
7. Statement-1: The position of maximum potential energy is always the positon of unstable
equilibrium.
Statement-2: A conservative force is equal to negative of slope of potential energy vs position
graph.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement -2 is not the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true
APNI KAKSHA 233

8. A block of mass m lies on a horizontal frictionless surface and is attached to one end of a
horizontal spring (with spring constant k) whose other end is fixed. The block is initially at rest
at the position where the spring is unstretched (x = 0) when a constant horizontal force ⃗F in
the positive direction of the x-axis is applied to it. A plot of the resulting kinetic energy of the
block versus its position x is shown in figure. What is the magnitude of F (in N)?
4
k(J)
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x (m)
9. A stone on a rope is released at point P (refer figure). A pencil is firmly located in the way of the
string. As a result the stone will be deflected from its normal path. At which of the following
points the stone will stop and retrace its path?
D 
C
 P
B
A
(A) Point A (B) Point B (C) Point C (D) Point D

10. A point object of mass 2 kg is moved from point A to point B very slowly on a curved path by
applying a tangential force on a curved path as shown in figure. Then find the work done by
external force in moving the body. Given that s = 0.3, k = 0.1 for the part OB while AO is
smooth.
O
A 10m 20m B
h 5m
h
100m 100m
(A) 50 J (B) 100 J (C) 150 J (D) 200 J
APNI KAKSHA 234

1. A 2 kg block is gently pushed from rest at A and it slides down along the fixed smooth circular
surface. If the attached spring has a force constant k =20N/m. What is unstretched length of
spring so that it does not allow the block to leave the surface until angle with the vertical is
 = 60
(A) 1m (B) 1.5 m (C) 0.5 m (D) 0.8 m

2. In the figure shown, there is a smooth tube of radius ‘R’, fixed in the vertical plane. A ball ‘B’ of
mass ‘m’ is released from the top of the tube. B slides down due to gravity and compresses the
spring. The end ‘C’ of the spring is fixed and the end A is free. Initially the line OA makes an
angle of 60 with OC and finally it makes an angle of 30 after compression. The spring
constant of the spring is

(
nmg  +  ) . Find n +  +  ?
2 R
3. A shown in figure BEF is a fixed vertical circular tube. A block of mass m starts moving in the
tube at point B with velocity V towards E. It is just able to complete the vertical circle, then :
(A) velocity at B must be 3Rg
(B) velocity at F must be 2Rg

(C) normal reaction at point F is 2 mg
(D) the normal reaction at point E is 6 mg
APNI KAKSHA 235

4. A small sphere of mass m is connected by a string to a nail at O and moves in a circle of radius r
on the smooth plane inclined at an angle  with the horizontal. If the sphere has a velocity u at
the top position A. Mark the correct option(s).
3
(A) Minimum velocity at A so that string does no get slack instantaneously is √5 gr
11 11
(B) Tension at B if sphere has required velocity to just complete circle A is mg mg
5 5
21
(C) Tension at C if sphere has required velocity to just complete circle is mg
5
3
(D) Centripetal force at point A is 5 mg if it just get slack instantaneously
5. In column-I, a situation is depicted each of which is in vertical plane. The surfaces are
frictionless. Match with appropriate entries in column-II.
Bead is threaded on a circular fixed wire and
is projected from the lowest point.
Normal force is zero at top most
(A) (P)
point of its trajectory.
Block loosely fits inside the fixed small tube

and is projected from lowest point.
Velocity of the body is zero at
(B) (Q) top most point of its
trajectory.
Block is projected horizontally from lowest

point of a smooth fixed cylinder.
Acceleration of the body is zero
(C) (R) at the top most point of
its trajectory.
Block is projected on a fixed hemispherical

from angular position  .
Normal force is radially outward
(D) (S) at top most point of
trajectory.
APNI KAKSHA 236

(A) ( A − Q,S) ; ( B − P,Q ) ; ( C − P ); ( D − Q,R,S)

(B) ( A − P,Q ) ; ( B − P,Q,S) ; ( C − Q ); ( D − Q,S)
(C) ( A − P,Q ) ; ( B − P ) ; ( C − P,Q ); ( D − P,Q )
(D) ( A − Q,R,S) ; ( B − P ) ; ( C − P ); ( D − Q,S)
6. A block of mass 45 kg resting on a horizontal surface is acted upon by a force F which varies as
shown in the figure. If the coefficient of friction between the blcok and surface is 0.2, find the
displacement when the block will come to rest.
F(N)
240
s(m)
0 1 2
(A) 2 m (B) 4 m (C) 6 m (D) 8 m

7. A 0.5 kg block slides from point A on a horizontal track with an initial speed of 3 m/s towards a
weightless spring of length 1 m and having a force constant 2 N/m as shown in figure. The part
AB of the track is the frictionless and the part BC has co-efficient of static and kinetic friction as
0.22 amd 0.20 respectively. If the distance AB and BD are 2 m and 2.14 m respectively. Find the
total distance through which the block moves before it comes to rest completely. [𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 ]
k
m 3 m/s
A B D C
(A) 124 cm (B) 224 cm (C) 324 cm (D) 424 cm

8. The ends of a spring are attached to blocks of mass 3 kg and 2 kg as shown in the figure. The 3
kg block rests on a horizontal surface and the 2 kg block which is vertically above it is in
equilibrium producing a compression of 2 mm of the spring. It is found that the 2 kg mass must
be compressed further by at least x (in mm) so that when it is released, the 3 kg block may be
lifted off the ground. Find the value of x in
2 kg
3 kg
(A) 5 mm (B) 4 mm (C) 2.5 mm (D) 1.5 mm

APNI KAKSHA 237
9. A small block is placed at height h on a frictionless ramp having inclination 30 . When released
from height ‘h’, the block slides down the ramp and then fall 1 m away in the hole. In order to
fall directly in the hole, find the height h
h
30
3m Hole
1m
1 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2
10. The spring block system lies on a smooth horizontal surface. The free end of the spring is being
pulled towards right with constant speed v0 = 2m / s . At t = 0 sec, the spring of constant
k = 100N / cm is unstretched and the block has a speed 1 m/s to left. Find the maximum
extension of the spring is.

1 m/s
k = 100 N / m
m v0 = 2 m / s
4 kg
(A) 2 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 8 cm
APNI KAKSHA 238

1. Experimentally it has been found that the force F needed to compress elastically a ball through
a distance x (as shown in the figure) follows the formula F ( x ) = ax + bx + cx where a, b and c
2 3
are constants. The small ball of mass m at rest is dropped from a great height h. It bounces
elastically off the floor and is compressed a maximum distance ‘d’ during the bounce. The
height h is:
F
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
(A)  ad + bd + cd 
mg  2 3 4 
(B)
1
mg
( ad + bd 2 + cd 3 )
(C)
1
mg
( ad 2 + bd 3 + cd 4 ) (D)
1
mg
( ad 2 + 2bd 3 + 3cd 4 )
Where ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity.

2. Two smooth tracks of equal length have “bumps” – A up, and B down, both of the same
curvature and size. The two balls start simultaneously with the same initial speed of 3 m/s. If
the speed of the ball at the bottom of the curve on track B is 4 m/s, then the speed of the ball at
the top of the curve on track A is:
A
B end
(A) = 2 m / s (B)  2 m / s
(C)  2 m / s (D) not enough information given
3. A particle is attached with a string of length which is fixed at point O on an inclined plane.
What minimum velocity should be given (at the lowest point) to the particle along the incline so
that it may complete a circle on inclined plane (plane is smooth and initially particle was
resting on the inclined plane)?
O
30 u
P
5g 5 3g
(A) 5g (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 2
APNI KAKSHA 239

4. A small sphere ‘B’ of mass M is connected at one end of a light rigid rod whose other end is
hinged so that the sphere hangs vertically. At some instant of time a strong wind begins to apply
a constant horizonal force to sphere ‘B’. As a result, the sphere rotates about A in a vertical
plane. The speed of sphere B at the instant when the rod becomes horizontal:
v
A
g
F
B
Fd − 2Mgd 2Fd − 2Mgd Fd − Mgd

(A)  − g  d
F
(B) (C) (D)
M  M M M
5. Figure shows a smooth track in a vertical plane, consisting of two circular arcs AB and BC of the same
radius R = 2m . The common tangent to the arcs, BD, is horizontal. A small block placed on the track
at a height h above BD leaves the track at exactly the same depth below. Determine h in cm.
A
R
h
B
h
R
6. A small steel ball B is at rest on the edge of a table of height 1m. Another steel ball A, used as
the bob of a metre long simple pendulum, is released from rest with the pendulum suspension
horizontal, and swing against B as shwon in the figure. The masses of the balls are identical and
the collision is elastic. Consider the motion of B only up until it first hits the ground.
1m
1m
(A) Ball A is in motion for longer time (B) Ball B is in motion for longer time
(C) Ball A has greater path length (D) Ball B has greater path length
APNI KAKSHA 240

7. Match the physical situation on the left with the graph on the right. The graphs depict the
variation of total energy (E), potential energy (U) and kinetic energy (KE) with time.
A mass attached to an unstretched ideal spring.
(A) Released in vertical plane from rest until it (P)
reaches its maximum extension.
(B) An object undergong free fall. (Q)
An object being pulled on a level, frictionless

(C) surface by a constant force in the horizontal (R)
direction.
(S)
(A) (A − R); (B − P); (C − Q) (B) (A − Q); (B − P); (C − R)

(C) (A − Q); (B − R); (C − P) (D) (A − R); (B − Q); (C − Q)
8. On a slope of height h a small body is sliding down without friction. It is connected to a point P
at the bottom of the slope with a push-and-pull pring of an elastic constant of K, which was
initially not extended. The body just stops at the bottom of the slope. If ‘a’ is the acceleration
𝑎
when the body of mass m starts sliding back, then what will be the value of 6.
9. In the arrangement shown a blcok of mass m is kept over an incline plane and inclination  and
coefficient of friction μ(μ > tan θ). Whole system is kept in a lift and lift starts moving in
vertical downward direction with constant acceleration a(< g) with zero initial velocity. Work
done by net contact force on the block from t = 0 to t = t 0 is W. Find the value of ‘a’ for which
value of |W| is maximum, is :
2 2 2 2
(A) 2 m / s (B) 3m / s (C) 4 m / s (D) 5m / s
APNI KAKSHA 241
10. A small block slides along a patth which is smooth until the block reaches the section of length
L = 3m, which begins at height h = 3m on a flat incline of angle 37 , as shown in the figure. In
that section, the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.50. The block passes through point A with a
speed of 136 m / s . Find the speed of the block as it passes through point B where the friction
ends.
B
L = 3m
Rough part
 = 0.5 37 smooth path 136 m / s
h = 3m
(A) 1 m/s (B) 2 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) 4 m/s

11. A board of mass m is placed on a frictionless inclined plane that makes an angle  with the
horizontal. A block of mass M is placed on the board and is given a quick push up the board
with initial velocity v. There is sufficient friction between board and block. Find the distance d
v
covered by the block by the time its velocity drops to . The board does not move relative to
2
the plane. Given : M = 2kg, m = 4kg,  = 30, v = 4 5 ms−1 

 
M
m
Fixed

(A) 1 m (B) 2 m (C) 3 m (D) 4 m

12. A bead slides along a frictionless wire lying on a horizontal plane. It makes an angle of 45 with x-
axis as shown in figure. In addition to any normal forces exerted by the wire, the bead is subject to
x y 2 2
an external force that depends on position according to formula ⃗F = F0 (x ) î + F0 (y ) ĵ. Find the
0 0
work done by the force F on bead till it reaches at end P of the wire. (Given data : F0 = 1N, x0 =
6m, y0 = 6m mass of bead = 2 kg.)
(A) 2 J (B) 4 J (C) 6 J (D) 8 J

APNI KAKSHA 242
EXERCISE – 1 - KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B C C D B A C A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
44 D B B D AB AB CD BC B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D B B C A B AC BC D B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A B C C B C B D 1
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C A A D A C A D D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 C D C A C 10 A 6 D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B D C B BC AD A ACD BC C
21 22 23 24 25
B B A D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D A C 2 5 A B,C A,C A,B,C,D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A,C,D D B,C,D A,B C A D C C C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
B A B B A C C C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C C 10 C A,C B,C A,C,D A,B,C,D D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A D D C A B C B C
21 22
C C
APNI KAKSHA 243

EXERCISE(ALP)
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER_KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C,D A,C,D A,B A,C,D A,B B,C B,C A,B,C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A,B B,C B,C,D B,C,D,E A,C,D A,D A,C A,B,D A,C A,B,C,D
PROFICIENCY TEST – 1 - KEY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D C A 2 A C D 8 B D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B 17 ABC AD A B D A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C B C 40 AD C 7 D D
11 12
B B
APNI KAKSHA 244

Sheet - 01 - Work Power Energy

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(Physics) WORK POWER ENERGY & CIRCULAR MOTION

Work done by constant force :

➢ Work is a scalar quantity.

➢ Relation between joule and erg : 1 joule = 107 erg

Electron Volt ( eV ) = 1.6 10

➢ Work done by lifting force F

W2 = mgh cos180 = −mgh ( −ve )

Now, if the body is in equilibrium F = mg, W = 0

➢ Work done by normal reaction and gravity W1 = 0 as force is ⊥ to S

➢ Work done by pulling force F,

➢ As W =  F  ds so, if ds = 0, W = 0 i.e., if the displacement of a particle or body is zero

whatever be the force, work done is zero (except non-conservative force)

a force for an infinitesimal displacement ds is given by dW = F  ds

In terms of rectangular components

APNI KAKSHA 164

Work = FS = Area of OPQR

APNI KAKSHA 165

➢ If a force is changing linerly from F1 to F2 over a displacement S then work done is

W = −mgh = −mgL (1 − cos  )

APNI KAKSHA 166

If block is lowered with acceleration ‘a’, then W = −m ( g − a ) h

APNI KAKSHA 167

APNI KAKSHA 168

W = (mg sin θ − fk )L = (mg sin θ − μk mg cos θ)L

APNI KAKSHA 169

dW = Fdx = PAdx = PdV

➢ Two blocks of masses m1 and m 2 ( m1  m 2 ) connected by an inextensible string are passing

APNI KAKSHA 170

Work done by gravity on block m1, W1 = +m1gx

APNI KAKSHA 171

Hence, the KE of the bullet is greater than that of the gun

APNI KAKSHA 172

APNI KAKSHA 173

APNI KAKSHA 174

➢ If the block moves from x = x1 to x = x 2 x2

APNI KAKSHA 175

dU = - (work done by the spring force)

Since Ui is zero when spring is at its natural length

Applications of work-energy theorem :

APNI KAKSHA 176

APNI KAKSHA 177

Here time of penetration is given by impulse equation ( R − mg ) t = 0 − m 2gh

to v0 in time t 0 the kinetic energy of the body at time ‘t’ is

APNI KAKSHA 179

It is also calculated by P = FVcos  = F  V

APNI KAKSHA 181

APNI KAKSHA 182

 =  ; A' = A & v' = nv

APNI KAKSHA 183

Integrating on both sides we get

APNI KAKSHA 184

V2 = V12 − 2gr (1 − cos ) ; V = V1 − 2gr (1 − cos )

If V2 is the velocity of the body at highest point (  = 180 )

Tension in the string at any point :

APNI KAKSHA 185

APNI KAKSHA 186

Critical velocity at any point on the vertical circle :

Minimum tension in the string to just complete vertical circle :