CONTACTS: 0970295655/0966295655/0955295655

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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR
KACHAMA DICKSON. C: Is a former pupil of
Kamyanda Core Basic School (2001- 2009) in
Manyinga District of North Western Province and
Mufulira Secondary School of Excellence
(2010 - 2012) on the Copperbelt Province.
Above all, he is a former Copperbelt University
graduate and a holder of a Bachelor’s degree in
mathematics Education (B.Sc. Ma Ed).
As a proof of his passion, competence and eligibility
in mathematics, Kachama Dickson has produced many pamphlets for mathematics and
many booklets for teaching notes.
KACHAMA DICKSON C is a young upcoming mathematician who so determined to
contribute to the education sector through the production of quality learning materials
which include simplified teaching notes, revision booklets, tutorials, mathematics
pamphlets and study kits aimed at enhancing pupils’ understanding which results in
improved performance of pupils in mathematics countrywide.
ABOUT THE BOOKLET
This booklet contains well summarize notes on the introduction to calculus. The booklet
is meant for pupils taking Ordinary mathematics and for teacher handling such pupils.
The main purpose served by this booklet is to introduce the pupils to the world of
calculus (Differentiation and Integration).
At the end of studying this booklet, pupils should be able to:
State the two branches of calculus
Define differential calculus
Find derivatives of functions using different rules
Find equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve
Determine stationary points and distinguish between them
Define integral calculus
Find the indefinite integrals
Evaluate definite integrals and find areas under the curves.

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 CALCULUS 1: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Def: Differential calculus deals with finding differential coefficients and the gradient
functions. The process of finding the differential coefficients of a function is called
Differentiation; the gradient function obtained in this case is called a derived function or a
derivative.
NOTATION OF A DERIVATIVE
Suppose that = ( ) is the given function of , then the differential coefficient of with

respect to (w.r.t) is denoted by read as ‘ Dee dee " or ( ) ‘read as f prime of "

METHODS OF FINDING DERIVATIVES

Depending on a given function, a derivative can be found using any of the methods below.
A THE FIRST PRINCIPLE
If = ( ), then the derivative of w.r.t using the first principle is given by the formula
( + ℎ) − ( )
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
To use this formula, evaluate ( + ℎ) first and then substitute it in the formula.
Example 1
1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions below using the first principle.
(a) ( ) = (b) ( )=3 −4 +2
2. A curve is such that =2 − 4 + 1, use the first principle to determine the gradient
of the curve at the point where = −2
Solution
1. (a) ( )=
( + ℎ) − ( )
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
( + ℎ) = ( + ℎ) = ( + ℎ)( + ℎ) = + 2ℎ + ℎ
+ 2ℎ + ℎ −
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
( ) = lim → Factorise h here
( )
( ) = lim →

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 ( ) = lim → 2 + ℎ = 2
!"
∴ ( )= =#
!

(b) ( ) = 3 −4 +2
( + ℎ) − ( )
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
( + ℎ) = 3( + ℎ) − 4( + ℎ) + 2
= 3( + 2ℎ + ℎ ) − 4 − 4ℎ + 2
= 3 + 6ℎ + 3ℎ − 4 − 4ℎ + 2
% &' &' &( &' )
( ) = lim →
% &' &' & ' &
( ) = lim → Simplify the numerator
% &'
( ) = lim → factorise h
(% &')
( ) = lim →

( ) = lim 6 + 3ℎ − 4 = 6 − 4
→

(
∴ = ( )=6 −4
(
2. =2 − 4 + 1. Let = ( )=2 − 4 + 1, then
( + ℎ) − ( )
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
( + ℎ) = 2( + ℎ) − 4( + ℎ) + 1
= 2)( + ℎ)( + ℎ) * − 4 − 4ℎ + 1
= 2)( + ℎ)( + 2ℎ + ℎ )* − 4 − 4ℎ + 1
= 2)( + 3ℎ + 3ℎ + ℎ ) − 4 − 4ℎ + 1
= 2 + 6ℎ + 6ℎ + 2ℎ − 4 − 4ℎ + 1
2 + 6ℎ + 6ℎ + 2ℎ − 4 − 4ℎ + 1 − 2 +4 −1
( ) = lim
→ ℎ
% % &'
( ) = lim →

(% % &')
( ) = lim →

( ) = lim → 6ℎ + 6 −4=6 −4

∴ =6 − 4 at = −2, = 6(−2) − 4 = 24 − 4 = 20

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B THE POWER RULE
The power rule states that if =, -
, where , and . are real numbers and that both ,

and . are not equal to zero, then = ., -&/

. For instance if =4 , then

=3×4 &/
= 12

Note that if = ,, then = 0. This means that the derivative of the constant is zero.

Example 2

1. Find an expression of in each of the following functions

(a) =3 1
−4 '
+3 −2 + − 40
' /
(b) = −3 − −

=√ +√
3
(c)
/
2. Find the gradient to the curve = − + 4 at = −2

3. Given that the gradient of the curve =4 − 2 at the point (4, 12) is 14. Find the
value of 4.
Solution
1. (a) =3 1
−4 '
+3 −2 + − 40

= 5×3 1&/
−4×4 '&/
+3×3 &/
−2×2 +1×1 /&/
−0

= 15 '
− 16 +9 −4 +1
' / '
(b) = −3 &
− − ⟹ −3 &
− − &/

'
= −2 × −3 & &/
−3× &/
− (−1 × 1) &/&/

( 6 1
=6 &
−4 + = −4 −
(
: :
=√ +√ ⟹ = +
3
(c) 3

( 1 :
&/ 1 :
&/
= + 3
( 2 3
( 1 &
: 1 & 1 1 1 1
= + 3 = + = +
( 2 3 2
:
3 3 2√ 3√
3

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 /
2. = − +4

=2 − at = −2, the gradient ; = = 2(−2) − (−2) = 8 + 2 = 10

3. =4 −2

= 8 − 2 at (4, 12), = 14

14 = 84 − 2
84 = 16
/%
4= =2
=

C THE CHAIN RULE

The chain rule state that, if = > and that > is the function of , then
!" !" !?
! = !? × !

The chain rule is also referred to as the function of a function rule.

In general, the chain rule is used to differentiate functions of the form " = (@ A
+ B)A
by letting ? = @ A
+ B so that " = ?A .
!" !? !"
Hence = A?A&C and = A@ A&C
⟹ = A?A&C × A@ A&C
!? ! !

Example 3
1. Find the derivatives of each of the following functions with respect to .
(a) = (4 − 3 )%
(b) = √2 − 1
'
(c) = (&
&' /)

2. Find the gradient of the curve = (2 '

− 3 ) at (−1, −1)

= 3D(E − 4)
3
3. Find the derivative of
Solution
1. (a) Let > = 4 − 3 , then = >%
F
Hence = 12 − 3 and = 6>1
F
F
Then = F
× = 6>1 × 12 − 3 = 6(4 − 3 )1 (12 − 3)
: :
(b) = √2 − 1 = (2 − 1) . Let > = 2 − 1, then =>

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 :
F / / /
Hence = 2 and = >& = : =
F √F

F / /
Then = F
× = ×2=
√F √ &/
'
(c) = (& = 4(−2 − 4 + 1)& . Let > = −2 − 4 + 1, then = 4>&
&' /)
=
Hence = −4 − 4 and = −8>& = −
F F3
F =
Then = × =− × −4 − 4 = (&
F F3 &' /)3

2. Let > = 2 '

− 3 , then =>
F
Hence =8 − 3 and = 3>
F
Then = × = 3> × 8 − 3 = 3(2 '
− 3 ) (8 − 3)
F

Therefore at (−1, −1), = 3G2(−1)' − 3(−1)H (8(−1) − 3)) = 3(25)(−11) =

825

= 3D(E − 4) = 3(E − 4)3 . Let > = E − 4, then = 3>3

3
3.
:
F
Hence = 2E and = × 3>&3 = : = 3
I F √F
F3
F 'I
Then I
= × I
= 3 × 2E = 3
√F √I &'

D. THE PRODUCT RULE

The product rule states that, if = >J, where both u and v are the functions of , then
!" !K !?
! = ? ! + K !

Example 4
1. Find the differential coefficients of each of the following functions.
(a) = (3 + 2)
(b) = (−3 + 2)√2 +3 −4
2. Find the gradient to the curve = (E + 2E)(−E + 3) at E = −1
Solution
1. (a) = (3 + 2). Let > = and J = 3 + 2
F L
Hence = 2 and =3
L F
Then => +J = × 3 + (3 + 2)2 = 3 +6 +4 =9 +4

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 (b) = (−3 + 2)√2 + 3 − 4. Let> = −3 + 2 and J = √2 +3 −4=
:
J = (2 + 3 − 4)
F L '
Hence = −6 and = √
(Hint: to differentiate v, apply the chain rule)
&'
L F '
Then = > +J = (−3 + 2) M √
N + G√2 + 3 − 4H − 6
&'
G& H(' )
= √
− 6 √2 +3 −4
&'

2. = (E + 2E)(−E + 3), let > = E + 2E and J = −E + 3

F L
Hence I
= 2E + 2 and = −3E
L F
I
=> I
+J I
= (E + 2E)(−3E ) + (−E + 3)(2E + 2) at E = −1 we have

I
= ((−1) + 2(−1)(−3(−1) ) + (−(−1) + 3)(2(−1) + 2)

I
= (−1)(−3) + (4)(0) = 3

In general, the product rule is used to find derivatives of functions which carry the form
= (, -
+ O)(P -
+ () by letting > = , -
+ O and J = P -
+(
E. THE QUOTIENT RULE
F
Supposing that = L , and > and J are functions of , then the derivative of w.r.t is
QR QT
L & F
given by = QS
L
QS
. This is called the quotient rule

Example 5

1. Find in each of the following

&
(a) =
'
' &
(b) = 3

1 √
2. Determine the gradient of the curve = at the point M√3, N.
'

Solution
&
1. (a) = . Let > = 3 − 2 and J = 3 − 4
'
F L
Hence = 6 and =3
QR QT
L & F ( &')(% )&( & )× /= & ' &U % U & ' %
Then = QS QS
= (
= (
= (
L ') ') ')

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 ' &
(b) = 3
, let > = 4 − + 2 and J = 2
F L
Hence = 8 − 1 and =6
QR QT
L & F 3 (= &/)&G' & H(% )
Then = QS
L
QS
= ( 3)

1
2. = '
, let > = 5 and J = 2 +4
F L
Hence = 5 and =4
QR QT
L & F G 'H(1)&(1 )(' ) √
Then = QS
L
QS
= ( ')
at M√3, N, =√

( G√ H ')1&G1√ H('√ ) 1 &% 1 &% / /

∴ = = (/ )
= /
= −/ = −/
M G√ H 'N

In general, the quotient rule is used to find differential coefficients of functions that carry
V W X
the form = Y W
by letting > = , -
+ O and J = P -
+ (.

Application of Differentiation
Equation of the Tangent and Normal
A tangent line to a curve is a straight line drawn touching the curve at a single point
A normal line at any point on the curve is a line that is drawn passing through the point and
it is perpendicular to the tangent line.
" E

A B
G
F

C D

H
O
From the diagram above, the lines AB and CD are tangents to the curve and the lines EF and
GH are normal lines to the curve.

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Equation of the tangent
If = ( ) is the given curve and A( / , /) is any point on the curve, then the equation of
the tangent to the curve = ( ) at the point A is given by " − "C = Z( − C ).

where ; = , the gradient of the curve. Hence the equation can also be written as
!"
" − "C = ( − C ).
!

Equation of the normal

Recall that, if two lines are perpendicular, then the product of their gradients is equal to

−1.Thus if ; = is the gradient of the tangent line, then the gradient of the normal line is
/ /
− [ = − Q\ .
QS

Hence the equation of the normal at the point A is given by

C C
− "C = − Z ( − C) = " − "C = − !" ( − C)
!

Example 6
1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve =3 + 2 − 4 at (2, 10)
3 1
2 Determine the equation of the normal to curve = − + 1 at = −1

3 A curve is such that =2 − 4 + 5. Find

(a) the equation of the tangent to the curve at (−2, −3)
(b) the equation of the normal to the curve at = −2.
Solution
3
1 =3 +2 −4 2. = − +1

= 6 + 2 at (2, 10), =2 = −5

Then = 6(2) + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14 ;= = (−1) − 5(−1) = 5

(&/)3 1(&/) / 1 //
− / = ( − /) = − +1=− − +1=−
%
// /
− 10 = 14( − 2) − M− % N = − 1 G − (−1)H
// /
− 10 = 14 − 28 + = − 1 ( + 1)
%
/ / //
= 14 − 28 + 10 = −1 −1+
%
" = C` − Cb Ans
]^" = −_ + `a

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2 =2 −4 +5
/
(a) =6 − 4 (−2, −3) (b) − / = − Q\ ( − /)
QS

/
= 6(−2) − 4 = 20 − (−3) = − ( − (−2))
/
− / = ( − /) +3=− ( + 2)
/
− (−3) = 20( − (−2)) +3=− −

+ 3 = 20( + 2) 3 + 60 = − − 2
+ 3 = 20( + 2) 3 = − − 2 − 60
= 20 + 2 − 3 3 = − − 62
" = #^ − C ]" + = −_#
STATIONARY POINTS
Stationary point is the general name given to the maximum, Minimum and the point of
inflection. A maximum point is the highest point on the curve. The minimum point is the
lowest point on the curve and the point of infection is a point where the gradient on either
side is the same.

Note that, at the stationary point, the gradient is zero that is = 0.

Maximum point

=0

(+ve) (-ve)

(-ve)

=0

Minimum point
Procedure for finding stationary points and determining the nature of the stationary point

1 Given the function =, -

, find .

2 Equate = 0, and solve the equation to for the values of .

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3 Substitute each value of , found in (2) to get a corresponding y-value. This establishes
the coordinates of the stationary point.
4 To determine the nature of the stationary points, use either

(a) The second derivative test, by substituting each x-value in it. The second

derivative test states that:

If > 0, the point is a minimum,

If < 0, the point is a maximum,

If = 0, the point is a point of inflexion.

(b) The gradient sign method which involves determining the signs of the gradient just
before and after the stationary point. If the gradient of the curve changes from
positive to negative – the point is a maximum one,
negative to positive – the point is a minimum one,
Positive to positive or negative to negative – the point is a point of inflexion.
Example 7
1. Determine the coordinate of the stationary points of curve = −6 − 15 + 3.
2. The curve is such that = −2 +3 + 12 + 27.
(a) Find the coordinates of the stationary points.
(b) Determine the nature of the stationary points.
/ / 1
3. Find the coordinate on the curve where = − − 6 + where the gradient is

zero and distinguish between them.

Solution

1. At the stationary points, = 0

= − 6 − 15 + 3 ⟹ When = −1

=3 − 12 − 15 = (−1) − 6(−1) − 15(−1) + 3

3 − 12 − 15 = −1 − 6 + 15 + 3 = 11
3 + 3 − 15 − 15 = 0 ⟹ When =5
( + 1)(3 − 15) = 0 = (5) − 6(5) − 15(5) + 3
= −1 fg = 5 = 125 − 150 − 75 + 3 = −97

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 ∴ the coordinates of the stationary points are (−C, CC) and (h, −ai)
2. = −2 +3 + 12 + 27.
(a) = −2 +3 + 12 + 27 ⇒ when = −1

= −6 + 6 + 12 = −2(−1) + 3(−1) + 12(−1) + 27

−6 + 6 + 12 = 0 = 2 + 3 − 12 + 27 = 20
&% % /
+ &% + &% = 0 ⇒ When =2
&%

− −2 =0 = −2(2) + 3(2) + 12(2) + 27

( + 1)( − 2) = 0 = −16 + 27 + 24 + 27
= −1 fg = 2 = 47
∴ the coordinate of the stationary points are (−C, #^) and (#, `i)
(b) We use the gradient method to determine the nature of the stationary points

⇒ At = 2; = −6(1) + 6(1) + 12 = 12 (Get a value less that 2)

= −6(3) + 6(3) + 12 = 12 (Get another value greater than 2)

= 12 = −24

Since the sign moves from positive to negative, then

∴ the stationary point has a minimum point at (#, `i)

⇒ At = −1; = −6(−2) + 6(−2) + 12 = −24 (Get a value less than −1)

= −6(0) + 6(0) + 12 = 12 (Get a value greater than −1).

= −24 = +12

Since the sign changes from negative to positive, then

∴ the stationary point has a minimum point at (−C, #^)

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 / / 1
3. = − −6 + ⟹ When = −2;
/ / 1
= − − 6, at =0 = (−2) − (−2) − 6(−2) +
=
− −6=0 = − − 2 + 12 + 2 = 9
+2 −3 −6=0 ⟹ When = 3;
/ /
( + 2)( − 3) = 0 = (3) − (3) − 6(3) + 2
U 1 l/
= −2 or =3 = 9 − − 18 + = −
l/
∴ the points on the curve where the gradient is zero are (−2,9) and M3, − N
%
To distinguish between the point means to determine the nature.
We use the test
(
= − −6
(
= 2 − 1, at = −2, = 2(−2) − 1 = −5 < 0, the point (−2,9) is the
maximum one.

= 2 − 1, at = 3, = 2(3) − 1 = 5 > 0 the point M3, − N is the minimum

point.

REVISION TEST 1

1 Find the derivatives of each of the following functions below

/
(a) =6 − 5 + 10 (e) =( − 3 )( − 2 )
/ 1 &'
(b) = 3 −2 + (f) = '
p q 3
(c) = + + +2 (g) = (4 − 5)/
1 =
/
(d) =( −3 )l (h) √/&

′( /
2 Given that ( ) = √ , use the first principle to show that )= , hence find the
√

gradient at = 16.

3 A curve is such that = √4 − 3 − 1. Find

(a) an expression of the derivative of w.r.t ,
(b) The equation of the tangent to the curve at =2

4 Find the equation of the normal to the curve = + at (3, 4).

5 A curve has the equation =2 −9 + 12 + 8.

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 (a) Find the stationary points
(b) Determine the nature of the stationary points.
/ s
6 The displacement s, of a particle at time t is given by r = >E + ,E . Find
I

7 Find the equation of the tangent and normal of the following curves at the given points.
(a) = − 2 − 3 at (−1, −2).
3 /
(b) = at M−1, − N

(c) = 1 − − at (−2, −5)

8 A curve is given by = ( − 4).
/% /
(a) Show that the stationary points of the curve are M ,− N and t− ,− u.
√ √ D√ √

(b) Determine the nature of the stationary points.

9 Given the curve =2 − 15 + 36 − 4.

(a) Find an expression for .

(b) Find the coordinates on the curve where =0

(c) Distinguish between the coordinates found in (a).

10 Given that = (√ − 4 ), find the values of x where =0

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 CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Def: Integral calculus is the part of calculus that deals with finding areas, volumes and
masses of given curves. The process of finding integrals is called Integration. It can be also
denoted that, integration is the reverse process of differentiation. For this reason, the
integrals are known as anti- derivatives. If ( ) = , then ′ ( ) = 2 . And so the integral
′( ) to ( ).
of 2 is . Integration in this case is the process of moving from

Differentiation

Integration

NOTATION OF AN INTEGRAL

The symbol ∫ (an elongated S) is used to denote “integral of”. For instance, integrate 4
can be written as∫ 4 . The notation ∫ 4 ( means that we are integrating 4 w.r.t . We
also know that, the derivative of a constant is zero. This means that when integrating a
given function, we put into account the constant whose differential coefficient is zero.
Therefore, whenever we integrate a given function, a constant c is added to the answer
Thus ∫ 4 ( = 2 + P, where c is an arbitrary constant.

Integral calculus is divided into two categories, these are indefinite and definite integrals.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

These are integrals in which the limits are not applied.

Integration using the general solution

@ AwC
If = , -
, then the integral of w.r.t is given by ∫ " ! = ∫ @ A
! = +x
A C
. ≠ −1

Note: ∫ @! = @ + x and ∫ C! = ∫ ! = +x

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Example 8

1 Find the indefinite integrals of the following functions.

(a) +4 −1
3 ' &1
(b)
(c) 4 − 6 − 2
%
2 Determine ∫(7√ + − + 5)(
'
3 The gradient of the curve is such that = 15 − 12 , find the equation of the curve
that passes through the point (1, 3).

Solution
w: ' :w: /
1 (a) ∫( + 4 − 1) ( = /
+ / /
− +P = +2 − +P
3 ' 3 '
(c) ∫M N( = ∫M + + N(
/
= ∫( + 2 + 4)( = + +4 +P
' q % 3
(d) ∫(4 −6 −2 )( = '
− − +P = '
−2 − +P
:
%
2 ∫(7√ + ' − + 5)( = ∫ M7 −' −6 +5 N (

:
w:
l % z w:
= : − '× /
/
− & /
+5 /
+P
/

3
l
= 3 − /% '
+6 &/
+5 +P

/' %
= √ − /% '
+ +5 +P

3 Note that ∫ ( = +P

Hence ∫ ( = ∫ 15 − 12 (

=5 −6 + P at
3 = 5(1) − 6(1) + P
3=5−6+P
3 = −1 + P
P=4
The equation of the curve is " = h ]
−_ #
+`

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DEFINITE INTEGRALS
These are integrals where limits are applied.
X
Definite integrals are denoted by ∫V ( )( . In this notation, , is called the lower limit and
O is called the upper limit.
X
X | Ww: |X Ww: |V Ww:
In general if ( ) = 4 -
, then ∫V , -
( ={ } =M N−M N
- / V - / - /

Example 9
Evaluate the following definite integrals

(a) ∫ (E − 3)(E
/ 1
(b) ∫&/ M' + l N(

(c) ∫& (−4E − 4E + 10)(E

Solution
I3 3 3
(a) ∫ (E − 3)(E = { − 3E} = M − 3(3)N − M − 2(3)N
l =
=M − 9N − M − 6N
=&/=
=0−M N
/
= =
3 / (/)3 (&/)3
/ 1 1 1(/) 1(&/)
(b) ∫&/ M' + l N( = {/ + } =M + N−M + N
/ &/ / / / /

/ / / / / '
= M' + N − M− ' + 1N = ' + =1

'I q I
(c) ∫& (−4E − 4E + 10)(E = M− − + 10EN
' &

= (0) − G−(−2)' − (−2) + 10(−2)H

= −(−16 − 4 − 20)
= −(−40)

∴ ∫& (−4E − 4E + 10)(E = 40

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SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Finding area under the curve

The area defined by the curve = ( ) , − , ~r, = , and = O when = ( ) is positive

from , to O, is given by = ( )

x
, O
The area of the shaded region is given by:

B B
A = ∫@ " ! = ∫@ ( )!

Steps to follow when finding the area under the curve

1 Sketch the graph of the given curve

2 Determine the boundaries a and b
3 Set up the definite integral
4 Integrate

The area of a given region can be positive if it is above the positive x- axis and negative if it is
below positive axis. For instance, in the diagram below, the area from a to b is positive,
from b to c is negative and from c to d is positive.

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 " "= ( )

Positive area

Positive area

O a b c d

Negative are

B x !
Area = ∫@ ( ) ! − ∫B ( ) ! + ∫x ( )!

Example 10

1 The diagram below shows the graph of = + +4

= + +4

0 1 3
Find the area of the shaded region.

2 Calculate the area of the segments contained between the − axis and the curve
= ( − 1)( + 2) .
3 The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of the curve = −3 .

= −3

0 3 5

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Solution

1 The required area is entirely above the x-axis and so we can simply evaluate the integral
from 1 to 3.
X
Area = ∫V ( = ∫/ ( + + 4) (
3
={ + +4 }
/
3 / /
=M + + 4(3)N − M + + 4(1)N
U 1
= M9 + 12 + N − M + 4N
%
1/ U
=M N−M N
%

% #
= #^ ] square units

2 To find the area, we need first to sketch the graph of the given curve by finding the x –
intercepts.
( − 1)( − 2) = 0
= 0, − 1 = 0 or −2=0
= 0, = 1 or =2

= ( − 1)( − 2)

0 1 2

= ( − 1)( − 2) = −3 +2

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 X Y

•€•‚ = ƒ ( + ƒ (
V X
C #

•€•‚ = ƒ( −3 + 2 )( + ƒ( −3 +2 )(
^ C
/
3 '
2 '
3 2
= „ − + … +„ − + …
4 3 2 4 3 2 /
/q q /q
= {M − 1 + 1 N − 0} − {M − 2 + 2 N − M − 1 + 1 N}
' ' '
/ /
= {' − 1 + 1} + {(4 − 8 + 4) − M' − 1 + 1N}
/ /
= M'N + M0 − 'N
1 1
= −
4 4
= 0
3 Note that the area of the curve below the x-axis is negative and so we have
X Y

Area = − ƒ ( + ƒ (
V X
1
Area = − ∫ ( − 3 )( + ∫ ( −3 )(
1
3 3
'
Area = − „ − … +„ − …
3 3 3 3

3 3(3) 5 3(5) 3 3(3)

Area = − „‰ − Š − 0… + „‰ − Š−‰ − Š…
3 2 3 2 3 2
27 27 125 75 27 27
Area = − t − u + ‹t − u − t − uŒ
3 2 3 2 3 2
9 25 9
Area = − t− u + ‹ − t− uŒ
2 6 2
9 25 9
Area = + t + u
2 6 2
9 26 79
Area = + =
2 3 6
C
•€•‚ = C] _ square units

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REVISION TEST 2

1 Integrate the following w.r.t .

(a) 2 −3 +1
(b) 3 &
−4 +5
q& /
(c) 3

(d) −
'

2 Find the following indefinite integrals

(a) ∫ '
(
(b) ∫ 3√ (
(c) ∫(• − 2)(• + 3)(
3
(d) ∫ (

3 Find the equation of the curve whose gradient is = 2 − 1 at it passes through the

point (2, 6).

4 Given that = 1 − 5 and that = −5 when = 2. Find the value of when = 1.

5 The gradient of the tangent at the point on a curve is given by = + − 2. Find the

equation of the normal to the curve that passes through the point (2,1)

6 Find the equation of the curve whose gradient is given by = 2E − 3 if = −4 and

I

E = 1.
7 Evaluate the following definite integrals
/
(a) ∫ (

(b) ∫&/(6 + 4 − 5)(

1 3 /
(c) ∫/ (

(d) ∫& (3 + 2)( − 2)(

l
(e) ∫= 3 √ (
3

8 In each of the following, sketch the graph of a given curve and find the area enclosed by
the curve, the x-axis and the given points.

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 (a) = , from = 1 to =3
(b) = + 3 , from = 1 to = 3.
(c) = − 4, from = −2 to =2
(d) = − , from = 0 to = 2.
9 The curve is such that ( + 3)( − 2).
(a) Sketch the graph of this curve.
(b) Find the area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis.
10 The diagram below shows the graphs of the line = and the curve = (3 − )
intersecting at P.

P
= (3 − )

Find the
(a) coordinates of P.
(b) the area of the shaded region.

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