CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this study to make to find out the factors that imfuence

student absences to class. As well, this study help the managment of the school,

especially in Buenaventura Alandy National High School. In overcome problems

absenteeism among the student particularly in grade 11 automotive 2.

Absenteeism affects the students ability to get high score in examination which

can cause the decreasing of grade or the student may fail and will cause him or

her to repeat same year level. When the student is always in school and spent time

in lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on students performance.

Related Literature

In relation with this study ( www.UKessay.com). Attending school is the

opportunity for the proress of our lives as a student. I conclude that it is important

and there are a lot of advantages of sending children to pre-school at the early age

of four. In this way, even at the young age there are a lot of things they can do.

They will be trained and be taught and be able to play things that in their future

It`s not difficult for them to understand some thing. “The earlier the better”, if

they will start attending school at the young age, they will finish their studies early
and possible to get a job an at the young age. But there are things that parents

should consider also , if their children don`t want to attend achoo at their young

age parents should not force them. If parents are both working, they need to find

an educated person who will take care at the same time can teach of their children

basic knowledge and good manners if they`re not busy in work. Because children

are the future of the nation , they must teach well and show the beauty of

education althought they are still a kid.

According Kelly Waimuth. Teaching college-age student bring with it a

host of logistical issues, not the least of which is deciding what to do about

attendance. With their burgeioning independence, many student desire the ability

to come and go as they please. However , as instructors, we want students in the

classroom for the classes we classroom (because there`s no one “right” attendance

policy), let`s explore some of the benefits and drawsback of attendance policies

for both instructors and atudents.

Missing school in the early grades can hava a snowball effects. It sets

student`s up to fall behind in the fundamental reading skills they need in order to

move on to more complicated work.

Frequent absenses can become a long-term habit. Research show that

student who are allowed to miss school when they`re young are more likely to

skip school when they`re older. And that can lead to other consenquences.
 Students with learning and attention issues are even more vulnerable to the

impact of chronic absences. It can be hard enough for them to master the lesson in

school with chronic absences made it to second year of college.

Plus, each day of learning builds on the previous day. When student miss a

few days in a row. It can be hard to follow subsequent lesson. And when student

aren`t in school, they`re missing opportunities to be identified for intervention and

extra support.

A missed school day is a lost opportunity for students to learn. In this era

of increased accountability for states, districts, and schools, the connection

between student attendance and learning is being studied more ever before. As a

result, education agencies are asked with increasing frequency to report

attendance data in a standard manner to allow comparisons across organizations

and jurisdiction.

Primary rationale to high quality attendance data is the relationship between

student attendance and student achievement. Teacher effictiveness is the strongest

school-related determinant of student success, but chronic student absence reduce

even the best teacher`s ability to provide learning oppurtunities. Student who

attend school regularly have been shown to achieve at higher levels than students

who do not regular attendance.

 According the study of Kate Kelly. Poor attendance has serious implications

for later outcomes a well. High school dropouts have been found to exhibit a

history of negative behavior, including high levels of absenteeism throughout their

childhood at higher rates than high school graduates.

And lastly according of study with (www.doe.in.gov). Looking across the

preventive measures discussed in the research, it appears that three common

practices yield the most significant improvement in student attendance. First,

establishing effective monitoring practices enable education to routinely evaluate

student attendance and intervene before the student becomes chronically absent .

These systems need not be complicated. A simple spreadsheet indicating the

number of days absent and the type of intervention provided to a student can

provide school with information they need to begin improving student attendance.

Second, establishing multi-pronged prevention and intervention atrategy is key to

effectively decreasing student absenteeism. The majority of resources and

activeties should be focused on prevention. Third, intervention mechanisms

should augment preventive measures and be applied to students whose attendance

does not improve or fails to improve. Intervention programs and practices should

be individualized to the student and aim to connect them with the supports they

(or their family) need to attend regularly

 RELATED STUDIES

Barrish et al, (1969) ; Brantley & Webster, (1993); LaRowe, Tucker, &

McGuire, (1980); Skinner, Skinner, & Cashwell, (1999). Poor attendance

continues to be a pervasive problem at a large number of American schools. Since

there are many negative individual outcomes associated with chronic absenteeism,

this is a problem that deserves further consideration. A combination of

community-based and school-based programs may be the most effective way to

address this issue over the long term. With limited re-sources, however, the most

direct and efficient methods available appear to be behavioral school- based

interventions. Behavioral contingency approaches have had great success in

improving a wide variety of other behavioral and academic difficulties within

school.

The variables taken into consideration in this study were examined

separately by previous studies. Correspondingly, it may prevent a clear picture of

role of these variables in the student absenteeism. This study provides a clear

picture about role of these variables in the student absenteeism by taking all

variables in single study. The findings of this study contribute to the growing

body of literature suggesting that improving students’ academic self-perception,

attitudes towards teacher and school, motivation/self-regulation, and goal

valuation contribute students’ attendance and academic achievement. This study

also provides some important findings for both psychological counselors and

educators. Psychological counselors and educators can use finding of this study to

develop intervention programs for helping students who suffer from school

absenteeism. Finally, the results of this study should be considered in light of its

limitations. The findings and predictions are based on the SEM and correlational

analyses, and should be interpreted accordingly. Another one limitation is related

to this research design: It was cross-sectional. The qualitative research such as in-

depth interviews or a case.(“ The School Absenteeism among High School

Students: Contributing Factors,” 2016 ).

Conceptual Framework

In the school the most important is attendance the attendance which

under the performance of student in their class . We also find out the student

engaged majority in consuming leisure time and that may result a compact impact

into a learning performance.

A great student always start in doing small task that can develop their

personal responsibilities to finish their works. The researchers will find out the

causes or reason why student get tired in class meetings. In creating plan idea for

resolving problem which to be supposed minimize in school.

 The factors affecting a students academic performance arise of several

reasons. This research determine of study and have been discussed in this article.

Reasearch paradigm

Gathered Combine the Teacher

information by PROCESS
gathered attendance
interviewing information monitoring
the student in and idea. system
Grade 11 auto2 Asking a
Analysis and
Observation important
question or interpretation
and Evaluation the main focus
of student interview
about this of study and
behaviour the fact
research study.
collection that
will help to
accomplish all
the data and
results.

INPUT OUTPUT

Figure 1. An IPO model presenting a research strategies in conducting study about

Observation of Attendance and Punctuality.

The research paradigm showed the development of the study which divided into

three set the input , process and output.

The INPUT include researching method and reading of text with Observation and

Evaluation of students behavior . Then become update of new techniques and

strategies how to simplified the research study that your conducting.

The PROCESS scope the gathered important information to concrete the research

study and provide evidence to create suitable basis about Observation and

situation problem.

The OUTPUT tells the conceptual review of research study to analyzing it and

discuss , share and to interpret it by presenting this problem situation.

Definition of Terms

The definition of terms will help for clarify and for the understanding of the

readers, this will define the terminologies that is within the research.

Attendace – the number of people present at an event, school, etc.

Absenteeism- a tendency to be away from work or school without a good reason :

the practice or habit of being absent from work or school.

Tardiness

 slow moving , acting, or happening

 done or happening late

 arriving or doing something else

Punctuality- the fact or quality of being on time.

Attendance sheet- an official document for listing those attending a meeting,

class, course, etc.