CH 16
CH 16
CH 16
FOR
Chapter 16
Ion Exchange
Note: If any errors are noted in this solution manual or in the textbook, please notify
Kerry Howe at [email protected]
PROBLEM 16-1
Problem Statement - A SAC exchanger is employed to remove calcium hardness from
water. The capacity of the resin is 2.0 meq/mL in the sodium form. If calcium
concentrations in the influent and effluent are 44 and 0.44 mg/L, determine the
maximum volume of water that can be treated per cycle given the following:
Cations meq/L Anions meq/L
2+
Ca 2.2 HCO3– 2.9
Mg2+ 1.0 Cl– 3.1
Na+ 3.0 SO42– 0.2
Total 6.2 Total 6.2
Solution
1. Estimate the maximum useful capacity of calcium on the SAC resin in the sodium
form using Eq. 16-22. This calculation assumes that only calcium is present in the
water and that the other ions do not impact the calcium capacity.
a. Obtain the separation factor for calcium over sodium from Table 16-7.
2+
αij =αNa
Ca
+ =1.9 / 1 =1.9
b. Calculate the maximum useful capacity of the resin for calcium using Eq. 16-
22.
CCa2 + qT
qCa2 + = +
CCa2 + + CNa+ αNa
Ca2 +
=
( 2.2 meq Ca 2+
/ L H2O ) ( 2.0 eq / L re sin )(1000 meq eq )
( 2.0 meq Ca 2+
/ L H2O ) + ( 3.0 meq Na + / L H2O ) ( 0.53 )
= 880 meq Ca2+ L re sin
2. Calculate the volume of water that can be treated per volume of resin per cycle.
The volume of water that can be treated per volume of resin per cycle is calculated
by dividing the calcium capacity by the influent calcium concentration.
PROBLEM 16-2
Problem Statement - Consider the removal of perchlorate from well water using a SBA
exchange resin. The following table lists the major anions contained in the well
water. Assuming perchlorate is completely removed from solution; calculate the
maximum volume of water that can be treated per liter of resin assuming
equilibrium conditions. Assume total resin capacity of the SBA is 1.4 eq/L.
Parameter Unit Value
Alkalinity mg/L as CaCo3 200
Perchlorate mg/L 200
Nitrate mg/L 9.0
Sulfate mg/L 55
pH Unitless 8.0
Solution
1. Convert the concentrations of perchlorate and chloride from mg/L to meq/L.
200 mg ClO−4 L
−
=
meq ClO L = 2.0
99.45 mg ClO−4 meq
4
15 mg Cl− L
meq ClO−4 L
= = 0.42
35.45 mg Cl− meq
2. Estimate the maximum useful capacity of calcium on the SBA resin in the chloride
form using Eq. 16-22. This calculation assumes that only perchlorate is present in
the water and that the other ions do not impact the perchlorate capacity.
a. Obtain the separation factor for perchlorate over chloride from Table 16-7.
−
αij =α ClO
Cl−
4
=150 / 1 =150
b. Calculate the maximum useful capacity of the resin for perchlorate using Eq.
16-22.
CClO− qT
qClO− = 4
−
4
CClO− + CCl− α Cl
ClO−
4 4
=
( 2.0 meq ClO −
4 / LH2O ) (1.4 eq / L re sin )(1000 meq eq )
( 2.0 meq ClO −
4 / LH2O ) + ( 0.42 meq Cl− / L H2O ) ( 0.007 )
= 1398 meq ClO−4 L re sin
3. Calculate the volume of water that can be treated per volume of resin per cycle.
The volume of water that can be treated per volume of resin per cycle is calculated
by dividing the calcium capacity by the influent calcium concentration.
qClO− 1398 meq ClO− L re sin
=V = 4
−
4
= 700 L H2O L re sin
CClO− 2.0 meqClO4 L H2O
4
PROBLEM 16-3
PROBLEM 16-4
Problem Statement - Describe the differences between SAC exchanger resins and
SBA exchanger resins.
Solution
Strong base anion exchangers remove anions whereas strong base cation exchangers
remove cations. Strong acid cation exchangers have functional groups on the polymer
chain that provide a negative charge (RSO3-). Strong base anion exchangers usually
have quaternary amine functional groups on the polymer chain that provide a positive
charge [R(CH3)3N+ or R(CH3)2(CH3CH2OH)N+].
PROBLEM 16-5
Problem Statement - Explain the differences between Type I and Type II exchanger
resins.
Solution
The main difference between Type I and Type II resins is the ethanol group in the Type
II quaternary amine. The ethanol group reduces the resin’s affinity for hydroxide ions. In
addition, Type I resins have a slightly greater chemical stability, while Type II resins
have a slightly greater regeneration efficiency and capacity.
PROBLEM 16-6
PROBLEM 16-7
Problem Statement - A small public water system is considering removing barium from
its well water using ion exchange. The average daily flow rate is about 1.5 ML/d
(400,000 gpd) and the influent barium concentration is 11.3 mg/L. If a SBC
exchange resin is to be used, estimate the minimum daily volume of resin that
would be required assuming that barium is completely removed and is the only
cation exchanging on the resin.
Solution
1. Calculate the daily mass of barium to be removed assuming complete removal.
meq Ba
2+
as CaCO 3 11.3 mg Ba 2 + 2 meq Ba 2 + 50 meq CaCO3 1.5 x 106 L water
=
d L 56 mg Ba 2 + 28 meq Ba 2 + d
= 1.081× 106
Solution
1. Estimate the maximum useful capacity of nitrate calcium on the SBA resin in the
chloride form using Eq. 16-22.
This calculation assumes that only nitrate is present in the water and other ions do
not impact the nitrate capacity.
a. Obtain the separation factor for nitrate over chloride from Table 16-7:
−
αij =αNO
Cl−
3
=3.2
b. Calculate the maximum useful capacity of the resin for nitrate using Eq. 16-
22:
CNO− qT
qNO− = 3
−
3
CNO− + CCl− αNO
Cl
−
3 3
=
(1.8 meq NO −
3 / LH2O ) (1.5 eq / L re sin )(1000 meq eq )
(1.8 meq NO −
3 / LH2O ) + ( 3.0 meqCl− / L H2O ) ( 0.3125 )
= 986 meq NO3− L re sin
PROBLEM 16-9
Problem Statement - A small municipal water supply treats a maximum daily flow of
5.0 ML/d, maximum weekly flow of 25 ML/wk, and a maximum nitrate
concentration of 18 mg/L. The plant treats 5 ML of water and operates only 7 h per
day and 5 days per week and there is sufficient storage capacity for the weekend
demand. The treatment objective for the ion exchange process is 0.6 mg/L NO3–N
and will be blended with untreated water at 18 mg/L NO3–N to produce a final
product water of 8 mg/L or less NO3–N. With a standard of 10 mg/L as NO3–N,
determine the flow rate of the ion exchanger and blending rate.
Solution
1. Calculate the quantity of water that passes through the ion exchanger:
The quantity of water that passes through the ion exchanger can be calculated by
performing a mass balance on the ion exchanger and combining it with a flow
balance. The following terms are defined for the balances:
Q1 = treated flow
Q2 = untreated flow
= =
Q3 finished blended flow 5.0 ML / d
C3 =
finished blended water nitrate concentration 8 mg / L as NO3 − N
a. Write the mass balance:
C1Q1 + C2Q2 =
C3 Q 3
(0.6 − 18 mg/L)Q
=1 (8 mg/L)(5 ML/d) − (18 mg/L)(5 ML/d)
PROBLEM 16-10
Instructors Note: The sulfate concentration is much higher than nitrate and is more
preferred over nitrate (9.1>> 3.2), thus the equilibrium capacity of nitrate is low. This
problem is similar to Example 16-4.
HCO3− 85 61 1.39
Total 4.71
2. Applying Eq. 16-28 with the use of the separation factors provided in Table 16-7,
the summation term in the denominator can be calculated.
5. Calculate the maximum quantity of water that can be treated per cycle before
nitrate breakthrough occurs.
Maximum
qNO3− ( 0.386 eq L re sin ) 299 L water
volume= = =
treated CNO3− ( 0.00129 eq L water ) L re sin
PROBLEM 16-11
Problem Statement - Given the information in Problems 16-8 and 16-9, design a 5-
ML/d ion exchanger for nitrate removal. Determine the number of columns required
assuming 4-m diameter columns and a minimum bed depth of 0.762 m and the
regenerant requirements including salt used, brine production, total volume of brine
storage tank, and regeneration cycle time for the ion exchanger. Based on pilot
studies, it was found that adequate regeneration can obtained with a salt dose of
320 kg/m3 resin, a salt concentration of 14 percent, and the specific weight of the
salt is 2.165. The capacity of the brine storage tank must be sufficient to handle ten
resin regenerations. The water temperature is 10º C. Assume the working capacity
for the SBA resin is the same as the maximum volume treated determined in
Problem 16-8.
Solution
1. Determine the bed volume (BV) required.
The product of the maximum volume treated (Problem 16-8 step 2) and the flow
rate (Problem 16-9 step 2) to the ion exchanger yields BV.
9.84 × 106 L water m3
=BV = × 18.0 m3
548 L water L re sin 1000L
2. Check the loading rate to see if it is within the allowable values as shown in Table
16-2.
Service
Q ( 9.84 × 106 L d) ( d 24 h ) (m3 1000L=
) 22.8 BV
flow = = 3
rate BV 18.0 m h
Homework Solution Manual Page 11 of 19
MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 16 - Ion Exchange
From Table 16-2 the service flow rate range for ion exchangers is 8 – 40 BV/h.
The calculated service flow is within the typical operating range for SBA resins.
3. Determine the bed dimensions. Using a minimum bed depth of 0.762 m, the total
bed area required can be calculated as:
Total
bed = BV × L = 18 m / 0.762 m = 23.6 m
3 2
area
4. Calculate the number of columns.
For a circular column, the number of columns that need to be used is calculated
as:
Number of
23.6 m2
4-m=columns = 1.88
required π ( 4 m )2
4
Use 2 columns.
5. Calculate the minimum total column height.
From Table 16-2, the typical backwash rate is 4.9 – 7.4 m/h. Using a backwash
rate of 6.0 m/h and Figure 16-15, the percent bed expansion is 65 percent. The
minimum total column height required is:
Minimum
column= 0.762 m (1+ 0.65) ≈ 1.3m
height
6. Calculate the quantity of salt required, given the salt dose in the problem
statement.
kg NaCl
Salt requirement,kg =320 3
× 18.0 m3 resin =5760 kg
m resin
The salt requirement is 5,760 kg per cycle.
7. Calculate the total weight of brine per cycle.
For a salt concentration of 14 percent, the total weight of brine per cycle can be
calculated as:
( wt.of salt ) (100 )
Salt conc.,% =
total wt.of brine
= 35,340 kg
Volume
wt. of water 35,340 kg
=
of = = 3
35.4 m3
water density of water 999.7 kg m
5760 kg NaCl
=
Volume of salt = 2.66 m3
(1000 kg NaCl m × 2.165 )
3
38.1 m3
=t regen = 31.6 min
1.206 m3 min
PROBLEM 16-12
e. Calculate the total annual volume of spent regeneration solution per column.