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    The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue As Habit

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    Caballero Christian
    Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe how people progress through different ways of thinking about morality. There are three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Pre-conventional focuses on obedience and self-interest. Conventional focuses on maintaining relationships and obeying laws. Post-conventional focuses on social contracts and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg was inspired by Piaget and aimed to understand why people make moral decisions, not just which decisions are right or wrong.

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    The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue As Habit

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    Caballero Christian
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    Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe how people progress through different ways of thinking about morality. There are three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Pre-conventional focuses on obedience and self-interest. Conventional focuses on maintaining relationships and obeying laws. Post-conventional focuses on social contracts and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg was inspired by Piaget and aimed to understand why people make moral decisions, not just which decisions are right or wrong.

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    Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe how people progress through different ways of thinking about morality. There are three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Pre-conventional focuses on obedience and self-interest. Conventional focuses on maintaining relationships and obeying laws. Post-conventional focuses on social contracts and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg was inspired by Piaget and aimed to understand why people make moral decisions, not just which decisions are right or wrong.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views18 pages

    The Moral Agent: Developing Virtue As Habit

    Uploaded by

    Caballero Christian
    Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe how people progress through different ways of thinking about morality. There are three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Pre-conventional focuses on obedience and self-interest. Conventional focuses on maintaining relationships and obeying laws. Post-conventional focuses on social contracts and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg was inspired by Piaget and aimed to understand why people make moral decisions, not just which decisions are right or wrong.

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    of 18

    THE MORAL

    AGENT
    DEVELOPING VIRTUE AS HABIT
    MORAL CHARACTER
    • It refers to the existence or lack of values such as
    integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and loyalty.
    • From the Greek word “charaktȇr” which initially
    meant a mark on a coin, then later meant a
    distinct mark distinguishing one from another.
    • Character is typically synonymous with
    “personality”.
    MORAL CHARACTER

    • A certain moral character is a trait for which


    the agent is morally responsible.
    • Acts help build moral character as what the
    Greeks believed: virtuous acts complete or
    perfect human life.
    MORAL VALUE
    • Guides human acts in interacting with other
    beings.
    • What we expect others to do to us, and it is what
    we aim to receive in return.
    • They helps us distinguish between right and
    wrong.
    TYPES OF MORAL VALUES
    • Acceptance • Integrity
    • Compassion • Kindness
    • Courage • Perseverance
    • Equality • Politeness
    • Fairness • Respect
    • Generosity • Responsibility
    • Honesty • Self-control
    VIRTUES AND VICES

    • Virtues and vices are dispositions* of characters


    by which an agent is held morally responsible.

    • A virtue is a moral character trait where one is


    deserving of positive reactive attitude like praise
    or gratitude.
    • A vice is a moral character trait where one is
    deserving of a negative reactive attitude like
    resentment or blame.
    A good moral character is
    practically a disposition to do
    virtuous acts while a bad
    moral character is a
    disposition to do vicious acts.
    CARDINAL VIRTUES
    They are the principal moral virtues that represent
    the foundation of natural morality.
    • Prudence – right reason/judgment
    • Justice
    • Fortitude – courage but is reasoned**
    • Temperance*** – restraint of desire
    THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES
    • Gifts from God through grace.
    • Faith – natural result of an intellect
    influenced by God’s truth
    • Hope – trust in God granting eternal life
    • Charity / Love – the greatest theological
    virtue. It is loving God above all else for
    one’s sake, and loving others for God’s sake.
    STAGES OF MORAL
    DEVELOPMENT
    LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
    LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

    • An American Psychologist known for his Stages


    of Moral Development which was also inspired
    by Jean Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development.
    • In this theory, Kohlberg is focused on the “WHY”
    and not on which decision is RIGHT or WRONG.
    LEVELS OF MORAL
    DEVELOPMENT

    1. Pre-conventional Morality
    2. Conventional Morality
    3. Post-Conventional Morality
    PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY

    1. Obedience & Punishment Orientation


    - Making decisions based on what is best for the self
    - Obeying rules from powerful authorities
    2. Instrumental (Self-interest) Orientation
    - Satisfaction of others’ needs if satisfying self-need
    - Right and wrong still depends on punishments
    CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
    3. Good Boy/Girl Orientation
    - Making decisions to please others
    - Concerned with maintaining good relationships
    through sharing, trust, & loyalty
    4. Law & Order Orientation
    - Looking at society* as guidance of right & wrong
    - To obey the law is “duty”
    POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
    5. Social Contract* Orientation
    - Rules represent agreements among individuals
    about appropriate behavior that maintain social order
    6. Universal Principles**
    - A hypothetical ideal stage that few people reach
    - Answering to strong inner conscience and willingly
    disobeys law that violates their ethical principle
    WITH RESPECT TO PIAGET’S THEORY,
    KOHLBERG’S IS:
    1. Respect for Power and Punishment (Age 1-5)
    2. Looking out for No. 1 (Age 5-10)
    3. Being a Good Boy or Nice Girl (Age 8-16)
    4. Law and Order Thinking (Age 16-older/Adult)
    5. Justice through Democracy (20-25% of Adults)
    6. Deciding on basic moral principles by which
    you live your life and relate to everyone fairly
    MOTTOS OF EACH STAGE:

    1. Might makes right.


    2. What’s in it for me?
    3. I want to be nice.
    4. I’ll do my duty.
    5. I’ll live by the rules or try to change them.

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