Peikko - Diagonal Ties

Ties and Connector
Pins
Connectors for precast concrete
sandwich panels
Version: Peikko Group 06/2015
Technical Manual
Ties and Connector Pins
Connectors for precast concrete sandwich panels
Benefits of Ties and Connector Pins
• Coverage of all thermal insulation thicknesses and materials for the future energy saving
constructions
• Reliable, familiar connectors for precast concrete sandwich panels with over 50 years
of usage experience
• Easy to install between insulation plates
• Benefits of stainless steel
• Sizes according to insulation thicknesses
• Beam Tie for low elements and openings
• Prefabricated products guarantee stable, high-quality, accurate deliveries
• Provides effective workflow for the customer
• Low maintenance, low life-cycle costs
Ties and Connector Pins are used to connect the inner and outer layers of precast concrete sandwich panels.
Ties and Connector Pins are most commonly used in sandwich panels with insulation thicknesses of 40–390 mm
and recommended dimensions up to 3 m high and 7 m wide.
Prefabrication allows the use of precise formworks with a high quality of surfaces and dimensions, high
repeatability of formwork and production of concrete elements. Production is plan-placed in factory conditions
with a controlled indoor environment where the mixing, placing, and curing of the concrete is easy to control.
Prefabrication enables sandwich panels to be created with high-quality wall surfaces.
www.peikko.com
Contents
About Ties and Connector Pins 4
1. Product Properties ........................................ 4

1.1 Structural behaviour .........................................................5
1.2 Application conditions....................................................12
1.3 Other properties ..............................................................14
2. Resistances ................................................ 18
Selecting Ties and Connector Pins 19
Annex A - Design curves 21
Installation of Ties and Connector Pins 30
Revision: 002
About Ties and Connector Pins
1 PRODUCT PROPERTIES
Ties and Connector Pins are bent and welded wire connectors used to connect concrete layers of precast sandwich
panels. Ties and Connector Pins are usually uniformly distributed through thermal insulation plates and anchored
in both of the layers of a sandwich panel.
The product range consists of four types of connector, which are available in several standard models to cover a
wide range of precast panel thicknesses:
• Diagonal Tie
• PPA Beam Tie
• PPI Connector Pin
• PDQ Connector Pin
Figure 1. Types of ties and connectors: Diagonal Tie, PPA Beam Tie, PPI/PDQ Connector Pin.
The Diagonal Tie is a single lattice girder used to connect the outer and inner layers of sandwich panels. The
lattice girder consists of stainless diagonals and flanges made either of stainless or reinforcing steel. The flange
material depends on the exposure class and concrete cover of the flanges.
PDM Diagonal Tie: both flanges are made of reinforcing steel. The PDM Diagonal Tie is used in cases where concrete
cover is adequate for both flanges.
PD Diagonal Tie: the outer flange is made of stainless reinforcing steel for cases when the concrete cover in the
outer layer is not sufficient. The inner flange of the PD Diagonal Tie is made of reinforcing steel.
PDR Diagonal Tie: both flanges are made of

stainless reinforcing steel.
The PPA Beam Tie is a single connector used in

cases where the height of concrete layers does
not allow the use of Diagonal Ties (window
lintels or low socle elements). The PPA Beam
Tie is made of stainless reinforcing steel.
PPI and PDQ Connector Pins are single

connectors typically used in combination
with Diagonal Ties to restrain deformation
perpendicular to the outer layer, such as
warping.
4 Ties and Connector Pins

1.1 Structural behaviour
Ties and Connector Pins are used to provide structural interaction between the concrete layers of sandwich
panels and enable the sandwich panel to transfer loads and displacements that are most typically imposed to the
structure by the following effects:
• Lifting and transport
• Self-weight of concrete layer
• Shrinkage deformation
• Wind load
• Temperature deformation
• Adhesion of the formwork
The structural effects are likely to be combined during the different stages of the life cycle of the precast sandwich
panel. The precast panel must be designed to withstand the effects of the most unfavourable load combinations.
In the manufacturing stage, the Ties and Connector Pins will be subject to tensile forces resulting from the self-
weight of the sandwich panel during lifting and transportation.
In normal use cases, Ties and Connector Pins are likely to be exposed to the action of self-weight of the outer layer,
shrinkage deformation in the outer and inner layers, and environmental loads such as wind load and deformation
of the outer layer due to temperature changes.
Self-weight during lifting and transportation.
In the manufacturing stage, adhesion between the sandwich panel and the formwork will result in tensile forces in
the connectors while the panel is lifted from the formwork. Once the sandwich panel is lifted from the formwork,
the tensile forces in the connectors will correspond to the self-weight of the layer that is hanged on them (Figure
2). During the transportation stage, the forces in the connectors due to self-weight must be multiplied due to
dynamic effects.
Figure 2. Principle of adhesion between concrete and formwork.
Lifting Sandwich panel
Formwork
Adhesion between formwork and surface of outer concrete layer
Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 5

Figure 3. Force flow in Diagonal Ties related to formwork adhesion.

NRd,y α NRd,y
NRd NRd
Adhesion + Weight of bottom concrete layer
Inner layer NRd,y NRd,y NRd,y NRd,y
NRd NRd NRd NRd
≥ 25 mm
Outer layer
Adhesion + Weight of bottom concrete layer
Self-weight of the concrete layer
The outer layer of the sandwich panel is most typically hanged on the inner layer (Figure 4). The self-weight of the
outer layer acts as a dead load and generates vertical forces Gd in the sandwich panel. These vertical forces are
resisted by the tensile resistance of diagonals and compression resistances of the thermal insulation layer (Figure
4).
Figure 4. Forces resulting from the effects of dead load.

Outer layer
Inner layer
NRd,y NRd,y
α NRd NRd
Gd
α
Compression zone
in insulation layer Gd
Reinforcement of
inner layer

Shrinkage deformation
Shrinkage is a time-dependent deformation of concrete that is mainly influenced by the properties of the precast
element (material, dimensions) and humidity of the precast element and surrounding environment. The outer
and inner layers of the sandwich panels usually have a different thickness and are exposed to environments with
different humidity. As a result, they are subjected to different shrinkage deformations. Diagonal Ties are used to
ensure the compatibility of shrinkage deformations and prevent interface slip between the two concrete layers of
the sandwich panel (see Figure 5).
A humidity gradient also exists within the inner and outer side of each concrete layer of the precast element
(Figure 6). This is mainly due to the fact that the evaporation of water is faster on the side of the layer that is
exposed to the external environment compared to the side that is in contact with the thermal insulation layer. The
difference between shrinkage strains that is related to this humidity gradient may cause local deformations of the
sandwich panel (Figure 6). These deformations may be prevented placing Diagonal Ties or Connector Pins around
the edges of the sandwich panel (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Linear shrinkage deformation in sandwich panel.

Reinforcement
of inner layer ≥ 25 mm
Δεshr,ol
dia sion
NRd,y
nal
Δεshr,il
Ten
go
NRd,y
90% RH
NRd NRd
α
Shrinkage
α
Shrinkage deformation in outer layer
Shrinkage deformation in inner layer
50% RH
80% RH
NRd
Outer layer
Inner layer
Ten gona
dia
sio l
n
NRd,y

Reinforcement of the inner concrete layer restricts the effects of flexural shrinkage deformation, which nullifies
this effect on the Diagonal Ties. Diagonal Ties are then loaded by flexural shrinkage deformation from the outer
concrete layer.
Figure 6. Shrinkage flexural deformation at the end on the outer concrete layer.
Δεshr,ol,1
Δεshr,il,1
Shrinkage
deformation
Mshr,ol α Rshr,a Mshr,ol

NRd
Δεshr,ol,2
NRd
Δεshr,il,2
NRd
NRd,y
90% RH NRd
NRd,y
α
50% RH
80% RH
NRd
Outer layer
Outer layer
Outer layer
Inner layer
Inner layer
Inner layer
Wind load
The outer layer of the sandwich panel may be exposed to wind action, which usually acts as a uniform pressure
or suction load perpendicular to the panel surface. Uniform pressure load is transferred from the outer concrete
layer via the insulation layer to the inner layer and supports. For this reason, the thermal insulation must have
adequate compression strength. The tension loads caused by suction are resisted by diagonals (see Figure 7). In
both cases, wind load will result in the sandwich panel bending.

Figure 7. Transfer of wind suction to inner layer. Figure 8. Transfer of wind pressure to inner layer.
≥ 25 mm ≥ 25 mm
NRd,y
NRd
NRd,y
NRd,y NRd
NRd
α
Wind
suction
NRd
NRd,y NRd
NRd,y
Wind pressure
Wind suction
Outer layer
NRd
Inner layer
NRd,y
Figure 9. Seasonal temperature gradient in sandwich panel.
+Tout
Summer temperature
gradient
+Tint
+Tint
Winter temperature
gradient
+Tout
Outer layer
Inner layer

Temperature deformation
As a building envelope, the sandwich panel is exposed to frequent temperature changes during day and night and
during different seasons. An example of the temperature flow in a sandwich panel is shown in Figure 9. Since the
temperature variations in the inner layer of the sandwich panel (inside the building) are assumed to be relatively
low, the temperature gradient of the sandwich panel principally depends on the daily or annual temperature
fluctuation in the outer layer. Linear temperature deformation causes extension (during summer) and contraction
(during winter) of the outer concrete layer. Diagonal Ties are used to resist the deformations of the outer concrete
layer and prevent movement differences between layers of sandwich panels (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Force flow during summer and winter season in sandwich panel.
≥ 25 mm ≥ 25 mm
NRd,y
Reinforcement
NRd
of inner layer
NRd,y
NRd
NRd,y α
α NRd
Temperature deformation during summer
Temperature deformation during winter

Temperature
α
deformation
Ti = 20°C
Ti = 20°C
Te,max
Te,min
NRd,y
Reinforcement
of inner layer
NRd NRd,y
α NRd
Outer layer
Outer layer
Inner layer
Inner layer
NRd
Temperature
deformation
A certain temperature gradient exists also through the depth of each concrete layer. This temperature gradient
may result in local deformations of the concrete layers. The orientation of deformation depends on the season and
ambient temperature (see Figure 11). Such local bending may be prevented by placing Diagonal Ties or Connector
Pins near the edges of the precast panel (Figure 12).

Figure 11. Annual temperature deformation of a sandwich panel.
Diagonal Tie Diagonal Tie
Summer temperature Winter temperature

deformation deformation
Inner layer
Outer layer
Inner layer
Outer layer
Figure 12. Temperature flexural deformation in the outer layer during winter.
Temperature
deformation
Rtemp,a
Mtemp,ol
Rtemp,a Mtemp,ol a
NRd
NRd
NRd
Te = Te - 5°C
NRd,y
NRd
Te,min
Te = Te - 5°C NRd,y α
Rtemp,b b
Te,min
Outer layer
Outer layer
Inner layer
Inner layer

1.2 Application conditions
The Ties and Connector Pins were developed for use in precast sandwich panels assuming the following limitations:
• Recommended maximum dimensions of the precast panel: 3 x 7 m
• Minimum concrete grade in accordance with Table 1
• Minimum anchorage depth in accordance with Table 1
• Recommended minimum thickness of outer concrete layer: 70 mm
• Recommended minimum mesh reinforcement of outer concrete layer: 133 mm2/m (when dol≤70 mm)
• Recommended minimum edge reinforcement of inner concrete layer: Ø8 (see Figure 13)
• Design of transverse Diagonal Ties if panel is rotated during lifting (see Figure 14)
• Uniform casting of top concrete layer to avoid local differences in thickness and compression of thermal
insulation
• The use of plasticizer is recommended to reduce the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio
Figure 13. Placement of the edge reinforcement in the inner layer.

Lmax = 7 m
Edge reinforcement Ø8 Inner concrete layer
lo lo
Hmax = 3 m
Diagonal Tie
Edge reinforcement
Reinforcement mesh
Diagonal Tie
Outer layer
Inner layer
dlbl dTil dol

lo is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1

Figure 14. Using transverse Diagonal ties during lifting.

Lifting
Transverse Diagonal Tie
Lifting
A A’
Diagonal Tie Lifting anchor

Transverse Diagonal Tie
Outer layer
A-A’
Inner layer Diagonal Tie Lifting anchor
The minimum anchorage depth and material properties of concrete in accordance with Table 1 must be secured to
provide proper functioning of Ties and Connector Pins.
Table 1. Concrete cover of Ties and Connector Pins with minimum concrete grades.
Diagonal Tie PPA Beam Tie Connector Pins
Co Cu
Co Cu Co Cu
PPI
PDQ
Co Cu
Anchorage depth Minimum concrete grade

Type of connector
(co/cu) (Anchorage point of view)
Diagonal Tie ≥ 25/25 ≥ 20/25*
PPA Beam Tie ≥ 35/35 ≥ 20/25
PPI Connector Pin ≥ 40/50 ≥ 25/30
PDQ Connector Pin ≥ 50/40 ≥ 25/30
*Minimum compressive strength of concrete before stripping from the formwork is fck = 16MPa.

1.3 Other properties
The dimensions of standard models of Ties and Connector Pins are summarized in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.
Table 2. Dimensions of Diagonal Tie.
lTie Internal flange

c/c c/c
Ø5
Ø5
h
α
External flange Diagonal
Ø5
Recommended
h 1) c/c insulation Length 2) α Weight
Diagonal Tie model thickness
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [deg] [kg]
PD/PDM/PDR 100 100 40 23 1.17
PD/PDM/PDR 120 120 60 26 1.18
PD/PDM/PDR 140 140 80 29 1.19
PD/PDM/PDR 150 150 90 31 1.20
PD/PDM/PDR 180 180 120 35 1.22
PD/PDM/PDR 200 200 140 38 1.23
PD/PDM/PDR 210 210 150 39 1.27
PD/PDM/PDR 220 220 160 40 1.27
PD/PDM/PDR 240 240 180 42 1.27
PD/PDM/PDR 260 260 200 44 1.28

300 2400
PD/PDM/PDR 280 280 220 46 1.30
PD/PDM/PDR 300 300 240 48 1.32
PD/PDM/PDR 320 320 260 50 1.34
PD/PDM/PDR 340 340 280 52 1.36
PD/PDM/PDR 360 360 300 53 1.38
PD/PDM/PDR 380 380 320 55 1.40
PD/PDM/PDR 400 400 340 56 1.42
PD/PDM/PDR 420 420 360 57 1.44
PD/PDM/PDR 440 440 380 58 1.46
PD/PDM/PDR 450 450 390 59 1.47

1) The standardized height h of ties is based on anchorage depths 30 + 30 mm into the concrete layers.
Dimension h is measured from the central axis to the central axis of flanges.
2) The standard length of Diagonal Ties lTie is 2400 mm. Ties can be manufactured in multiples of 300 mm.

Table 3. Dimensions of PPA Beam Tie.
Ø5 External flange
α2
Ø5
h Diagonal
α1
Ø5
l Internal flange
Recommended
h l insulation α1 α2 Weight
Beam Tie model thickness
[mm] [mm] [mm] [deg] [deg] [kg]
PPA 150 150 90 59 23 0.16
PPA 180 180 120 63 20 0.17
PPA 200 200 140 65 18 0.18
PPA 210 210 150 66 17 0.18

250
PPA 220 220 160 67 16 0.19
PPA 240 240 180 69 15 0.20
PPA 260 260 200 70 14 0.21
PPA 280 280 220 71 13 0.21
PPA 300 300 240 67 15 0.24
PPA 320 320 300 260 68 14 0.25
PPA 340 340 280 69 13 0.25
PPA 360 360 300 65 14 0.28
PPA 380 380 350 320 66 13 0.28
PPA 400 400 340 67 13 0.29
PPA 420 420 360 65 15 0.32
PPA 440 440 400 380 66 14 0.33
PPA 450 450 390 66 14 0.33

Table 4. Dimensions of PPI and PDQ Connector Pins.

PDQ PPI
62
60
Ø4
lpin
lp
in
45
Recommended insulation thickness Weight
Connector Pin lpin 3) 90° angle installation 45° angle installation
PPI PDQ
model (PPI & PDQ) (PPI)
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
PPI/PDQ 170 170 80 - 0.03 0.05
PPI/PDQ 190 190 100 - 0.03 0.05
PPI/PDQ 210 210 120 - 0.03 0.06
PPI/PDQ 230 230 140 80 0.03 0.06
PPI/PDQ 250 250 160 100 0.03 0.06
PPI/PDQ 280 280 190 120 0.04 0.07
PPI/PDQ 300 300 210 140 0.04 0.07
PPI/PDQ 320 320 230 160 0.04 0.08
PPI/PDQ 340 340 250 170 0.04 0.08
PPI/PDQ 360 360 270 190 0.04 0.09
PPI/PDQ 380 380 290 200 0.05 0.09
PPI/PDQ 400 400 310 210 0.05 0.09
PPI/PDQ 420 420 330 230 0.05 0.10
PPI/PDQ 440 440 350 240 0.05 0.10
PPI/PDQ 450 450 360 250 0.05 0.10

3) Length of Connector Pins can be manufactured in multiples of 10 mm.

Manufacturing tolerances
Tie length ± 10 mm
Tie width ± 5 mm
Diagonal or cross bar distance ± 5 mm
Diagonal’s straightness between bars ± 2 mm
Connector Pin length ± 5 mm
Materials
Types of connectors Type of steel Standard
Diagonals 1.4301 (smooth) EN 10088-2

Diagonal Ties
B500B (ribbed) EN 10080
Flanges
B600KX (ribbed) SFS 1259
PPA Beam Tie B600KX (ribbed) SFS 1259
PDQ/PPI Connector Pin B600KX (ribbed) SFS 1259
Figure 15. Marking of the stainless flanges

The material properties of the flanges of the
Diagonal Tie depend on the environment exposure
class and concrete cover of the flange (Table 5).
Stainless diagonals and flanges may be identified
by yellow painting at both ends of the bar (see
Figure 15).
Table 5. Material options of flanges of Diagonal Ties.
Material
Type Structural part
B500B B600KX 1.4301
External flange x
PDM Diagonal X
Internal flange x
External flange x
PD Diagonal X
Internal flange x
External flange x
PDR Diagonal X
Internal flange x

Diagonals are mechanically bent and welded to flanges by using a resistance welding process. The lattice girder
is cut mechanically to the correct length. The Connector Pins are cut and bent mechanically. Each package of Ties
bears the mark of Inspecta Certification, the emblem of Peikko Group, the type and quality of the product and
the manufacturing date. Package sizes: Connector Pins: 500pcs, Diagonal Ties: 500–900pcs, and PPA Beam Ties:
240–500pcs.
Peikko Group units are externally controlled and periodically audited on the basis of production certifications and
product approvals by various organizations, including Inspecta Certication, VTT Expert Services, Nordcert, SLV,
TSUS, and SPSC among others.
2 Resistances
The resistances of Ties and Connector Pins are determined by a design concept that makes reference to the
following standards:
• EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010
• EN 10080:2005
The tensile resistance of one single diagonal in a Diagonal Tie is given in Table 6. The characteristic value of the
tensile resistance is defined as the minimum of the steel resistance of the diagonal, the welding joint resistance
between the diagonal, or the anchorage resistance of the diagonal into concrete. The resistances of PPI/PDQ
Connector Pins and PPA Beam Ties are given in Table 7 and Table 8. The load bearing direction of the sandwich
panel connectors is shown in Table 9.
Table 6:.Resistance of Diagonal Ties.
Design value NRd
Tension resistance of Diagonal Ties 5.6
Table 7. Resistance of PPI and PDQ Connector Pins.

Design value NRd
Tension resistance of PPI/PDQ Connector Pins 3.5
Table 8. Resistance of PPA Beam Ties.

Design value VRd
Shear resistance of PPA Beam Ties 1.1
Table 9. Load bearing direction of the sandwich panel connectors.
PPI
VRd
NRd
NRd
PDQ
Diagonal Tie PPA Beam Tie PPI and PDQ Connector Pins

Selecting Ties and Connector Pins
The height (h dimension) of the Tie is selected according to the insulation thickness and required anchoring depth.
The recommended height for the Tie is the insulation thickness plus the concrete cover (cu + co) for anchoring (see
Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3).
The horizontal edge distance R (see Figure 16) must be 100–300 mm. The vertical distance V (see Figure 16) from
the upper and bottom edges should be cmin,dur ≤ V ≤ 200 mm, where cmin,dur is determined according to EN 1992-1-1.
The c/c spacing of the ties is typically the same as the width of the thermal insulation panels to simplify assembly
and minimize wastage. The recommended c/c spacing is 100–600 mm. In narrow spaces such as columns (width
of column zone 300–600 mm), it is recommended to use two ties to eliminate the risk of the column buckling (see
Figure 16).
Figure 16. Placement of the Ties in the panel.

R c/c c/c c/c c/c c/c R
V
S
R R
V
lTie
H
S
Diagonal Tie Diagonal Tie min 100 mm ≤ c/c
V
The spacing rules for PPA Beam ties are identical to those of Diagonal Ties. Diagonal Ties should be placed near the
horizontal edges of the panel (R ≤ 100 mm) to prevent deformations of the panel edges due to temperature and
shrinkage effects. Connector Pins may be used instead of Diagonal Ties (see Figure 16). The edge distance of pins
must be S ≤ 150 mm (see Figure 16). Pins may be installed perpendicular to the concrete layer of the panel or at a
45° angle.
For panels within the scope of application defined in part 1.2 of this technical manual, it is recommended that
the resistance of the Diagonal Ties be verified with regard to the effects of structural actions using the interaction
curves in Annex A.
After selecting the dimension and model of Ties or Connector Pins, a product code describing the product may be
defined according to the description in Figure 17, Figure 18, and Figure 19. Please use this code when ordering the
product from Peikko’s Sales Service.

Selecting Ties and Connector Pins
Figure 17. Product code of Diagonal Ties.
Type of flanges
PD 260 - 2100 Length of Diagonal Tie
Height of Diagonal Tie
Figure 18. Product code of PPA Beam Ties.
Type of Beam Tie

PPA 260 Height of Beam Tie
Figure 19. Product code of Connector Pins
Type of Connector Pin

PPI 160 Height of Connector Pin

Annex A - Design Curves
The design curves may be used to verify the resistance of Diagonal Ties in sandwich panels with a scope of
application as defined in part 1.2 (Application conditions) of this technical manual. Additional application
conditions are defined separately for each design curve. The following design example is used to illustrate the use
of design curves.
Properties of sandwich panel
Length of the panel 5700 mm

Height of the panel 2500 mm
Thickness of the inner layer 140 mm
Thickness of the thermal insulation layer 120 mm
Thickness of the outer layer 80 mm
Spacing of the Ties 600 mm
Concrete grade of the outer layer C30/37
Concrete grade of the inner layer C30/37
Thermal insulation Mineral wool
Environment class XC4
Reinforcing mesh in the outer layer 150x150 - Ø6 (as=188 mm2/m)
Loads:
Wind suction: -0.5kN/m2
Maximum temperature of the outer layer 82°C
Minimum temperature of the outer layer -30°C
Adhesion of the formwork 2kN/m2
Dynamic factor during transportation 2.5
The properties and loads of the sandwich panel fulfil the conditions of the design curve on page 25.
Placing of Diagonal Ties in sandwich panel. Verification for the resistance of the Diagonal.
V=50
5700 H = 2.5 m
7000
6500
6000
2500
2400
L [mm]
Example 1
5500
5000
4500
4000
50
9 x 600 mm 40 90 140 190 240 290 340 390

dTil [mm]
R=150 150
Minimum concrete cover of reinforcement for exposure class XC4 is cmin,dur = 25 mm

Concrete grade of outer layer doesn’t fulfil requirements for environment class XC4, stainless steel shall be used in
outer layer.
Selection of Diagonal Tie height h:

dTil + cu + co = 120 + 25 + 25 = 170 mm  standardized height h of Diagonal Tie 180 (concrete cover 30 mm)
Outer concrete cover co,out = 80 - 30 - Ø5/2 - 2 x Ø6 = 35 mm > cmin,dur  Unfavourable placing of mesh
reinforcement is assumed.
Selection of PD Diagonal Tie length:

Maximum Tie length  minimum edge distance Vmin = cmin,dur
lTie,max = H - 2 x Vmin = 2500 - 2 x 30 = 2440 mm  round down to a multiple of 300 mm  lTie = 2400 mm
Verification of vertical edge distances
V = (H - lTie) / 2 = (2500 - 2400) / 2 = 50 mm  OK, distance V is in interval cmin,dur ≤ V ≤ 200 mm
Selected model of Diagonal Ties: PD 180 - 2400

Application conditions of the design curve

Design boundaries: Minimum surface temperature of outer concrete layer:
Concrete grade: C30/37 -30°C
Thickness of outer layer: 80 mm
Spacing of Diagonal Ties: 400 mm -40°C
Maximal surface temperature: 70°C L - Length of the panel
Temperature gradient: ΔT= ±5°C H - Height of the panel
Wind suction: -0.6kN/m2 dTil - Thickness of thermal insulation
Adhesion of formwork: 2kN/m2
Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7000
6500
6000
L [mm]
5500 H
5000
4500
4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7200
6700
6200
5700
L [mm]
5200 H
4700
4200
3700
3200
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000
6500
6500
5500 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
4500 5500
5000
3500
4500
2500 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7000
6500
6000
L [mm]
5500 H
5000
4500
4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7000
6500
6000
L [mm]
5500 H
5000
4500
4000
3500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000
6500
6500
5500 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
4500 5500
5000
3500
4500
2500 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7000
6500
6000
L [mm]
5500 H
5000
4500
4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000 7000
6500
6000
6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5000 5500
5000
4000
4500
3000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
6500
5500
L [mm]
H
4500
3500
2500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000
6500 6500
6000 5500
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500
5000 4500
4500
3500
4000
3500 2500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000
6500
6500
5500 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
4500 5500
5000
3500
4500
2500 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
7000
6500
6000
L [mm]
5500 H
5000
4500
4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000 7000
6500 6500
6000 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500 5500
5000 5000
4500 4500
4000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000 7000
6500
6000
6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
5000 5500
5000
4000
4500
3000 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]


Dynamic factor: 2.5
L
H=2m
6500
5500
L [mm]
H
4500
3500
2500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil
H = 2.5 m H = 2.75 m
7000
6500 6500
6000 5500
L [mm]
L [mm]
5500
5000 4500
4500
3500
4000
3500 2500
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
H=3m H = 3.2 m
7000
6500
6500
5500 6000
L [mm]
L [mm]
4500 5500
5000
3500
4500
2500 4000
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
dTil [mm] dTil [mm]
For panels outside of the scope of application defined in part 1.2 of the technical manual, a customized design may
be made by Peikko’s Customer engineering service.

Installing Ties and Connector Pins
Ties Figure 20. Installation of Diagonal Ties.
The Ties are installed into fresh concrete in turns with

insulation panels. This ensures that the correct required
anchoring of the tie occurs in the lower concrete panel.
Ties must not be inserted through the insulation. The
designed anchoring depth (see Table 1) of the Ties
must stay above the insulation. The insulation panel is
installed tightly against the tie so that there is no gap
around the tie. If hard insulation materials are being
used, diagonals create a gap between the insulation
panels. The gap must be filled with a material such as
PU foam before the top concrete layer is cast (see Figure
21). The fill material cannot be of an expanding type.
Thin plates of soft thermal insulation (20 mm) could be
placed between hard insulation plates and ties instead of Figure 21. Filling the gaps of hard insulation.
PU foam (see Figure 22). The standard length of Diagonal
Ties is 2400 mm. Multiple Diagonal Ties may be placed in
one row without splicing (see Figure 20).
Figure 22. Soft thermal insulation between hard thermal insulation

Diagonal Tie Hard thermal
insulation
Soft thermal
insulation
Outer layer
Connector Pins Figure 23. Concrete cover of Diagonal Ties in the inner layer.
The waved end of PPI Connector Pins is pushed straight

through the insulation into the fresh concrete layer.
During installation, the pin is moved back and forth
to cause the concrete to compact around the pin. The
hooked loop of the pin is installed so that the mesh
reinforcement bar will be in the pin’s loop.
The PDQ Connector Pin is hung on the reinforcing mesh

of the outer layer (see Figure 24). During installation of
the thermal insulation, it is advisable to cut insulation
at the position of the pins. The waved end is anchored to
the inner layer by the minimum anchorage length (see
Table 1).
Installing Ties and Connector Pins
The Pin is installed in the inclined direction with an installing jig (wooden block with 45° angle cut) to ensure the
correct installation angle (see Figure 25).
If hard insulation material and greater thicknesses make it difficult to install the Pins, pre-drilling small holes for
the Pins is recommended.
Figure 24. Installing of PDQ Connector Pin.
Figure 25. Installation of incline Connector Pin.

PEIKKO GROUP CORPORATION
Peikko Group Corporation is a leading global supplier of concrete
connections and composite structures. Peikko’s innovative solutions
make the customers’ building process faster, easier and more reliable.
Peikko has subsidiaries in over 30 countries in Asia-Pacific, Europe,
the Middle East, and North America, with manufacturing operations
in 9 countries. Our aim is to serve our customers locally with leading
solutions in the field in terms of quality, safety, and innovation.
Peikko is a family-owned and run company with over 1200

professionals. Peikko was founded in 1965 and is headquartered in
Lahti, Finland.
Peikko Group - Concrete Connections since 1965

Peikko - Diagonal Ties

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Ties and Connector

About Ties and Connector Pins 4

1. Product Properties ........................................ 4

Selecting Ties and Connector Pins 19

Annex A - Design curves 21

Installation of Ties and Connector Pins 30

PDR Diagonal Tie: both ﬂanges are made of

The PPA Beam Tie is a single connector used in

PPI and PDQ Connector Pins are single

4 Ties and Connector Pins

1.1 Structural behaviour

Self-weight during lifting and transportation.

Figure 2. Principle of adhesion between concrete and formwork.

Lifting Sandwich panel

Adhesion between formwork and surface of outer concrete layer

Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 5

Figure 3. Force ﬂow in Diagonal Ties related to formwork adhesion.

Inner layer NRd,y NRd,y NRd,y NRd,y

NRd NRd NRd NRd

Adhesion + Weight of bottom concrete layer

Self-weight of the concrete layer

Figure 4. Forces resulting from the effects of dead load.

6 Ties and Connector Pins

Figure 5. Linear shrinkage deformation in sandwich panel.

Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 7

Mshr,ol α Rshr,a Mshr,ol

8 Ties and Connector Pins

Figure 9. Seasonal temperature gradient in sandwich panel.

Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 9

Temperature deformation during winter

10 Ties and Connector Pins

Figure 11. Annual temperature deformation of a sandwich panel.

Diagonal Tie Diagonal Tie

Summer temperature Winter temperature

Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 11

1.2 Application conditions

Figure 13. Placement of the edge reinforcement in the inner layer.

Edge reinforcement Ø8 Inner concrete layer

dlbl dTil dol

12 Ties and Connector Pins

Figure 14. Using transverse Diagonal ties during lifting.

Diagonal Tie Lifting anchor

Anchorage depth Minimum concrete grade

Version: Peikko Group 06/2015 13

1.3 Other properties

lTie Internal ﬂange

PD/PDM/PDR 100 100 40 23 1.17

PD/PDM/PDR 120 120 60 26 1.18

PD/PDM/PDR 140 140 80 29 1.19

PD/PDM/PDR 150 150 90 31 1.20

PD/PDM/PDR 180 180 120 35 1.22

PD/PDM/PDR 200 200 140 38 1.23

PD/PDM/PDR 210 210 150 39 1.27

PD/PDM/PDR 220 220 160 40 1.27

PD/PDM/PDR 240 240 180 42 1.27

PD/PDM/PDR 260 260 200 44 1.28

PD/PDM/PDR 300 300 240 48 1.32

PD/PDM/PDR 320 320 260 50 1.34