Japanese As It Is Spoken - A Beginner's Grammar
Japanese As It Is Spoken - A Beginner's Grammar
Japanese As It Is Spoken - A Beginner's Grammar
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OF THE
EXCHANGE
UNIVERSITY
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Japanese as It Is Spoken
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JOSEPH W. BALLANTINE
Japanese as It Is Spoken
LONDON W.C. I
Japan and to the study of the Japanese language. For many years, thou-
sands of our service men and women, both in and out of uniform, will be in
almost daily contact with the Japanese. For these service men and women,
as well as for other thousands who are preparing for useful service in con-
nection with postwar activities relating to the Far East, even a moderate
cided to take up the study of the Japanese language, some at least have
to another and the logic of the language as a whole. Other textbooks lean
importance. When such facilities are not available, as is certainly the case
with the majority of persons in this country who would like to acquire a
that the present book makes plain that Japanese grammar is fairly simple
spoken Japanese language in the course of, say, one year or less.
This must include a sound knowledge of the many intricacies of the written
language, familiarity with the correct use of a large and specialized vocabu-
are widely divergent from our own. Learning to write and speak Japanese
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fluently and idiomatically is a formidable task which involves long and close
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The course of study here presented covers the essential principles of the
* The foregoing observations do not apply to certain really scholarly books on the
Japanese language, but either these books are out of date from the point of view of
UBSMBSB
vi JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
care has been taken to conserve the efforts of the student by eliminating
ciples only a few at a time in order that these may be more readily grasped.
simple and condensed reference table showing how all verb forms are con-
type of verb and adjective. Appendix C, which has been included for the
benefit of students in the armed forces, comprises useful military terms and
rizing of words, especially those for objects which are not normal features
practical needs.
pages of this work before starting on Lesson I and that from time to time
sections 147 to 151 follow in part Aston's Grammar of the Japanese Written
Language. Other minor adaptations from this source have been included.
The reading lessons, with some modifications, have been transliterated from
has for years been the basis for the Japanese-language training of officers in
the American Foreign Service and officers of the Army and Navy. Appen-
W. Bishop, Mr. William Yuni, and Mr. David T. Ray, and by the author's
Mrs. John J. Tumas and Miss Mary Jane Klein in the preparation of the
manuscript.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE • v
INTRODUCTION 1
APPENDICES
Subject 152
INTRODUCTION
with which English-speaking people most frequently come into contact, that
Turkish, are structurally related to each other, and the similarity in the
roots of many of their words shows that they spring from a common origin.
and Tibetan, and the Austric group spoken by peoples extending from
distinct, for philologists cannot agree upon its structural affinities and its
Saxon than do some of the more highly inflectional languages of the Indo-
Latin.
duction of Chinese culture into Japan, beginning with the third century,
new ideas which came in with the Chinese culture, somewhat as English
no ideographs ready made for transcribing the particles which the Japanese
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use for case and inflectional endings and which have no independent mean-
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ing. At first the situation was met in Japan by arbitrarily adopting, for
1
2 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 3
Gradually the ideographs which were thus most commonly used for their
sound were simplified into two parallel systems of syllabic writing, of which
one, the katakana, is derived by taking a part of the square Chinese ideo-
graphs (the form used in printing), and the other, the hiragana, is derived
case endings, and inflections. While in a given text the use of katakana or
hiragana is a matter of choice, one cannot use the signs of one syllabary
hiragana signs in small type at the right of the ideographs to indicate how
As early as A.D. 804 the sounds represented by kana signs were grouped—
A [a] Ka [ka] Sa [sa] Ta [ta] Na [na] Ha [ha] Ma [ma] Ya [ja] Ra [ra] Wa [wa]
I [i] Ki [ki] Shi [Si] Chi [t/i] Ni [ni] Hi [hi] Mi [mi] Ri [ri] I [i]
U [u] Ku [ku] Su [su] Tsu [tsu] Nu [nu] Fu [fu] Mu [mu] Yu [ju] Ru [ru]
O [o] Ko [ko] So [so] To [to] No [no] Ho [ho] Mo [mo] Yo [jo] Ro [ro] O [o]
N (final) [5]
It will be noted that in the foregoing table there are no sonants (G, Z, D,
mark (nigori) at the right of the corresponding surd. P sounds are tran-
* Juichi Obata and Takehiko Tesima, "On the Properties of Japanese Vowels
and Consonants," Japanese Journal of Physics, VIII (1932-33): (P. 13) " the mode
of pronouncing the vowel ^ [e] is not fixed, many variants are found. It is, however,
believed that [e] (or [e] in the I.P.A. notation) is what is more frequently met with."
(Pp. 13-14) "It is well-known among phoneticians that the tone-color of the Japanese
•f [i] is different from that in English or French. Our results of analyses show that
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the pitch-difference between the two characteristic frequency regions of 4 [i] is much
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wider in Japanese." (P. 21) "It is to be noted that the Japanese 9 [u] is produced
.... quite differently from the English letter [sic]. It is usually uttered without any
forward movement of the lips." (P. 24) "The Japanese liquids are usually represented
by [r]. Variants of it, however, are observed, and forms resembling [1] are often
found A difference seems to exist according to the character of the vowel that
follows it."
Transcriptions into the International Phonetic Alphabet here follow in the main
In the first of the two foregoing tables it will be noted that the sounds
i, e, and o appear both in the vowel column and in the W column. The same
is true of the Ji and the Zu in the Z column and the Ji and the Zu in the
It will be noted that the Japanese language does not possess the sounds
Si, Ti, Tu, Hu, Di, and Du.* Nor does the Japanese language possess
Yu [ju],and Yo [jo].
The sounds Sha [Ja], Sho [Jo], Shu [Ju], Cha [tja], Cho [tjo],
Cases where consonants are reduplicated. (In such cases the first of the
to Tsu, which is inserted (often in smaller type) before the consonant re-
duplicated.
Except at the beginning of words the aspirate H and F sounds are lost
in pronunciation. This is also true when the kana signs for ha and he
names); and Ho, O. In the W column Wo usually loses the initial con-
sonant.
occur together.
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phonetic, the sounds Shi, Chi, Tsu, Fu, Ji, and (in certain cases) Zu are spelled, re-
spectively, Si, Ti, Tu, Hu, Zi, and Du. See description by Denzel Carr, in Journal
be carefully noted.
tween that of ivh in who and that of / in foot. A Japanese speaker closes
his teeth lightly and breathes out through parted lips to produce this sound.
Except in Japanese verse, the word hito, man, for example, is pronounced
[taro: sag].
the upper gums, in Japanese the tongue is placed against the tip of the upper
front teeth. One can make shift, however, with pronouncing these letters
as in English.
r in rain or right. Before the sounds i [i] and y [j], and sometimes before
e [e], the tip of the tongue assumes the position for the English d, so that
the sound of [d] will be heard. One will always be understood by pro-
nouncing r as in English.
Ya as ya in yacht [jat]
Yo as yo in yoke [jo:k]
For example, tori, bird, is clearly distinguished from tori, avenue, and
both are distinct from torii (ii=I), gate to a Shinto shrine. It is equally
and separately and not run together, especially in compound words where
the second part of the compound begins with a vowel, as for example yoi,
double consonant and also on the first of two vowels coming together, ex-
cept in the cases of tie and uo where the second of the two vowels is ac-
cented. Otherwise the beginner need not pay much attention to accent.*
which are especially numerous in the case of verbs. With the introduction
indefinite expansion to meet the need of expressing new ideas. Each Chi-
nese ideograph represents in any single occurrence one simple idea and one
consonants other than n, the Japanese made two syllables of the sounds of
been dropped in Northern Chinese, the standard language of China, and are
combination the ideographs pronounced ji, self, do, move, and sha, vehicle,
there was created the word jidosha, automobile; by combining doku, alone,
and ritsu, to stand, there was produced the word dokuritsu, independence.
China, and many others were adopted for the first time in Japan. Some of
the latter were carried back from Japan to China and are now found in the
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differently.
* Students who wish to make a further study of the accenting of Japanese words
cented) or to the Japanese work of K. Jimbo: Kokugo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten (Japa-
assimilation, as follows :
in ku drop the final u when the second part of the compound begins with k.
Example: Kokka, National anthem, from koku, country, and ka, song
Initial words of two syllables ending in tsu change the tsu to k before k,
the h or f also changes to p. This change is often due to the use of the kana
Examples: Ikko, One piece, from itsu, one, and ko, piece
(It seems desirable to suggest to the student at this point that it is not
expected when first going over this Introduction that he will memorize all
of the Japanese words and phrases given for the purpose of illustrating
the structure of the Japanese language. This may be done more advanta-
geously at a later stage and gradually during the course of successive re-
When the initial word ends in n and the second word of the compound
cally to m by assimilation. When the initial word ends in n and the second
Examples: Sanzen (from san, three, and sen, thousand), Three thou-
sand
work
of words of European origin, chiefly English, came into use after having
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vocal organs. Many have been abbreviated, such as apato, apartment, de-
origin shown in Japanese dictionaries are: bata, butter; boto, boat; chiizu,
cheese; hoku, fork; kohi, coffee; kyabetsu, cabbage; miruku, milk (but
tsu, shirt; taipuraita, typewriter; tanku, tank; and teiburu, table. Omu-
retsu, omelette, pan, bread, and shabon, soap, are of French and Portu-
Japan differs so considerably from the written idiom that it might almost
tional endings of verbs with the stem of the verb whereas in the written
the written language are excluded from the present study, which relates only
Japanese grammarians divide words into three classes: na, kotoba, and
tenioha. Na are uninflected principal words and include the noun, pro-
languages—which are not inflected and are therefore regarded as na. The
word na means name. Kotoba, a term which means word, are inflected
principal words and include verbs and adjectives. Tenioha—a word formed
by combining the four common particles te, ni, o, and ha (now, wa)—in-
Pure Japanese nouns normally show neither gender nor number. Sex
ko, a girl
Nouns which show gender are more frequently of Chinese origin, as,
For the most part the Japanese language leaves number unspecified.
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For example, Uma ga imasu may mean either There is a horse or There
are horses. Sometimes the number can be inferred from the context. When
such as tachi, domo, and ra, which have a plural sense, or by prefixes such
Watakushi, /; watakushidomo, we
do not form plurals in our sense of the term but merely approximations of
in the word iroiro, various, from iro, a color. This is also true of the prefix
The case of a noun is identified by the case particle which follows imme-
diately after the noun. Hence the form of the noun remains invariable.
Example: Hito wa uma ni mugi o yaru, The man gives grain to the
horse.
as the subject, the dative particle ni identifies uma, horse, as the indirect
object, and the accusative particle o identifies mugi, grain, as the direct
object of the verb yaru, to give, the finite verb being invariably the last
fered a choice of a number of words for each of the three persons. However,
in ordinary, polite discourse the word watakushi does duty for the first
person and anata for the second person. For the third person, one may use
ano hito or, more politely, ano kata, that person or those persons, and for
the neuter sore, that, it—or ano koto, that thing, when the thing referred
to is abstract. To a much larger extent than with us, persons are addressed
English?
professional man.)
The Japanese language derives its impersonal character from the fact
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that person is often left entirely unspecified. Japanese verbs have no number
may mean /, we, you, or they eat, or he, she, or it eats. However, distinc-
tion between first person and second person is often made clear through the
use of depreciatory and honorific words. One such device is the use of the
§ 9] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 9
The person is often implicit in the verb; if I give, for example, I "raise
place of a relative clause the Japanese use a verb or a verbal clause, the
verb taking what is called the attributive form, which in the spoken lan-
guage, except in the present negative, is identical with the conclusive form.
Examples: Kin6 kita hito wa kyo kaetta, The man who came yes-
today returned.)
purchases made.)
All forms of the verbs are derived from one of four principal bases: the
conclusive base (with which the positive present indicative corresponds and
times also called the adverbial or indefinite form); the conditional base; and
the negative base. There are three conjugations in spoken Japanese, the
first comprising all verbs except those ending in eru and iru, the second
conjugation comprising most verbs in eru and iru, and the third conjugation
numbering some thirty verbs in eru and iru. The five irregular verbs are:
aru, to be; kuru, to come; masu (polite conjugated suffix, see section 31);
shinu, to die; suru, to do or make. For the most part differences between
one conjugation and another and the irregularities of irregular verbs consist
The rules of Japanese syntax (word-order) are very simple and logical,
the main points to be remembered being: (1) a modifier precedes the word
it modifies, (2) the subject precedes the predicate, and (3) the finite verb
comes last, being preceded by its object noun or nouns. Thus adjectives
precede the nouns they modify and adverbs precede the verbs, adjectives,
and the English languages and between Japanese and Occidental processes
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language into the other. Moreover, a given situation may evoke on the
hayo gozaimasu, you are early; where we would say "I am pleased to
10 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 10
shita, it is the first time I have hung before your eyes. As one further
own, the word hai is given in dictionaries as the equivalent of yes and He
as the equivalent of no; this is true only when these words are used in reply
Examples: Ikimasu ka? Hai, ikimasu. Will you go? Yes, I will
10. Suggestions for Study. In the lessons which follow an effort has
concerned, have been fully covered, it is realized that the exercises contained
in the course are insufficient to insure fluency in speaking, and that the
other words here and there in the models furnished him, by converting
rogatory sentences and vice versa, and, in the later stages, by couching
Japanese Glossary, the tables, and the vocabulary pictures given in the Ap-
pendix, which include a large number of words not contained in the exer-
cises, are designed to give the student command of about 4,000 words.
can students are often confused by them, such terms are necessary in ex-
11. It is recommended that the student continue his studies of the spoken
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language beyond the point covered in this course of study only in conjunc-
Lesson I
Vocabulary
following order:
a. Nouns
b. Pronouns
c. Other
a. Adjectives
b. Verbs
2a. Hayat [Ha-yai], Rapid, swift, early might be either a woman's child or
sive
Grammar
12. The verb "to be" when used as a copula is expressed by the postposition
de, which follows immediately after the predicate, plus the appropriate form
of the verb aru. De aru is generally contracted to da. As this form is re-
Exercise I
the exercises in the first ten lessons whenever in a Japanese word an i or a u is mute
As for the horse, the feet are swift], 10. Otoko no ko wa warui des(u)
ka? 11. Yoi kodomo des(u). 12. Nihon ni ashi no hayai (u)ma ga iru ka?
13. Onna wa hon ga aru [literally, As for the woman, there is a book\.
14. Tsuyoi h(i)to des(u). 15. Ashi no hayai (u)ma des(u). 16. Nihon no
yama ni ashi no hayai (u)ma ga iru ka? 17. li hon des(u). 18. Yama ni
Translation I
swift of foot. 10. Is the boy bad ? 11. He is a good boy. 12. Are there fast
horses in Japan? 13. The woman has a book. 14. He is a strong man.
15. It is a fast horse. 16. Are there fast horses in the mountains of Japan?
LESSON II
Vocabulary
San, Sama [Sa-ma] (a title of respect Kiru [Ki-ru], To put on, wear (of
Ushi [U-shi], A bull, ox, cow, cattle 3, Q (an honorific prefix which can often
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Minn, Minna [Mi-na, Min-na], All O hayo (elliptical for o hayo go-
Watakushi [Wa-ta-k(u)shi], /, me
* Since the range of the English vocabulary is far greater than that of pure Japa-
nese, the beginner must accustom himself at once to the fact that an adjective like takai
Grammar
Examples: Nan to omou ka? What do you (does he, do they, etc.)
think?
ing."
17. As has been stated in Lesson I, both ga and wa are postpositions ex-
pressing the subjectival or the emphatic nominative case (in the Japanese
Examples: Kore ga ushi des(u), This is the cow [and not that one].
distinction between ga and no was rather fine. The possessive sense still
(u)ma wa ashi ga hayai, the horse is swift of foot, but when the adjective
interrogative pronoun.
is the better).
that is black.
tory force, and is a particle which possesses the meaning as it were of choos-
ing out and separating a thing or an action from amongst a number." (As
happens that a word which is the grammatical subject of the verb in a Japa-
nese construction becomes the object of the verb in English. For example,
[§18
Japanese as It Is Spoken
18. In a complex sentence the subject of the principal verb takes wa and
19. Here is a list of the most common postpositions which govern nouns,
POST-
POSITION
De
USE
1. Predicate copula
Locative
where
curs)
Length of
(at, in,
an action
on,
oc-
time (in)
Age (at)
6. Rate (by)
8. Material (of)
EXAMPLES
tain.
in a month.
Yen.
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count of illness.
10.
through)
Instrument (with)
Teiburu wa ki de
is made of wood.
toward
E Facing or moving
with chopsticks.
it is satisfactory).
Kara
1. Place (from)
2. Person (from)
3. Time (from)
Made
To, as far as
Mo
Also
Mo.. mo
§19]
15
Japanese as It Is Spoken
POST-
POSITION
Ni
No
O (Some-
times pro-
nounced
Wo)
To
Wa
Yori
USE EXAMPLES
to English by prepo-
tives*
Accusative (objective)
Ki no, Wooden
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clothes
1. With, accompanying,
and
2. Sign of quotation of
thought or discourse
3. As a conjunction
Emphatic nominative [isolating; see sections 13, 17, and 18, supra]
From, than
inclusive
7. Dare ga okiru ka? 8. Dare ga kao o arau ka? 9. Nani o kiru ka?
10. Nan to iu ka? 11. Nani ga dekiru ka? 12. Kimono wa dekiru. 13.
Minasan o yobu. 14. Otoko ga onna yori tsuyoi. 15. Ushi mo (u)mamo iru.
Translation II
[his] face? 9. What do I put on? 10. What do I say? 11. What can
you do [are about to do] ? 12. I can make a dress. 13. He calls every-
body. 14. Men are stronger than women. 15. There are both cattle and
horses.
LESSON III
Vocabulary
Cha, O cha, Tea (drunk at all meals elliptical for arigato gozaimas(u),
Chichi [Chi-chi], Father (simple 2b. Deru [De-ru], To go out, come out,
form) appear
with (used chiefly in the adverbial Motsu [Mo-tsu], To have, hold, own
news send, do
Mine is white.
tsuno ga aru, Cattle have horns (As for cattle, there are horns). It will be
noted that the foregoing is more idiomatic than would be a more literal
translation of the English, i.e., Ushi ga tsuno o motsu, Cattle hold (own)
horns. '
§21]
17
Japanese as It Is Spoken
can do [it].
Prepositional Clauses
interval of)
Examples
or in time)
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road
river
tain
postposition:
Exercise III
ni deru. 11. Haha wa uchi ni oru. 12. Haha wa kodomo o soba e yobu.
13. Kodomo wa kawa kara mizu o motte kuru. 14. Kawa kara uchi no
aida ni yama ga aru. 15. Gakko no soto ni dare ga iru ka? 16. Otosan
wa tsutome ni deru mae ni nani o suru ka? 17. Uchi no ushiro ni yama
Okasan wa soto ni deru mae ni cha o nomu. 20. Minasan wa yama made
iku ka? 21. Onna wa kawa ni kimono o arau. 22. Kodomo wa chichi to
haha o yobu. 23. Dare ga saki ni gakko kara deru ka? 24. Suzuki san
wa nan to omou ka ? 25. Yama no temae ni hayai kawa ga aru. 26. Kawa
wa h(i)to ga iru. 29. Kodomo ga haha no ato ni kuru. 30. Uchi no mukai
ni gakko ga aru.
Translation III
1. Breakfast is ready. 2. The mother calls the children, and gives them
us some tea," they say, and they drink the tea.* 5. The children bring the
The children go to school. 10. The father goes off to work. 11. The
mother stays [is] at home. 12. The mother calls the children to her side.
13. The children bring water from the river. 14. There is a hill between
the mountain and the house. 15. Who is outside the school? 16. What
does father do before going off to work? 17. Is there a hill behind the
house? 18. My home is below the mountain. 19. Mother drinks tea be-
fore going outside. 20. Are all of you going as far as the mountain? 21.
The woman washes clothes in the river. 22. The children call the father
and the mother. 23. Who comes out of the school first? 24. What does
Mr. Suzuki think? 25. There is a swift stream this side of the mountain.
26. There is a house beyond the river. 27. The horse jumps over the
stream. 28. There are people in the mountains. 29. The children come
following after the mother. 30. Opposite the house there is a school.
Lesson IV
Vocabulary
* The student will be glad to note that the so-called "partitive construction" of
European tongues is not going to bother him in Japanese, which has no articles.
§ 22] Japanese as It Is Spoken 19
Grammar
22. The conclusive form of the verb, which invariably ends in u, is used to
express the simple present or certain future tense. It also expresses a gen-
in the river. (This is the only form of the verb thus far dealt with. Verbs
23. A periphrastic form of the present tense, which might be called the
emphatic form, corresponding to the English form which employs the aux-
24. The syntax of Japanese intransitive verbs is such that in order to trans-
late, for example, / need a book, into Japanese the predicate of the English
sentence becomes the subject of the Japanese sentence and the subject of
Exercise IV
nani o heitai no te kara toru no des(u) ka? 9. Anata wa asu nani o kau
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des(u) ka? 13. Ano hito wa onna ni niku o uru. 14. Anata no kodomo
wa oyogu koto ga dekiru no des(u) ka? 15. Nan to iu mono des(u) ka?
Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 25
Translation IV
dren swim in the river. 8. What did he take from the hands of the soldier ?
9. What are you going to buy tomorrow? 10. Tomorrow I shall buy
needed things. 11. Today the infantry is going to the mountains for a
drill. 12. Who is going to undergo drill today ? 13. He sells meat to the
woman. 14. Can your children swim? [Literally, "As for your children,
again tomorrow. 17. The children drink milk. 18. The dress fits [me].
Lesson V
Vocabulary
la. Fujin [Fu-jin], A lady, Mrs. (follows 2b. Dasu [Da-su], To put forth, begin
professional men)
purpose of
(transitive)
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To change (transitive)
(intransitive)
(transitive)
visit, inquire
Grammar
25. The continuative base of a verb, as the name suggests, is the form taken
by any initial verb which occurs in a compound word. It is the form of the
26. Verbs of the first conjugation and of the third conjugation form their
in the cases of verbs with a conclusive form ending in su, whose continuative
base ends in shi, and verbs with a conclusive form ending in tsu, whose
§ 27] Japanese as It Is Spoken 21
continuative base ends in chi. Verbs of the second conjugation form their
Examples
CONCLUSIVE
CONTINUATIVE
CONCLUSIVE
CONTINUATIVE
Uri
2d Conj. Taberu
Tabe
Aruki
Osu
Oshi
Iri
Mochi
needed)
Oyogi
Irregular Suru
Shi
Yobi
Kuru
Ki
27. The continuative base of a verb used alone generally has the sense of a
verbal noun.
change
28. The continuative base of a verb may be combined with a noun to form
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a compound noun.
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and koto
(concrete)
and mono
29. The continuative base of a verb may be combined with the continuative
disagreeable
book.
Exercise V
iru ka? 11. Ushi no niku ga aru ka? 12. Kodomo wa ima kimono o
kikae ni iku. 13. Kodomo wa myonichi oyogi ni iku. 14. Yomu koto wa
yoi des(u). 15. Nani ga warui des(u) ka? 16. Kawa no mizu wa warui
des(u). 17. Nomimono wa nani ga aru ka? 18. O cha to chichi ga aru.
Translation V
1. The lady is going to buy fish. 2. The pupil is going to the teacher's
house for a visit. 3. The gentleman takes a walk. 4. The teacher tells a
story to the pupils. 5. What is it? 6. It is the horse's food. 7. The sol-
dier is now coming to drink sake. 8. What is the teacher going to have for
a beverage tomorrow ? 9. The pupils will drink cow's milk tomorrow. 10.
Do you want meat? 11. Is there beef? 12. The child is now going to
change its clothes. 13. The children are going for a swim tomorrow. 14.
Reading is a good thing [or, It is good to read]. 15. What is bad? 16.
The river water is bad. 17. What is there to drink ? 18. There is tea and
milk. 19. For what purpose does the soldier call you? 20. For whose
Lesson VI
Vocabulary
obey (transitive)
Grammar
31. In discourse other than with intimates or menials the plain form of the
base of the substantive verb with the appropriate form of the auxiliary
32. In polite conversation one may alternatively use the emphatic form de-
scribed in section 23—that is, the conclusive form combined with no desu,
33. The gerund (verbal noun) is formed by adding the particle te to the
34. In forming the gerund and the past tense indicative (as well as many
other moods and tenses formed from the continuative base, which are dis-
follows:
a. When the continuative base ends in ai, ii, oi, or ui, the i falls out and
tense, katta
c. When the continuative base ends in gi, the g is dropped and the t
d. When the continuative base ends in chi, the chi is dropped and the
following t is doubled.
[§34
Japanese as It Is Spoken
f. When the continuative base ends in ni, the i is dropped and the fol-
lowing t is changed to d.
Exercise VI
kawa ni oyoida. 11. Konnich(i) anata ganani o kaimash(i)ta ka? 12. Ito
san wa uma ni notte yama e itta. 13. Hohei wa taiho de tetsudo o kogeki
sh(i)ta.
Translation VI
teacher. 3. The lady took a walk with the gentleman. 4. Will you take a
mother served breakfast at eight o'clock. 9. Will all of you return tomor-
row? 10. The horse swam in the river. 11. What did you buy today?
12. Mr. Ito rode off to the mountain. 13. The artillery attacked the rail-
way with cannon. 14. The soldier shot [shooting killed] the bird. 15.
Yesterday's train left late. 16. The artilleryman fired the cannon.
Lesson VII
Vocabulary
United States
tary person
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troops
fleet
val officer
bluejacket
withdrawal
forces
Grammar
35. Listed below are a few very common uninflected particles which are
PARTICLES EXAMPLES
come.
Dake, Only, just, mere Anata ga iru dake de takusan des(u), Just your
Ga, But (usually at end of a Danna san wa orimas(u) ga, nete imas(u), The
live verb), Whether (in indi- tell whether it will rain or not.
rect questions)
Keredomo, But, however, although (implying a stronger contrast than ga, above)
side is void).
No de, Because, because of, on Osoku natta no de uchi ni kaetta, He went home
verb suru), And (between The students write letters and also read books.
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parallel clauses)
water.
Although the Japanese language lacks the device of the relative pro-
the foregoing examples, the uninflected particles (as well as the particles
wa, o, no, ni) listed above, following the conclusive form of the verb, have
the effect of subordinating the clause of which the verb just preceding them
36. When kara is used with the gerund it has a sense different from that
given above.
26 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 37
37. The gerund is sometimes used by itself elliptically (an auxiliary impera-
own servants.
38. When two or more co-ordinate verbs occur in a sentence, only the last
one takes the appropriate tense form, the others taking the gerund.
o shimash(i)ta).
come].
[returning came],
39. The past indicative (positive) may express acts (perfect or past abso-
(imperfect).
an action or state.
40. The progressive tenses are formed by combining the gerund with the
appropriate form of iru, to be. In such constructions the i of iru is often not
pronounced.
door.
the door.
41. The past tense of des(u) is desh(i)ta, that of da is datta, and that of
42. The emphatic past tense is formed by adding no des(u) to the simple
past.
to tabemash(i)ta.
§ 42] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 27
Exercise VII
hako o fune ni nosete yatta ka doka itte mite kure. 7. Amerika no suihei
wa teki ga yama kara tatakai ni dete kuru made ni kawa no temae ni ita.
8. Horyo ga nigeta zo! 9. Teki gun ga umi e dete kuru nara Amerika no
guntai wa koshin sh(i)te kogeki suru no des(u). 10. Gunjin ga sake o nonda
Onna wa o cha ga iru to itte orimas(u). 14. Heitai ga kimas(u) ka? 15.
Kuru to itta no des(u). 16. Osoi des(u) kara densha ni notte ikimas(u).
shi wa kawa e itte sakana o motte kimas(u). 20. Anata wa ushi o utte
nomimono o motte (i)mas(u). 24. Mizu ga ima irimas(u) ka? 25. Kisha
nan to iu tabemono des(u) ka? 28. Tori no niku [or, chikin] to iimas(u).
Translation VII
1. The American forces having made an entry into the enemy's forti-
fications, the enemy forces retreated to the mountains. 2. The officers have
just placed the soldiers on board the train for Osaka. 3. Please place the
5. It has been settled that tomorrow the bluejackets will board the fleet for
the front. 6. Go and see whether they have placed the officer's boxes on
board the ship. 7. The American bluejackets stayed on this side of the river
until the enemy came out from the mountains to fight. 8. The prisoner
has escaped! 9. If the enemy forces come forth to the sea the American
forces will advance and attack them. 10. Although the soldier had drunk
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liquor he returned on foot. 11. Are you going to go by [riding in an] elec-
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13. The woman is saying that she wants some tea. 14. Will the soldier
car. 17. I eat beef and chicken alternately. 18. Are there chickens in your
garden? 19. I shall go to the river and bring some fish. 20. Are you
going to sell the cow and buy a horse ? 21. What was the woman doing ?
28 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 43
22. She was buying food. 23. I have both food and drinks. 24. Do you
want some water now ? 25. One transfers from the train to the electric car.
the food called that you have? 28. It is called chicken. 29. I am now
Yokohama]. 30. Will you become a soldier? 31. The child went to call
the woman. 32. I have decided to go [it has become that I go] to Yoko-
hama tomorrow.
LESSON VIII
Vocabulary
2a. Chiisai [Chii-sai], Small, little sense of 1ond of. sce examples in
Grammar
43. True adjectives (those ending in -ai, -ii, -oi, or -ui) must be regarded
the latter form is less brusque and more polite. True Japanese adjectives
therefore undergo inflections much the same as do verbs, for otherwise the
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The past tense of the true adjective is formed by dropping the i of the
conclusive form (the form shown in dictionaries and vocabularies) and add-
past of des(u).)
§44] Japanese as It Is Spoken 29
base of verbs.
44. The conclusive form of the verb or adjective followed by the particle
tains.
Demonstrative adjectives do not take the ending na, as, ano hito, that
man.
Another apparent exception is aru, a certain, one, as, aru hito, a cer-
tain person; but aru here is really the verb aru, to be, placed in the attribu-
tive position.
46. Similarly nouns when doing duty as adverbs take the particle ni. An
important exception to this rule is that time words, such as ban, evening,
asu, tomorrow, hiru, daytime, ichijitsu, the first day of the month, and
tion ni.
The foregoing rule serves to explain the grammar of such phrases as:
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language, instead of saying the equivalent of "I desire the book," or "I dis-
like horses," for example, one says the equivalent of "the book is desirable"
Exercise VIII
s(u)ki des(u). 12. Anata wa okii hako ga hoshii des(u) ka, chiisai no ga
hoshii des(u) ka? 13. Sakujits(u) Tanaka Fujin wa kisha ni notte Yoko-
n' des(u). 15. Heitai wa shikan no hako wa naoshi yo ga aru 'tte. 16.
Translation VIII
1. What do you see? 2. I [can] see the sea and the ships. 3. What
are you looking at ? 4. I am looking at the book. 5. Did you listen to what
I said ? 6. As your clothes are ready I shall bring them. 7. Do you think
that the child has come ? 8. I have just thought of something good. 9. I
that you go Osaka-ly]. 10. Do you like daytime naps ? 11. I dislike day-
time naps, but mother likes them. 12. Do you desire a large box or a small
one? 13. Yesterday Mrs. Tanaka went by train to Yokohama. 14. I want
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meat in the morning and at night. I5. The soldier says that the officer's
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box can be repaired [literally, As for the officer's box repairing way there
is]. 16. The man over yonder appeared to be a military man. 17. It was
past eight o'clock when the train arrived. 18. The fleet leaves tomorrow in
the forenoon. 19. Does the teacher read books in the forenoon? 20. I
Lesson IX
Vocabulary
servant
Yaku [Yak(u)], Use, office, function, nc5e two ,yllMc, (the jecond one o{ which ■„
Grammar
49. It has already been pointed out that the Japanese language lacks the de-
vice of relative clauses and that instead there is the device of a verb in the
nese. Clauses introduced by the adverbs when and where are rendered into
Japanese with the aid of the nouns toki, time, and tokoro, place.
mountain.
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The correlatives mo ... mo when used with the negative gerund or finite
51. The concessive form mentioned in the first paragraph of the preceding
section followed by yoi (ii), good, or yoroshii, good, all right, has the sense
52. The particle wa used with the gerund gives, as usual, a disjunctive or
emphatic force. The final te or de of the gerund and wa are often contracted
You must not play near the river [literally, As for play-
me to ask you] how old are you [how many are your
years] ?
Exercise IX
9. Shinshi wa asahan o tabete kara uchi kara deru no des(u). 10. Wata-
ni uchi o tateta. 15. Yatte mita ga dame desh(i)ta. 16. Kinjo no shinshi
kodomo no toki ni gakko ga kirai datta. 20. Ano onna wa yoku kodomo
no mendo o miru.
Translation IX
without saying anything [being silent departed]. 2. As the book which the
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teacher has written is a useful book, you had better read it. 3. What do you
vicinity where one can go to have a good time? 5. Our children frequently
7. The students are going to make purchases in the place where the teacher
§54]
33
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
bought a kimono yesterday. 8. You had better re-draw the picture which
you drew yesterday. 9. The gentleman will go out of his house after he has
eaten breakfast. 10. I read a newspaper while eating breakfast. 11. Please
be silent. 12. If you do bad things trouble [-some matters] will arise. 13.
What happens when one deceives people? 14. A neighbor has built a new
house [newly built a house]. 15. I tried [doing saw] it, but it was no use.
16. In what position is the gentleman near by employed? 17. I will drop
in again on my way back to get it. 18. There is a place for everything.
19. In my childhood I disliked school. 20. She takes good care of children.
LESSON X
Vocabulary
To, A door
er)
jects)
of [food or drink]
promote
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Grammar
54. The negative base of verbs of the first and third conjugations is formed
ends in tsu drop the s before a, and verbs in au, iu, ou, and uu insert a w
before the a. In verbs of the second conjugation the negative base is identi-
Examples
CONCLUSIVE
" " Iu
NEGATIVE
BASE
Kawa
Iwa
Towa
Nuwa
Mota
Yoba
Nara
34 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 55
bining the negative base with the appropriate form of the negative adjective
nai.
de nai.
The adjective nai by itself serves as the negative of the verb aru.
56. The negative forms of the auxiliary masu cannot be effected by combi-
nations with nai. The present negative is masen, and the past negative is
masen desh(i)ta.
not].
Exercise X
ka? 11. Nai koto wa arimasen. 12. Sensei wa ban ni sake o s(u)koshi
kikanakatta. 19. Uchi no naka ni kikoeru oto ga nan des(u) ka? 20. Wa-
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ni ikanakatta. 22. Kyo wa samukute soto e denai koto ni natta kara kimono
yomu koto ga dekimasen desh(i)ta. 24. Samui toki ni wa yoku kaze o hiki-
arimasen ka ?
§ 57] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 35
Translation X
they not open the windows in schools in Japan even in hot weather? 3.
When the sailors attacked the island forts the enemy troops evacuated them.
4. What do you do in case you catch cold? 5. The woman led the child
by hand out of the door. 6. The weather is so cold I shall not travel. 7.
attack the enemy soldiers all evacuated. 9. The woman gave sake and rice
to the soldier. 10. Are there many boxes in your house? 11. There are
some. 12. The professor takes a little sake evenings. 13. The children
went outdoors before their mother returned. 14. There is plenty of water.
15. I don't want any water [water is enough]. 16. When it is good weather
I go out into the garden. 17. The children obey well what their father
says. 18. I did not hear well what you said. 19. What is that noise
one hears inside the house? 20. I don't hear any noise. 21. The river
water was so cold we did not go for a swim. 22. I don't mind even if
the garment is not ready, as it is so cold today that I have decided not to
go out. 23. I could not read the book which the teacher wrote. 24. In cold
LESSON XI
Vocabulary
ing, method
Grammar
adverbial form with the appropriate form of the negative adjective nai or
not small.
large.
36 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 58
58. With the verb gozaru a predicate adjective takes the adverbial form but
with the loss of the "stem" consonant and the contraction of the two vowels
which come together, as follows: Adverbial forms ending in aku and oku
drop the k and are contracted to 6, and adverbial forms ending in iku
morning!").
59. An adjective when forming the predicate of the verb naru, to become,
[become large],
50. The desiderative form of the verb is produced by combining the con-
tinuative base with the auxiliary adjective tai, which is inflected like nai.
Examples
SIMPLE POLITE
desu].
/ did not want to ask. Toitaku nakatta. Toitaku arimasen deshita [Toi-
Exercise XI
o agari [at a Japanese house, or, o hairi] kudasai. 5. Sensei o yobi ni iki-
kisen ga miemasen. 11. Biiru wa tsumetaku nai kara nomitaku nai des.
naka dete konai. 15. Otosan ni mono o kakusu mono de wa nai yo. 16.
§ 60] Japanese as It Is Spoken 37
Ano otoko wa shikan gakko ni hairitai. 17. Ryoko o totonoeru baai nani to
Translation XI
As my method was bad I did it over again. 9. What is on the other side
of the mountain if you cross it? 10. Although [there is] the sea is beyond
the mountain, neither sailing ships nor steamers can be seen. 11. As the
beer is not cold, I don't want to drink [any]. 12. It appeared in the news-
papers that Mrs. Nakamura had died. 13. According to the newspapers
the steamer on board which Mr. Yamada is has reached Yokohama. 14.
The enemy forces are hiding in the mountain forests and won't come out.
I5. You should not conceal things from your father. 16. That man would
like to enter the military academy. 17. What does one need in preparing
for travel? 18. According to what I have seen, all bluejackets like beer.
19. They do not use Professor Suzuki's book in either the army or the navy.
20. The enemy forces lie on the far side of the mountain.
Lesson XII
Vocabulary
la. Arisama [A-ri-sa-raa], State, condi- 2a. Katai [Ka-tai], Hard, solid, firm,
Jiki [Jik(i)], Just, close; jiki no, 0f going (used chiefly in the nega-
Shojiki [Sho-jik(i)], Honesty, hon- ject becomes the subject of the Jap-
Sugu [Su-gu] (Almost the equiva- tense is 0ften used witn this verb
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lent of jiki above, with somewhat where the present would be used in
nese style)
Grammar
61. The conditional base of verbs is formed by changing the u of the con-
clusive form to e.
the negative base or, more frequently but less formally, by adding nakereba
stand.
has the sense of must (and in the past tense of had to). The idea of must
may also be expressed by the negative of the gerund and the postposition
65. The negative of ikeru when preceded by the gerund coupled with the
postposition wa has the sense of must not (and in the past tense has the
Examples: Chikara o dashicha ikenai, You must not exert any force.
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Uso itcha ikenai, You must not tell a lie. (Note omission
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Exercise XII
Yamada san no uchi kara jiki desu. 10. Shimada san wa jodan bakari itte
iru n' desu. 11. Jodan ja nai yo. 12. Okiru to sugu ni ano onna wa kodomo
no uchi wa chiisakute ikemasen. 15. Osoku naru to ikenai kara ashita ha-
yaku okimasu. 16. Minna san wa myonichi nani o shitai to omoimasu ka?
nakatta nara ashita sensei ni yoku kikanakereba narimasen. 19. Kesa hoteru
heitai wa itsu kega shimashita ka ? 23. Kino teki to tatakatte kega shima-
shita. 24. Honto no hanashi o kikitai kara uso itcha ikemasen. 25. Mo
Translation XII
meat is preferable. 3. The naval officer gave an account of the state of the
soldier was wounded and not strong enough to walk. 6. My mother de-
pended upon me alone. 7. If you read the book which Mr. Tanaka wrote
it will be instructive. 8. You should not say things to people if you do not
know whether they are true or not. 9. The school is a stone's throw from
Mr. Yamada's house. 10. Mr. Shimada is given to joking. 11. It's no
joke! 12. As soon as she arose, she served breakfast to the children. 13.
small it won't do. 15. Lest I be late, I shall arise early tomorrow. 16.
What do you [plural] think you would like to do tomorrow? 17. We think
we would like to go for a swim if it is not cold. 18. If you did not under-
stand, you must ask the teacher fully tomorrow. 19. This morning I met
Mr. Tanaka at the hotel and heard from him a story of olden times. 20.
Last evening I went with a friend to the inn but came back immediately.
21. As it is already late we must return as soon as possible. 22. When was
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that soldier wounded? 23. He was wounded yesterday fighting with the
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enemy. 24. Since I want to hear the true story, you must not tell fibs. 25.
[§66
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
LESSON XIII
Vocabulary
let
a land mass
Ocean
Ocean
numerous
etc.]
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progress), To be completed
sitive)
rather
Grammar
66. The probable future tense of the verb is formed by adding u to the nega-
tive base, with the result that the final a of the negative base of verbs of the
67. The probable future forms of the copulative verbs desu, da, and de aru
forms should be used rather than those given in the foregoing section when
anges.
§ 68] Japanese as It Is Spoken 41
68. The probable future and imperative form of masu (polite auxiliary) is
masho.
not.
To express probability one may also use with adjectives the construction
choice of three methods: (1) by adding mai to the conclusive base; (2) by
negative form with the probable future form of a copulative verb. The first
two forms generally suggest future time and the third form present time;
the first form conveys a stronger sense of improbability than the second.
71. The noun hazu preceded by a verb in the attributive form expresses
(moral) obligation. It has the sense of ought, am to, was to have, or should
Vocabulary Lesson
Vocabulary Translation
Starting out from America, if one crosses the Pacific going west, one
and cross the Atlantic, you reach the continent of Europe. The continent of
Exercise XIII
before your eyes, is idiomatic for show you.] 3. Seito wa otosan kara no
hiru mae ni dekakeru hazu deshita ga osoku natta kara mo dekakenai desho.
beku hayaku kuru desho. 9. Kawa no muko ni ita hito wa mo inaku nari-
mashita. 10. Itsu made ni sore o yareba yoi no ka ? 11. Sore wa itsu dekia-
garimasu ka? 12. Teki wa heitai o ugokashite kawa made koshin shita.
13. Sono shima wa chikai keredomo toku miemasu. 14. Amerika no hito
17. O cha o nomo. 18. Otosan wa mo okita desho. 19. Fune kara riku
e agaru to sugu ni kisha ni notte Tokyo made ikimasho. 20. Ima kara nete
ni shimasho ka?
Translation XIII
that the student will show the teacher the letter from his father. 4. The
troops will probably not move today. 5. As it is probably not far, let us
go for a walk to the river. 6. Miss Watanabe was to have set out in the
forenoon, but as it has become late she probably is not going out any longer.
7. If you listen to what the teacher says you ought to be able to understand
very well. 8. The teacher will probably come as soon as possible. 9. The
man who was on the other side of the river is no longer there. 10. How
soon do you want it to be sent [By when if I send it is it good] ? 11. When
will it be completed? 12. The enemy moved his troops and advanced up
to the river. 13. Although that island is near, it looks far. 14. There are
few persons in America who are very familiar with things Japanese. 15. If
one advances southward, one sees many islands. 16. Does one see moun-
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tainous islands? 17. Let's drink some tea. 18. Father has probably al-
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ready arisen. 19. As soon as we go ashore from the ship let us take a train
Lesson XIV
Vocabulary
la. Furo [Fu-ro], A bath tub, hot bath; 2a. Atatakai [A-ta-ta-kai], Warm (of
Grammar
72. In verbs of the first and third conjugations the peremptory imperative
mands.
Susume! March!
73. The imperatives of suru, to do, and kuru, to come, which are irregular,
kureru).
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75. In normal polite conversation with equals or superiors the form of the
action called for is for the benefit of the speaker. The noun chodai may
and children. Otherwise, the continuative base is combined with nasai, the
large as possible.
chair].
77. A second form of the negative gerund—one form was shown in the
the negative base of a verb with nai de. This form is combined with kuda-
the boat.
tive imperative.
Example: Sore o yonja ikenai [ikemasen], You must not read that.
79. Reference may be made at this point to a third form of the negative
gerund which is produced by combining the negative base of the verb with
the particle zu. In the spoken language this form is used chiefly in con-
80. It has already been noted that the honorific o has the sense of you or
your (paragraph 19). However, it is often used by women, and less gen-
erally by men, with a large number of nouns such as yu, hot water, cha, tea,
sake, rice wine, as a term of respect directed to the article itself. The same
applies to names of intimate parts of the body (e.g., o naka, stomach, i.e.,
my honorable insides).
Exercise XIV
kara furo ni haitte mo yoroshii desu ka? 11. Kyo aru senkyaku wa shokuji
§ 80] Japanese as It Is Spoken 45
o tabetaku nai no desu. 12. Watakushi wa anata kara chodai shita hon o
na. 19. Ashita kyaku ga kuru hazu da kara ie o yoku soji shite kure. 20.
mashita kara sore o kikae nasai. 27. Uchida sensei no iu koto ni wa hito
o ugokasu chikara ga aru. 28. Mo suzushiku natta kara mori e sampo shi-
masho ka?
Translation XIV
1. The gardener gave me the flowers which he collected from the garden.
2. Keep that thing for yourself. 3. That gentleman has no child of his
own. 4. You had better go yourself. 5. We must mind our own business.
6. Are there many plants in your garden ? 7. The fleet sailing west reached
Mrs. Tanaka cleaned the bathroom herself. 10. May I take a bath now?
11. Today certain of the passengers do not want to eat their meals. 12. I
lost the book which I received from you. 13. I shall give you another book,
so please don't lose it. 14. This morning Mr. Watanabe went off to work
early as possible please prepare the breakfast by eight o'clock. 16. Will
you take some beer? 17. I won't have any beer; tea will do, thank you.
the house thoroughly. 20. Are you going to give me that book? 21. If
when you have the leisure. 23. As I am planting trees in the garden in
back of my house, I am a little busy. 24. Will you take a bath before
you retire? 25. If the bath water is tepid, I will take the bath tomorrow.
26. As your clothes are wet, please change them. 27. What Professor
Uchida says moves people [literally, In the things which Professor Uchida
says there is force to move people]. 28. As it has now become cool, shall
Lesson XV
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Vocabulary
[§81
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Ka, A mosquito
block
night
abate, subside
through (intransitive)
you, To be seasick
Grammar
memorized now):
Demonstratives
Interrogatives
Remote from
(The interroga.
person
ond person
or second person
Basic
tion wa)
adverb
K6, Thus
So, Thus
A, Thus
Do, How?
Pronoun
Kore, This
Sore, That
Are, That
Dore, Which?
Korera, These
Sorera, Those
Arera, Those
Dare, Who?
Adjective
§82] Japanese as It Is Spoken 47
In general the tchi and chira forms are preferable when used in the sense
this place.
dressed) beautiful?
tiful.
It should be noted that the foregoing distinctions are not well defined
As between nan and nani, what? when used as a pronoun, nan occurs
before the copula (desu, da) and the postpositions de, ni, no, and to, and
words where nan or nani has an adjective sense, nan is almost invariably
classifiers (see section 101), units of time, et cetera (see sections 102-109
origin.
have a rhetorical force which does not lend itself to literal translation.
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Exercise XV
so nan desu yo. 8. So iu koto nara hayaku jidosha ni notte iko. 9. Tsu-
shite oko. 11. Kono baai wa do shita mono desho. 12. Basha ni notte kita
kyaku o koko e toshite kudasai. 13. Koko made wa yokatta ga. 14. Gakko
wa kawa no kochira desu ka? 15. Ano heitai wa kochira bakari mite iru.
16. Sore da kara tomodachi ga takusan aru no da. 17. Sore de wa honto
no koto ja nai no desu ka? 18. Sore kara hikoki de ryoko shinakatta. 19.
Asahan o tabete sore kara dekaketa. 20. Osaka made kisha de sore kara
fune ni norimashita. 21. Sonna koto daro to omotta. 22. Nakamura san
kara iidashita koto da. 26. Tomare! Soko e iku no wa dare da? 27.
Achira no uchi de wa nai. 28. Are kara fune ni yotta koto wa nai. 29.
Watakushi wa anna ni tsuyoi hito wa mita koto ga nai. 30. Ano koto desu
ka? 31. Kono hana wa nan desu ka? Kono hana wa kiku to iimasu. 32.
Kirei na hana desu ne! 33. Achira no hito wa do iu asobi ga suki desu ka?
35. Besuboru to iu mono wa donna mono desu ka? 36. Kesa mura no
michi o totta toki ni shiranai hito ni deatta. 37. Donna hito deshita ka?
38. Kao iro no warui hito deshita. 39. Asa okita toki ni konna ni atsuku
domo kore kara kaeshi ni ikimasu. 42. Konnichi wa! Chotto tazunemasu
ga, koko kara Shibata mura made wa to gozaimasu ka? 43. Chikai desu,
46. So iu koto o kiku to hara ga tachimasu. 47. Hara ga hetta kara nani
o tabeyo ka ? 48. Kono hon wa furukute takai desu kara ikenai ga ano hon
mi ni iko ja [de wa] nai ka? 50. Mada hana ga yoku saite inai kara mo
sukoshi nochi ni shiyo ka? 51. Kesa uchi e kita hito wa Nakamura to iu
hito de, uma o uritakatta. 52. Donna uma deshita ka? 53. Sono uma o
54. Kono hana wa donna ni [note: in this and similar exclamatory construc-
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* Translation XV
1. I knew things would come to this. 2. It was not this way when I
went out. 3. This is the way teacher does it. 4. I know the right thing
[to do] at the right time. 5. So I understand. 6. Tell him so, please. 7.
Indeed, that child is that way. 8. In that case we had better go quickly by
beautiful as all that. 10. Let's leave it at this point today. 11. What shall
be done in the present case ? 12. Please show in here the guest who arrived
by carriage. 13. So far so good. 14. Is the school on this side of the river ?
15. That soldier keeps looking this way. 16. It is because of that that he
has many friends. 17. So, it is not the truth ? 18. From that time I have
not traveled by plane. 19. He set out after eating breakfast. 20. He
went [rode] as far as Osaka by train and then by boat. 21. I thought it
was some such thing. 22. Mr. Nakamura said some such thing. 23. The
officer departed on the day that Professor Tanaka came back. 24. I will
call again one of these days. 25. It was you who proposed it. 26. Stop!
Who goes there ? 27. That is not the house. 28. I never became seasick
after that. 29. I had never seen so strong a man. 30. Is that it [what you
mean]? 31. What are these flowers? These flowers are called chrysanthe-
mums. 32. They are beautiful flowers, are they not? 33. What kind of
amusements do the people over there like ? 34. The people in America play
a game called baseball a great deal. 35. What sort of a thing is [that]
baseball ? 36. When I passed along the village street this morning I met a
man whom I did not know. 37. What sort of a man was he? 38. He
was a person with a face of bad [pale or unhealthy] color. 39. When I
got up I did not think it would become so hot and I went to work wearing
heavy [thick] clothes. 40. When the flowers bloom hereabouts the vil-
lagers all come out to see them. 41. Did you return his book to your friend ?
I have not yet returned it, but I am going now to return it. 42. Good
day! May I just ask you whether it is far from here to Shibata village?
43. It is near; if you cross the river yonder, you will soon be there. 44.
As there is no fire, I can't prepare hot water; what shall I do? 45. As the
weather is hot, just water will do. 46. It makes one angry to hear such a
thing. 47. As we are hungry, what shall we eat ? 48. That book won't do,
as it is old and expensive; but this book is new and cheap. 49. The sun is
up and the weather is fine; shall we not go to see the flowers ? 50. As the
flowers are not yet in full bloom shall we not make it a little later? 51.
The person who came to my house this morning was a man named Naka-
mura ; he wanted to sell a horse. 52. What kind of a horse was it ? 53. I
did not see the horse, but Mr. Nakamura said it was a large and strong
Lesson XVI
Vocabulary
[§83
Japanese as It Is Spoken
transitive)
(transitive)
abandon, give up
boil
a standing position)
Grammar
83. Indefinite and distributive pronouns and adverbs are formed from
(please)
mo and dochira mo are interchangeable with each other and with dore mo
or doko mo, and dotchi de mo and dochira de mo with each other and
WITH POSITIVE
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VERBS
erate number
WITH POSITIVE
VERBS
(not used)
amount
number
WITH NEGA-
TIVE VERBS
Nothing
Not so many
or much
Not so many
WITH POSITIVE
VERBS
everything
anything.
waiting.
is useless.
you please.
Exercise XVI
6. Dare ga so itta 'tte uso da. 7. Dare de mo anata no suki na hito ni sore
Itsu made mo sono hon o tsukai nasai. 10. Itsu mo to kawatta koto ga nai.
shite nigeyo to shita. 16. Anata wa komban do ka shite iru ne! 17. Kono
yo da. 19. Hana wa Eigo de wa nan to iimasu ka? 20. Ano hito wa Ni-
hongo o yoku hanasu no desu. 21. O kuni wa doko desu ka? 22. Dare
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24. Ikura kane ga kakatte mo kono uma o kaitai no desu. 25. Kono ko-
29. Anata wa doko ga warui desu ka ? 30. Kono michi no uchi ni dochira
imasu. 34. Watakushi wa dotchi mo kirai desu. 35. Ano hito ga doko mo
mienai n' desu. 36. Musuko wa kita bakari no de nani mo shiranai no desu.
37. Ano hito wao naka ga hetta kara nan de mo tabetai no desu. 38. Musuko
moirimasen. 42. Nan desu ka? 43. Nandemonai. 44. Soko ni ochite iru
no wa nan desu ka ? 45. Sore wa sensei ga otoshita hon desu. 46. Ano uchi
Translation XVI
1. That's like throwing money away. 2. That army officer is every inch
man. 4. You must not say that to anybody. 5. No one can tell. [Literally,
Is there any person at all who knows?] 6. No matter who said so, it's a
lie. 7. You may give it to any person you like. 8. Such good things can-
not be expected always to occur. 9. Use that book for as long as you like.
10. Nothing unusual has happened. 11. I would rather live in America
than anywhere [else]. 12. It does not make any difference, does it? 13.
It is still some distance to Kobe. 14. I would like to make something of this
child. 15. The prisoner tried to find some way of escape. 16. There's
something the matter with you this evening! 17. Take any of these. 18.
English? 20. That person speaks Japanese well. 21. Where do you hail
from? 22. Anybody can do that. 23. I like every one. 24. I want to buy
this horse, however much [money] it may cost. 25. Both of these children
are the sons of that man. 26. Either [one] of these dresses is becoming
to that girl. 27. It is all right with me whether I wait or not [wait]. 28.
Shall we go somewhere? 29. Where do you feel [are you] bad? 30.
Which of these roads is the road to Shimada village? 31. Let us inquire
[literally, asking see]. 32. There are birds everywhere. 33. The son and
the daughter both have books. 34. I dislike both [things]. 35. I don't see
that man anywhere. 36. As my son has just come, he doesn't know any-
mother must go to Yokohama by all means [literally, even how doing]. 40.
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Do you want anything? 41. I do not want anything. 42. What is it? 43.
which the teacher dropped. 46. That house will not readily collapse. 47.
I will give you anything that you may desire. [If you desire anything, I
will give it to you.] 48. The train is somewhat late. 49. It didn't rain
LESSON XVII
Vocabulary
Hodo [Ho-do], Extent, degree ucless, good for nothing, silly, un-
Mise [Mi-se], A shop, store fix, put on, wear, light (as a fire),
'Jreatly ceedingh
Grammar
87. Adjectives and adverbs do not have comparative and superlative forms
this is better.
even more; but when the thing unfavorably compared is not mentioned, ga
this.
54 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 89
esting.
sible.
civilization advances
you drink [of] this, the more you want to drink [it].
Example: Kono yama wa ano yama hodo takaku nai, This mountain
hen, mottomo, yohodo, hijo ni, and zutto and less commonly by hana-
91. The simple present of the verb followed by tokoro, place, signifies ac-
tion on the point of taking place; tokoro can also be used with the pro-
a bath.
or but.
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noun shidai.
it is ready.
tached)
spirit)
Exercise XVII
1. Dono kurai kakatta ka? 2. Koko kara Yokohama made dono kurai
hodo koto o iu. 11. Watakushi no uchi hodo ii tokoro wa nai. 12. Anata
naika? 14. Kono biiru wa ano biiru yori zutto oishii. 15. Motto, kudasai.
17. Fujita sensei wa kohi [coffee] o amaku shite nomu no ga suki desu.
kara dete mise no ho e iku hazu desu. 20. Kono biiru wa nigakute hijo ni
tsukimasen deshita; donna hito deshita ka ? 26. Hana no takai hito deshita.
27. Ano hito wa tsumaranai koto bakari iu. 28. Asa okiru to sugu ni o yu
kisha ni notte Osaka e ikimasho ka? 30. Ano ki no doku na fujin wa nani
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yori mo hon o yomu koto ga suki desu. 31. Ano ho ga ki ni irimasu ka?
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32. Tsutome kara uchi ni kaette kita nochi, shimbun o yomu tokoro de
kyaku ga tazunete kita. 33. Tanaka san wa kuchi ga umai. 34. Kono
Translation XVII
arose early enough to be in time. 5. No one but you would do such a thing
[with me], please charge it. 9. It is as long as it is broad. 10. The eyes
can say as much as the mouth. 11. There is no place like home. 12. Which
do you prefer, the army or the navy ? 13. Is not the navy preferable ? 14.
This beer is much more delicious than that. 15. Please give me more. 16.
The Ishikarigawa is the longest river in Japan. 17. Professor Fujita pre-
fers to drink his coffee sweetened. 18. The Japanese language is not so
difficult. 19. Mr. Tanaka ought to come out of his house shortly to go to
his store. 20. This beer is so bitter that it is extremely bad tasting. 21. If
careful. 22. Which has the better climate, America or Japan? 23. The
Did you look at the man who was just entering the house opposite? 25. I
did not notice [him] ; what sort of a man was he? 26. He was a person
with a long [high] nose. 27. That man is given to saying foolish things.
28. Taking a bath as soon as you get [one gets] up makes you feel so fine.
hama ? 30. That unfortunate lady likes reading books better than anything
else. 31. Do you prefer that one ? 32. When I was about to read the news-
paper after I had returned home from work, a guest came to call. 33. Mr.
Tanaka is a smooth talker. 34. If this is all there is to it, it is not so difficult.
LESSON XVIII
Vocabulary
Ke, A hair, fur, wool, (small) feather 2b. Hakaru [Ha-ka-ru], To weigh, meas-
Grammar
94. The past conditional of the verb is formed by combining the continuative
base with tara. The same letter changes take place as in forming the gerund
and the past tense. (See Lesson VI, Grammar.) The past conditional often
95. The past conditional of the verb in the negative is formed by adding
nakattara or nakattaraba.
96. The past probable tense of verbs is formed by adding taro to the con-
tinuative base, there being made, of course, the appropriate letter changes
there.
Exercise XVIII
kara mada hi ga asai n' desu. 8. Kami o mijikaku katte o kure. 9. Kono
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mura kara dempo o utsu koto ga dekinakattara do shimasho ka? 10. Me-
shitsukai ni kane o dono kurai yattara yokaro ka? 11. Kokai chu ni fukai
kiri ni attara raku ni iru koto ga dekimasen. 12. Doshite anna koto o suru
ki ni natta no daro ka? 13. Konna ni mazui mono o ima made ni t abet a
58
[§96
Japanese as It Is Spoken
ka? 15. Doko no kuni ni wa sei no hikui hito ga ichiban 6i desu ka? 16.
Koko to ano shima no aida ni musen denshin ga arimasu ka? 17. Kodomo
wa mo gakko e ittaro. 18. Do shita n' da? 19. Kayo na koto ga attara
nani o shimasho ka ? 20. Kesa machi kara kaeru toki ni wa ame ga kyu ni
shita.
Translation XVIII
1. If I had known this, I would not have come. 2. If you had not used
your head it would not have gone so smoothly. 3. For what is this thing
used? 4. Let us hope for the best [literally, Such painful times only will
last night. 6. The enemy forces subjected the prisoners to cruel treatment.
7. It is only a few days since the professor came to Kobe. 8. Please cut my
telegram from this village? 10. About how much money should I give the
servant? 11. One cannot be at ease if one should encounter a heavy [deep]
fog while at sea. 12. How did he take it into his head [spirit] to do such a
thing? 13. I have never up to now eaten such a disagreeable tasting thing.
14. Do most [many] Americans have golden hair? 15. In what country
are persons of short stature most prevalent [numerous] ? 16. Is there radio
telegraphy between here and that island ? 17. The children have probably
already gone to school. 18. What is the matter? 19. If such a thing
should happen, what would you do? 20. This morning as I was returning
from the town it suddenly began to rain, and so I stopped at a friend's house
Lesson XIX
Vocabulary
tion
thing
times
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whistle
compass
valuable
almost, approximately
Utsukushisa [U-ts(u)ku-shi-sa],
Beauty
§ 96] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 59
wind) ings
Reading Lesson
Riku o ryoko suru toki ni wa taitei basha, densha, kisha, jidosha, nado,
chiisai no desu ga, Taiheiyo ya Taiseiyo o kokai suru mono wa okiku suru
wakaru no desu kara todai no arika to sono hikari to o shiru koto wa senin
Reading Lesson—Translation
depend upon ships. In crossing the sea in olden times one used a sailing ship
which spread sails to cause the ship to move by the force of the wind, but
now one generally uses a steamer which moves by the force of steam. Among
t Hi no de, literally, The coming out of the sun; hi no iri, literally, the going in
of the sun. De and iri are verbal nouns of deru and iru, respectively.
t Dekigoto, cf. dekiru and koto. Dekiru often has the meaning of to happen.
§ Frequentative form of the verb; see translation and also section 126.
60
[§96
Japanese as It Is Spoken
steamers those which navigate the near seas are small of tonnage, but those
which navigate the Pacific or Atlantic are made large. Consequently many
At sunrise and sunset the sun's rays are reflected on the waves and the
waters become golden. On moonlight nights the waves shine like silver and
from being inside a large hotel on land. In recent times, by virtue of radio
telegraphy, one can know of the important events in the world even [though]
at sea.
suddenly come and waves like mountains rise up. The ship, however, only
lists and is not easily overturned. There are times also when you can't see
ahead on account of heavy fog or driving snow. In order that the ship at
vessel, the depth is measured and the siren or bell sounded. The ship has a
thing called a compass and with it the course is taken as [the ship] proceeds;
and when it comes out into the open sea where neither mainland nor islands
are visible one knows where one is by taking bearings from the sun or stars.
the location and flashes of each [the] lighthouse is very important to the
crew.
Lesson XX
Vocabulary
currency
cil
currency
counting
bill
amount
nute
(intransitive)
(transitive)
(intransitive)
(transitive)
61
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Grammar
lel use of two series of numerals, one of Japanese origin and one of Chinese
origin, each series having variants, and also to the fact that these numerals
classifier depending upon the nature of the things classified. These classi-
fiers are listed in Appendix V. (In English we have a few such classifiers,
such as a sheet of paper, a pane of glass, five head of cattle; but their use
JAPANESE SERIES
ARABIC
SUBSTANTIVE
Hitotsu
Futatsu
Mitsu, Mittsu
Yotsu, Yottsu
5.
Itsutsu
Mutsu, Muttsu
Nanatsu
Yatsu, Yattsu
Kokonotsu
10
To
100
1,000
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(Chi, archaic)
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10,000
Yorozu
100.000.000
ENUMERATIVE
AND
ADJECTIVE
FORMS
Hi, hito
Fu, futa
Mi
Yo, yon
Itsu, i
Mu
Nana
Ya, yo
Kokono, koko
To, to
CHINESE SERIES
Ichi
Ni
San
Shi
Go
Roku
sh'chi)
Hachi
Ku, kyu
Ju
Hyaku
62 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 99
99. In forming such combinations, the rules for letter changes applicable to
for one, eight, and ten are replaced, respectively, by the variants itsu, hatsu,
and jitsu before the prescribed letter changes are made. In accordance with
this procedure, 100 becomes ippyaku (it is optional whether for one hun-
dred we say hyaku or ippyaku; but for one thousand, ten thousand, and
one hundred million it is better to say issen, ichiman, and ichioku than
to say sen, man, and oku), and 800 becomes happyaku. 600 becomes
roppyaku, but the letter change here is not covered by the general rule re-
becomes p. 1,000 is issen and 8,000 is hassen. Sen (thousand) also be-
used.
20) and in counting familiar objects. The abbreviated forms are used in
words.
Two oranges
Futago, Twins
A few of the more common classifiers of Chinese origin are shown below:
Dai, Chairs, tables, vehicles, airplanes, Hiki, Fishes, insects, quadrupeds, bolts
etc. of cloth
Fuku, Doses of medicine, whiffs of to- Hon, (Cylindrical objects, such as) Trees,
bacco pencils
tain other units of troops (solid objects Nimmae, Portions of food or drink
EXAMPLES
Biiru ippai, A glass of beer (ippai is also commonly used in the sense of full)
Heitai rokunin, Six soldiers (in the case of one person, two persons, and four persons,
There are also several numerative classifiers of native origin which are
of clothes
Exercise XX
11. O cha wa mo ippai ikaga desu ka? 12. Kono mura ni ie ga nan gen
arimasu ka? 13. Ni hyakken kurai arimasu. 14. Ano shima no saki ni
gunkan ga isso miete, sono ue o hikoki ga nidai tonde imasu. 15. Kore kara
tegami o kaku kara kami o ichimai kudasai. 16. Kore de zembu desu ka?
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Kanjo shite mimasho. 17. O tsuri desu. 18. Kore o yatte tsuri o totte
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tsukaimasu ka?
64 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 102
Translation XX
pencils for thirty sen. 3. The total amounts to 1,200,000. 4. This paper
what my friend says, everything is cheap in this vicinity, so one does not
need much money. 6. If you spend about 40 yen a month, that is plenty.
7. If one should take a journey to America by this ship, about how much
have no small money please break this ten-yen bill. 10. My friend is only
two years older than I [am]. 11. Won't you have another cup of tea? 12.
How many houses are there in this village? 13. There are about 200
houses. 14. One can see a warship beyond that island, and two airplanes
are flying above it. 15. As I am now going to write a letter please give
me a sheet of paper. 16. Is this the entire amount? I shall figure it out
and see. 17. Here's your change. 18. Make change for this—literally, [I]
give you this and you make change. 19. Have you change for five yen ?
20. The account comes to 14 yen in all. 21. If you begin this work early
in the morning, you surely will get tired before night. 22. Please change
this into smaller money. 23. Won't you please change this five-yen bill?
24. This window is broken. Who broke it? 25. Do they use silver or
Lesson XXI
Vocabulary
house
Grammar
suffixing the word kan (combining word meaning interval) to the word
omit
§103]
65
Japanese as It Is Spoken
the numeral and the word denoting unit of time, as shown in the following
examples:
EXAMPLES
utes)
The week, shfi, is a unit of time which was introduced from the Occi-
dent. The Japanese also divide the month into a ten-day period called jun.
The first ten days of the month is called jojun (upper ten days), the second
ten days, chujun (middle ten days), and the days falling after the twen-
tieth, whether eight, nine, ten, or eleven days, gejun (lower "ten" days).
the month.
103. Days are counted by prefixing the numeral to nichi, but there are
UNIT OF TIME
ENGLISH
JAPANESE
Second
Minute
Byo
Fun
Hour
Ji
Day
Week
Nichi
Jitsu
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Shfi
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Month
Year
Gatsu (names)
Nen
These forms may refer alternatively to the days of the month. For the
first day of the month an alternative term frequently used for ichinichi is
tsuitachi. The last day of the month is misoka and the last day of the year
is omisoka.
ber. The combining word getsu, which also means month, is used of any
tions of units of time with mai, each, every; kon or hon (used chiefly in
formal discourse), this, the present; saku, sen, previous, or kyo, last; myo
66 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 104
Mainichi, Every day; maigetsu, every month; mainen, every year; mai-
this evening
Sengetsu and (less frequently) kyogetsu, Last month; kyonen, last year
Sometimes hybrid combinations are used (one part of Chinese and one
for morning, cho, is also used, i.e., myocho); maiasa, every morning; and
shi, this year (contraction for kono toshi); kesa, this morning (kono
asa); asu no asa, tomorrow morning; ashita, tomorrow; asatte, day after
tomorrow; kino, yesterday; and ototoi, day before yesterday. These forms
Exercise XXI
desu. 16. Kino wa nannichi deshita ka? 17. Kokonoka deshita. 18.
San-ju nichi arimasu. 24. Aru tsuki ni wa san-ju-ichi nichi arimasu. 25.
Dono tsuki ni wa sanjuichi nichi arimasu ka? 26. Hoka no tsuki wa minna
san-ju nichi arimasu ka? 27. Nigatsu ni wa ni-ju hachi nichi arimasu.
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Translation XXI
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1. One week has seven days. 2. One month has approximately four
to March 20, spring from March 21 to June 20. 5. Spring comes before
summer, and winter comes after autumn. 6. Which comes earlier, summer
time did you eat breakfast? 11. I ate breakfast at 7:25. 12. When did
you read the newspaper ? 13. I read the newspaper at breakfast time. 14.
What day [of the month] is [it] today? (Japanese seldom pay attention to
the days of the week, but always know the day of the month.) 15. It is
the tenth. 16. What day was it yesterday ? 17. It was the ninth. 18. Did
you go to bed early last night ? 19. I went to bed at 11:30 last night. 20.
How many months are there in a year ? 21. There are twelve months. 22.
How many days are there in a month ? 23. There are thirty days. 24. In
some months there are thirty-one days. 25. In which months are there
thirty-one days ? 26. Do the other months all have thirty days ? 27. Feb-
LESSON XXII
Vocabulary
sho quarts
13.25 ounces
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Grammar
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105. One-half is ban or hambun (half portion). The other fractions are
et cetera.
ten per cent, and bu, one per cent. Example: Ichi wari go bu, 15 per cent.
per cent, and mo, one-tenth of a rin, one-hundredth, or 0.01 per cent.
68 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 106
Note the following examples of the use of su, numerous, nan, what,
107. With words of Chinese origin, how many is rendered by iku or nan
instead of ikutsu.
108. The ordinal numbers are formed by prefixing dai to the cardinal num-
before ban or bamme. Me alone may be used with Japanese numbers. The
ordinal number formed with bamme or me alone does not directly precede
the noun which it qualifies as in the case of that formed with dai, but there
must be inserted the postposition no between the ordinal and the noun.
109. Serial numbers as on cannon, for example, are indicated by go, which
follows the ordinal numbers formed with dai, as Daiichi go, Daini go, et
§ 109] Japanese as It Is Spoken 69
azine).
series: itto, first class, nito, second class, et cetera, or alternatively by joto,
quality.
Houses are not numbered as with us. The area between streets is gen-
erally wider than in American cities, and the houses are usually smaller and
are much more closely crowded together except in the richer sections. Most
houses are therefore not on streets but on narrow alleyways. The location
These areas are often subdivided into chome, which would be designated
area of a banchi varies greatly; houses in that area are generally desig-
nated serially, as daiichi go, daini go, et cetera. In setting forth a house
address the Japanese proceed from the general to the particular. Thus we
Aoyama San-chome
Go-banchi
Daihachi-go
Conversation
Q. Kondo no Kobe yuki wa nanj i ni de- When does the next train leave for Kobe ?
masu ka?
A. Kondo wa kuji ni ju gofun desu. The next is 9:25. (In Japanese the hours
press.
A. Tokkyu wa ichi nito nara, gozen juji If [you mean] the first- and second-class
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Q. Sore wa Kobe ni itsu tsukimasu ka? When does that reach Kobe?
masu.
A. Ju-ni en (yen) yon-jissen desu. It is yen 12.40. (Yen and sen cannot
be omitted in Japanese.)
70 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 109
Q. Kyuko ken to shindai ken mo. Express and berth tickets too.
mashita.
Q. Sore ja shikata ga arimasen kara ue In that case, as there is no help for it,
A. Ryoho de chodo go en (yen) desu. The two are exactly five yen.
Q. Kono toranku dake chikki ni shite su- Check only the trunk; please put the suit-
konde kudasai.
A. Kashikomarimashita. Dochira e desu Very well, sir. Where are you going?
ka?
Exercise XXII
itte soshite kono go en satsu o kowashite ichi en satsu o gomai motte kite
haitte imasho. 8. Ano hito wa su-ju nen mae no hito deshita. 9. Mikan
suki desu ka? 14. Naze naraba, haru no ho wa suzushikute natsu ga ainari
atsui desu. 15. Anata wa nan no tame ni sono shigoto o suru no desu ka?
16. Moshi anata wa mikka ni iku koto ga dekireba, issho ni ikitai to omoi-
masu. 17. Kore kara Kyoto made go ri ban bakari desu. 18. Kan jo no
Translation XXII
1. About how much money do'you need ? 2. As I need about 200 yen,
1 must go to the bank to withdraw it. 3. Please go to the town, break this
five-yen note, and bring five one-yen bills. 4. Shall we two go tomorrow to
with you. 6. How many pieces of baggage are in the warehouse ? 7. I have
not counted them, but there are probably ten or more [and some odd]
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pieces. 8. He was a person who lived several decades ago. 9. Please give
Generated on 2014-01-04 20:12 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
orange. 11. I inquired again, but on the second occasion I understood the
reason well. 12. Please read that matter once more. 13. Why do you like
spring better than summer? 14. Because spring is cool[er] and summer
is too hot. 15. For what purpose are you doing that work? 16. If you
can go on the third, I think I should like to go with you. 17. It is just five
and one-half ri from here to Kyoto. 18. He paid one-third of the account.
§110] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 71
LESSON XXIII
Vocabulary
person cumstance
wheat)
Grammar
110. The passive-voice form of verbs may be obtained (a) for verbs of the
first and third conjugations by adding reru to the negative base and (b)
for verbs of the second conjugation by adding rareru to the negative base.
The passive of suru is sareru and of kuru, korareru. All passive verbs
111. The passive forms of intransitive verbs have the significance of a po-
tential, and the passive forms of transitive verbs may have the significance
tial).
112. With verbs of the first and third conjugations the potential mood is
Examples: Fune o mite imasu ka? Are you looking at the ship?
(Transitive)
Fune ga miete imasu ka? Can you see the ship? [Is the
113. The causative form of verbs may be obtained (a) for verbs of the first
and third conjugations by adding seru to the negative base, and (b) for
verbs of the second conjugation by adding saseru to the negative base. The
rendered by let.
Examples: Sono hon o misete kudasai, Please let me see that book.
114. The Japanese language frequently has two distinct verbs derived from
the same root for transitive and intransitive applications. Since these verbs
INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
Au, To fit, suit, meet, agree, be correct Awaseru, To put together, sum up, regu-
tion)
Exercise XXIII
Tsugo ga yokereba yorokonde ikimasu. 13. Kitto desu ka? 14. Sore de
wa matte orimasu kara asa hayaku kite kudasai. 15. Watakushi wa machi
naranai. 17. Mugi wa mazui desu keredomo, shikata ga nai kara mugi ni
e toshite kudasai. 23. Mo kuji han sugi ni natte kodomo ga tsukarete imasu
onaji desu ka ? 25. Ashita wa betsu ni suru hazu no koto ga nai kara kaigan
Translation XXIII
not make it too hot tomorrow. 3. Please show me the characters you
wrote. 4. Can you read them? 5. As they are not written very clearly,
you probably will not be able to read them. 6. It has become late and I
story ? 8. Shall I tell you a story about rice planting ? 9. The farmer is
having his son do the work of rice planting. 10. As my father has become
ill I hope he will get well quickly [I should like to cause to heal]. 11. Can
are favorable I shall go with pleasure. 13. Are you sure? 14. In that case,
as I shall be waiting for you, please come early in the morning. 15. I went
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to town thinking I would buy some rice, but the price was so high I returned
Generated on 2014-01-04 20:13 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
but, as there is no help for it, let us make it that. 18. As it is now winter
and the hens hardly lay at all, how would it do to have meat instead [of
74 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 115
eggs] ? 19. One can catch fish in the sea better than in the river. 20. I
put into a box all the clothes I do not need during summer. 21. I think
that the farmer's son is a little unskillful, but I shall try letting him do this
work. 22. Please show the guest [cause the guest to pass] this way. 23.
As it is already past half-past nine and the children are tired, would not it
be well to put them to bed ? 24. Is the price of this fish and of that one the
Lesson XXIV
Vocabulary
words) taxicab
lisation
yojin, an Occidental
Grammar
115. More than, less than, prior to, subsequent to, other than (outside), and
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ivithin the limits of may be rendered, respectively, by ijo, ika, izen, igo,
Generated on 2014-01-04 20:13 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
igai, and inai. In the foregoing Japanese words the element i therefore
yen
Ijo can also be used in the sense of as above and ika of as below.
the element sai. Thus we have: saigo, final, ultimate; saiko, highest, max-
imum, supreme; saidai, largest; saisho, first (in point of time); saitei,
clothes?
book?
This form is not used with the verbs iru or oru, but in their stead the
continuative base of the verb izuru, which is ide (irregular), is used, pre-
fixed by the honorific o. This form may also be used in the sense of to come
or to go.
Examples: O ide ni narimasu ka? Are you here? (Are you going?)
111. The verb sugiru, to exceed, is often used instead of amari to express
the idea of too, too much, too far, et cetera. The word modified, if a verb,
takes the continuative base form, or, if a true adjective, drops the final i of
Examples: Yfibin kyoku o iki sugita, / went beyond the post office
liquor.
118. The verb chigau, to differ, is often used in the sense of that is not so.
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been) a woman.
119. The continuative base of chigau enters into various common com-
pound words.
120. The expression nai uchi ni is often used in the sense of before.
became dark.
sense.
angry.
to weep.
Reading Exercise
tokai de aru bakari de naku, Niu Yoku Rondon ni tsuide sekai daisan no
(futsu "basu" to iimasu) nado o riyo shimasu ga, en [yen] taku ni noru
Translation
it is not only the first city in Japan but also the third city of the world,
ranking after New York and London. In almost the center of the city of
Tokyo is the palace. The palace is the place where His Majesty the Em-
peror and Her Majesty the Empress are, and is in Kojimachi ward. The
municipality of Tokyo has fifteen wards, and those wards are divided into
precincts. Marunouchi is the heart of Tokyo, and here there are many
banks, commercial companies, and the like. The people who work in them
for the most part make use of trains, electric cars, and public automobiles
(ordinarily called "buses"), but persons who ride in "yen taxis" are fairly
numerous.
is the most lively place in Tokyo. At night night-stalls line both sides of
Exercise XXIV
Anata no inu wa kuroi desu ka? 9. Chigaimasu, shiroi desu. 10. Wata-
mashoka? 14. Ikura matte ite mo Watanabe rashii hito wa konakatta. 15.
Translation XXIV
1. Are you going out? 2. Yes; I should like to mail a letter abroad, and
other than that. 4. This room is dirty; so please clean it up before the
angry. 6. I cannot say any more than that. 7. My mother passed away
ten years ago. 8. Is your dog black ? 9. No, he is white. 10. I did not
catch what I was told by Mr. Tanaka, and consequently I made a mistake.
11. As that child ate too much meat, he became ill. 12. Thinking that my
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friend would not fail to come early, I waited a long time. 13. If you are
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going to the country, shall I go with you ? 14. I waited and waited, but no
one looking anything like Watanabe came. 15. It is the kind of thing that
[§122
Japanese as It Is Spoken
a contest)
rassed, be in a fix
be inferior to
request, beg
employ
rather
rate
Lesson XXV
Vocabulary
god
basis
friendship
Imperial Prince
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pleteness
Grammar
122. The particle yo may be used with nouns as a vocative and with verbs
for emphasis. In the latter construction the particle zo may be used alterna-
tively.
bring water.
by bai; treble is sambai; four times is yombai; five times is gobai; et cet-
era. Double, twofold, is niju; threefold is sanju. For single the native term
hitoe is used; the corresponding native word for double is futae, and that
124. The gerund may be combined with the appropriate form (usually the
The last syllable of the gerund, which, of course, must be either te or de,
and the first two syllables of shimau are generally contracted, te and shima
125. The gerund may be combined with the appropriate form of morau,
to receive, to indicate that the action is for the benefit of the subject. Note
brusque).
the continuative base with tari. It is always used with the auxiliary verb
Exercise XXV
kaigun desu. 14. Sensei no tokei wa susunde imasen ka? 15. O Chiyo
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[girl's name] yo! isoide shokuji o dashite moraitai. 16. Mo jiki toshi kure
makete shimaimasu yo! 18. Sake o nomi sugita kara kao ga akaku nat-
chatta no desu. 19. Ano hito wa dandan sono kane o minna tsukatchatta
jinko no sambai ijo desu. 21. Ano o kata wa izen ni Nihon ni sunde
imashita.
Translation XXV
comply with [listen to] whatever you may request. 5. May I ask you to
you. 7. I would not do such a thing even if I were asked. 8. I have come at
Mr. Suzuki's request. 9. I got my friend to do it for me. 10. I ask you to
do your best for me in this matter. 11. Please call a car for me. 12. God
is our only reliance in such a matter. 13. That country's reliance is upon
its navy. 14. Is not the teacher's watch fast ? 15. O Chiyo, bring my meal
in a hurry. 16. As it will soon be the end of the year, if I do not have the
farmer's son plant the trees for me speedily I shall have to wait until next
autumn. 17. Unless you put more strength into it you will lose. 18. I
drank too much wine, and so my face has become red. 19. As that man
population is more than three times the population of Korea. 21. That
LESSON XXVI
Vocabulary
Reading Lesson
hachiji kan zutsu benkyo dekimasu ka? Tabun dekiru desho, shikashi
amari tsuzukete benkyo bakari sur u no wa karada ni warui n' desu. Toki
byoki ja arimasen; genki desu. Byonin wa taitei genki ga warui kara yoku
nonde mo naorimasen.
****
koto o "tetsudau," mata wa "te o kasu" to ii, hataraku hito no tarinai koto
Translation
Would it be possible for one to learn all Japanese in about one year?
Indeed, as Japanese is very difficult one probably cannot learn it all in one
year. However, if one studied hard one would probably become fairly good
at it. Can you study eight hours each day? I probably can, but it is bad
for the health [body] if one studies too continuously. One must take a walk
or exercise from time to time. I am not the least ill; I feel fine. A sick man's
spirits are generally low; he can't work well. When one is ill he consults
[incurs] a doctor. The doctor gives the patient various medicines and cures
the illness. Sometimes even if a sick person takes [in Japanese one always
cured.
****
If people did not have hands how helpless they would be! One could not
hold chopsticks and one could not hold a tea-cup. One could not fasten his
belt, or polish his shoes. To sew clothes, to turn on the light or extinguish
it, and to shave the beard one must use his hands. Hands are the founda-
onym for to assist derived from te, a hand] or "lend a hand," and a shortage
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[§127
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
LESSON XXVII
Vocabulary
merchandise)
pital, hospitalization
zojo, A factory
ure
ture
troops
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pital
ing agency
ise
sistence)
ery of health
Grammar
127. Each word in the foregoing list is one of Chinese origin, formed by
combining two Chinese ideographs. In the form shown they are nouns, but
combined with the auxiliary verb suru they are used as verbs by all Japa-
was welcomed.
128. Many of such nouns of Chinese origin can be combined with the Chi-
nese ending teki to form adjectives. When in the attributive position the
as adverbs.
(Note.—In the first of the two foregoing examples henji is a noun, as indicated by
the presence of the accusative particle o intervening between it and the verb, and
accordingly its modifier must be an adjective; in the second example henji is a part
130. With words of Chinese origin the honorific go is used instead of the
origin. The word goran (ran, a look) thus is literally your look, or look
as applied to a third person. The word corresponding to goran for the first
goran or haiken may be combined with suru to form a verb, and, in fact,
tute for suru a synonymous auxiliary which is, respectively, more honorific
this book?
Exercise XXVII
en shika motte inai kara ashita sono kane o kaesu yo ni yakusoku shimashita.
shinai. 10. Sono koto ni hantai ga aru kara minna ga doi suru koto wa
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mura no hito no uchi ni hikoki ni notta koto o keiken shita hito ga sukunai.
12. Watakushi wa chikai uchi ni Amerika e ryoko suru kibo o motte imasu.
84
[§130
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Translation XXVII
yen, but as I now have only twenty yen I promised that I would return the
it for you once more. 7. Soldiers must train well in order not to be de-
feated in war. 8. The street car is about fifteen minutes late. 9. That
street car does not transport much luggage. 10. As there is opposition to
that matter, it is not expected that all will agree and consequently prepara-
tions cannot be definitively made. 11. There are few among the people
of the village who have had the experience of riding in an airplane. 12. I
Lesson XXVIII
Vocabulary
invitation
municate
husband
thought
the name
rickshaw
for wife
tomically speaking)
Kashikomaru [Ka-shi-ko-ma-ru],
To acknowledge a command
revolve
sitive)
transitive)
grave
Grammar
§131]
85
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
in life. For many of the commoner verbs, especially the auxiliary verbs,
the first person and another synonym when referring to action by the per-
ENGLISH
NEUTRAL OR
SIMPLE VERB
To be Aru
To be Iru, Oru
To be (cop- Desu
ulative)
To come Kuru
To do Suru
To drink Nomu
(smoke)
To eat Taberu
To hear Kiku
To know Shiru
To say
To think
la
Omou
1ST PERSON IS
THE SUBJECT
Gozaru
Iru, Oru
De gozaru
Mairu
Itasu
Itadaku, Agaru
Itadaku, Agaru
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ern Japan)
Mairu
Uketamawaru
Zonzuru
Komuru
Mosu, Moshiageru
Zonzuru
2D OR 3D PERSON
IS THE SUBJECT
Gozaru
De gozaru
naru)
Agaru, Meshiagaru
Agaru, Meshiagaru
perative, tamae)
O kiki ni naru
Zonzuru
Uketoru
Ossharu
Zonzuru, Oboshimesu
or favor is negau (see vocabulary, Lesson XXV), or its verbal noun negai,
which is usually preceded by the honorific o to make it clear that the favor
favor of you.
prompt answer.
Susuki, please.
water, please?
For the first person watakushi is the standard polite form and its counter-
part for the second person is anata (although, as explained in more detail
in section 144, infra, the second person pronoun is used much more sparingly
that honorable personage, for the third person. The corresponding inter-
sama (these two latter being chiefly used by servants and women). For
titles used in direct address or otherwise see sections 144 and 145, infra.
armed forces, boku, servant, is used for the first person and kimi, lord,
for the second person. When these two latter forms are used the required
87
Japanese as It Is Spoken
posed of before taking up the business at hand, in order that all appearance
evolved a body of stock phrases which provide the well-bred Japanese, ac-
phrases are not susceptible of literal translation. The best that can be done
the one hand, the literal translation of each substantive word and, on the
other, the equivalent expression that would be used in English under similar
A TYPICAL CONVERSATION
desu ka?
desu.
W: Kato to moshimasu.
Uchida I
ment.
I: Mr. Kato.
o me ni kakaritai to osshaimasu.
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o me ni kakaru kara.
J: Hai, kashikomarimashita.
J : Dozo, kochira e.
annai shimashita.
kite.
mashita.
shita.
U: Do itashimashita, watakushi
[§133
zaimasen ka?
wa?
masu. t
o motte kimashita.
ni...
household?
and tea.
self.
no de...
irasshite kudasai.
jama ni ukagaimasu.
shita.
san ni yoroshiku.
nasai.
§133]
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Go men nasai is usually equivalent to please pardon me. It is often used by Japa-
O kage sama de cannot be translated literally; kage means shadow. The idiom
is approximately the equivalent of owing to your influence and is used chiefly in replying
to inquiries about health or welfare unless, of course, the information which is con-
Shibaraku literally means for some time, but in greetings it is used elliptically for
It should be noted that the term kanai (derived from two Chinese ideographs
meaning house and within) is used when speaking of one's own wife and okusan or
okusama, interior personage, when referring to a lady other than one related to the
artisans, and peasantry) is addressed as o kami san, but never as okusan, which is a
change, and when reference is made to a member of the family being laid up with a
Sekkaku means with great difficulty; the visitor is always assumed to have put
himself out a great deal in order to pay the visit, even if he lives only next door, while
the host is always assumed to have been interrupted and bothered at a time when he
was busy.
LESSON XXIX
Vocabulary
ping cloth
necessary
times
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man
money
nue
purpose
broad
small
as, worth
at
90 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 134
Grammar
134. The term dake, which can be used alternatively with bakari for only,
You are the only one who can do this, is also used in such idioms as: dekiru
shall try to look for it as much as possible (literally, just as much as can
the word thus formed is used in a somewhat less directly derived sense,
without business must not enter; bekarazu, explained in section 160 (b), is
the judicial career of Ooka Tadasuke, who became City Magistrate of Yedo
(now Tokyo) in 1717. Under the Shogun Yoshimune the municipal admin-
istration of Yedo reached a high degree of efficiency, and Ooka was a lead-
ing spirit in the reform. His name is still a household word in Japan. The
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333.)
§ 136] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 91
ochite orimashita. "Nan daro" to omoi nagara hiroi agete akete miru to
kaeshite agetai mono da" to omoi nagara, saifu o miru to sumi no tokoro
nai ga, hiroi Edo no koto da kara nakanaka wakaranai ka mo shiranai ga,
Translation XXIX
man, Chokichi by name. On the twenty-fifth day near the end of a certain
cinct and ward in Tokyo], while on his way home from [having gone to]
work, with his tool box upon his right shoulder. As he glanced down at
his feet [he saw] there [was] a small bundle wrapped in cloth which had
been dropped. While thinking what it might be he picked it up, opened it,
and looked [picking, raising, opening, look at], and there was a cotton purse
in which were [was contained] three ryo [dollars]. Besides this it con-
While thinking, "New Year's Day is only five or six days off and the
in some way to find the person who lost the money and return it," he looked
at the purse, and there was written "Shin" in a corner of it. He thought
[to himself], "This must be Mr. Shin, the carpenter; but as Edo is so im-
mense, I may not find him very easily. Nevertheless I shall try and search
for him as best I may." So from the next day, he went off, taking his lunch
with him, without heeding even his wife's [arguments] to stop him.
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of the head man of the carpenters and asked; he inquired at barber shops
and asked at public bath houses; but he [Shin] was certainly not to be found.
[§137
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
LESSON XXX
Vocabulary
proper
one's might
ment)
ness, courtesy
Son, Loss
one's own)
ous
found (intransitive)
(transitive)
Nagekomu [Na-ge-ko-mu], To
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throw in
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tonished
exceedingly, greatly
Grammar
137. The parallel columns of the table given below show the words used in
the English equivalent, the second column the simple term or the term used
among equals in familiar discourse, the third column the term used by the
speaker in referring to his own relatives, and the fourth column the term
FAMILIAR OR
ENGLISH
SIMPLE TERM
HUMBLE
Father
Chichi
Chichi, oyaji
Mother
Haha
Haha
Grandfather
Sofu
Sofu
§ 138] Japanese as It Is Spoken 93
may be appropriately used. One may address, for example, an old farmer
(used in the polite conversation above). A small child will address any male
nete ikimashita.
Okamisan ga dete kite, "uchi desu ga, anata wa donata desu ka?"
ka?"
tsumi o."
n' desu, ga yatto mitsukatte konna ureshii koto wa arimasen. Saa, uketotte
kudasai."
wa kono kane o morau wake wa arimasen kara, dozo motte kaette kudasai."
t "Sonna koto o itcha komarimasu, sore ja ima made mikka no aida issho
totte kudasai."
"Anata mo kono kane de mikka son o shita n' desho, sono o kane wa zehi
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"Sonna koto o suru kurai nara konna ni issho kemmei ni sagashite aruki
wa shimasen yo. Kono kane wa anata no mono nan da kara anata ga toru
san wa taihen okotte, "hito no uchi e konna mono o nagekonde iku nante
94 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 138
hidoi yatsu da" to Chokichi san no ato o oikakete itte kenka o hajimema-
tomeraremasen no de, oya san o yonde kimashita. Shikashi futari tomo kiki
iremasen no de, oya san wa toto kono koto o Ooka san ni moshi agemashita.
Translation XXX
And then, just in the evening of the third day, he heard at a barber
,'taro who lived in behind the fishmarket at the cross street. Mr. Chokichi
"I say, I say, I want to ask whether this is the house of a carpenter
named Shintaro."
A woman came forth, "It is his house, but who are you ?"
as three ryo."
"Oh, then at last I have achieved ease of mind. I picked up [the bundle],
and being desirous of turning it over to the person who dropped it I walked
around for three whole days looking [for him]. Having found him, nothing
"Oh, is that so? That is kind of you, and I thank you. There is no
reason why I should receive the money, please take it away with you."
"Is it not strange of you not to accept your own money! What in the
"It is my ill-luck to have dropped the money, and you who picked it up
to receive it."
"I am embarrassed to have you say that, for in that case all the effort I
made up to now for three days walking about looking for you with all my
"You for your part have probably lost three days on account of the
"If I thought you would do something like this, I never would have
walked about like this looking for you with all my might and main. As this
money is yours it is proper that you should take it." So saying, Chokichi
threw the bundle containing the money into the house and started to w^tlk
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dreadful fellow to go throwing such things into a man's house," saying which
he ran after Chokichi and began to fight with him. His wife was astonished
and tried to stop them; but this was a matter which could not be stopped by
a woman, so she called the landlord. However, the two together could not
make themselves heard, and finally the landlord becoming perplexed spoke
95
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Lesson XXXI
Vocabulary
courts)
wonder
sides
siderable
third persons)
able
Mezurashii [Me-zu-ra-shii],
Strange, rare
fuse, decline
encourage
over
Torishiraberu [To-ri-shi-ra-be-ru],
To examine into
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uketori, a receipt
Grammar
139. The names of the days of the week are formed by combining with
yobi, light day, the names of the "Seven Directors, or Rulers of the Times
and Seasons"—the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets (Mars, Mercury,
Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn). Incidentally, the names of the five planets are
in turn derived from the names of the "Five Elements or Primordial Es-
Nichiyobi, Sunday
140. In the vocabulary of Lesson XXVII was given a list of a few selected
conjunction with the auxiliary verb suru to do duty as verbs. There are
duty as verbs. In some of these verb combinations the shi of the continu-
ative base of suru becomes ji and the s of the other forms of suru be-
comes z.
masu.
in zonjimasu.
96 Japanese as It Is Spoken [§ 140
Of the words in the foregoing list, assuru, bassuru, hassuru, and ses-
with suru ends in tsu, the tsu is dropped and the s of suru is doubled.
This is in accordance with the rule for letter changes given in the Intro-
duction (section 7). Ai, batsu, mei, and son are frequently used alone as
nouns.
futari o yobi ni natte soho no iiwake* o kiite, iroiro torishirabete mimasu to,
iimasu.
koto o itte ite mo shikata ga nai; de wa sono kane wa kochira e tori ageru
koto ni suru kara so omoe; sore nara futari tomo sashitsukai wa nai daro;
ossharu to, futari wa fushigiso na kao o shite, "san ryd o tori ni natte ni ryo
zutsu kudasaru to ichi ryo son o nasaru de wa gozaimasen ka ?"f Ooka san
wa waratte, "so da, da ga, Shintaro mo san ryo otoshite ni ryo uketoreba
ichi ryo no son; Chokichi mo san ryo hirotte ni ryo moraeba ichi ryo no
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t As the student may encounter some difficulty in parsing this long sentence, the
following hints may be helpful: "Ooka san" is the subject of two co-ordinate verbs,
"omoi ni natte" and "to ossharu." "Futari wa" is the subject of a verb unexpressed in
Japanese, and it is suggested that "to iimashita" be supplied after "gozaimasen ka?"
"De wa sono kane wa kochira e toriageru koto ni suru kara so omoe" is, literally,
"accordingly, as for that money as I shall undertake to take it over, so consider [it]."
§ 140] Japanese as It Is Spoken 97
son; watakushi mo omae no shojiki ni kanshin shite ichi ryo jibun de dasu
kara ichi ryo no son; sannin tomo ichi ryo zutsu son o suru no da" to osshai-
mashita.
Translation XXXI
Lord* Ooka at that time was a famous judge. Lord Ooka summoned
the two, heard the statements of both parties, and tried [mimasu is the his-
because I who dropped the money am unlucky and because the workman on
account of quitting work for three days has incurred considerable loss that
I cannot take the money, and must refuse." Chokichi said, "As it is the
usual thing for the person who has picked up money to return it to the
person who dropped it, so whatever anyone may say I cannot take it."
Lord Ooka thought that these were unusual people and said, "We can't
get anywhere with you keeping on saying the same things. Accordingly,
consider that I am going to take the money. Neither of you will probably
object in that case. However, as both of you are uncommonly honest per-
sons I shall give you a reward of two dollars each." The two assumed a
puzzled look [and said], "If you take three dollars and give us each two
will you not incur a loss of one dollar ?" Lord Ooka laughed and said, "That
two, incursf the loss of one dollar, and Chokichi, having picked up three
dollars, if he receives two dollars, incurs the loss of one dollar. I also, struck
by your honesty, as I put out a dollar of my own, incur the loss of one dollar.
All three of us incur the loss of one dollar each." Whereupon the two thank-
Lesson XXXII
Vocabulary
worm bossy
* The Japanese are un-snobbish about titles except in direct address. Prince Ito
and Marquis Okuma would be normally referred to as "Ito san" and "Okuma san,"
respectively. Sec sections 144 and 145, infra, for titles of respect.
[§141
Japanese as It Is Spoken
plished, able
mild
thorough, detailed
arated from
perform
get down
afraid of
Toriatsukau [To-ri-a-ts(u)ka-u],
get
up
to
Grammar
na toriatsukai o ukeru
tsukai o ataeru.
wa yosu ho ga ii.
cruel treatment.
give up tobacco.
adding taredo or taredomo to the continuative base, and the past negative
forming the present concessive positive and redo added to the past indica-
tive tense in forming the past concessive. The negative concessive forms of
adjectives use the same endings as the corresponding verb forms but coupled
with the adverbial base. For example, in using the alternative forms here
described, the words aru keredomo and karui keredomo in the first and
142. The suffix garu (which is conjugated) is used with nouns, adjectives,
ficult to handle.
difficult to read.
difficult to write.
Exercise XXXII
mada itsu mo okurete iru no desu. 5. Sekiyu wa mizu yori karui n' desu.
imasu ka? 13. Mame jidosha wa futsu jidosha yori zutto chiisakute kiha-
kata wa gunji no koto o ikura ka shitte iru hazu desu. 15. Kita e ikeba
iku hodo samuku natte, minami e ikeba iku hodo atsuku naru no wa atari-
mae desu. 16. Kono mae no nichiyobi kaigan e asobi ni maitta ga sono
o nomaseru ho ga ii.
Translation XXXII
have a headache every day, I cannot easily give up smoking. 3. Mr. Ito
resembles his mother much more than his father. 4. Although I had my
watch oiled, it is still slow all the time. 5. Kerosene is lighter than water.
inside the street car. 8. The enemy fort responded to the attack of the
house is somewhat out of repair. 11. Does this place agree with your
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health [body] ? 12. Does the American embassy located in your country
automobile is much smaller than an ordinary automobile and does not use
as much gasoline as an ordinary car. 14. Persons who deal with political
100 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [§ 144
affairs ought to know something about military affairs. 15. It is the normal
thing for it to become colder the farther north one goes and hotter the
farther south one goes. 16. I went last Sunday for recreation to the sea-
shore but came back to Kobe on the following day. 17. If the child com-
LESSON XXXIII
Vocabulary
uniform rank)
stable happy
gendarme
144. As indicated in section 132, the second person pronoun is used much
formal discourse, by the name or title of the person addressed. This state-
lowed by san.
Tanaka.
san; and, if the surname is used, which is not usual, it should precede the
title.
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children, madam?
A servant will generally address his own master as danna sama, mas-
ter, and persons such as barbers will often address a customer or an em-
Sama is regarded as more deferential than san and is not generally used
sir?
addressed by the name of his office rather than by his surname, although it
is permissible to use both, in which case the surname precedes the name of
the office.
preferable to address him by the name of his office, if he holds one, rather
naval officer should be addressed by the name of his office rather than by
the name of his military rank. Thus in addressing a colonel who commands
flag officers of the navy, cabinet ministers and vice ministers, ambassadors
sities, some of the higher judges and various other civil officials of nearly
corresponding rank. The term kakka may be used alone or placed after
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high official by the name of his office alone without kakka, and this practice
is common.
Minister.
subordinate officials in addressing their official superiors who are not en-
cers coupled with the name of the office or rank, and its use is general in
addressing an officer who is superior in rank to the speaker but who is not
mander).
consul).
rior rank, the titles san and dono may be dispensed with.
Chan is baby talk for san and is applied to children, being suffixed to
their given name. A small boy may be addressed as botchan and a small
girl as ojochan, much as we might say buddy and sister. The name
botchan is derived from bo, a priest, an allusion to the fact that small boys
Examples: Botchan wa o ikutsu desu ka? How old are you, buddy?
sister?
Kun is used only among men and in cases roughly analogous to those
with you.
Ya is used to inferiors and intimates, as jiya, old man, baya, old woman,
Example: Jiya, omae ni hobi o yar6, / shall give you a reward, old
man.
Japan female house servants are addressed by their given names. When
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addressing by her given name a woman or girl not of the gentry class it is
usual, except in the case of one's own servants, to prefix to the name the
be added (after the name). Girls and women of the gentry class do not
have o prefixed to their names, but the suffix ko is added if the name does
§144]
103
Japanese as It Is Spoken
not consist of more than two syllables, and san should be added except
(Girl's name)
spect occurring in daily speech, a list of the grades in the peerage, a list of
military and naval ranks, and a short selected list of names of civil offices.
JAPANESE
Heika
Denka
Kakka
Dono
San, Sama
Kun
Ya
Titles of Respect
english remarks
Empress Dowager
perial family
In addressing an inferior
Kotaishi Denka
Kotaishi Hidenka
Miya Sama j
Koshaku
Koshaku
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Hakushaku
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Shishaku
Danshaku
Crown Prince
Crown Princess
An Imperial Prince
Prince
Marquis
Count
Viscount
Baron
syllable of prince.
Taisho
Chfijo
Shosho
Taisa
Chusa
Shosa
Taii
Chui
Shoi
Chokan
General, Admiral
[§145
Japanese as It Is Spoken
chief of a bureau)
Hanji A judge
Taishi An ambassador
Sanjikan A counselor
Shokikan A secretary
Tsuyakkan An interpreter
Ryoji A consul
Fukuryoji A vice-consul
ference
Fukukaicho A vice-chairman
Hakushi J
145. The title san is used more widely when applied to third persons than
peers (but not members of the Imperial family) and military and naval
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Exercise XXXIII
wa haya sugite wakari nikui desu. 12. Taishi kakka, chotto o machi kuda-
kao o shite iru no desu. 14. Kato hakase wa kuwashii koto made nan de
tokoro ga arimasu ka? 16. Hayashi kun wa nijQ nen junsa o shite ita.
17. Baya, sentaku wa itsu made ni dekimasu ka? 18. Botchan wa doko de
no kantei ni yobaremashita.
Translation XXXIII
what year was Viscount Motono appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs?
3. Have you seen this book, Doctor ? 4. Is this your first visit to America,
nel] ? 6. I apologize for having bothered you, Your Excellency [Mr. Vice-
Minister], at a time when you are so busy. 7. I thank you for the trouble
you have taken to call, Mr. Section Chief. 8. I congratulate you upon your
Director [of the bureau] would like to see you. 10. As Your Excellency is
aware, there are such provisions in the treaty. 11. The president of the
please wait a little; I will inquire by telephone [and see]. 13. The prin-
cipal always has a pleased expression on his face. 14. Professor Kato
knows everything, even to the fine points. 15. Are there any differences
between the uniforms of the gendarmerie and those of the infantry? 16.
Mr. Hayashi was a policeman for twenty years. 17. When will the laundry
be done, old woman? 18. Where did you lose your hat, sonny ? 19. Mr.
like to introduce Dr. Smith to you. 20. I shall look forward to knowing
you better [literally, I desire friendly intercourse for a long time]. 21. I
Lesson XXXIV
Vocabulary
Russia place
"ty tiful
quantity mutely
letter
Grammar
146. Many abstract nouns are formed by adding sa to the roots of Japanese
adjectives.
high), Height
depths
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147. Compound nouns may be formed by combining (1) two nouns, (2)
the root of an adjective and a noun, (3) the root of a verb and a noun, or
(4) a noun and the root of a verb. Although compound nouns formed by
combining a noun and the root of an adjective are rare, many adjectives
lace
§ 148] Japanese as It Is Spoken 107
porary bridge
148. In compound words of Japanese origin the first element may qualify
149. In compounds of both Chinese and Japanese origin the two elements
are co-ordinated so that the conjunction and between the two parts of the
Examples: Deiri (from deru and iru), Going out and coming in (Jap-
anese)
Zenaku (from zen, good, and aku, evil), Good and evil
(Chinese)
Henko, Change
Hybrid compounds (one element Japanese and one Chinese) are fre-
quent.
151. Many verbs are derived from nouns of Japanese origin by adding the
suffixes ru, mu, maru (intransitive), meru (transitive), gu, na(f)u, and
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(f)u.
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152. The first person plural pronoun may be expressed by any of the follow-
applications the first form is interchangeable with the second, and the third
most part reserved for occasions when the speaker is speaking for all pres-
desu, You are our only reliance. (Here the person ad-
The foregoing distinctions are not, however, clearly defined and need
not give the student much trouble if he will keep in mind that at most per-
sonal pronouns are used sparingly, that plural forms are used even less
frequently, and that Japanese speakers do not bring second and third per-
sons into association with themselves in the first person to the extent that
we do. For example, / cannot combine my and your or his respective fami-
153. The suffix goto ni is combined with words of either Chinese or Japa-
nese origin and has the significance of each or every, thus corresponding
somewhat in sense to the prefix mai which is combined chiefly with words
of Chinese origin.
or apart.
Reading Lesson
Dairen Dayori
wa hirokute taira de, hodo to shado no aida ni ki ga uete arimasu ga, kono
shoten, kaisha, ginko nado ga noki o narabete tatte iru no de, Nihon no
machi yori wa kaette Seiyo no tokai ni nite iru to iimasu. Jinko wa oyoso
hatoba no okina koto desu. Daiichi, Daini, Daisan to mittsu narande ite,
masu. Fune kara rikuage shita nimotsu wa sugu sono tokoro kara kisha
yori yaya shita de, taitei Osaka kurai da to iimasu. Yushutsuhin wa mame
ni mo agatte kaerimashita.
become familiar to a large extent with the pattern of the town and [every
have been given the names of generals of the period of the Russo-Japanese
avenues are wide and level, and trees are planted between the sidewalks and
the roadway. At this season the leaves are in the beauty of fresh bloom.
pany [offices], banks, et cetera, stand with their eaves in line. It is said that
Chinese exceed 120,000. It is said that both are increasing year by year.
If one comes by boat, one arrives here in three days and nights from
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Kobe and in two days and nights from Moji. Upon reaching the port what
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first astonishes everybody is the great size of the wharves. There are three
in a row, the No. 1, the No. 2, and the No. 3. Large numbers of large
vessels entering port can go alongside at one time. Goods landed from
vessels are immediately placed from there on trains and can be sent even
eign trade of Dairen is less than that of Yokohama or Kobe, but it is said
that it is about that of Osaka. In exports, bean products rank first, while
While I don't know much [about it], having been here only two or
three months, the climate is better than I expected'and clear days appear
to be numerous.
One can go to Port Arthur in less than one hour by train. I went there
sight-seeing about ten days ago and I returned having even climbed 203-
Meter Hill, which our forces took in the Russo-Japanese War after having
LESSON XXXV
Vocabulary
dence) wear)
Grammar
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events outside of Japan, in which case the date is identified by the word
bers is used with the beginning of the reign of each Emperor. The year in
which a new reign begins will use the new serial number only for dates in
that year subsequent to the accession of the new sovereign. The reign name
§ 155] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 111
(1905)
The first year of a reign is called gan nen (beginning year) instead of
ichi nen.
year reckoning based upon the year which is assigned to the establishment
of the Imperial dynasty by the Emperor Jimmu Tenno. That year cor-
responds to the year 660 B.C., which would make A.D. 1940 correspond to
755. In parts of Japan there are of course many dialectical and colloquial
variants from the standard Japanese speech. While the standard language
current that it is desirable that every student of Japanese take note of them.
o for ari (e.g., o masu for arimasu, o mahen or ommahen for arima-
sen)
In the Sendai region (northern Japan) i sounds and u sounds are often
English.
AT AN INN
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JAPANESE ENGLISH
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[§155
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
JAPANESE
W: Ee.
mase.
ka?
masu.
dozo go yukkuri."
nobe ni kimashita.
desu ka?
takushi ni watashite.
ENGLISH
I: Yes.
wait a little.
§ 155] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 113
JAPANESE ENGLISH
gozaimasu ga, kochira kara desu to [if going] from here, as there is an elec-
densha ga jugo fun oki gurai ni de- trie car which leaves about once every
masu kara, densha de o ide ni natta ho fifteen minutes, persons find it rather more
W: So desu ka? Sore ja, kisha o I: Is that so? In that case, had I not
yoshite, densha ni shimasho ka? Sore better give up the train, and make it by
kara, nesan, myoasa wa hayai kara, electric car? One thing more, waitress,
NOTE.—In Japanese inns there are no common rooms except the bathroom, and the
guest's room serves as his sitting room, dining room, and bedroom. The mattresses,
quilts, and mosquito nets are kept in cupboards behind folding doors during the day and
are brought out at night and spread on the floor by the maid. There is no bedstead.
The guest transacts no business at the desk of the inn, calling the maids or "banto" for
It may also be appropriate to refer briefly to the tipping system in Japanese hotels.
The tip, called chadai, tea money, is given to a representative of the management,
usually the landlady, at the time that payment is made of the bill, and at least one-half
is normally retained by the house, the remainder being distributed by the house to the
servants. Japanese inns do not determine their charges as we do. For example, the
price charged on one's bill for a bottle of beer which is served in one's room is supposed
to be exactly what the beer cost the hotel at the dealer's; under such a system the
hotel could not make a profit without its receipts from tea money.
The amount one gives as tea money depends not upon his estimate of the value
of the service received but upon the donor's station in life. A person in high position
would lose prestige if he failed to give what was considered appropriate to his station,
and thus a banker might give as much as 100 per cent of the amount of the bill and a
rates of tips for officials when traveling on official business, scaled according to the
rank of the official. Thus a colonel will tip and be reimbursed for tip outlays at a rate
In proffering tea money one might appropriately say, "Kore dake chadai ni shite
The hotel representative thanks the guest and retires, to reappear shortly with a
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token return present called miyage, souvenir, which usually consists of a couple of
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hand towels with the inn's monogram stenciled thereon. Upon the guest's departure
the servants concerned will also thank the guest for their share of the tea money.
LESSON XXXVI
Vocabulary
style ery
[§156
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
problem
head, put on
off (transitive)
3.
down
sitive)
To be enough, suffice
negatives)
Grammar
156. We have already seen how new words are coined and compound words
are formed by combining ideographs with their Chinese sounds (as modified
few of the important combining forms used in word building. Although this
the student to list a few of the more important and more frequently recur-
ring combining forms which enter into the vocabulary of the spoken lan-
guage. The student should bear it in mind that because so many ideographs
have the same sounds there is no way of exact identification without knowl-
edge of the written form. It is believed that the following list, which is ex-
clusive of forms previously given, will give the student a good idea of
to review sections 2, 6, 7, 101, 102, 104, 115, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135,
COMBINING
WORD
MEANING
ILLUSTRATIVE COMPOUNDS
HUMAN
Jin, nin
Jo
Ka
115
Japanese as It Is Spoken
COMBINING
WORD
MEANING
Sha
A person
Nationality
Bei
The United
States,
America
Doku
Germany
Ei
England
Futsu
France
Koku
A country
Nichi
Japan
Wa
Japan
Y6
Occidental,
Western,
European
Hoku
Nan
Sei, sai
T6
Materials, etc.
Den
Do
Ka
Kin
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North
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South
West
East
Electricity
Earth
Fire
Metal, mon-
ey, gold
illustrative compounds
(yaku, service).
mate).
[§156
Japanese as It Is Spoken
COMBINING
WORD MEANING
Sui
Water
Miscellaneous Nouns
Go Language
Gun
Hei
Kan
Tei
Qualities
Cho
Dai, tai
Army
Soldier
Official
Emperor
Long, chief,
senior
Great
Sho
Small
Adjective-Pronouns
Do Same
Hon
Sho
Ta
This, the
main
A few,
young
Many
ILLUSTRATIVE COMPOUNDS
language.
a soldier).
An empire.
distance).
117
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
COMBINING
external.
(to, a class).
(nin, to appoint).
(chi, to do).
Exercise XXXVI
imashita. 10. Senso izen ni Beikoku no eiga ga oku deta no desu. 11.
hayasenai kara wakaku miemasu. 19. Kono kikai wa wasei desu ka? 20.
lie, Eikoku kara yunyu saremashita. 21. Denshin kyoku wa dochira desu
ka? 22. Densha kara kyaku ga oriru toki ni wa shasho ga o wasure mono
uchi ni tazuneru to wakai musume ga dete kita. 27. Sono kotoba de wa-
29. Koko e kuru tochii de aru Chosenj in ni arte, chotto no aida hanashi o
Sono fufu no aida ni ko ga nai. 34. Densha ga gofun no aida o oite deru.
35. Sono kotoba o yoku ajiwatte mi tamae. 36. Kono Doitsugo no hon
o wasurete kita. 38. Domo ame ni nariso desu ne! 39. Kono kashi o
sagete hoka no o motte kite o kure. 40. Kore wa tochi no fu desu. 41.
nichi sukoshi hen da yo! 43. Sono kin no tokei o ikura dashimashita
ka? 44. Isha ga kuru ni wa mada aida ga aru. 45. Shogakko to koto
iru. 51. Saa, shigoto ni kakaro! 52. Amari jikan ga kakarisugiru. 53.
Samui da kara futon o yoku kakete ne nasai. 54. Niku ni shio o kakemasho
boshi o kabutte inakatta. 57. Konogoro wa tofu ga fuku. 58. Kono hocho
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60. Denwa o kirazu ni oite kudasai. 61. Tsugi no kudari [kisha] wa nanji
desu ka ? 62. Go en hodo areba tarimasu. 63. Mada tarinai mono ga aru.
Translation XXXVI
3. I am not very proficient [sound] but can [speak it] to some extent. 4.
While I was talking, the telephone was suddenly cut off; the telephone ex-
§ 156] Japanese as It Is Spoken 119
change does not answer [come in]. 5. What do you think of Germans?
6. For some reason or other, I don't know what, I find German very diffi-
are human beings [human beings do not differ]. 9. Last evening we went
to the Asakusa motion pictures. 10. Before the war American pictures
mostly appeared. 11. That character is incorrect, so please erase it. 12.
If you go out without extinguishing the fire, you run a risk. 13. That
Englishman's residence is not the house over yonder. 14. I barely caught
the train [I was in danger of being late for the train]. 15. Which do you
like better, America or England? 16. The American soldier entered the
house and called "hands up." 17. Among certain races there are many
persons with oblique eyes. 18. In Japan many men appear younger because
they cannot grow beards. 19. Is this machine of Japanese make ? 20. No;
it was imported from England. 21. Where is the telegraph office? 22.
"It is requested that you do not leave articles behind." 23. I should like
to receive one of your photographs. 24. What will you grow in that field ?
25. As neither vegetables nor beans will grow in this field, I am thinking
of growing grain. 26. When I called at that house a young girl came out.
27. Those words gave me great strength. 28. I shall let you know later
by telegram. 29. On my way here I met a Korean and [I] conversed with
him for a bit. 30. I have not met him at all recently. 31. Please don't
forget to awaken me at seven tomorrow. 32. Please let me hear from you
as soon as you arrive over there. 33. That couple has no child. 34. The
electric cars leave at intervals of five minutes. 35. Put that in your pipe
and smoke it! [Taste well those words!] 36. This German book is so
difficult I can't read it. 37. I was in so much of a hurry that I came with-
out [forgetting] my purse. 38. It surely looks like rain. 39. Please take
away this cake and bring some other. 40. This is the custom of the place.
41. That statesman is somewhat of a scholarly turn of mind. 42. You are
not quite yourself today! 43. How much did you pay for that gold watch ?
44. It will be some time before the doctor comes. 45. Between the ele-
mentary school and the higher school is the middle school; the university is
above the higher school. 46. To manufacture machinery one needs a great
deal of both experience and capital. 47. The longer the war continues, the
smaller [fewer] becomes the number of neutral countries. 48. The Public
Works Department of this city uses a great deal of machinery. 49. In the
United States the President appoints higher officials with the approval of
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the Senate. 50. The railway is now laid as far as that place. 51. Come
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now, let's get to work! 52. It takes too much time. 53. As it is cold,
sleep well covered with quilts. 54. Shall I sprinkle some salt on the meat ?
55. What [telephone] number are you calling? 56. I was bareheaded.
57. At this season the east wind blows. 58. This knife no longer cuts. 59.
Please hang up; the number is wrong. 60. Please hold the wire. 61. What
time is the next down train? 62. If I had as much as five yen it would
[§157
Japanese as It Is Spoken
fighter
is, as
sons
modity
sured
streetcar stop
station
gaged
Lesson XXXVII
Vocabulary
Azukaru
[A-zu-ka-ru], To keep,
forth, ply
be arranged, be bound to
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arrange
cloudy
tonished, be surprised
listen
Shitagatte, Accordingly
Grammar
pounds are formed, there are given below in parallel columns compound
words derived, respectively, from the verbs azukaru and azukeru, shown
room
159. The suffix buri added to numerals, verbs, or adjectives signifies (1)
after the lapse of, for the period of, et cetera, or (2) manner of action, ap-
pearance, et cetera.
(a) The conclusive form of the adjective (shi in place of i), especially
in the expressions: Yoshi, It is well (good); Nashi, There are (is) none.
(b) The inflected adjective suffix beshi, signifying must, should, shall,
ought to, which is combined with the conclusive form of the verb. Three
forms of this suffix occur—the attributive beki, the adverbial beku, and
sible.
Example: Mada subeki koto ga aru ka? Are there still things to be
done?
(c) The attributive form (ending in ki) and the adverbial form (ending
had said.
Exercise XXXVII
shita. 6. Dento ga kiete aru kara kaidan no agari kudari ni chui shite ku-
kin jo ni kaji ga okotte, sono toki ni erai kaze ga fuki dashita no de taihen
na mon' ni nari so datta ga, ozei no hikeshi ga isoide dete kite, suihei no
13. Kono kusuri o nomeba byoki wa osamarimasu. 14. Ano ne, kono
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tegami o kakete mite sore de yoi ka do ka shirabete kudasai. 15. Itte mitara
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to ga sukoshi aite ita. 16. Sono mise wa gozen hachiji ni akimasu. 17.
Ginko wa sanji made aite iru. 18. Kono uchi wa raigetsu akimasu. 19.
Zashiki ga hitotsu mo aite imasen. 20. Shirabete mitara hito chigai datta.
o akete oite kudasai. 23. Watakushi mo sono naka ni haitte ita. 24. Mazu
hajime ni nani o shimasho ka. 25. Ano ne, chotto kimi ni hanashi ga aru.
26. Ne, hanashi to iu no wa nan desu ka? 27. Sono hanashi o mo yame
ni shio. 28. Boku wa tashika so itta hazu da. 29. Sonna hazu de wa
nakatta. 30. Ano hito wa hima ga arisugite komatte iru. 31. Mono ni
33. Me mo kuchi hodo ni mono o iu. 34. Kore to onaji shina o hoka de
yasuku utte iru. 35. Kore wa dare ka hoka no hito no boshi da. 36. Kore
yori hoka ni shikata ga nai. 37. Ano hito no suki na yo ni saseru ga ii.
38. Moshi sono kisha ni nori okuretara tsugi no de mo ii. 39. Sugu o
kaeri ni natte wa ikaga desu ka ? 40. Kono dobutsu wa nani o tabete ikite
imasu ka? 41. Kono hako ni nani o irete aru no ka? 42. Kimi ga kono
meishi o dasu to irete kuremasu yo. 43. Kome nara iru dake motte ike
[plain language]. 44. Kono kodomo wa mada kotoba ga ienai. 45. Ano
iimasu ka? 47. Senjitsu o kashi ageta hon o kaeshi kudasai. 48. Dorobo
dashi e kakushita. 50. Oya ni kakusu mono de wa nai. 51. Hito ga boku
kimatte iru. 55. De wa nichiyo no ban to iu koto ni kimete oko. 56. Kiita
Translation XXXVII
1. Please take charge of this money for me. 2. Those two actors do
not get along well together. 3. That Buddhist priest has 10,000 yen on
deposit in the Mitsui Bank. 4. The snow on the mountain has already
disappeared. 5. The fire has almost gone out. 6. As the light is out, please
be careful in going up and down stairs. 7. The station is still some distance
away. 8. Last evening a fire broke out in this vicinity; at that time a
strong wind began to blow and it looked as if it [the fire] was going to
develop into something dreadful; but a large number of firemen came out
speedily and one battalion of sailors was good enough to lend its assistance,
so that in a short time the fire was under control. 9. In Tokyo both earth-
quakes and fires are frequent. 10. Ordinarily lumber exports from Seattle
to the Orient are active, but on account of the war they have become en-
tirely suspended. 11. The moon is covered by a cloud. 12. We are out
of that commodity. 13. If you drink this medicine, your illness will be
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brought under control. 14. I say! Please weigh this letter and find out
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if it is all right as it is or not. 15. When I went to look, the door was open
a little. 16. That store opens at 8:00 a.m. 17. The bank is open until
three. 18. This house will become vacant next month. 19. We have not
a single room vacant. 20. Upon inquiry I found that it was a [case of]
mistaken identity. 21. I will abide by your decision in the matter. 22.
Please leave the sliding door open so that the cat can come in. 23. I was
§ 160] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 123
among them. 24. What shall I do to begin with? 25. Listen, I have a
little something to talk over with you. 26. Indeed, what is it that you
want to talk about? 27. Let us not talk about that any more. 28. I am
sure that I said so. 29. It could not have been so. 30. That man has so
much time that it hangs heavily on his hands. 31. There's a limit to every-
thing. 32. There is nothing worthy of being called a park in that town.
33. Eyes say things as much as the mouth. 34. The same article as this
is sold cheaper elsewhere. 35. This is somebody else's hat. 36. There is
nothing else to be done. 37. You had better let him do as he pleases.
38. If I should be late for this train, the next one will serve my purpose.
39. I suggest that you return [home] immediately. 40. What does this
animal live on? 41. What is inside this box? 42. If you show this [call-
ing] card, they will let you in. 43. If it's rice [you want], take away all
you need. 44. This child can't talk yet. 45. Tell that man to come in the
evening. 46. How do you say this thing in German? 47. Please return
the book which I lent [lending gave] you the other day. 48. The burglar
remained hidden for some time in the shadow of the tree. 49. He put [hid]
it in the drawer so that it would not be found. 50. You should not con-
ceal things from your parents. 51. I don't care what people may say of
me. 52. It is none of your concern. 53. Upon examining the purse I
hot. 55. Well, then, let's make it [shall we fixing leave at the matter] for
Sunday night. 56. I am telling you just as I heard it. 57. You must do
just as you are directed. 58. This book is quite worth reading.
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Appendix A
All forms of the verb are derived from one or another of four principal parts,
either with or without the addition of endings, as indicated below. Unless otherwise
indicated the endings are invariable (not inflected). The four principal parts are desig-
Japanese term
The conclusive form of all verbs ends in u. In verbs of the first and third con-
jugations (other than a few irregular ones), the continuative base, the conditional base,
and the negative base are formed merely by changing the final u of the conclusive to
i, e, and a, respectively. However, in forming the negative base of verbs which have
a vowel preceding the final u of the conclusive, such as kau, iu, toil, and nuu, a w
must be inserted before the a of the negative base. In verbs of the second conjugation
the continuative base, the conditional base, and the negative base are identical with
each other and are formed by dropping the final ru of the conclusive form.
In all forms derived from the continuative base shown in this table, except the
desiderative, the letter changes described in sections 31-34 (Lesson VI) take place.
TENSE OR MOOD
Indicative
Past (certain)
Past (probable)
Future (probable)
Conditional
Present
Past
Concessive
Present
Past
Gerund
Progressive tenses
Emphatic tenses
Polite forms
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Frequentative
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ENDINGS
Positive
1 + nothing
2 + ta
2 + taro
4 + (a + u = 6)
(e + n = yo)
(i + u = yo)
3 + ba
2 + tara
3 + do (mo)
2 + taredo(mo)
2 + te
Negative
4 + nai, or, n
4 + nakattara(ba), or,
nandara(ba)
4 + nakeredo(mo), or,
nedo(mo)
rnakute, or,
[zu
or, no de aru)
126 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix A
ENDINGS
TENSE OR MOOD
Positive Negative
Imperative (peremptory)
Causative
Tai, nai, renai, rarenai, senai, and sasenai are inflected as adjectives.
Reru, rareru, seru, and saseru are inflected as verbs of the second conjugation.
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APPENDIX B
Principal parts: conclusive, OKU; continuative base, OKI; conditional base, OKE;
(certain)
(probable)
(probable)
Active Voice
POSITIVE
(I) place
(I) placed
(I) probably
placed
(I) probably
shall place
If (I) place
If (I) placed
Past conditional
Gerund
Oitaredo(mo)
Oite
Although (I)
place
Although (I)
placed
Placing
NEGATIVE
Okanai \
Okan /
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Okananda J place
Okanakattaro") I probably
OkanakerebaT // (I) do
Okanakattara(ba)\ // (I)
place
Okanakeredo(mo)') Al-
Okanedo(mo) ^though
Progressive tenses
Present
Past (certain)
Past (probable)
Emphatic tenses
Present
Past
Polite form
Present
Past
Future
Desiderative
Okanakute |
Okazu J
ing
128
[Appendix B
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Imperative
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
(peremptory)
Oke
Place
(polite)
Oite (o)kure
Please place
do not place
(polite)
Oite kudasai
Please place
Okanai de kudasai
(polite)
Okinasai
Please place
Passive Voice
(I) am placed
Causative
(I) cause to
place
(Okareru and okaseru are conjugated as shown in the paradigm for the conju
gation of taberu.)
Present
Present causative
Okareru
Okaseru
to be placed
Principal parts
2d conj.
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3d conj.
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IRREGULAR
IRREGULAR
Conclusive
Taberu
Kaeru
Suru
Kuru
Continuative base
Tabe
Kaeri
Shi
Ki
Conditional base
Tabe
Kaere
Se
Kure
Negative base
Tabe
Kaera
Shi, Se, Sa
Ko
Present indicative
Kaeru
Suru
Kuru
Past indicative
Tabeta
Appendix B]
129
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
2o CONJ.
3D CONJ.
IRREGULAR
IRREGULAR
Tabenakaro
Kaeranakaro
Shinakaro
Konakaro
Taberumai
Kaerumai
Surumai
Kurumai
Tabenake-
Kaeranake-
Shinakereba
Konakereba
reba
reba
Tabeneba
Kaeraneba
Seneba
Koneba
Tabenakute
Kaeranakute
Shinakute
Konakute
Tabenai de
Kaeranai de
Shinai de
Konai de
.Tabezu
Kaerazu
Sezu
Kozu
Future (probable)
Present conditional
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Gerund
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The progressive, emphatic, polite, and desiderative forms need not be repeated here.
The emphatic forms are produced by appropriately conjugating the governing verb,
and the progressive, polite, and desiderative forms by appropriately conjugating the
auxiliary.
Imperative
(peremptory)
(polite)
Taberuna
Tabenai de
kudasai
Kacruna
Kaeranai de
kudasai
Suruna
Shinai de
kudasai
Kuruna
Konai de ku-
dasai
Passive Voice
(Other passive forms are produced by conjugating the passive verb as a verb of
the 2d conjugation.)
Causative Form
(Other causative forms are produced by conjugating the causative verb as a verb
of the 2d conjugation.)
Military Terms
Military Commands
Ki o tsuke, Attention
Yasume, At ease
Atsumare, Fall in
Geba, Dismount
Ute, Fire
Stack arms
onet)
shoulder arms
Keirei, Salute
PREPARATORY COMMAND
Migi e, Right
Mae e, Forward
right [left]
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flank
[left] oblique
[left] turn
COMMAND OP EXECUTION
Narae, Dress
Susume, March
Tomare, Halt
Susume, March
Susume, March
Susume, March
Susume, March
Susume, March
Susume, March
Tsukkome, Charge
Naore, Front
Forms of Address
It is the general practice in the Japanese armed forces when conversing with
approximate equals to use boku for the first person pronoun and kimi for the second.
Superiors are addressed by the title of their office (or, less commonly, by their military
rank) plus the title dono (which is replaced by kakka in the case of an officer of
general or flag rank), as, rentaicho dono, regimental commander, sir. In addressing
inferiors and prisoners ore is used for first person and omae for second person. See
131
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
socho
Sambo jicho
Sangiin
mu kyoku
kyoku
kyoku
Artillery, Hohei
Cavalry, Kihei
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sembu
Engineers, Kohei
Infantry, Hohei
Ordnance, Heikibu
Army Units
is called hombu and its commander cho. For example: gun shireibu, army head-
(Names of ranks in Japanese are identical for army and navy officers)
JAPANESE NAME
Gensui
Taisho
Chujo
Shosho
132
[Appendix C
Japanese as
: It Is Spoken
Army
Navy
Kashikan
Noncommissioned
officer
Kashikan
Heisocho
Socho
Sergeant Major
Itto Heiso
Gunso
Sergeant
Nito Heiso
Gocho
Corporal
Santo Heiso
Hei, Heitai
Private
Suihei
Seaman
Jotohei
Lance Corporal
Nito Suihei
Seaman 1/c
Ittohei
Santo Suihei
Seaman 2/c
Nitohei
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Seaman 3/c
Shake!
An intendance officer
Guni
A surgeon
Jui
Veterinarian
Yakuzaisei
Yakuzaikan
Pharmacist, company-
officer rank
Shukei Sokan,
Kangokan
Nurse, company-officer
tendance; Guni
rank
Medical Corps.]
Gakucho
Bandmaster
Appendix C]
133
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Airdrome, Hikojo
Airport, Kokuko
Airplane, Hikoki
Bombardier, Bakugekishu
Pilot, Sojusha
Alarm, Keiho
Ambush, Fukuhei
Ammunition, Danyaku
Anti-aircraft, Taiku
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hei
Bukan
Attack, Kogeki
Anti-tank, Taisensha
Bandage, Hotai
Barricade, Sozetsu
Base, Konkyochi
Bivouac, Roei
Bomb, Bakudan
Bugler, Rappashu
Camp, Yaei
Campaign, Seneki
Suito
134
[Appendix C
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Fort, Yosai
Garrison, Shubitai
Gas, Gasu
Grenade, Tekidan
Infiltration, Sennyu
Insubordination, Komei
Maneuver, Kido
Map, Chizu
mask
Medicine, Iyaku
Mess, Shukaijo
Messenger, Denreishi
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Mobilization, Doin
Morale, Shiki
Mortar, Kyuho
Munitions, Gunjuhin
correspondent
Offensive, Kosei
Officer, Shoko
Opposition, Taiko
Orderly, Denreishi
Ordnance, Heiki
Appendix C]
135
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Sniper, Sogekihei
Soldier, Gunjin
Specialist, Tokugyosha
Squad, Buntai
Strategy, Senryaku
Surprise, Kishu
Surrender, Kofuku
Survey, Sokuryo
Tactics, Senjutsu
Topography, Chikei
Trench, Zango
Truce, Kyusen
Vanguard, Zempei
Victory, Shori
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War, Senso
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Weapon, Heiki
Wound, Fusho
Wreckage, Hasombutsu
tai
Appendix D
Useful Phrases
Questions in General
What is that?
What is it (brusque) ?
Is this yours?
May I have it ?.
ka?
Nan da?
Dare da?
137
Japanese as It Is Spoken
The Amenities
I am robust as usual.
long time.
ka?
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A Call
yesterday.
now.
[Appendix D
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
I can't stay.
day.
fession is?
I congratulate you.
Bottoms up.
ka?
Dozo, go yukkuri.
masu.
masu.
narimashita.
omoimasu.
Gomen nasai.
Domo, go shinsetsu.
Go kuro deshita.
Do itashimashita.
ka?
139
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Sore wa komatta.
Sore wa ikemasen.
Hidoi me ni aimashita.
leave ?
the train?
nary?
Awaken me at 7:30.
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mountain ?
rant?
masu ka?
arimasu ka?
ka?
desu ka?
[Appendix D
Japanese as It Is Spoken
At a Restaurant
will do.
d'hote?
Is it domestic or imported?
Is it chilled?
again.
evening ?
tinuous ?
for us.
de ii.
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
motte kite.
arimasu ka?
ka?
ninmae ni shimasu.
ka?
mite.
Shopping
141
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
silk.
measure ?
Friday evening.
wa ii desu ka?
ga ii.
koshiraete.
masho ka?
dekimasu.
Communications
AT THE TELEPHONE
ka?
ka?
donata?
shite kudasai.
Denwa ga kirechatta.
TELEGRAMS
I have received
Kato.
142
[Appendix D
Japanese as It Is Spoken
POSTAL MATTERS
I am the sender.
kudasai.
dasai.
Consulting a Doctor
I have a headache.
I have a stomach-ache.
I have chills.
My leg is injured.
thermometer.
tongue.
I have no appetite.
men.
the dispensary.
depart.
[Isha ni kakarimasu.
desu.]
O naka ga itamimasu.
Mune ga kurushii.
Kega o shimashita.
Kaze o hikimashita.
masu.]
Yoru neraremasen.
143
Japanese as It Is Spoken
I feel badly.
not take.
ga irimasu.
shita.
Nyuin shimashita.
less abrupt language than do Japanese. The forms shown below are those customarily
employed by Japanese, but there are given in parentheses terminations which the
speaker may add to make his commands less brusque. For grammar, see section 37,
above. ]
Polish my shoes.
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:11 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
ner.
this evening.
(o kure).
kure).
kure).
so itte (o kure).
kure).
[Appendix D
Japanese as It Is Spoken
dumb].
Nonsense!
I confess I was.
Fibber [liar].
Bakarashii I
Uso desho!
Come here.
Get out.
Remove it.
thet] 1
You satyr!
Shame on youl
Shut up!
Ungrateful wretch!
Kotchi koi.
Sotchi ike.
Doke.
Baka!
Sukebei [S(u)kebei]!
Haji o shire I
Urusai! Yakamashii!
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Damare.
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:12 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Kon' chikusho!
On shirazu!
Appendix E
JAPANESE
AMERICAN
Customary
Metric
Ri
2.44029 miles
3.92727 kilometers
(Kai-)Ri (marine)
1.15151 miles
1.85318 kilometers
Hori, square Ri
Cho = 10 Tan
= 3,000 Tsubo
2.45062 acres
0.991735 hectare
Tsubo
3.30579 centiares
Koku = 10 To
= 100 Sho
1.80391 hectoliters
3.75000 kilograms
0.60000 kilogram
Momme
3.75000 grams
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
The foregoing table is taken from the Financial and Economic Annual of Japan,
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:12 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Linear Measure
1 mo
10 mo
10 rin
10 bu
10 sun
10 shaku
6 shaku
60 ken
36 cho
equals
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
equals 1
rin
bu
sun
0.00003 yard
0.00033 yard
0.00331 yard
0.03314 yard
0.33140 yard
3.31404 yards
146 Japanese as It Is Spoken [Appendix E
10 rin equals 1 bu. 10 bu equals 1 sun. 10 sun equals 1 shaku. 10 shaku equals 1 jo.
The shaku of cloth measure is slightly less than 15 English inches and is one-
fourth longer than the shaku of ordinary linear measure. 2 jo 8 shaku equals 1 tan
and 2 tan equals 1 hiki. Pieces of cloth are made up in bolts of 1 tan.
Weight
160 momme equals 1 kin equals 1.32277 pounds (avoir- or 0.60000 kilogram
dupois)
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:12 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
APPENDIX F
Of Chinese Derivation
Cho Baskets, candles, forks, guns, knives, razors, scissors, vehicles, etc.
Fu Letters (epistles)
Hiki Fishes, insects, quadrupeds, pairs of bolts of cloth (see Appendix E, Cloth
Measure)
Ken Houses
Ki Airplanes
Ko Goods, baggage, hats, military units (as regiments), watches, solid objects
Ko Houses
Mei Persons
Rin Flowers
Ryu Flags
Satsu Volumes
Shu Poems
Teki Drops
To Quadrupeds, whales
147
148
[Appendix F
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Of Native Derivation
E Folds of garments
Hako Boxfuls
Kabu Shrubs
Mune Buildings
Mure Flocks
Nagare Flags
Of Hybrid Derivation
Nimmae Food, cups, dishes, etc., when for a specified number of individuals
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:12 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
APPENDIX G
General Terms
ENGLISH
Agency
Board
Board, President
Board, Vice-President
Branch
Commerce officer
lission 1
littee J
Commission
Committee
Commission
Committee
Commission
Committee
Commissioner
Committee member
Consul
President
JAPANESE
Shutchojo
In
Sosai
Fukusosai
Shi (prefix)
Bunkan
Zoku (suffix)
Shokisei
Shomukan
Iinkai
Iinkaicho
Vice-President Iinfukukaicho
lin
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Ryoji
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Consul General
Soryoji
Consulate
Ryojikan
Consulate General
Soryojikan
Court of Appeals
Kosoin
Court, District
Chiho Saibansho
Court, local
Kusaibansho
Customs house
Zeikan
Zeikanch6
ent of
Department
(See Ministry)
Division
Bu
Division Chief
Bucho
Expert (Engineer)
Gishi
Financial officer
Zaimukan
EXAMPLES
[Appendix G
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
ENGLISH
Interpreter
Judge
Appeals
Court
Mayor of a city
Minister of State
Ministry
Municipal office
Office
Official (chief)
Police station
Police, Chief of
Police officer
Policeman
Postmaster
Post office
Prefectural offices
Tokyo
Osaka
Kyoto
Procurator (corresponds to
District Attorney)
of Appeals
Procurator's office
Secretarial officer
Section
Section chief
Station
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Station chief
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Tax collector
Town headman
Town office
Vice Consul
Vice Minister
Village headman
Village office
JAPANESE
Tsuyakkan
Hanji
Kosoincho
Chihosaibancho
Shicho
Bukan
Daijin
Sho
Shiyakusho, Shicho
Jimusho
Chokan
Kanri
Keisatsusho
Shocho
Keikan
Junsa
Yubinkyokucho
Yubinkyoku
Fucho
Kencho
Kenji
Kenjicho
Appendix G]
151
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
The Emperor
The Empress
Koshitsu
Tenno
Kogo
Kotaigo
Kotaishi
Koshi
Kozoku
Kunai Daijin
Nai Daijin
Jijucho
Jiju Bukancho
Shikibu Kancho
Gaimu Daijin
Naimu Daijin
Okura Daijin
Rikugun Daijin
Kaigun Daijin
Shiho Daijin
Nosho Daijin
Gunju Daijin
Mombu Daijin
Daitoa Daijin
Kosei Daijin
Munin Daijin
Naikaku Shokikancho
Hosei Kyokucho
Privy Councillor
According to Subject
1. Phenomena of Nature
2. Substances
5. The Country
6. Town
. 7. Traveling
Processes
Dishes
18. Religion
Air
Kuki
Ashes
Hai
Avalanche, earth
Yamakuzure
Avalanche, snow
Yukinadare
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Climate
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:27 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Kiko
Cloud
Kumo
Cold
Samusa
Crescent moon
Mikazuki
Darkness
Kuragari
Direction
Hoko
Earth, the
Chikyu
Earthquake
Jishin
Electricity
Denki
Fire
Hi
Flame
Hono
Flood
Omizu
Fog
Kiri
Frost
Shimo
Full moon
Mangetsu
Ground
Appendix H]
153
Japanese
as It Is Spoken
Dust
Hokori
Pearl
Shinju
Earth
Tsuchi
Petroleum
Sekiyu
Fuel
Nenryo
Powder
Kona
Gas
Gasu
Quicksilver.
Suigin
Gasoline
Kihatsuyu
Rubber
Gomu
Glass
Hari, Garasu
Rubbish
Gomi
Gold
Kin
Sand
Suna
Iron
Tetsu
Silk (raw)
Kiito
Ivory
Zoge
Silver
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Gin
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Lead
Namari
Slate
Sekiban
Leather
Hikaku
Steel
Kotetsu
Lime
Ishibai
Straw
Wara
Lumber
Zaimoku
Stone
Ishi
Sulphur
Io
Material, raw
Genryo
Tin
Suzu
Metal
Kinzoku
Tin plate
Burikki
Mineral
Kobutsu
Wood
154
[Appendix H
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Adder
Mamushi
Snake
Hebi
Crocodile
Wani
Tortoise
Kame
Frog
Kaeru, Kawazu
Turtle
Suppon
Abalone
Awabi
Oyster
Kaki
Bonito
Katsuo
Porpoise
Iruka
Carp
Koi
Prawn
Ebi
Clam
Hamaguri
Salmon
Shake
Cod
Tara
Sardine
Iwashi
Crab
Kani
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Scallop
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Hashira
Cuttlefish
Ika
Sea-bream
Tai
Eel
Unagi
Shark
Same
Goldfish
Kingyo
Shrimp
Ebi
Herring
Nisshin
Sole
Karei
Lobster
Ise ebi
Trout
Ai, Masu
Mackerel
Saba
Tuna
Maguro
Octopus
Tako
Insects
(Churui)
Ant
Appendix H]
155
Japanese as
It Is Spoken
Pine
Matsu
Trunk
Miki
Pomegranate
Jakuro, Zakuro
Vine (runner)
Tsuru
Root
Ne
Violet
Sumire
Rose
Bara
Wax tree
Haji
Seed
Tane
Willow
Yanagi
Tree, peony
Shakuyaku
Wisteria
Fuji
Tree, wood
Ki
Yew
Ichii
Agriculture
Nogyo
Incline (slope)
Saka
Kawabata
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Mountain
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Yama
Bridge
Hashi
Pasture (stock
Bokujo
Cliff
Gake
farm)
Ditch
Mizo
Pond
Ike
Farm
Nojo
River
Kawa
Farmhouse
Noka
Road
Michi
Field, cultivated
Hatake
Scenery
Keshiki
Ta
Seashore
Kaigan
rice growing
Seed
156
[Appendix H
Japanese as
It Is Spoken
7. TRAVELING (RYOK6)
Account
Kan jo
Landlord
Teishu
Airport
Kokuko
Lavatory
Chozuba, Ben jo
Arrival
Tochaku
Lighter (barge)
Hashike
Baggage
Nimotsu
Mileage
Mairu su
Baggageman
Nimotsu kata
Office
Jimusho'
Baggage office
Nimotsu toriatsu-
Ordinary train
Futsu ressha
kaijo
Omnibus
Noriai jidosha,
Basket trunk
Kori
Basu
Berth
Shindai
Package
Tsutsumi
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Berth, lower
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Shita
Passenger
Jokyaku
Berth, upper
Ue
Passenger agent
Jokyaku gakari
Boat
Fune
Passport
Ryoken
Box
Hako
Payment
Harai
Change (trains)
Norikae
Pier
Hatoba
Chikki
Porter
Akabo, Karuko
gage)
Pullman
Shindaisha
Check room
Nimotsu azukarijo
Purse
Kaneire
Appendix H]
157
Japanese as
It Is Spoken
Elbow
Hiji
Neck
Kubi
Eye
Me
Nerve
Shinkei
Eyeball
Gankyu
Nose
Hana
Face
Kao
Posterior
Shiri, Dembu
Finger
Yubi
Pubic region
Imbu
Foot
Ashi
Pulse
Myaku
Hair
Ke
Ribs
Abara
Kami
Shoulder
Kata
collectively)
Side
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Waki
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:28 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Hand
Te
Skeleton
Gaikotsu
Head
Atama
Skin
Hifu
Heart
Shinzo
Stomach
I, Ibukuro
Heel
Kakato
Thigh
Momo
Hip
Koshi
Thumb
Oyayubi, Boshi
Intestines
Harawata
Throat
Nodo
Joints
Fushibushi
Toe
Ashiyubi
Knee
Hiza
158
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Smallpox
Hoso
Kujiki
Typhoid "1
Typhus j"
Chibusu
Sprain
Suffocation
Chissoku
Ulceration
Biran
Syphilis
Baidoku
Venereal disease
Karyubyo
Tonsillitis
Hentosen
Whooping cough
Hyakunichi seki
Tuberculosis
Haibyo
Wound
Fusho, Kega
Tumor
Shuyo
10. MEDICAL
TREATMENT (IRYO)
Absorbent cotton
Dasshimen
Medical science
Igaku
Ambulance
Kusuri
ja) unsosha
Nursing
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Kango
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Bandage
Hotai
Nutrition
Eiyo
Bone setting
Hone tsugi
Ointment
Koyaku
Bowel movement
Tsuji
Operation
Shujutsu
Cathartic
Gezai
Operating knife
Shujutsut6
Consultation
Shinsatsu
Operating room
Shujutsushitsu
Convalescence
Kaiho
Operating table
Shujutsudai
Cure, to
Naosu
Pharmacist
Yakuzaishi
Dentist
Ha isha
Appendix H]
159
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Outhouse
Hanareya
Window
Mado
Panel
Hame
Yard (garden)
Naka niwa
Passage
Roka
Plaster (lime)
Pillar
Shikkui
Hashira
House
Roof
Yane
Room
Heya, Ma
Mat
Tatami
Second floor
Nikai
Matting (sun-
Sudare
Sitting room
I ma
shades)
Staircase
Hashigo dan
Raised alcove
Tokonoma
Steam heating
Juki dambo
Amado
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Tiles
Kawara
ternal)
Toilet
Benjo
Pusuma, Kara-
Transom
Hikimado
kami
Veranda
Engawa
tions)
Hei
Sliding window,
Shoji
sure)
paper
Kabe
Un floored portion
Doma
Well
Ido
of house
12. MACHINES
Awl
160
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Spade
Square (carpen-
ter's)
Staple
Straight edge
Tire
Tongs
Suki
Ya
Kanejaku
Tsubokugi
Chokki
Tanku
Taiya
Hasami
Treadle
Trowel
Vise
Wedge
Wheel
Wire
Wrench
Fumigi, Fumiita
Kote, Sakan no
kote
Manriki
Kusabi
Kuruma
Harigane
Nejimawashi
Bake (v.t.)
Yaku
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Jar
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Kame, Tsubo
Bamboo basket
Zaru
Kettle (copper or
Yakan
Barrel
Taru
brass)
Basin
Tarai
Kettle (iron)
Tetsubin
Niru
Kettle (boiling)
Kama, Chagama
with flavoring)
Knife
Hocho, Naifu
Uderu, Yuderu
Ladle
Shamoji
voring)
Lid
Futa
Wakasu
Napkin
Napukin
Appendix H]
161
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Bread, brown
Kuro pan
Orange, tangerine
Mikan
Bread, toasted
Yaki pan
Pancakes
Pankeiki
Brussels sprouts
Mi kyabetsu
Peach, American
Suimitsu
Butter
Bata
variety
Cabbage
Kyabetsu
Peach, Japanese
Memo
Cake, candy
Kashi
variety
Carrot
Ninjin
Peanuts
Nankin mame
Celery
Sereri
Pear
Nashi
Cheese
Chiizu
Peas
Endo mame
Cherry
Sakurambo
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Pepper, black or
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Kosho
Chestnut
Kuri
white
Chicken
Chikin, Tori
Pepper, red
Togarashi
Cocoa
Kokoa
Persimmon
Kaki
Coffee
Kohl
Pickles
Pikerusu
Corn (maize)
Tomorokoshi
Plum
Ume
Cream
Kurimu
Pork
Buta no niku
Cucumber
Kyuri
Potato, sweet
Satsuma imo
Cutlet
Katsuretsu
162
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
nuts
jam
Dango, a dumpling
paste
paste
stew
paste
with
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
fish
prawns)
Udon, spaghetti
163
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Footwear
Fur
Gloves
Gown
Haberdashery
Hairdresser
Haircut
Handkerchief
Hat
Jacket
Jewelry
Knit goods
Lace
Laundry (articles)
Laundryman
Linen
Morning coat
Muffler
Necklace
Necktie
Needle
Nightclothes
Old clothes
Ornaments (dress)
Overcoat
Pa jama
Parasol
Petticoat
Pin
Pocketbook
Powder (face)
Purse
Raincoat
Razor
Ribbon
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Ring (finger)
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Rouge
Scarf
Scissors
Sewing machine
Shawl
Shave (v.t.)
Hakimono
Kegawa, Mohi
Tebukuro
Kimono
Itomono
Bihatsushi
Sampatsu
Hankechi
Boshi
Jaketto
Kinginzaiku
Meriyasu
Reisu
Sentakumono
Sentakuya
Asa
Moningu
Erimaki
Kubikazari
Nekutai
Hari
Nemaki
Furugi
Kazari
164
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Kyahan Gaiters
Address (n.)
Address (v.t.)
Blotting paper
Book
Book post
Conversation
Date
Desk (writing)
Destination
Envelope
Excess postage
General delivery
Information (desk
or window)
Ink
Inkstand
Interview
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Letter
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Letter post
Magazine
Message
Money order
News
Newspaper
Notice (notifica-
tion)
Notification
Paper
Parcel post
Pen
Pencil
TEISHIN, NADO)
Atena
Ateru
Suitori gami
Hon, Shomotsu
Shomotsu yubin
Hanashi, Kaiwa
Gappi, Hizuke
Tsukue
Yukisaki
Jobukuro, Futo
Fusoku zei
Yubinkyoku azu-
kari
Appendix H]
165
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Address a letter
Answer a letter
Connect with . . . .
(by telephone)
Forward a letter
Inform (a person)
by letter
Install a telephone
Line is busy
Mail a letter
Receive a letter
Tegami o ateru
Tegami no henji
o yaru
. . . . ni tsunagu
Tegami o okuru
Denwa o kirazu
ni oku
Tegami de shira-
seru
Denwa o hiku
Hanashi chu
Yubin o dasu
Tegami o uke-
toru
Remit money by
der
Ring off
Ring up
Seal a letter
Send a letter
Send a telegram
by mail
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:30 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Talk by telephone
Telephone a person
Unseal (open) a
letter
Write a letter
wase de okuru
Denwa o kiru
Denwa o kakeru
Tegami o fujiru
Tegami o dasu
Dempo o utsu
Tegami de toriyo-
seru
Denwa de hanasu
Hito ni denwa o
kakeru
Denwa ga kireta
Tegami o nuku
Tegami o kaku
18. RELIGION
Acolyte (B.)
Kozo
Charity (philan-
Jizen
Almighty God
Zenno no kami
166
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Matsuru
Memorial service
Tsuitoshiki
Episcopalian
Nihon Seikokai
(B.)
Churches
Memorial service
Shokonsai
Eternal, everlasting
Eikyu no
Eternal life
Tokoshie no ino-
Mendicant priest
Takuhatsuso
chi
(B.)
Evil (adj.)
Warui, Ashii
Merciful
Itsukushimi no
Evil (noun)
Aku
Mercy
Megumi, Jiki
Faith
Shinko
Methodist Churches
Nihon Mesojisuto
Shimpu
Kyokai
Festival (Japanese
Matsuri
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
Minister
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:38 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Kaishi, Kyoshi
cults)
Miracle
Kiseki
Filial piety
Missionary
Senkyoshi
Forgive (v.t.)
Yurusu
Mohammedanism
Fuifuikyo
Forgiveness of sin
Tsumi no yurushi
Monk (B.)
Shukke
Glory
Eiko
Morality
Dotoku
Mortal
Shinubeki
God (R.C.)
Tenshu
New Testament
Shinyaku(sho)
Goodness
Jinai, Zenryo
Appendix H]
167
Japanese as
It Is Spoken
Roman Catholicism
Kyukyo
Theology
Shingaku
Rosary
Juzu
Tolerance
Kanyo
Sabbath
Ansokunichi
Tract
Shukyo zasshi
Sacrament
Seiten
Trespass
Toga, Hanzai
Sacred
Shinsei na
Trinity
Sammi ittai
Sacrifice
Gisei
Trust (v.i.)
Irai suru
Salvation
Sukui, Kyusho
Truth
Shinri
Salvation Army
Kyuseigun
Tutelary deity
Ujigami
Savior
Sukuinushi
Unbelief
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Fushin
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Scripture
Seisho
Understanding
Rikai
Selfishness
Shiyoku
Unfaithful
Fushin no
Sermon
Sekkyo
Unworthy
Kachi nai
Butsuji
Virtue
Toku
Service, divine
Reihaishiki
Sampai suru
(Chr.)
Saishiki
Wicked
Jaaku na
Shintoism
Shinto
Wickedness
Aku, Jaaku
168
[Appendix H
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Consignment
Niokuri
Consignor
Niokurinin
Contract
Keiyaku
Cost price
Genka
Kashikata
keeping)
Credit, letter of
Shinyojo
Credit sale
Kake uri
Creditor
Kashinushi
Customer (buyer)
Kaite
Customs
Zeikan
Customs duties
Kanzei
Debt
Shakkin, Saiken
Debtor
Karinushi, Karite
Delivery
Sashiwatashi
Discount
Waribiki
Dividend
Haitokin
Draft
Kawase tegata
Shiharainin
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Furidashinin
Duty (customs)
Kanzei
Duty free
Muzei
Estate
Zaisan
Estimate
Mitsumori
Exchange (bourse)
Torihikijo
Exchange (for-
Kawase
eign)
Export
Yushutsu
Factory
Kojo, Koba
Shokan, Shokai
prietorship)
Fixed price
Teika
Freight (carrying
Unchin
charge)
Goods
Buppin
Guarantee
Appendix H]
169
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Shipping expense
(charge)
Shop (retail)
Stock (goods)
Stockbroker
Stock exchange
Stock taking
Tax
Trademark
Transaction
Transfer
Underwriter
Unloading
Value
Vessel
Voucher
sans, laborers,
etc.)
Warehouse
Wealth
Weight
Wharf
Wholesale
Wholesaler
Shohyo
Torihiki
Yuzuriwatashi
Hokensha
Nioroshi
Atai, Neuchi
Fune
Uketorisho
Chingin
Hokyu, Kyflryo
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Soko
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Zaisan
Mekata
Hatoba
Oroshi uri
Tonya, Toiya
Telegraphic ad-
dress
Telegraphic code
Telegraphic trans-
fer
Terms
Trade (general)
Trade, foreign
Funazumi hiyo
Mise
Arini
Kabushiki naka-
gainin
Kabushiki torihi-
kijo
Tanaoroshi
Zei
Denshin naate
Dempo no ango
Denshin kawase
Keiyaku no joken
Shogyo
Boeki, Tsusho
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Money lender
Kane kashi
Rice dealer
Komeya
Nurse (European
Ama (san)
Scavenger
Gomiya
household)
Scholar
Gakusha
Nurse (hospital)
Kangofu
Scientist
Kagakusha
Nurse (Japanese
Komori
Seaman
Sen-in
family)
Secondhand dealer
Furudoguya
Optician
Meganeya
Servant
Hokonin, Meshi-
Packer
Nizukuriya
tsukai
Paperhanger
Kyojiya
Shoemaker
Kutsuya
Pastor
Bokushi
Shop-assistant
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Tedai
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Pawnbroker
Shichiya
Stenographer
Sokkisha
Postman
Yubinya
Student
Gakusei
Pharmacist
Yakuzaishi
Surgeon
Geka-i
Photographer
Shashinya
Tailor
Shitateya
Plumber
Enko
Tailor (Western
Yofukuya
Porter
Karuko
clothes)
Priest, Buddhist
Bozu, Soryo
Teacher
Kyoshi, Kyoju
Priest, Christian
Bokushi, Shimpu
Telephone operator
Appendix H]
171
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Execution of a sen-
Kei no shikko
Penal servitude
Muki choeki
tence
(life)
Extenuating cir-
Shakuryo genkei
Penalty
Kei, Batsu
cumstances, miti-
Perjury
Gisho
gation for
Pickpocket
Suri
False accusation
Fukoku
Postponement of
Shikko yuyo
Felony
Juzai
execution
Fine
Bakkin, (petty)
Postponement of
Kei no shikko
Karyo
execution of
yuyo
Forcible entry
Kataku shinnyu
penalty
Forgery
Gizo
Prescription
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Jiko
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Fraud
Sagi
Principal, a (of-
Shuhansha
Gambling
Tobaku
fender)
Harboring a crimi-
Hannin zotoku
Prison
Kangoku
nal
Prisoner (con-
Kiketsu no shuto
Homicide
Satsujinzai
victed)
Imprisonment
Kinko
Prison breach
Ro yaburi
Imprisonment with
Procurator (corre-
Kenji
Penal servitude
sponds to district
Imprisonment for
Muki kinko
attorney)
172
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Agriculture
Nogaku
Graduate (n.)
Sotsugyosei
Algebra
Daisugaku
Graduation
Sotsugyo
Arithmetic
Sanjutsu
Grammar
Bumpo
Art (fine)
Bijutsu
Higher school
Koto gakko
Art (mechanical)
Geijutsu
History
Rekishi
Art gallery
Bijutsukan
Laboratory
Jikkenjo
Artist
Bijutsuka
Hogaku
Astronomy
Temmongaku
Lecture
Kogi
Bachelor (scholas-
Gakushi
Lecture hall
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Kodo, Kogishitsu
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tic)
Lecturer
Koshi, Koensha
Biology
Seibutsugaku
Letter (figure)
Ji, Suji
Book
Hon, Shomotsu
Library
Toshokan
Botany
Shokubutsugaku
Literature
Bungaku
Ceramics
Tokiseizojutsu
Magazine (journal)
Zasshi
Character (ideo-
Kanji, Honji
Map
Chizu
graph)
Mathematics
Sugaku
Chemistry
Kagaku
Medicine (science)
Igaku
Appendix H]
173
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Teacher
Kyoshi
University
Daigaku
Text (wording)
Monku
Word
Kotoba
Textbook
Kyokasho
Zoology
Dobutsugaku
Hyodai, Daimoku
23.
Active voice
Nodotai
Mood
Ho
Adjective
Keiyoshi
Negative base
Mizenkei
Adverb
Fukushi
Nominative case
Shukaku
Attributive form
Rentaikei
Noun
Meishi
Auxiliary verb
Jodoshi
Objective case
Hinkaku
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Causative verb
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Shieki doshi
Part of speech
Gorui
Compound word
Fukugoshi
Passive voice
Judotai
Conclusive form
Shushikei
Past tense
Kako seiji
Conditional base
Izenkei
Personal pronoun
Ninsho daimeishi
Conditional mood
Kateiho, Jokenho
Pluperfect tense
Daikako seiji
Consonant
Shion
Plural
Fukusu
Conjunction
Setsuzokushi
Predicate
Jutsugo
Continuative base
Renyokei
Preposition
174
[Appendix H
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Mountain
River
Kawa
Mountain chain
Sammyaku
Sea
Umi, (kai)
Mountain pass
Toge
Nada
Mountain peak
land)
North
Kita, (hoku)
Shoal
Asase, Se
North Pole
Hokkyoku
South
Minami, (nan)
Ocean
Taiyo, (yo)
South Pole
Nankyoku
Overland route
Rikuro
Strait
Kaikyo, Seto
Parallel of latitude
Isen
Temperate Zone
Ontai
Peninsula
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Hanto
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Territory
Ryodo
Plain
Heichi
Tide
Shio
Plateau
Kochi
Town
Machi, (cho)
Population
Jinko
Tropics
Nettai
Prefecture
Ken, Fu
Tunnel
Tonneru
Product
Sambutsu
Village
Mura, (son)
Province
Shu
Volcano
Funkazan
Province of China
Sho
Waterfall
Taki
Appendix H]
175
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Seoul
Keijo
Tientsin
Tenshin
Siberia
Shiberiya
Tsingtao
Seito
Singapore
Shonan
Turkestan (Chi-
Shinkyo
Soviet Union
Sorempo
nese)
South America
Nambei
United States
Gasshukoku
Tokai
Vladivostok
Urajio
Nanyo Shoto
Washington
Washinton
Thailand
Taikoku
Yellow Sea
Kokai
Tibet
Chibetto
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APPENDIX I
LANDSCAPE (SANSUI)
1. Mountain, Yama
2. Sun, Taiyo
3. Cloud, Kumo
5. Leaves, Ha
6. Branch, Eda
12. Load, Ni
25. Pagoda, To
176
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Generated on 2014-01-04 21:40 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
Appendix I]
177
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
BEDROOM (NEMA)
Otosan, Shinshi
san, Pujin
4. Quilt, Futon
7. Ceiling, Tenjo
dana
[Appendix I
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
KITCHEN (DAIDOKORO)
2. Shelves, Tana
6. Spoon, Saji
7. Charcoal, Sumi
8. Fire, Hi
9. Pan, Nabe
Tasuki
179
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
Fruit, Kudamono
Vase, Hanaike
dana
Cupboard, Monooki
Brazier, Hibachi
Hostess, Okamisan
Pipe, Kiseru
Host, Teishu
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Veranda, Engawa
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Dress, Kimono
Coat, Maori
Garden, Niwa
Steppingstones, Tobi-ishi
Bamboos, Take
[Appendix I
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
STREET (MACHI)
1. Roof, Yane
2. Shop, Mise
3. Clerk, Banto
4. Customer, Kyaku
5. Wares, Shinamono
7. Signboard, Kamban
9. Ladies, Fujin
181
Japanese as It Is Spoken
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Horizon, Suiheisen
Lighthouse, Todai
Cliff, Gake
Beach, Hama
Plain, Hara
Hangars, Kakunoko
Airdrome, Hikojo
Barracks, Heiei
Road, Doro
Bridge, Hashi
hombu
shireibu
Supplies, Hokyuhin
Warehouse, Soko
Locomotive, Kikansha
Lighters, Hashike
kan
dosha
Glossary
The Glossary here appended provides a vocabulary of about 4,000 Japanese words,
which have been carefully selected to meet the practical conversational needs of the
carefully selected or how carefully arranged, offers by itself less of an aid in equipping
the student to talk and understand Japanese than a student of a European language
much greater extent one of translating individual words than is the case in translating
between English and French; but a translation between English and Japanese can at
best be hardly more than a rough paraphrase, and actually in many cases a literal
translation of individual words affords little help toward an understanding of the sense
as a whole. Among the reasons for this are fundamental differences in thought
processes and in life and customs between English-speaking people and the Japanese,
parts of speech of the two languages, as has been fully explained earlier in this book.
One important factor in the situation, as has already been brought out, is the im-
personality of the Japanese language and the consequent need for an English-speaking
Thus when one might say in English, "I enjoy reading," the Japanese would normally
Even a cursory study of the Glossary will reveal that in many cases the equivalent
in Japanese of an English word in one application does not fit when it comes to some
other application. For example, the word undo means exercise, and is applicable to
rights. The English word rice is applicable to the seedlings, to the growing plant,
and to the grain, either uncooked or cooked; but in Japanese there is no generic term
which would be applicable in normal parlance to all of these forms of that cereal.
The student cannot but be struck with the large number of homonyms (words of
identical sound but differing in meaning) in the Japanese language. There is no way
that he can avoid confusion arising from this feature of the language until he takes up
the written language, when he will find that such homonyms will be clearly differen-
tiated by the ideographs with which words of different meanings are transcribed.
Another source of confusion is the large number of variants of the same word, for
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
example: asoko and asuko, there; Nippon and Nihon, Japan; yappari and yahari,
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:41 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
after all. Especially frequent are transpositions from a sonant to the corresponding surd
and vice versa (see section 3) in the initial letter of a word, which occurs most often
It will be noted that in most cases there will be given in the vocabulary selected a
noun, an adjective, or a verb and there will be omitted the cognates of this word in
other parts of speech. This has been done in the interest of economy of space. In the
case of compounds of Chinese origin, once given the basic noun the corresponding
other parts of speech can often be arrived at by simple synthesis. That is to say, the
noun form serves unchanged for a predicate adjective; it can be converted into an
attributive adjective by adding na or no, into an adverb by adding ni, or into a verb
by adding the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb suru. For example, the Japanese
equivalent of anxiety is SHIMPAI; but this word can be used as a noun, as a predi-
182
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 183
examples:
is no anxious thing).
cate, it is necessary to add TEKI (with the additional syllable na when the adjective
ni. (In regard to the foregoing see sections 127-29.) Sometimes to form an adjective
from a noun it is necessary to suffix JO and add no. For example, GUNJIJO no,
Sometimes a noun may be converted into an adjective by adding the genitive (pos-
sessive) postposition no. For example, AIMAI, obscurity, yields AIMAI no, ob-
scure. This is done regularly in the case of Chinese nouns denoting materials or origins.
cognate noun would be the same word with the suru omitted, and so forth.
In the case of words of Japanese origin, adverbs derived from adjectives (for ex-
ample, yoku, well, from ii, yoi, good) are generally omitted, as are verbal nouns,
which correspond in form to the continuative base of the verb, when the sense of the
example, oyogi, swimming, whose verb form is oyogu, to swim). Sometimes, how-
ever, when the verbal noun is in more common use than the corresponding verb, the
verbal noun form is shown in preference to the verb form. Another noun form may be
formed by adding koto to the verb form, i.e., tsuzukeru koto, continuance, from
tsuzukeru, to continue. Tsuzuki (the simple verbal noun) has more the sense of
continuation.
The words of Chinese origin are shown in capital letters and the component parts
of compound words of Chinese origin are divided by hyphens. Mute or semi-mute i's
The arrangement for division of compound words referred to not only is useful in
helping the student fix the words in his mind but is also an aid to proper pronunciation.
final sound of the first member of a compound or is the initial sound of the second
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
syllable of a word. In the first case, the n takes the nasalized sound characteristic of
Generated on 2014-01-04 21:48 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
the final n in Japanese. But if a syllable begins with n, the n has the normal sound
The three words in the first column are pure Japanese words, pronounced with the
English sound of n. The three words in the second column are Chinese compound
words, in which the n of the first syllable is pronounced nasally, almost like now in
French or ng in king, and does not form a syllable ni with the following i.
In the Glossary, where there might be confusion in the mind of the student as to
what postposition should govern the predicate of a particular verb, as when there is
an apparent exception to the rule that the direct object of a verb is marked by the
The ni indicated in this way means that the object of order must be marked by the
English-Japanese Glossary
Explanation.-^-Words of Chinese origin are shown in capital letters and the division of compound
words of Chinese origin according to their component parts is shown. Mute or semi-mute i or u
Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the Grammar which may be consulted for further
Abbreviations: a., adjective; adv., adverb; c., conjunction; d.a., demonstrative adjective; d.p.,
demonstrative pronoun; ini., interjection; i.a., interrogative adjective; i.p., interrogative pronoun;
n., noun; p.p., past participle; prep., preposition; pro., pronoun; v.t., transitive verb; v.i., intransitive
verb; c.w., combining word used in forming compounds; px., prefix; sx., suffix.
A, 1. (indefinite article) lacking in Japanese; 2. (one) see One; 3. (for each) ni, de
Able (a.), (clever) erai; to be able to, expressed by conclusive form of verb plus koto
(US)
Accept (v.t.), 1. (receive) ukeru, morau, (polite) itadaku; 2. (agree to) DAK(U)
3. (injury) KE-GA
Across (prep.), 1. (crosswise of) yoko ni; 2. (opposite) no mukai ni; 3. (over)
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goshi ni
MAK(U)
ZOK(U) na
Advance (v.i.), susumu; (v.t.), (pay for another) tatekaeru; (n.), 1. (forward move-
After (prep.), no ato ni, sugi, (next to) no tsugi ni; (c.) kara, nochi, ato, I-GO
(115); Afternoon (n.), GO-GO (156); Afterward (adv.), nochi ni, ato de,
sono GO
Africa, Afurika
shite
Air (n.), 1. (atmosphere) KU-KI; 2. (manner) Ft), YO-SU; (sx.), buri (159);
All (a.), subete no, IS-SAI no; (pro.), mina, minna, (of amount) ZEM-BU;
mo shimai; all sold, mo urikireta; all the same, onaji koto da; at all, ZEN-
SHO-NIN suru
Alone (adv.), 1. (only) bakari; 2. (by oneself) hitori de; to leave alone, sono mama
ni shite oku
Alternatively (adv.), (in alternation) kawari gawari ni, kawaru gawaru ni,
verb (150)
Always (adv.), itsu de mo, itsu mo (83), tsune ni, SHI-jO, (forever) itsu made
mo
KOK(U)-JIN (156)
AMONG {prep.), no naka ni, no uchi ni, no aida ni (21), CHU ni, JU ni
AND, (connective between nouns) to (frequently repeated after final noun) (21, 35),
ANGRY (a.), (to become angry) okoru, hara ga tatsu, hara o tateru
ANNUAL (a.), NEN-NEN (MAI-NEN) no, (in the course of a year) ICH(I)-
ANOTHER (a.), 1. (in exchange) kawari no; 2. (in addition) mo hitotsu (hitori) ;
ANSWER (v.t.), kotaeru, HEN-JI suru; (fit the purpose) TEK(I) suru, ma ni au
nese, HAI-NICH(I)
ANY (a.), dono (donna) . . . . de mo (84); (p.), dore de mo (83) ; any amount,
ikura de mo; anybody, dare de mo (83); any number, ikutsu de mo (83) ; onj>-
thing, nan de mo (83) ; any time, itsu de mo (83) ; anyway, doshite mo; any-
.... YO ni mieru
SHUTS(U)-GEN
moshikomi
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SOK(U)
row) naraberu
JUTS(U)-KA
MOK(U)
As (adv. and c.), 1. (to the same extent) hodo (89); 2. (in the same manner) YO
ni; 3. (while) aida, tokoro de; 4. (because) kara (35) ; as .... as possible,
ASK (v.t.), 1. (inquire) kiku, tou, ukagau, tazuneru; 2. (request) negau, tanomu,
kou
AT (prep.), ni, de (19), de wa (20); at last, TO-TO, yatto; at once, sugu ni,
AWAKE (a.), okite iru, mezame; (v.t.), okosu; (v.i.), okiru; to be awake, me ga
samete iru
I-GAK(U)-SHI
188 Japanese as It Is Spoken [Appendix J
Back (n.), 1. (anatomy) senaka, se (backbone, sebone) ; 2. (the rear, a inner part)
oku, (b, outer part) ura, (c, space behind) ushiro; 3. (the reverse) ura; in back
Bank (n.), 1. (financial) GIN-KO; 2. (dike) dote; 3. (of a river) kishi, kawabata
Bare (a.), 1. (nude) hadaka; 2. (unornamented) kazari nashi de; barefoot, hadasbi
Basket (n.). kago, (without handle) zaru, (double, for baggage) KO-RI
Bath (n.), yu, FU-RO; Bathe (v.i.), FU-RO (yu) ni hairu, (in cold water)
Be (v.».), 1. (copula) de aru; 2. (exist, of living things) iru, oru, (of inanimate ob-
jects) aru; 3. (auxiliary) iru, aru (for polite forms see 131)
Bean (n.), mame; bean curd, TO-FU; bean cake, mame kasu
Bear (v.t.), 1. (carry) motsu; 2. (endure) taeru; to bear fruit, mi ga naru; to bear
young, umu
Bed (h.), neDAI, nedoko; to go to bed, yasumu, neru; Bedroom, nebeya, nema,
SHIN-SHITS(U)
Before (prep.), 1. (of time) no mae ni, no saki ni (21), IZEN (115); 2. (of place)
no mae ni; (c. and adv.), mae ni, saki ni, nai uchi ni; before noon, GO-ZEN,
hirumae
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 189
BEGIN (v.t.), hajimeru; (v.i.), hajimam; to begin to, dasu, preceded by continuative
BEHIND (adv.), ushiro ni, ato ni; (prep.), no ushiro ni, no ato ni (21); to leave
behind, nokosu
BELOW (adv.), shita ni, I-KA ni; (prep.), no shita ni (21), no I-KA ni (115)
BESIDE (prep.), no soba ni (21), no waki ni; (adv.), soba ni, waki ni
BESIDES (prep.), no hoka ni, no ue ni; (adv.), hoka ni, ue ni, BETS(U) ni
BEST (a.), mottomo yoi (ii), ICH(I)-BAN yoi (90), SAI-ZEN no (115)
BETTER (a.), nao yoi(ii) motto yoi; to feel better, yoku naru; had better .....
. . . . HO ga ii (88. 89)
BILL (n.), 1. (account) KAN-JO, KAN-JO gaki, kakitsuke; 2. (of exchange) te-
kuchibashi
BITE (v.t.), 1. (chew) kamu; 2. (seise with the teeth) ni/kuitsuku; 3. (of a mos-
quito) sasu
BLACK (a.), kuroi; BLACKING (shoe), kutsu sumi; BLACK MARKET, yamitorihiki;
BLACKSMITH, kajiya
BLUE (a.), ao, aoi, (sky-blue) sora iro, (indigo) KON, ai-iro
Both (a.), RYO-HO no, dochira mo no; (pro.), dochira mo (84); both parties,
Boy (n.), otoko no ko, kodomo, (son) musuko; (servant) boi, kozo, kozukai
Break (v.t.), kowasu, kuzusu, kiru; (».*.), kowareru, (snap, cut off) kireru,
(crumble) kuzureru
Brief (a.), KAN-TAN na; Briefly (adv.), chotto, KAN-TAN ni; Brief case,
kaban
Bring (v.t.), 1. (of persons) tsurete kuru; 2. (of things) motte kuru; to bring up,
sodateru
Brother (n.), KYO-DAI, (elder) ani, niisan, (younger) ototo (137) ; brothers and
sisters, KYO-DAI
GI-MU
SU
Business (n.), 1. (work) shigoto (28), tsutome; 2. (affair) YO, YO-JI; 3. (in-
But (c.) ga, keredomo (35), tada, shikashi, shi, tokoro ga (91)
BY (prep.), 1. (near) no soba ni (21), no chikaku ni, no waki ni; 2. (not later than)
made ni; 3. (through the agency of) ni (19), no tame ni; 4. (by means of) de
CALL (v.t.), 1. (summon) yobu; 2. (name) iu, (polite) mosu; 3. (visit) tazuneru,
ukagau; 4. (by letter or by telephone) kakeru; to call for or upon (rely upon),
tanomu
CAN (v.i.), see ABLE; (n.), (/tn) KAN; can opener, KANkiri; canned goods, KAN-
zume mono
KAK(U), NO-RYOK(U)
CAPTAIN (n.), (of a merchant vessel) SEN-CHO (for military ranks see Appendix
C)
(charge of a person) YAK-KAI, SE-WA; to give (put) in the care of, ni/azu-
keru (157) ; to take care (pay attention), KI o tsukeru (93) ; to take care of,
CARE (v.i.), kamau; don't care, kamawanai; don't care for, ga/kirai; care for (look
CARRY (v.t.), 1. (transport) hakobu; 2. (over the shoulder) katsugu, ninau; 3. (in
the hand) motsu; 4. (hanging from the hand) sageru; 5. (in the arms) daku;
to be caught (as in a trap) ni/kakaru, (as in a storm) ni/au; to catch cold, kaze
o hiku; to catch fire, ni/hi ga tsuku; (v.i.), 1. (to take and retain) hikkakeru;
CERTAIN (a.), 1. (fixed) IT-TEI no; 2. (particular) aru (45); 3. (indubitable) ta-
K.O-KAN suru; 3. (alter for the better) aratameru, naosu; 4. (large money for
clothes, kikaeru; to change trains, norikaeru; to change for the better, yoku
kawariyasui
HON-JI
GEKI suru
CHARGE (n.), 1. (for services) DAI, RYO, 2. (for fare) CHIN, as funaCHIN,
chikin
bureau, municipality, or office) CHO, used as a suffix after name of office; chief
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ShinaGO
SHIN-JA
CLASS (n.), TO, KYtJ, TO-KYU; (of society) KAI-KYU; the four classes of Jap-
CLEAN (a.), KI-REI na, SEI-KETS(U) na, sappari shita; (v.t.), SO-JI suru
CLEAR (a.), 1. (manifest) akiraka, hakkiri; 2. (of weather) hare; clear weather,
CLOSE (v.t.), shimeru, tojiru; to be closed, (of a door, lid, etc.) shimatte iru, (of a
shop for a holiday) KYU-GYO suru; (n.), (ending) owari, shimai; (a.), (near)
COLD (a.), tsumetai, (of weather) samui; (n.), samusa; time of greatest cold,
COLLECT (v.t.), yoseru, atsumeru; (v.i.), (of people) atsumaru, (of dust, etc.) ta-
maru
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COME (v.i.), kuru, matru, o ide ni naru, irassharu (for grades of politeness see
section 131); to come back, kaette kuru; to come doiim, oriru, kudaru, (in price)
makeru; to come for, (a thing) o/tori ni kuru, (to fetch a person) mukai ni
kuru; to come of, kara/deru; to come off, toreru, hanareru, (be successful)
susunde kuru; to come out, (emerge) deru, (be revealed) arawareru; to come
AN-RAK(U), YU-KAI
gyo, sho-bai
Commit (v.t.), 1. (an offense) okasu; 2. (entrust for safe keeping) azukeru (157);
Common (a.), 1. (usual) FU-TSU no, tsune no, atarimae no; 2. (shared) KYO-
JO-JU suru; (a), KAN-ZEN na, jO-BUN na; to become complete, sorou;
kureru
KE-NEN; 3. (business organisation) EI-GYO; (v.t.), (to affect the interest of)
suru
KEM-PO
zukuri
JI (144)
SHIN-SATS (U)-RYO
ni kakaru
saseru
taezu
CONTRARY (a.), HAN-TAI no; to be contrary to, ni/HAN suru; on the contrary,
kaette
TOK(U)
no ii, BEN-RI na
COOK (n.), kokku, RYO-RI-NIN, (for many persons) makanai; COOKERY (n.),
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RYO-RI
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KEI-YAK(U)
Cotton («.), wata, MO-MEN; cotton cloth, MEM-PU; cotton mill, BO-SEK(I)
KO-JO
Course (n.). «'n the course of, CHU (JU) ni; of course, MOCH(I)-RON, MU-
RON
Crime (n.), tsumi, HAN-ZAI; to commit a crime, tsumi o okasu; Criminal (n.),
ZAI-NIN
Cross (n.), 1. (figure) JU-JI, JU-MON-JI; 2. (gibbet) JU-JI-KA; Red Cross So-
taru, koeru, (thwart) ni JA-MA o suru, (place athwart each other) butchigae
Cry (v.i.), naku; (n.), 1. (call) koe, yobigoe, sakebi; 2. (sound of crying) nakigoe
Curious (a.), (inquisitive) mono o kikitagaru, (queer) okashii, HEN na, MYO
Custody (n.), (of persons) KAN-SHU, (of things) HO-KAN; to receive in cus-
Cut (v.t.), kiru, (of hair) karu; (v.i.), kireru; (n.), (wound) kirikizu
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Daily (a.), (in daily use) NICH(I)-YO no; (adv.), MAI-NICH(I), hi goto ni
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Day (n.), hi; (c.w.), JITS(U), NICH(I); daytime, hiru, hiruma; day and night,
DECIDE (v.t. and i.), kimeru, sadameru, KET-TEI sum; to be decided, kimaru,
KET-TEI ni naru
DEFEND (v.t.), mamoru, HO-GO suru; DEFENSE (n.), BO-GYO, HO-GO, (jus-
DEFINITE (a.), 1. (certain) tashika na; 2. (fixed) kimatta, ITTEI na; 3. (clear)
hakkiri shita
ni
watashi
DEMAND (n.), SEI-KYU, (with more insistence) YO-KYU; demand and supply,
JU-YO-KYO-KYtJ
DENY (v.i.), expressed by negative verb plus to iu; DENIAL (n.), uchikeshi, HI-NIN
DEPART (v.i.), 1. (set out) tatsu, dete iku, SHUP-PATS(U) suru; 2. (withdraw)
TAI-KYO sur
dekiru
KET-TEI
DIE (v.i.), shinu, naku naru (59); DEAD (a.) shinda; (n.), SHI-SHA
198 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
DIFFER (from) (v.i.), chigau (118, 119), (in opinion) kangae ga chigau; DIFFER-
NAN
BAN-SAN
chigau
DISLIKE (n.), kirai, iya; (v.t.), iyagaru (142), iya da, kirai da; to be disliked, kira-
wareru, iyagarareru •
DISTANCE (n.), KYO-RI, (space) aida, ma, (apart) hedatari; DISTANT (a.), toi,
EM-PO
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MEI
a city) KU
PAI suru
Do (v.t. and i.), suru, yaru, itasu, nasaru, asobasu (for distinction in politeness sec
HAK(U)-SHI (144)
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 199
(a servant) mcshitsukai
DOOR (n.), to, MOM, MON-KO; the "Open Door," MON-KO KAI-HO
DRAW (v.t.), 1. (drag) hiku; 2. (pull out) nuku; 3. (a picture) kaku, egaku; 4. (a
chest) hikidashi
DRESS (n.), kimono (28), I-FUK(U); (v.t.), ni-kimono o kiseru; (v.i.), kimono
o kiru
DRINK (n.), nomimono; (v.t.), nomu, agaru, itadaku, meshiagaru (131); DRINK-
ni nosete iku; to drive away, oiharau; to drive out, oidasu; (v.i.), (in an auto-
DROP (v.t.), 1. (let fall) otosu; 2. (cease) yosu; (v.i.), 1. (from a height) ochiru;
DRY (a.), kawaita; (-•./.), kawakasu, hosu; (•<•.!.), kawaku; DRIED (a.), hoshi-
EACH (a.), onoono, zutsu; each other, tagai ni, goto ni (153)
(world) SE-KAI
EAST (n.), higashi, (in Chinese compounds) TO (156), (Orient) TO-YO; East
EAT (v.t.), taberu, (vulgar) kuu; (polite) agaru, meshigaru (131); EATABLE (n.),
tabemono
EDGE (n.), 1. (of a precipice) kiwa; 2. (of a knife) ha; 3. (border) fuchi
Eight (n. and a.), HACHI, yatsu, yattsu; eight days, yoka (88); eight o'clock,
HACHI-JI
Either (a. and pro.), 1. (both) dochira mo, dochira ka; RYO-HO(no) ; 2. (one of
kO-go
Employ (v.t.), 1. (use) tsukau, RI-YO suru; 2. (hire) yatou; Employer, danna,
End (n.), 1. (conclusion) shimai, owari; 2. (of an object) saki; 3. (of a street)
Endure (v.t.), SHIM-BO suru, GA-MAN suru, NIN-TAI suru; cannot endure,
tamaranai
Engage (v.t.), (employ) tanomu, yatou; (v.i.), to engage in, jC-JI suru
Englishman, EI-KOK(U)-JIN
Enter (v.t.), ni/hairu, agaru, (enter hospital) NYU-IN suru, (enter port) NYO-
KO suru
KI-GYO-SHIN
Erase (v.t.), kesu; to become erased, kieru; Eraser (n.), gomu ji keshi
SETS(U) na
SETS(U)-BI, SET-CHI
ESTIMATE (n.), 1. (budget) YO-SAN; 2. (of the cost of a piece of work) mitsumori;
ET CETERA, nado, T6
EVENING (n.), BAN, yugata; last evening, yube, SAK(U)-BAN; this evening,
EVER (adv.), to have ever (done), (shita) koto ga aru; ever so much (little) ikura
(sukoshi) de mo
EVERY (a.), dono .... mo; (px.), MAI (104), KAK(U); everybody, everyone,
dare mo, mina san; everything, nan de mo; everywhere, doko (ni) mo,
ing) torishirabe
EXCEED (v.t.), sugiru, koeru, amaru; EXCEEDINGLY (adv.), HI-JO ni, hanahada,
ichijirushiku
EXCEPT (v.t.), nozoku, nokosu; (prep.), o nozoite, no hoka ni; EXCEPTION (n.),
REI-GAI
EXCHANGE (v.t.), torikaeru, KO-KAN suru; (n.), torikae, KO-KAN, (of money)
rights) SH1K-KO
EXIST (v.t.), (of animate beings) iru, oru; (of things) aru; EXISTENCE (n.), SON-
ZAI
EXPECT (v.t.), omou, ZONzuru preceded by verb governed plus particle to; o/matsu
komi
(postponement) EN-KI
Extra (a.), BETS(U)-DAN no, YO-BUN no, (emergency) RIN-JI no; (n.),
(newspaper) GO-GAI
to extremes, kiwameru
Fall (v.i.), 1. (from a height) ochiru; 2. (from a standing position) taoreru; 3. (of
suru
Fancy (v.t.), 1. (imagine) SO-ZO suru; 2. (like) ga/ki ni iru, ni/ki ga aru
Far (a.), toi; as far as, made; how far is it? dono kurai aru ka?
senger) KYAK(U)
FU
Fate (n), (luck, chance) UN, UM-MEI, (Heaven's decree, Buddhist Karma, des-
tiny) TEM-MEI
Feel (v.t. and «'.), (touch) ni/sawaru, ijiru, (Aaw a sensation of) KAN-zuru, (have
an idea of) omoi o suru; Feeling (n.), KAN-JO, KI, kimochi (93)
Female (n.), onna, mesu; (a.), mesu, me, JO-SEI no; (px.), JO- (156); female
Few (a.), sukunai (used only as a predicate, e.g., kuru hito ga sukunai, there are few
ivho come)
Field (n.), (uncultivated waste) no, bara, (cultivated, inundated) ta, (cultivated, dry)
hatake
Figure (n.), 1. (of the body) sugata; 2. (shape) katachi, KAK-KO; 3. (pattern)
ZAI-SEI no
KEK-KO na
shiage
Fire (n.), hi, (conflagration) KA-JI (156), (fire disaster) KA-SAI; (v.t.), (a gun)
First (a.), DAI-ICH(I) no, ICH(I)-BAN no, (in point of time) SAI-SHO no;
(sx.), -ICH(I); (adv.), mazu; first-class, IT-TO; for the first time, hajimete
Fish (n.), (as food) sakana, (as a dish, raw) sashimi, (general term) uo; fisherman,
Fit (a.), TEK(I)-TO na, SO-TO na; (v.t.), 1. (be suitable to) ni/au, ni/TEK(I)
Five (n. and a.), GO, itsutsu (97) ; five days, fifth day, itsuka (98)
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in a fix. komaru
FLY (n.), (insect) hai; flytrap, haitori (147); (v.i.), 1. (os a bird) tobu; 2. (as a
SHOK(U)
FOR (prep.), 1. (the sake of) no tame ni, ni; 2. (in exchange for) to, to hikikae ni;
3. (in order to) ni (19) ; 4. (bound for) yuki no, e no; 5. (during) no aida ni;
FORCE (n.), chikara, ikioi, (body of troops) GUN-TAI, (force of arms) HEI-
kata; 4. (manner) YO-SU, FU, buri; (v.t.), tsukuru, koshiraeru; (v.i.), de-
FOUR (n. and a.), SHI, yotsu, yottsu, yo, yon; four days, fourth day, yokka; four
FREE (a.), JI-YU na, (as of a country) DOK(U)-RITS(U) no, (without pay)
FRENCHMAN, FuransuJIN
FRESH (a.), 1. (not stale) atarashii, nama no; 2. (cool) suzushii; FRESHLY (adv.),
.... tate no
SETS (U) na
FRONT (n.), SHO-MEN, omote, ZEM-MEN, mae no HO; in front of, no mae
Fun (n.), YU-GI, GO-RAK(U) ; in fun, itazura ni; to make fun of, o/baka ni
Gain (n.), TOK(U), (increase) ZO-KA, (of money) kanemoke; (v.t.), mokeru,
eru
General (a.), IP-PAN no, TAI-TEI no, DAI-TAI no; (n.), SHO-GUN, (a gen-
eral officer) SHO-KAN (for military ranks see section 144 and Appendix C);
Get (v.t.), eru; (v.i.), naru; to get back, torimodosu; to get done, shite morau;
to get angry, okoru; to get down, oriru; to get drunk, you, yopparau; to get in,
hairu; to get near, chikazuku, chikayoru; to get out, deru; to get ready, YO-I
suru; to get rid of, nogareru; to get the better of, ni/katsu; to get up, okiru
Girl (n.). onna no ko, musume, oJO-san; girls' education, JO-SHI KYO-IK(U)
Give (v.t.), 1. (to an inferior) yaru; 2. (to an equal or superior) ageru, sashiageru;
(of a second or third person) kudasaru, kureru; "give me," kudasai, CHO-DAI
(137); to give back, kaesu; to give out (announce) HAP-PYO suru; to give up
Go (v.i.), iku, yuku; (of the first person) mairu; (of the second and third persons,
go, hanasu
Good (a.), ii, yoi, yoroshii; good-bye, sayonara, GO KI-GEN yo; good morning,
YAK(U)-SHO
Grand (a.), (splendid) RIP-PA na, KEK-KO na, (illustrious) erai, (of scenery)
SO-GON na
Gray (a.), (rat color) nezumi iro, (ash color) hai iro
Ground (n.). (earth) tsuchi, CHI, JI, (reason) wake, RI-YU, (basis) moto,
KI-SO, KON-KYO
Grow (v.t.), tsukuru, hayasu; (v.i.), (as a crop) haeru, (become) naru
Guess (v.t.), atete miru, SUI-SATS(U) suru; guessed correctly, atatta; (n.).
OK(U)-SOK(U), SUI-SATS(U)
Hair (n.), ke, (hair of the head collectively) kami; to cut the hair, kami o karu,
(v.t.), watasu
Handkerchief (n.), hankechi, tenugui (also used for a towel), (paper) hanagami
Hang (v.t.), kakeru; (v.i.), kakaru, (hang down) sagaru, (hang a man) no kubi o
kanamono
HARM (n.), GAI; HARMFUL (a.), Ytf-GAI na; HARMLESS (a.), MU-GAI na
HAVE (v.t.), motsu; more frequently expressed by aru, to be, the object in English
becoming the subject in Japanese and the subject in English taking the postposi-
tion wa
HEAD (n.), (anatomy) atama, (leader) kashira, (chief) -CHO (in compounds);
HEALTH (n.), KEN-KO, (sanitation) EI-SEI; HEALTHY (a.), KEN-KO na, JO-
BU na, TAS-SHA na
CHU-SHIN
HEAT (n.), atsusa, NETS(U); (v.t.), atatameru, atsuku suru; (v.i.), atsuku naru
HELP (n.), tetsudai, SE-WA, EN-JO; (v.t.), tetsudau, tasukeru; "it can't be
HENCE (adv.), (from here) kore (or koko or kochira) kara, (accordingly) shita-
gatte, yotte
HER (a.), ano onna no, sono; (pro.), ano onna, sore; HERS (pro.), ano onna no,
sore no
HIDE (v.t.), kakusu; (v.i.), kakureru; hide and seek, kakurembo; (n.), kawa
HIGH (a.), takai; high class, KO-TO; high (higher) school, KO-TO GAK-KO;
Highness, DEN-KA
HIRE (v.t.), (of persons) yatou, tanomu, (of things) kariru; (to let, for hire) kashi-
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His (a. and pro.), ano hito no, ano kata no, sore no
HOLD (v.t.), motsu, (possess) SHO-YC suru, (grasp) nigiru, (contain) ni/hairu;
(v.i.), motsu
matsuri
HOME (n.), 1. (abode) uchi, taku, KA-TEI; 2. (native place) KO-KYO; 3. (native
country) HON-GOK(U)
208 Japanese as It Is Spoken [Appendix J
Hope (v.i.), nozomu, negau, KI-BO suru (see also desiderative form of verb, sec-
TAI-IN
How (adv.), do, do shite, ikaga, nante; how many? ikutsu; how much? ikura;
Human (a.), NINGEN no, hito no; (n.), NIN-GEN, hito; human life, JIN-SEI;
OK(U)
(v.t.), KE-GA wo saseru, (hurt oneself, sustain injury) KE-GA o suru; (v.i.),
itamu; "it hurts," itai; to hurt the feelings, ki o waruku suru or no/ki ni
sawaru
Illness (n.), BY6-KI, yamai; to be ill, BYO-KI desu; ill person, BYO-NIN
Imitation (n.), (mimicry) mane; (counterfeit) nise, GI-ZO; Imitate (v.t.), (ape)
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mane o suru
GI
Appendix J] Japanese as It Is Spoken 209
followed by na
Improve (v.t.), yoku suru, aratameru, naosu, KAI-RYO suru; (v.i.), yoku naru,
In (prep.), ni, de; see Inside. In- (as a prefix meaning "not") is indicated by the
RITS(U)-KOK(U)
(noxious) YU-GAI na
Inquire (v.t. and «.), kiku, tazuneru, ukagau, tou, toiawaseru; Inquiry (n.),
Insanity (n), kichigai; Insane (a.), kichigai; lunatic asylum, kichigai BYO-IN
Inspection (n.), KEN-SA, shirabe, aratame, (of troops) KEN-ETS(U), (of es-
DAN
Intention (n.), tsumori, kangae, I-SHI; Intentionally (adv.), waza to, KO-I
ni
KAN-TSU
motte oru
ternal) uchi no, naka no, NAI-BU no; (prefix in compounds) NAI-; Ministry
KAN
suru, maneku
hinoshi
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Issue (v.t.), (of bonds, loans) HAK-KO suru, (of notices) HAP-PYO suru; (v.i.),
Join (v.t.), 1. (unite) tsugu; 2. (by tying) musubitsukeru; 3. (form a junction with)
ni naru
Judge (n.), HAN-JI, SAI-BAN-KAN; (v.t.), (of law) SAI-BAN suru, (appraise)
BETS(U)-RYOK(U)
Jump (v.i.), tobu; (v.t.), tobikoeru; to jump about, tobimawaru; to jump up,
Just (a.), tadashii, SEI-TO na, KO-HEI na; (adv.), (only) bakari, dake, (ex-
actly) CHO-DO, (with imperatives) chotto, (barely) yatto; just as you say,
GO mottomo
HO-ZON suru, totte oku; 4. (a promise) RI-KO suru, mamoru; 5. (an ani-
mal) katte oku; 6. (have in service) oku; 7. (keep in charge for another) azu-
karu; 8. (hold) motsu; (v.i.), (last) motsu; to keep watch, BAN o suru; to
Knock (v.t. and i.), tataku, utsu, butsu; to enter without knocking, AN-NAI nashi
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de hairu
Generated on 2014-01-04 22:06 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3835266
' Lack (v.i.), kakeru, FU-SOK(U) suru, KETS(U)-BO suru; (n.), FU-SOK(U),
KETS(U)-BO
LAND (n.), (as opposed to sea) RIK(U), RIK(U)-CHI; (ground) tsuchi, TO-
LARGE (a.), 6, okii, (large number) TA-SU (156) ; large number of persons, 6ZEI;
LAST (a.), shimai no, SAI-GO no, (most recent) SAI-KIN no; last night, yube;
TO-TO, yatto
LATE (a.), (slow) osoi, (tardy) okureta, (recent) chikagoro no, konaida no
LAW (n.), HO-RITS(U), (in compounds) HO; civil law, MIM-PO; commercial
LAY (v.t.), 1. (place) oku; 2. (eggs) umu; 3. (a bridge, railway, etc.) shiku; 4.
LEAD (n.), (metal) namari; (v.t.), (draw) hipparu, hiku, (conduct) AN-NAI suru,
michibiku, SHI-DO suru, (an army) hikiiru, (lead one along) tsurete iku
SHI-REI-KAN
LEAF (n.), (of a tree) ha, (of a book) peiji, kami ICH(I)-MAI
LEASE (v.t.), 1. (hire) kariru; 2. (lend) kasu; perpetual lease rights, EI-TAI
LEAST (n.), SAI-SHO; (a.), ICH(I)-BAN sukunai; at least, nani shiro, sukuna-
(leave behind) nokosu; 4. (forget to bring) wasureru; 5. (leave off) yosu, ya-
meru; 6. (be left out) nukete iru; 7. (be left over) nokoru: (v.i.), (depart)
tatsu
LESS (a.), (see section 89) less than, yori sukunai, yori chiisai, I-KA, I-NAI
Let (v.t.), (permit) yurusu, (for hire) kasu; for hortatory imperative see sections
66 and 113
Liberal (a.), JI-YC na, JI-YtT SHU-GI no; Liberal party, JI-YU-TO; Liberty
(nJ, JI-YU
Lie (n.), uso, (to tell lies) uso o tsuku; (v.i.), (rest extended) neru, (pile up as
snow) tsumoru, (be situated) ni kakaru, (lie across) yokowataru; Liar (>;.),
usotsuki
(not obscure) akarui, (not heavy) karui; (v.t.), ni/hi o tsukeru, (a fire) taku
Like (a.), onaji YO na, DO-YO na, YO na; (resembling) nita, o/mita YO na,
ni/nita, -rashii (121) ; (adv.), no YO ni, no tori ni, so ni (121) ; (v.t.), ko-
nomu, suku
Limit (n.), kagiri, (limitation) SEI-GEN, (act of limiting) GEN-TEI; (v.t.), ka-
Line (n.), (thread) ito, (rope) tsuna, (drawn) suji, SEN, (of troops) RETS(U),
Little (a.), chiisai, (of quantity) wazuka na; (n.), sukoshi, chitto, wazuka,
Live (v.».), 1. (have life) ikiru; 2. (dwell) sumu, (pass one's time) kurasu; 3. (to
Lively (a.), (of a place) nigiyaka na, (of a person) KAP-PATS(U) na, KI no
karui
Load (n.), ni, tsumi-ni; (v.t.), (on a ship) tsumu, tsumikomu, (put on) noseru
Locality (n.), CHI-HO; Location (n.), (situation) I-CHI, CHI-I, arika, (where
Lodge (v.i.), yadoru, (pass the night) tomaru; (v.t.), (put up) tomeru; lodger
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yadoya, GE-SHUK(U)ya
Look (v.t. and i.), mini, (humble) HAI-KEN suru, (polite) GO-RAN nasaru
Lose (v.t.), ushinau, naku suru, (by dropping) otosu; (v.i.), makeru
LOVE (n.), AI, koi; (v.t.), AIsuru; to fall or be in love with, horeru, horeau; lover,
koibito
Low (a.), hikui; (prefix in compounds) GE-, KA- (156) ; low class, KA-TO; Lower
LUCK (n.), UN, UM-MEI, shiawase; LUCKY (a.), UN no ii, shiawase na; LUCK-
MAIN (a.), (as a prefix) HON- (e.g., HON-KYOK(U), a main office; HON-TAI,
MAKE (v.t. and i.), koshiraeru, tsukuru, dekiru, (cause to be) suru, (become) ni
MAN (n.), (as distinguished from woman) otoko; MANKIND (n.), JIN-RUI (156)
GYO
GUN
MAT (n.), tatami, mushiro, GO-ZA, (or a numerary adjunct) -JO; a six-mat room,
ROK(U)-JO no ma
Appendix J] Japanese as It Is Spoken 215
Match (n.), (lighter) matchi, (contest) shiai, KYO-GI, KYO-SO; (v.t.), (be a
match for or opponent of) aite ni naru, (fit together) awaseru, soroeru, (com-
May (n.), (month) GO-GATS(U); (v.i.), (past probability) see section 96; (future
Mean (a.), (base, vile) kitanai, iyashii, iya na, (stingy) kechi na
Meet (v.t.), ni/deau, ni/au; (v.i.), au; Meeting (n.), (encounter) deai, (interview)
KAI-KEN, MEN-KAI
Mend (v.t.), naosu, aratameru, SHU-ZEN suru; (v.i.), naoru, yoku naru
Meter (n.), (measure) meitoru; electric meter, DEN-KI-KEI; gas meter, gasu-
Middle (n.). mannaka, nakaba, CHU-O, (in compounds) CHU (156); middle class,
Might (n.), ikioi, chikara; with all one's might, IS-SHO KEM-MEI
Military (a.), GUN-JI-JO no, (px. in compounds) GUN- (156) ; military forces,
Mind (n.), kokoro, SEI-SHIN, KI; (v.i. and t.), (obey) kiku, (heed) ni/ki o
Mine (n.), K6-ZAN; (v.t.), horu, SAI-KUTS(U) suru; a coal mine, TAN-KO;
a land mine (military), JI-RAI; a water mine, SUI-RAI; Mining (n.). K0-
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GYO
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Miss (n.), (a young lady), o-JO-san; (v.t.), (discover the loss of) miushinau, (fail
meet) aisokonau
MISTER (Mr.), san, sama, KUN, (commissioned officer) dono; MISTRESS (Mrs.),
san, sama, FU-JIN san no okusan (144), (in sense of illicit relation-
ship) mekake
suru
MORAL (a.), DO-TOK(U) no; moral lesson, KYO-KUN; public morals, FU-
ZOK(U)
MORE (n.), motto; (a.), YO-KEI na; (adv.), motto (88, 89) nao, (a little more)
mo sukoshi, (in addition) hoka ni, mo, mada; more than, I-JO (115); more
MOST (a.), (nearly all) oku no, DAI-BU-BUN no, TAI-TEI no; (n.), (maximum)
GOK(U) (90); at the most, okute mo; the most (price), takakute mo
MOVE (v.t.), ugokasu; (propose in assembly) TEI-GI suru, DO-GI suru; (v.i.),
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dossari, yoku
MUD (n.), doro; MUDDY (a.), dorodoro no; MUDDILY (adv.), dorodoro ni
PALITY. SHI
MUST (aux. v.), see section 64; must not, see sections 52, 65
NAIL (n.), (of toe or finger) tsume, (iron) kugi; (v.t.), ni/kugi o utsu, kugizuke
ni suru
NAME (n.), na, (given name) namae, (family) MYO-JI, (appellation) MEI-SH6;
SHI-TEI suru
DO-JIN
NATURAL (a.), (pertaining to nature) SHI-ZEN no, (not made by man) TEN-NEN
no, (normal) atarimae no, (proper) TO-ZEN no; NATURE (n.), (sum of
qualities) SEI-SHITS(U)
NAVAL (a.), KAI-GUN no, (prefix in compound words) KAI-; NAVY (n.), KAI-
(adv.), kanarazu
NEED (n.), iriYO, HITS(U)-YO; (v.t.), YOsuru; need not, nakute mo yoi; to
NEITHER (pro.), dochira mo (84), RYO-H6 to mo, futari to mo (in each case
with negatives); (con;.), neither .... nor (19) mo .... mo (with negatives)
NEW (a.), atarashii, KON-DO no; New Year, SHIN-NEN, (as a festival) SHO-
NEXT (a.), tsugi no, KON-DO no, (with compounds) RAI-; next day, akuru hi,
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NIGHT (n.), yoru, yo; night stall, yomise; last night, yiibe
NINE (n. and a.), kokonotsu, KU, KYU; nine days, the ninth day, kokonoka
No (adv.), iie (9), so ja nai, chigau; (a.), expressed by negative form of verb, e.g.,
there are no apples, ringo ga nai; no good, dame; no longer, mo, with negative
verbs
NOBODY (n.), dare mo, donata mo (in both cases with negative verbs)
NOISE (n.), oto, (uproar, commotion) sawagi; NOISY (a.), yakamashii, sawaga-
shll
218 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
NONE (pro.), there is none, nai; there is none left, mo nai; there is none at all,
chitto mo nai
BEI
SAI) suru, (to observe) CHU-I suru; NOTEBOOK (n.), teCHO, CHO-MEN
OCCASION (n.), (opportunity) KI-KAI, tsuide, baai; (time) JI-KI, toki, tabi
occupation, SEN-RYO-GUN •
OCCUR (v.t.), aru, okoru, dekiru; (occur to mind) omoidasu, omoitsuku; OCCUR-
Yd
OF (prep.), 1. (possessive) no; 2. (in regard to) ni tsuite; 3. (by reason of) de; 4.
OFF (adv.), (distant) hanarete; to put off. nobasu, miawasu; to take off, torisaru,
KO-GEK(I)
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 219
OFFICIAL (a.), (public) oyake no, (formal) KO-SHIK(I) no, (pertaining to official
duties) SHOK(U)-MU-JO no; (n.), see OFFICER, supra; chief official, CHO-
OLD (a.), furui, (aged) toshi o totta, toshiyori no; old person, toshiyori; olden
times, mukashi
ON (prep.), ni, (on the upper part of) no ue ni, (in regard to) ni tsuite
ONE (n. and a.), ICH(I), hitotsu (97) ; one day or first day of the month, ICH(I)-
OPEN (a.), akete iru; open sea, oki; Open Door policy, MON-KO KAI-fiO
OPERATE (v.i.), (tak'e effect) kiku, (work) hataraku; OPERATION (n.), (military)
OPPOSITE (a.), (facing) mukni no. muko no, (contrary) HAN-TAI no; OPPOSI-
OPPOSE (v.t.), (resist) ni/TAI-KO suru, ni/HAN-KO suru, (be opposed to)
ni/HAN-TAI sura
in order that, YO ni
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OTHER (a.), hoka no, BETS(U) no, TA no, (in compound words) TA-; other
than, I-GAI ni
OUT (adv.), soto ni, soto de; OUTER (a.), soto no, GAI-BU no; OUTSIDE (n.),
OWN (v.t.), motsu, SHO-YU suru; OWNER (n.), mochinushi; MY OWN (pro.),
JI-BUN no
kurushisa
PAIR (n.), tsugai; (v.t.), (mate, of animals) tsugau; pair of footwear, IS-SOK(U) ;
PALM (n.), (tree) SHU-RO no ki, (cocoanut palm) yashi, (of the hand) te no hira
HAN-
PAPER (n.), kami; oiled paper, aburagami; wrapping paper, tsutsumigami; paper
currency, SHI-HEI
PARDON (n.), yurushi, GO-MEN; (v.t.), yurusu; / beg your pardon! GO-MEN
PART (n.), BUN, BU-BUN, BU; (v.t.), (divide) wakeru, warn, (separate) ha-
PARTY (n.), 1. (political) HA, TO, KAI (usually compounded with name of party,
PASS (v.i.), 1. (along, down, on, through) t6ru, TStJ-KO suru; 2. (on,oy) shinu,
3. (a defile) toge
Appendix J] Japanese as It Is Spoken 221
Passage (n.), 1. (act of passing) tori, TSU-KA, TSU-KO; 2. (sea channel) SUI-
Past (a.), KA-KO no; (past the hour) sugi; (n.), (former times) mukashi
Pay (n.), KYU-RYO, HO-KYU; (v.t.), harau, shiharau, (to the government)
of enemies) KO-WA
People (n.), (in general) hito, hitobito, (the public) SE-KEN, (as a nation)
Per (prep.), ni tsuki, (by means of) de; per cent, BUai; one per cent, ICH(I)-BU;
SEI-SEK(I)
Period (n.), (fixed time) TEI-KI, (duration) KI-KAN, (epoch) JI-DAI, (time)
Person (n.), hito, mono, (polite) kata, o kata; (numeral classifier of persons)
-NIN, -MEI; (in compounds) -NIN, -JIN, -SHA; a third person, DAI-SAN-
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SHITS (U) no; 3. (bodily) karada no, SHIN-TAI no; physical culture, TAI-
Pick (v.t.), (choose) erabu, (flower or fruit) mushiru, (pick up) hirou
PLACE (n.), tokoro, baSHO, (rank) miBUN, (position) I-CHI, CHI-I; in the
suru
PLAY (n.), asobi, YU-GI, (drama) shibai, KYO-GEN; (v.t.), (a stringed musical
instrument) hiku, (a wind instrument) fuku, (on the stage) ENzuru; (v.i.),
asobu
PLEASE (v.t.), no/ki ni iru, MAN-ZOK(U) saseru; (v.t.), (in imperative con-
ni nasai
pleasure, yorokonde
P.M., GO-GO
POINT (n.), (dot) TEN, (spot) CHI-TEN, (gist) YO-RYO, (end) saki, (mean-
ing) I-MI; (v.t.), sasu; (v.i.), (point out), ni/CHU-I o suru; on the point of,
JUN-SA, KEI-KAN
POLITICAL (a.), SEI-JI no, SEI-JI-JO no; political party, SEI-TO; POLITICIAN
PU, NIN-SOK(U)
Possible (a.), to be possible, dekiru; to be possible to, ... . koto ga dekiru, ex-
Pot (n.). hachi, tsubo, kame, (for cooking) nabe, (for boiling water) CHA-gama
Pour (v.t.), (into a glass) tsugu, (out) kumu, (over, spill) kobosu, (upon) ni/ka-
keru
KOK(U)
Pray (v.i.), inoru, negau; to pray to, o/ogamu, ni/inoru; Prayer (n.), inori,
negai
Present (a.), ima no, kono; to be present at, tachiau, (a meeting) SHUS-SEK(I)
Previous (a.), saki no, mae no; (px.), ZEN- (156), SEN- (104)
Principal (n.), 1. (as distinct from agent) HON-NIN; 2. (as distinct from inter-
SHUP-PAN suru
224 Japanese as It Is Spoken [Appendix J
FU-RYO
Private (a.), (not public) SHI-YU no, (secret) HI-MITS(U) no; (n.), (soldier)
ship, HO-KAK(U)-SEN
Profit (n.), RI, RI-EK(I); Profitable (a.), YU-EK(I) na, YU-RI na (135)
PROMrsE (n.), YAK(U)-SOK(U); (v.t. and ».), YAK(U) suru (140); Promising
3. (normal) atarimae no
Protect (v.t.), HO-GO suru, sukuu, (guard) GO-EI suru; Protector (n.), HO-
GO-SHA
Protest (n.). I-GI, (diplomatic) KO-GI; (v.t. and i.), I-GI o iu, KO-GI suru
Public (a.), 1. (not private) oyake no; 2. (state-ozvned) KOK(U)-YU no; (n.),
HAP-PYO suru
Pull (v.t.), hiku, hipparu; to pull out, hikidasu; to pull up, hikiageru
KEI-BATS(U)
purpose of, no tame ni, (with verbs of motion) ni (30); on purpose, waza to;
Appendix J] Japanese as It Is Spoken 225
pose, ma ni au
Push (v.t.), osu; to push away, oshinokeru; to push back, oshikaesu; to push in,
Put (v.t.), oku; to put away, katazukeru; to put back, modosu; to put between,
hasamu; to put forth, dasu; to put in, ireru; to put in practice, JIK-KO suru;
hameru, (load on a horse, carts, etc.) noseru, (affix) tsukeru; to put out (a
(capacity) SHI-KAK(U)
GAK(U), SO-SU
Quite (adv.), mattaku; quite an amount, ikura mo (83); quite a number, ikutsu
mo (83)
KYO-S6
KYOK(U)
Raise (v.t.), 1. (lift up) ageru; 2. (make higher) takaku suru; 3. (erect) tateru;
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Ray (n.), KO-SEN, (of the sun) NIK-KO; X-ray, ekkisu KO-SEN
Reach (v.t. and ».), 1. (come to) ni/todoku, ni/itaru; 2. (attain to) ni/TAS-suru,
DOK(U)-SHA
Rear (n.), ushiro; (of a house) ura; (of an army) HAI-GO; rear-guard, KO-EI
DO-RI
Receipt (n.), uketori; Receive (v.t.), ukeru, uketoru, morau, CHO-DAI suru,
itadaku (131)
Red (a.), akai; Red Army (Soviet) SEK(I)-GUN; Red Cross Society, SEK(I)-
JU-JI-SHA
Reduce (v.t.), 1. (diminish) herasu, GENzuru (140); 2. (in sise) chiisaku suru;
3. (wi strength) usuku suru; 4. (grow thin) yaseru; 5. (in price) makeru; to be
Refer (v.t.), 1. (to another for disposal) ni/makaseru; 2. (for opinion or decision)
Regard (n.). kind regards, yoroshiku; to have regard for another's feelings, ni/EN-
Register (n.), CHO-MEN, (of names) MEI-BO, (of a hotel) yado-CHO; (v.t.),
TO-KI suru
Regret (n.). ZAN-NEN, kuyami; (v.i), I regret that, ZAN-NEN nagara, ZAN-
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NEN to omou
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3. (a watch) awaseru
troops) ZO-HEI
Religion (n.), SHU-KYO; for names of creeds, see special vocabulary under "Re-
ligion," Appendix G
Remain (v.i.), 1. (stay) oru, TO-RYU suru; 2. (be left) nokoru; Remainder (n.),
nokori, ZAM-BU
Rent (n.), (house rent) ya-CHIN; (v.t.), 1. (hire) kariru; 2. (lend) kasu
Repeat (v.t.), 1. (do again) kurikaesu; 2. (say again) kurikaeshite iu; 3. (read
KI-SHA
Request (v.t.), (o of the thing, ni of the person) negau, tanomu, SEI-KYU suru
suru
Reside (v.i.), oru, sumau, JtT-KYO suru; Residence (n.), (address) JU-SHO;
Rest (v.i.), yasumu; (v.t.), yasumeru; (n.), 1. (remainder) ato, nokori; 2. (repose)
yasumi, KYU-KEI
(v.t.), mawasu
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Rice (n.), (plant) ine, (grain) kome, (cooked) meshi, GO-HAN, (field) ta, (wine)
sake
Rich (a.), 1. (wealthy) kanemochi na; 2. (fertile) koeta; Riches (n.), tomi, ta-
kara
Right (a.), 1. (just) tadashii; 2. (proper) ii, yoi, SEI-TO na; 3. (not left) migi
no; all right, yoroshii, (safe) BU-JI, (to be counted on) DAI-JO-BU; (n.),
RING (n.), 1. (hoop) wa; 2. (finger) yubiwa; (v.i.), naru; (v.t.), narasu; ring up
RISE (v.i.), agaru, (from a recumbent position) okiru, (stand up) tatsu, (of wind)
okoru
ROUGH (a.), arai, (of workmanship, fare, etc.) SO-MATS(U) na, (of conduct) SO-
ROUND (a.), marui; in round numbers, YAK(U); (n.), 1. (of a contest) SHO-BU;
2. (circuit) mawari
RUB (v.t.), kosuru, suru, sasuru; to rub down (the body), fuku; (n.), (massage)
RUDE (a.), 1. (uncivil) BU-REI na, SHIK-KEI na, SHITS(U)-REI na; 2. (un-
polished), SO-MATS(U) na
RUN (v.i.), 1. (on legs or wheels) hashiru; 2. (on legs) kakeru; 3. (flow) nagareru
KYO-KAI.
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SACRIFICE (n.), (figurative) GI-SEI; (v.t.), GI-SEI ni suru; to sacrifice one's life,
inochi o suteru
SAFE (n.), KIN-KO; (a.), 1. (free from danger) BU-JI na, AN-ZEN na; 2. (re-
SAIL (n.), ho; sailboat, hokake bune; (v.i.), 1. (depart) SHUP-PAN suru; 2.
Salt (n.), shio; Salty (a.), shioke no aru; Salted (p.p.), shiozuke-
suru
Same (a.), onaji, D6-YO na, (like) ICH(I)-Y6 na; same as before, SEN no
tori; same as usual, itsumo no tori; the same person, DO-NIN; the same sort
of, onaji YO na
Sand (n.), suna; sandy beach, suna hama; sandy ground, sunappara
tented) MAN-ZOK(U) na
Savage (n.), YA-BAN; (a.), (cruel) ZAN-KOK(U) na, hidoi; savage beast,
MO-jO
suru, totte oku; 3. (lay up) takuwaeru, CHO-CHIK(U) suru; Savings (n.),
Say (v.i.), iu, hanasu, mosu, moshiageru, ossharu (for degrees of politeness see
section 131); / say! ano ne; (when calling a person as in telephoning) moshi,
moshi
Scatter (v.t.), chirakasu, (seed) makichirasu; (v.i.), chiru; (be dispersed) bara-
bara nigeru
Scratch (v.t.), 1. (an itching place) kaku; 2. (inflicting a wound) hikkaku; (n.),
tsumekizu, kizu
Sea (n.), umi; at sea, KAI-jO; Seaman (n.), SEN-IN, KAI-IN, SUI-FU,
(naval) SUI-HEI (see Appendix C); Seashore (n.), KAI-GAN, umibe, hama
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see Stamp
Search (v.t. andi.), sagasu, (examine) KEN-SA suru; (n.), SO-SAK(U), KEN-
SA
Seat (n.), 1. (bench) koshikake; 2. (chair) I-SU; 3. (place where one sits) SEK(I)
Second (a.), DAI-NI no; (order in time) NI-DO-me no; 3. (order in space) NI-
SECURE (v.t.), 1. (make fast) shikkari to suru; 2. (make safe) AN-ZEN ni suru;
SEE (v.t.), miru, (of another person, polite) GO-RAN nasaru, (of oneself, polite)
HAI-KEN itasu, (meet) ni/au, (of oneself, polite) ni/o me ni kakaru; to see
SELL (v.t.), uru; to be sold out, urikireru, kireru; SELLER (n.), urinushi, urite
SEND (v.t.), okuru, yaru, (hither) yokosu, (a letter) dasu, (an official) HA-KEN
suru ,
SERIOUS (a.), 1. (important) JU-DAI na, DAI-JI na, TAI-SETS(U) na; 2. (of an
SERVANT (n.), meshitsukai, (man) GE-NAN, (hotels, trains, ships, etc.) boi (san),
(woman) JO-CHU
SERVE (v.t.), 1. (be employed) ni/tsukaeru; 2. (a meal) dasu; 3. (serve the pur-
pose) ma ni au, (make serve the purpose) ma ni awaseru; (v.i.), (as a waiter)
KYU-JI suru
kimeru; 5. (prescribe) SHI-TEI suru; (v.i.), (of the sun) iru; the sun has set.
SET (n.), (of things of the same kind) soroi, kumi, (of volumes) BU
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dregs) katamaru
(colonisation) TAK(U)-SHOK(U)
SEVEN (n. and a.), SH(I)CHI, nanatsu, nana; seven days, nanuka
SEVERAL (a.), 1. (diverse) iroiro na (no); 2. (sundry) (px.), (number) SU- plus
pieces
SEW (v.t.), nuu; SEWING (n.), 1. (needlework) SAI-HO; 2. (thing sewti) nuimono
Shake (v.t.), ugokasu, furu; to shake hands, AK(U)-SHU suru; (v.i.), furueru,
yureru
Share (n.), BUN, BU-BUN, (of distribution) HAI-TO, (of stock) kabu-
Sharp (a.), surudoi, (well-cutting) yoku kireru, (well-edged) yoku togatta, (of
Shed (n.), (barn) naya, (for storage) uwaya, (shelter) koya; (v.t.), nagasu
Sheet (n.), 1. (metal) usuita; 2. (cloth) shikifu; 3. (one sheet of paper) kami
ICH(I)-MAI (101)
Ship (n.), fune, (large) DAI-SEN; (v.t.), fune ni tsumu, tsumikomu; shipbuild-
ing, ZO-SEN
Shoe (n.). kutsu; shoe-lace, kutsu himo; shoe polish, kutsu sumi
Shoot (v.t.), 1. (discharge) HASsuru (140); 2. (shot) utsu; 3. (kill with a gun)
uchikorosu; 4. (thrust out) dasu; (v.i.), (fly fast) tobu; Shooting (n.), 1. (gun-
Short (a.), 1. (not long) mijikai; 2. (near) chikai; 3. (brief) KAN-TAN na;
ireru
Shut (v.t.), shimeru, tojiru, (the ears) fusagu, (a book) fuseru; (v.i.), to shut up
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Sick (a.), BYO-KI, KA-GEN ga warui; sick person, BYO-NIN; to be sick of,
ni/akiru
Side (n.), (position, direction, etc.) HO, (of the upper part of the body) waki, (lower
(of a slope) koshi, (body of players) kumi; this side of, no temae ni, no kochira
Sign (n.), shirushi, (arrow) yajirushi, (proof) SHO-KO; (v.t.), ni/namae o kaku,
ni/KI-MEI suru
Silent (a.), 1. (still) shizuka na; 2. (taciturn) MU-kuchi na; to be silent, damaru
kazariya
Since (prep.), kara (19), I-RAI (115); (e.), kara (35); also expressed by conditional
form of verb
Single (a.), usually expressed by ICH(I), one, compounded with appropriate nu-
merative classifier, as IK-KO no, of one piece; (not compounded) TAN-JUN no,
Sit (v.».), (on a chair, etc.), kakeru, koshi o kakeru, (on the floor) suwaru; sitting
TAI, JO-KYO
Six (n. and a), ROK(U), mutsu, muttsu, mu; six days, muika
Skin (n.), HI-FU, (surface of the body) hada, (hide, bark, rind) kawa
Slip (v.i.), (slide) suberu; (n.), 1. (act of slipping) suberi; 2. (unintentional mis-
take) teochi
Small (a.), chiisai, (of money) komakai; small number, SH6-SU (156)
Smell (v.t.), kagu, kaide miru; (v.i.), niou; to smell bad, kusai; to smell good,
kaoru
Smoke (v.i.), (emit smoke) kemuru; (v.t.), (tobacco) nomu; (n.), kemuri; Smoke-
(calm) odayaka na
So (adv.), (in that manner) so, sonna ni, anna ni; (in this manner) ko, konna ni
(81); so that, YO ni
Soft (a.), yawarakai, (not harsh) yasashii, (to the touch) te atari ga ii
Solid (a.), katamatta, (compact) katai, (strong) JO-BU na, shikkari shita; (n.),
KO-KEI-TAI
Some (a.), 1. (a certain) aru (45); 2. (a certain amount) ikura ka, sukoshi, JAK-
KAN no, TA-SHO no; (pro.), dore ka, ikura ka (83); somebody, dare ka
Son (n.), musuko, segare, GO SHI-SON (137); Sonny (n.), botchan, boya (144)
Soon (adv.), mamo naku, chikai uchi ni, JIK(I) ni; as soon as, SHI-DAI (92)
Sound (n.). oto, hibiki, (of an instrument) ne, (pronunciation) ON; (v.t.), narasu;
(v.i.), naru
Spare (a.), 1. (in reserve) YO-BI no; 2. (surplus) YO-KEI na; (v.t.), (get along
Spend (v.t.), 1. (pay out) tsukau; 2. (waste) tsuyasu; 3. (of time) sugosu, kurasu
4. (dot) TEN
Spread (v.t.), hirogeru, (as a carpet) shiku, noberu, (as butter) kakeru, (strew)
Spring (n.), 1. (jump) hane; 2. (of water) izumi; 3. (season) haru; 4. (clock)
HAK-KEN suru
IT-CHI suru
234 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
ZUI-IN; 4. (of a company) SHA-IN; for military and naval staffs, see Appen-
dix C
STAMP (n.), 1. (die) IN, HAN; 2. (postage) YU-BIN kitte; 3. (rubber) sutampu;
STAND (v.i.), tatsu, (halt) todomaru; as it stands, sono mama; to stand aside,
waki e yoru; to stand for (represent) no/ shirushi ni naru; to stand in the way,
JA-MA ni naru; to stand still, jitto tatte iru; to stand to reason, DO-RI ni
au; to stand up, tachiagaru; to stand upon ceremony, EN-RYO suru; (v.t.),
tion) SEN-GEN
suru
STAY (v.i.), TAI-ZAI suru, TO-RYU suru, tomaru, (remain a while) todomaru,
(wait) matsu
STEAM (n.), JO-KI; to get up steam, JO-KI o okosu; (r.t.), musu; (v.i.), yuge
STEP (n.), 1. (pace) ashi; 2. (of a stair) DAN; 3. (sound of footsteps) ashi oto;
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STILL (v.t.), shizumeru; (a.), shizuka na; (adv. and c.), mada, nao; (nevertheless)
keredomo, no ni
STIR (v.t.), ugokasu, kakimawasu; (v.i.), jitabata suru; (n.), (tumult) sawagi
STONE (n.), ishi, (precious) HO-SEK(I); built of stone, ishi zukuri; stone step,
(honest) SHO-JIK(I) na
SEN-RYAK(U)-TEK(I) CHI-TEN
Straw (n.), wara; straw sandals, (with thongs) ZO-RI, (with cords) waraji
strength, SEN-TO-RYOK(U)
Strict (a.), (severe) GEN-JU na, kibishii, (in conduct) GEN-KAK(U) na, katai,
(exact) komakai
Strike (v.t.), 1. (beat) utsu, butsu, (pound) tataku; 2. (collide with) ni/ataru;
Strong (a.), tsuyoi, (solid) JO-BU na, (powerful) YU-RYOK(U) na, (of liquor,
JIS-SHITS(U) no
hikiZAN
object) SEIKO suru; Success (n.), SEI-KO; Successor (in office) KO-NIN
(156)
Such (a.), (of this kind) kaYO na, kono YO na, konna; (of that kind) saYO na,
sono YO na, sonna, ano YO na, anna; such as, gotoki (160)
Sudden (a.), KYU na, (unexpected) FU-I na, TOTS(U)-ZEN na, niwaka na
236 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
SUIT (n.), 1. (law) uttae, SO-SHO; 2. (one suit of clothing) I-FUK(U) hitosoroe;
(140)
SUITABLE (a,), SO-TO na, TEK(I)-TO na; suitable for, ni TEK(I)suru (140)
SUM (n.), 1. (total) GO-KEI, SO-KEI; 2. (of money) KIN-GAK(U); (v.t.), yo-
SUN (n.), hi, TAI-YO; sunlight, hinata, NIK-KO; sunrise, hi no de; sunset, hi
no iri, hi-gure
SUPERIOR (a.), 1. (in excellence) sugureta, JO-TO na; 2. (in rank) JO-I no; 3.
SUPPORT (v.t.), 1. (general in sense of maintain, hold up) sasaeru; 2. (sustain) ukeru;
SURE (a.), tashika na, SO-I nai; SURELY (adv.), tashika ni, SO-I naku, kitto
SURGEON (n.), GE-KA-I, (military and naval) GUN-I; SURGERY (n.), GE-KA
SURPRISE (n.), bikkuri, odoroki; (z'.t.), 1. (strike with wonder) bikkuri saseru,
SURRENDER (n.), 1. (of a thing) hikiwatashi; 2. (of a right) HO-KI; 3. (of one's
MU-JO-KEN KO-FUK(U)
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SUSPEND (v.t.), 1. (cause to cease for a time) CHO-SHI suru (156) ; 2. (hang)
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SWEEP (v.t.), harau, SO-JI suru; to make a clean sweep of, o/IS-SO suru
SWEET (a.), 1. (of taste) amai; 2. (of sound) ne no ii; 3. (of smell) kobashii; 4.
TABLE (n.), 1. (Occidental style) teiburu, (Japanese) DAI; tablecloth, teiburu kake
TAKE (v.t.), 1. (get hold of) toru; 2. (carry) motsu; 3. (apprehend) tsukamaeru;
takes three days); 6. (a boat, train, bus, etc.) ni noru (as KI-SHA ni noru, he
takes the train); 7. (conduct a person) tsurete iku; 8. (receive) ukeru, mo-
rau; 9. (food) taberu; 10. (drink, tobacco) nomu; 11. (a bath) ni/hairu; 12.
(perform) suru; to take after, niru; to take down (lower), orosu; to take effect
(of a law) JIS-SHI ni naru; to take front (deduct), sashihiku; to take off (as
TASTE (n.), 1. (flavor) aji; 2. (liking) konomi; (v.t.), ajiwau (151); (v.i.), taste of,
no aji ga am
TEA (n.), CHA; teacup, CHA-WAN; tea caddy, CHA-ire (147); teahouse, CHA-
TEACH (v.t.), oshieru (ni after person taught) ; TEACHER (n.), KYO-SHI, (title of
respect) SEN-SEI
TELL (v.t.), iu, m&su, ossharu (131), (let hear) kikaseru, (inform) shirascru
KI-GEN, KI-BUN; to keep one's temper, GA-MAN suru; to lose one's temper,
hara o tatera
TEN (n. and a.), Jtj, to; ten days, t6ka; ten per cent, ICH(I)-wari; ten thousand,
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ICH(I)-MAN, MAN
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THANK (v.t.), ni/REI o iu; thank you, arigatS (goraimasu); a thing to be thank-
ful for, arigatai koto; nr> thank you, yoroshii, y5 gozainiasu; (for food and
drink) mS takusan
238 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
THAT (d.a.), sono, ano (81) ; (d.p.), sore, are (81); for relatives, see sections 9, 49
THEN (adv.), sono toki ni, sono toki, yagate; (<..), sonnara, sore de wa
THERE (adv.), asoko, soko, achira, sochira (81); there is (are), (of living beings)
THICK (a.), 1. (of flat things) atsui; 2. (of round things) futoi; 3. (of liquids) koi
THIN (a.), 1. (in general) usui; 2. (slender) hosoi; 3. (lean) yaseta; 4. (sparse)
mabara ni haeta
iru
THIS (d.a.), kono (81); (/>*.), KON-, HON- (104); (d.p.), kore; this evening,
THREE (n. and a.), SAN, mitsu, mittsu; three days, mikka
THROUGH (prep, and adv.), 1. (in at one side and out at the opposite side), (with
transitive verbs) o toshite, (with intransitive verbs) o totte; 2. (by means of)
de (19); 3. (by reason of) no de; 4. (via) o KEI-YU shite; 5. (by the agency
THUS (adv.), a, k6, so (81); kono (sono or ano) YO ni, kono (sono or ano) t6ri
KEN
TIGHT (a.), katai, (taut) hatta, (close-fitting) shimatta, semai, (tense) KIN-CHd
na
TIME (n.), toki, (in hours) JI-KAN; (c.w.), JI, as nanJI? what time?; (period)
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JI-BUN, (date) hizuke, (leisure) hima, itoma, ma, (number) tabi; (c.w.),
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DO, KAI, HEN (108); a long time, for some time, nagai aida, shibaraku;
at any time, itsu de mo (83) ; at a time, zutsu; for the first time, hajimete; for
TIN PLATE (n.), bnriki; tin can, buriki kan; pocked in tin, kanzume
TIP (n.), 1. (end) saki; 2. (uratuity) SHU-GI, sakate, kokorozuke, (at inns and
teahouses) CHA-DAI
TIRE (n.), (of a wheel) gomuwa, taya; (v.i.), (to be weary) tsukareru, kutabireru
TOGETHER (adv.), IS-SHO ni, tomo ni; (with one other person) futari de
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 239
(polite) CHO-ZU-ba
asa, MYO-asa
Too (adv.), 1. (also) mo; 2. (excessively) amari (117); loo mwcA, YO-KEI ni,
amari
TOOTH (n.), ha; to brush the teeth, ha o migaku; to extract a tooth, ha o nuku
TOP (n.), ue, (summit) CHO-JO, ZET-CHO, (of the head) TEP-PEN; on top
of, no ue ni (21)
shite
conversation, TSO-YAK-KAN
DAI-JIN
TREE (n.), ki
240 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
(affliction) KAN-NAN
4. (animal's) GEI
TROUSERS (n.), zubon, (Japanese divided skirt) hakama, (Japanese breeches) momo-
TRUNK (n.), 1. (of a tree) miki; 2. (of the body) DO; 3. (baggage) toranku, kaban,
TRY (v.t.), 1. (general) tamesu; 2. (attempt) yatte miru; 3. (test) SHI-KEN suru,
TWENTY (n. and a.), NI-JU, (of age) hatachi; twenty days, hatsuka
Two (n. and a.), NI, futatsu, futa, fu; two days, futsuka; two persons, futari
FU-SEI-KO na
RI na
UNDER (prep.), no shita ni (e), (by virtue of) ni yotte, (acting upon) ni motozuki
Appendix J] JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN 241
ment) RYO-KAI
ainiku
UNIFORM (a.), sorotta, ICH(I)-YO na; (n.), (formally prescribed dress for offi-
UNITE (v.t.), awaseru, GAP-PEI suru; (v.t.), IS-SHO ni naru; United Nations,
UP (prep, and adv.), ue ni, ue e; time is up, JI-KAN ga kita; to get up, okiru;
UPON, see ON
UPPER (a.), ue no; (px.), JO- (156) ; Upper House (Senate, House of Peers), JO-IN
vacant, aku
VALUE (n.), KA-CHI, (in money) atai, neuchi; VALUABLE (a.), KA-CHI no aru;
BUTS(U)
ZUI-BUN
242 JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN [Appendix J
vested in, ni ZOK(U)-suru; (v.i.), to vest in, ni Kl-suru; vested rights, KI-
VICE (n.), 1. (bad habit) kuse; 2. (of society) AK(U)-HEI; 3. (profligacy) DO-
BO-KO na
VISIT (n.), tazune, HO-MON, (to a country) RAI-YtJ, (to a sick person) mimai,
(soldier) GI-YU-HEI
WAIT (v.i.), matsu; to keep waiting, mataseru; to wait on table, KYtJ-JI suru;
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WALL (n.), (of a house) kabe, (of an enclosure) HEI, (stone) ishigaki
BO; (v.t.), 1. (desire) expressed by (a) desiderative form of verb (60) or (b)
WAR (n.), ikusa, SEN-SO; civil war, NAI-RAN; to be at war, KO-SEN suru;
WATER (n.), mizu; (v.t.), ni/mizu o kakeru; waterfall, taki; water main, SUI-
SUI-DO
WAY (n.), 1. (manner) tori, FU; 2. (method) HO-HO, shikata; 3. (road) michi;
4. (propensity) kuse
the hands) hameru; (for any of the foregoing in addressing a superior) mesu;
KON-SHIK(I)
WELL (n.), ido; well-bucket, tsurube; (a.), TAS-SHA, JO-BU; (adv.), yoku
WHAT (i.a.), dono; (i.p.), nan, nani; (int.), nnani, nan to; whatever, nani ....
mo (86)
WHEN (interrogative adv.), itsu (81) ; (relative), toki ni, to (35, 49); whenever,
WHERE (interrogative adv.), doko, dochira (81); (relative adv.), tokoro (49);
WHICH (i.a.), dono; (i.p.), dore, dochira; (relative), see 9, 49; whichever, dono
WHILE (n.), aida; for quite a while, shibaraku; (adv. and c.), 1. (as long as) aida;
2. (at the same time) ori, tokoro e; 3. (whereas) no ni, tokoro ga; 4. (at the
WHITE (a.), shiroi; a white man, HAK(U)-JIN; the white (of an egg), shiromi
WHO (i.p.), dare, donata (81); (relative), see 9; whoever, dare .... mo, donata
.... mo (86)
WHOLE (a.), 1. (all) subete no; 2. (entire) KAN-ZEN na; more generally ex-
WISH (v.t. and i.), negau, wish followed by the infinitive expressed by the adjective
tai (60)
WITHOUT (prep.), (outside) no soto ni (21); (c.w.), GAI; (not with) nashi ni;
(forest) hayashi
WOOL (».), ke, (sheep's) YO-MO, (yarn) keito, MO-SHI; WOOLEN (a.), ke no
KEN, yo no naka
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WORSHIP (n.), REI-HAI; (v.t.), (ancestors or gods) matsuru, (pray to) ogamu
WRITE (v.t.), kaku, (compose) tsuzuru, tsukuru; WRITER (n.), (of prose)
YEAR (n.), toshi; (c.w.), NEN; year by year, NEN-NEN; year end, toshi no kure
of verb (142)
YET (adv.), 1. (still) mo, mada, nao; not yet, mada (with a negative verb)
Accent, 5
Adjectives:
Attributive,* 45
Conclusive form, 43
Demonstrative, 81
Distributive, 85
Gerund of, 47
In general, 43
Interrogative, 81
Predicate, 43
Superlative of, 90
Adverbs:
Demonstrative, 81
Distributive, 83
Indefinite, 83
Interrogative, 81
guages, 1
H, 22
verbs, 9
Case, 9, 13
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Chinese influence, 2
H, 19
compounds
Conditional base, 61
paradigms. Appendix B
29, 131
Copula,** 12
H, 21
248
Japanese as It Is Spoken
Diphthongs, 4
Distributives,* 85
Double negatives, 56
Drinks, Appendix H, 14
23, 32, 42
Etymology, 6
European words, 8
Exclamatory sentences, 44
Fractions, 105
Gender, 9
nese, 9
H, 23
138
Impersonal adjectives, 48
Indefinite adverbs, 83
Indefinite pronouns, 83
Infinitive forms,§ 30
Inflected words, 9
Interrogative adjectives, 81
Interrogative adverbs, 81
Interrogative pronouns, 81
Interrogative sentences, 14
Appendix G
Letter changes:
In conjugation of verbs, 34
Locative case.fl 19
249
Percentages, 105
23, 32, 42
Person, 9
Principal words, 9
Appendix H, 20
Pronouns:
Demonstrative, 81
Distributive, 83
Indefinite, 83
Interrogative, 81
Pronunciation, 4
Quantity of vowels, 5
Quotation, 15
Religion, Appendix H, 18
Restaurant, at a, Appendix D
Shopping, Appendix D
Subordinate words, 9
Superlative of adjectives, 90
Syllabary, 2
Syntax, 9
H, 19
Transcription of sounds, 3
Uninflected words, 9
Verbs:
Attributive form, 9
Conditional mood:
Present tense, 62
Desiderative mood, 60
Indicative mood:
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Index of Words and Idioms Explained in the Text
The numbers refer to the numbered paragraphs or sections. Abbreviations: c.w., combining
word used in forming compounds; n.e., numerative classifier; px., prefix; sx., suffix; d.a., demon-
strative adjective; d.p., demonstrative pronoun; i.a., interrogative adjective; i.p., interrogative pro-
noun; a., adjective; adv., adverb; c., conjunction; n., noun; prep., preposition; pro., pronoun, v.,
verb.
Aida, between, 21
Da, copula, 12
tives), 83
De aru, copula, 12
Japanese as It Is Spoken
E, to, toward, 19
Fu, two, 97
Ga, but, 35
Go, five, 97
Lesson XXVIII
Hachi, eight, 97
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144
Hatachi, twenty, 98
98, 103
have, 71
Hiragana, syllabary, 2
comparative of adjectives, 88
Hoka, besides, 21
Hyaku, hundred, 97
I. five, 97
253
ka do ka, whether, 35
pronoun or adjective, 83
Kaimono, shopping, 28
Katakana, syllabary, 2
pay attention, 93
Kiko, climate, 93
Ko (n.c.), 101
Koko, here, 81
Koto, thing, 39
Ku, nine, 97
Kyu, nine, 97
JAPANESE AS IT Is SPOKEN
before, 120
Naka, inside, 21
die, 59
Nao, more, 87
Ni, two, 97
ness, 116
156
No ni, nevertheless, 35
drink, 131
Noriai, a bus, 29
Norikae, o transfer, 29
13, 19
138
255
So («.C.), 101
Soba, beside, 21
Soko, <for?, 81
Sonna, such. 81
Soto, outside, 21
adjectives, 128
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when, 35
day, 103
however, but, 91
Ue, above, 21
Ushiro, behind, 21
Wa (n.c.), 101
Waki, beside, 21
Ya, eight, 97
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY
5tP 9 1957
JAM 2 3 1958
OCT .i o
261
NOV
MAY 1 4
JUL 7 1985
AUG 1 0 1965
JAN 1 0 19bb
JAN 1 2 1967
APR 1 7 1970
NOV 111977
MAR 30 1978
BED. »L
IlAYZ11989
MAY ii 3 1988
F*l
*.. ••-
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