TR - Heat Treatment
TR - Heat Treatment
TR - Heat Treatment
REGULATIONS
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR
(AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING SUB SECTOR)
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
Page No.
DEFINITION OF TERMS 43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 44
TRAINING REGULATIONS FOR
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of the Automotive Industry
(Manufacturing sub-sector) as shown in Annex A.
Heat Treater
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SECTION 2 COMPETENCY STANDARDS
This section gives the details of the contents of the basic, common and core units of
competency required in HEAT TREATMENT NC II.
BASIC COMPETENCIES
RANGE OF VARIABLES
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VARIABLE RANGE
1. Appropriate sources 1.1 Team members
1.2 Suppliers
1.3 Trade personnel
1.4 Local government
1.5 Industry bodies
2. Medium 2.1 Memorandum
2.2 Circular
2.3 Notice
2.4 Information discussion
2.5 Follow-up or verbal instructions
2.6 Face to face communication
3. Storage 3.1 Manual filing system
3.2 Computer-based filing system
4. Forms 4.1 Personnel forms, telephone message forms, safety
reports
5. Workplace interactions 5.1 Face to face
5.2 Telephone
5.3 Electronic and two way radio
5.4 Written including electronic, memos, instruction and
forms, non-verbal including gestures, signals, signs
and diagrams
6. Protocols 6.1 Observing meeting
6.2 Compliance with meeting decisions
6.3 Obeying meeting instructions
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
1. Critical aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
competency 1.1 Prepared written communication following standard format
of the organization
1.2 Accessed information using communication equipment
1.3 Made use of relevant terms as an aid to transfer
information effectively
1.4 Conveyed information effectively adopting the formal or
informal communication
2. Underpinning 2.1 Effective communication
knowledge and 2.2 Different modes of communication
attitudes 2.3 Written communication
2.4 Organizational policies
2.5 Communication procedures and systems
2.6 Technology relevant to the enterprise and the individual’s
work responsibilities
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY: WORK IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT
UNIT CODE : 500311106
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers the skills, knowledge and attitudes to identify
role and responsibility as a member of a team.
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Role and objective 1.1 Work activities in a team environment with enterprise or
of team specific sector
1.2 Limited discretion, initiative and judgment maybe
demonstrated on the job, either individually or in a team
environment
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY: PRACTICE CAREER PROFESSIONALISM
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes in promoting
career growth and advancement.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
1. Integrate personal 1.1 Personal growth and work plans are pursued towards
objectives with improving the qualifications set for the profession
organizational goals 1.2 Intra- and interpersonal relationships is are maintained in the
course of managing oneself based on performance
evaluation
1.3 Commitment to the organization and its goal is demonstrated
in the performance of duties
2. Set and meet work 2.1 Competing demands are prioritized to achieve personal, team
priorities and organizational goals and objectives.
2.2 Resources are utilized efficiently and effectively to manage
work priorities and commitments
2.3 Practices along economic use and maintenance of equipment
and facilities are followed as per established procedures
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Evaluation 1.1 Performance Appraisal
1.2 Psychological Profile
1.3 Aptitude Tests
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
2. Underpinning 2.1 Work values and ethics (Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics,
knowledge & etc.)
attitudes 2.2 Company policies
2.3 Company operations, procedures and standards
2.4 Fundamental rights at work including gender sensitivity
2.5 Personal hygiene practices
3. Underpinning skills 3.1 Appropriate practice of personal hygiene
3.2 Intra and Interpersonal skills
3.3 Communication skills
4. Resource The following resources MUST be provided:
implications 4.1 Workplace or assessment location
4.2 Case studies/scenarios
5. Method of Competency may be assessed through:
assessment 5.1 Portfolio Assessment
5.2 Interview
5.3 Simulation/Role-plays
5.4 Observation
5.5 Third Party Reports
5.6 Exams and Tests
6. Context of 6.1 Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
assessment simulated work place setting
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
PROCEDURES
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers the outcomes required to comply with
regulatory and organizational requirements for occupational
health and safety.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
1. Identify hazards 1.1 Safety regulations and workplace safety and hazard control
and risks practices and procedures are clarified and explained based on
organization procedures
1.2 Hazards/risks in the workplace and their corresponding
indicators are identified to minimize or eliminate risk to co-
workers, workplace and environment in accordance with
organization procedures
1.3 Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and
other emergencies are recognized and established in accordance
with organization procedures
2. Evaluate hazards 2.1 Terms of maximum tolerable limits which when exceeded will
and risks result in harm or damage are identified based on threshold limit
values (TLV)
2.2 Effects of the hazards are determined
2.3 OHS issues and/or concerns and identified safety hazards are
reported to designated personnel in accordance with workplace
requirements and relevant workplace OHS legislation
3. Control hazards 3.1 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures for controlling
and risks hazards/risks in workplace are consistently followed
3.2 Procedures for dealing with workplace accidents, fire and
emergencies are followed in accordance with organization OHS
policies
3.3 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in
accordance with organization OHS procedures and practices
3.4 Appropriate assistance is provided in the event of a workplace
emergency in accordance with established organization protocol
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Safety regulations May include but are not limited to:
1.1 Clean Air Act
1.2 Building code
1.3 National Electrical and Fire Safety Codes
1.4 Waste management statutes and rules
1.5 Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standards
1.6 DOLE regulations on safety legal requirements
1.7 ECC regulations
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VARIABLE RANGE
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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COMMON COMPETENCIES
AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING
UNIT DESCRIPTOR: This unit deals with identifying, interpreting and applying specification
from engineering blue prints or drawings that provides the
measurements of the product and pattern that is to be produced.
1. Identify and 1.1 Appropriate engineering drawings are identified and accessed
access as per job requirements.
engineering 1.2 Version and date of drawing is checked to ensure correct
drawings/ specification and procedure are identified.
specification
4. Store drawings 4.1 The drawings and specification are stored properly to
ensure prevention of damage, ready access and
updating of information when required in accordance
with company requirements
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Engineering drawings Kinds of drawings:
1.1 Casting drawing
1.2 Machining drawing
1.3 Project plan
1.4 Technical drawing
2. Data Data includes but not limited to
2.1 Material specifications
2.2 Process specifications
2.3 Special instructions
2.4 Machining locating points
2.5 Clamping points
2.6 Amount of draft
2.7 Surface finish
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY: PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
UNIT DESCRIPTOR: This unit includes identifying, caring for, handling, using and
maintaining measuring instruments.
2. Carry out 2.1 Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements
measurements 2.2 Accurate measurements are obtained to job
and calculation 2.3 Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using
the four basic process of addition (+), subtraction (-),
multiplication (x) and division (/).
2.4 Calculations involving fractions, percentages and mixed
numbers are used to complete workplace tasks.
2.5 Numerical computation is self-checked and corrected for
accuracy
2.6 Instruments are read to the limit of accuracy of the tool.
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Measuring Measuring instruments includes:
instruments
1.1 Multitester
1.2 Micrometer (In-out, depth) 1.7 Try square
1.3 Vernier caliper (Out, 1.8 Protractor
inside) 1.9 Height gauge
1.4 Dial Gauge with Mag. Std. 1.10 Steel rule
1.5 Straight Edge 1.11 Shrink rule
1.6 Thickness gauge
Kinds of part mensuration include:
2. Calculation 2.1 Volume
2.2 Area
2.3 Displacement
2.4 Inside diameter
2.5 Circumference
2.6 Length
2.7 Thickness
2.8 Outside diameter
2.9 Taper
2. 10 Out of roundness
2.11 Shrinkage allowance
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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UNIT TITLE: READ, INTERPRET AND APPLY SPECIFICATION AND MANUALS.
UNIT DESCRIPTOR: This unit deals with identifying, interpreting and applying service specification manuals,
maintenance procedure manuals and periodic maintenance manual.
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
1. Identify and 1.1 Appropriate manuals are identified and accessed as per job
access requirements.
manual/ 1.2 Version and date of manual is checked to ensure correct
specification specification and procedure are identified.
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RANGE OF VARIABLES
VARIABLE RANGE
Kinds of manuals:
1. Manuals 2.1 Manufacturer’s specification manual
2.2 Repair manual
2.3 Maintenance Procedure Manual
2.4 Periodic Maintenance Manual
EVIDENCE GUIDE
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1.Critical aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
competency 1.1 Identified and accessed manual/specification
1.2 Interpreted manuals
1.3 Applied information in manuals
1.4 Stored manuals
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UNIT CODE : ALT723205
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit deals with inspecting and cleaning of work area
including tools, equipment and facilities. Storage and checking
of tools/ equipment and disposal of used supplies/materials are
also incorporated in this competency.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT
Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
1. Inspect/clean tools 1.1 Cleaning solvent used as per workshop/tools cleaning
and work area requirement
1.2 Work area is checked and cleaned
1.3 Wet surface/spot in work area is wiped and dried
2. Store/arrange tools 2.1 Tools/equipment are checked and stored in their
and shop equipment respective shelves/location
2.2 Corresponding labels are posted and visible
2.3 Tools are safely secured and logged in the records
3. Dispose wastes/used 3.1 Containers for used lubricants are visibly labeled
lubricants 3.2 Wastes/used lubricants are disposed as per workshop
SOP
4. Report damaged 4.1 Complete inventory of tools/equipment is maintained
tools/equipment 4.2 Damaged tools/equipment/facilities are identified and
repair recommendation is given
4.3 Reports prepared has no error/discrepancy
RANGE OF VARIABLES
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VARIABLE RANGE
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
1. Critical aspects Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
of competency 1.1 Cleaned workshop tools/facilities
1.2 Maintained equipment, tools and facilities
1.3 Disposed wastes and used lubricants/fluid as per required
procedure
2. Underpinning 2.1 5 S or TQM
knowledge and 2.2 Service procedures
attitudes 2.3 Relevant technical information
2.4 Safe handling of equipment and tools
2.5 Vehicle safety requirements
2.6 Workshop policies
2.7 Personal safety procedures
2.8 Fire extinguishers and prevention
2.9 Storage/disposal of hazardous/flammable materials
2.10 Positive Work Values (Perseverance, Honesty, Patience,
Attention to Details)
3. Underpinning 3.1 Handling/Storing of tools/equipment/supplies and material
skills 3.2 Cleaning grease/lubricants
3.3 Disposing of wastes and fluid
3.4 Preparing inventory of s/m and tools and equipment
3.5 Monitoring of s/m and tools/equipment
4. Resource The following resources MUST be provided:
implications 4.1 Workplace: Real or simulated work area
4.2 Appropriate Tools & equipment
4.3 Materials relevant to the activity
5. Method of Competency MUST be assessed through:
assessment 5.1 Written/Oral Questioning
5.2 Demonstration
6. Context of 6.1 Competency must be assessed on the job or in a simulated
assessment environment.
6.2 The assessment of practical skills must take place after a
period of supervised practice and repetitive experience.
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CORE COMPETENCIES
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT
Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
2. Test materials and 2.1 Properties of materials is tested using appropriate testing
record and maintain equipment as required
heat treatment 2.2 Heat treatment faults are identified and reported to
information concerned personnel
2.3 Heat treatment faults are rectified according to standard
operating procedure
2.4 Information relating to equipment and processes is
maintained as required
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RANGE OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Heat-treatment 1.1 Preheating
process 1.2 Soaking
1.3 Quenching (air, water, oil)
1.4 Tempering
1.5 Annealing
1.6 Normalizing
1.7 Carburizing
1.8 sintering
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous
metals, selecting the appropriate process to achieve the
desired result using a variety of equipment such as box
type, pit type, boggie type furnaces either gas, oil-fired or
electrically heated.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT
Italicized terms are elaborated in the Range of Variables
1. Determine job 1.1 Job requirements are determined from engineering drawing,
requirements and job sheet or verbal instruction from metallurgist and other
set u p equipment concerned personnel.
1.2 Heating equipment is selected for the required heat
treatment process.
1.3 Equipment is set up according to standard operating
procedures and/or manufacturer’s instructions
1.4 Personal protective equipment/devices are used in
accordance with occupational health and safety (OH & S)
requirements
3. Operate and monitor 3.1 Furnace start-up is performed as per standard operating
heating equipment procedures and safety requirements.
3.2 Information related with equipment and process is recorded
as per standard procedures.
3.3 Required heating temperature, soaking time and cooling
time is applied and maintained according to standard
operating procedure.
3.4 Hazards are identified and control measures are
implemented to maintain a safe work environment.
3.5 Optimum furnace operation requirement is maintained as per
standard operating procedures.
3.6 Furnace atmosphere is maintained as per standard
operating procedures
3.7 Temperature distribution inside the furnace is monitored and
adjusted, if necessary, in accordance with standard
operating procedures.
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4. Heat treat materials 4.1 Quenching medium /tank is prepared as required by the
process.
4.2 Air blast for air cooling is prepared, if required by the
process.
4.3 Material is removed from the furnace as per standard
operating procedures and safely requirements
4.4 Materials is heat treated to achieve required result in
accordance with standard operating procedures and
customer requirements
5. Shut down furnace 5.1 Furnace is shut down as per standard operating procedures
5.2 Routine maintenance is performed on thermo-couples and
temperature meter as per standard operating procedures
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RANGE OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE RANGE
1. Heating Heating equipment include gas, oil fired and electric furnaces,
Equipment such as
1.1 pit furnace
1.2 box type furnace
1.3 boggie (car type) furnace or
1.4 muffle furnace.
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EVIDENCE GUIDE
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SECTION 3 TRAINING STANDARDS
These guidelines are set to provide the Technical and Vocational Education and
Training (TVET) providers with information and other important requirements to consider
when designing training programs Heat Treatment NC II.
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, skills and attitudes of an individual
in the field of HEAT TREATMENT. This course consists of competencies that a person must
achieve to be able to select the appropriate process of heat treatment to achieve the desired
result, recording and maintaining the heat treatment information in the manufacture of many
other metals. It also covers heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous metals using a variety of
equipment such as box type pit type, boggie type furnaces either gas, oil-fired or electrically
heated. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation
strengthening, tempering and quenching.
This course is also designed to enhance the basic and common knowledge, skills and
attitudes of an individual in the field of foundry-pattern making.
To obtain this, all units prescribed for this qualification must be achieved.
BASIC COMPETENCIES
Unit of Assessment
Learning Outcomes Methodology
Competency Approach
1. Participate in 1.1 Obtain and convey Group Written test
workplace workplace information. discussion Practical/perfo
communication 1.2 Complete relevant work Interaction rmance test
related documents. Lecture Interview
1.3 Participate in workplace Reportorial
meeting and discussion.
2. Work in a team 2.1 Describe and identify Group Written test
environment team role and Discussion / Observation
responsibility in a team. Interaction Simulation
2.2 Describe work as a team Case studies Role playing
member. Simulation Case studies
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3.2 Set and meet work Demonstration Portfolio
priorities. Self-paced assessment
3.3 Maintain professional instruction
growth and development. Structured
activity
Film viewing
4. Practice 4.1Identify hazardous risks Interactive- Situation
occupational 4.2 Evaluate hazard and risks lecture analysis
health and safety 4.3 Control hazards and risks Simulation Interview
4.4 Maintain occupational Symposium Practical
health and safety Group examination
awareness dynamics Written
Film viewing examination
Situation Portfolio
analysis assessment
Self-paced
instruction
COMMON COMPETENCIES
Unit of Assessment
Learning Outcomes Methodology
Competency Approach
1. Read, Interpret 1.1 Identify and access Lecture/ Direct
and Apply engineering drawings/ Demonstration observation
Engineering specification Dual training Interview
Drawings 1.2.Interpret drawings
1.3.Apply information in the
drawings & specifications
1.4 Store drawings
2. Perform 2.1. Select measuring Lecture/ Written test
Mensuration and instrument and Demonstration Oral
Calculation 2.2 Carry out measurement Simulation questioning
and calculations. Exercises Direct
2.3. Maintain measuring observation
instruments
3. Read, Interpret 4.1. Identify/accessed Lecture/ Written test
and Apply manuals and interpret Demonstration Direct
Specifications data and specification Dual training observation
and Manual 4.2 Apply information Distance Project method
accessed in manual Learning Interview
4.3 Store manual
4. Perform Shop 4.1 Inspect/clean tools and Lecture/ Written test
Maintenance work area Demonstration Direct
4.2 Store/arrange tools and Dual training observation
shop equipment Self paced Demonstration
4.3 Dispose wastes/used (modular) Interview
lubricants Simulation
4.4 Report damaged
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tools/equipment
CORE COMPETENCIES
Assessment
Unit of Competency Learning Outcomes Methodology
Approach
1. Select Heat 1.1 Determine job Lecture Observation
Treatment requirements Dualized with
Process 1.2 Identify and select training questioning
appropriate heat Distance Portfolio
treatment process learning Third party
1.3 Test materials, record report
and maintain heat
treatment information
2. Perform Heat 2.1 Determine job Lecture Observation
Treatment requirements Dualized with
Process 2.2 Select appropriate training questioning
equipment and Distance Portfolio
accessories learning Third party
2.3 Conduct appropriate report
material loading
2.4 Operate the furnace
2.5 Inspect / test the product
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3.2 TRAINING DELIVERY
The delivery of training should adhere to the design of the curriculum. Delivery
should be guided by the 10 basic principles of competency-based TVET.
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3.3 TRAINEE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
Recommended list of tools, equipment and materials for the training of 25 trainees for
Heat Treatment NC II
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1200oC
2 rolls Teflon tape 1 set Temperature
reorder
1 pc Triangular file 1 set Welding
medium machine – 300
amp
1 pc Flat file medium 1 set Hardness
tester (BUN)
2 sets Screw driver 1 set Electric
(plus / minus) angular
grinder –
100mm
20 Steel bars – 1 pc Hard hat
meters 12mm dia
long
2 pcs Adjustable 1 pair Safety shoes
wrench –
300mm
3 pcs Pentel pen 2 sets Eye goggles
marker
2 pcs Ball pen 1 pair Leather gloves
1 pc Clip board 1 set Apron
1 set Letter punch 1 pair Arm band
1 set Number punch
5 sets Water container
5 gallon
capacity
1 pc Vernier caliper
– 300mm
1 pc Steel tape 3
meters
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3.5 TRAINING FACILITIES
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
HEAT TREATMENT NC II
TRAINER QUALIFICATION (TQ II)
Must be a holder of HEAT TREATMENT NC II
Must have undergone training on Training Methodology II (TM II) 1
Must be computer literate
Must be physically and mentally fit
Must have at least 2 years job/industry experience 2
Must be a civil-service eligible or holder of appropriate professional license issued by
the Professional Regulatory Commission (for government positions
1
This shall be changed to “:Must be a holder of Trainer Qualification Level II (TQII) or equivalent”
upon promulgation by the TESDA Board of the TQ/AQ training regulations
2
Optional. Only when required by the hiring institution
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SECTION 4 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION ARRANGEMENTS
4.1 To attain the National Qualification of HEAT TREATMENT NC II, the candidate must
demonstrate competence in all the units listed in Section 1. Successful candidates shall be
awarded a National Certificate signed by the TESDA Director General.
4.3 Assessment shall focus on the core units of competency. The basic and common units
shall be integrated or assessed concurrently with the core units.
4.4 The following are qualified to apply for assessment and certification:
4.5 The guidelines on assessment and certification are discussed in detail in the
Procedures Manual on Assessment and Certification and Guidelines on the
Implementation of the Philippine TVET Qualification and Certification System
(PTQCS).
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ANNEX A
COMPETENCY MAP
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS MANUFACTURING
-
Develop and Develop and Develop and Develop and Perform general Use and maintain
manufacture wood Machine parts Perform precision
manufacture polymer manufacture assembled manufacture production woodworking machine measuring instrument
pattern assembly
pattern plated pattern pattern operations
ES
CI Prepare & mix sand for Produce molds by hand Produce cores by hand Operate molding Operate core-making Pour molten metal to Prepare Sand Mixture
Use and maintain for Heavy Casting
metal molding machine machine molds
EN measuring instrument
ET
Operate melting Operate cupola melting Operate electric Fettle & trim metal Perform refractory Use & maintain Perform Hand Molding
MP Pour Molten metal to
furnaces (non-electric) furnace induction melting castings/forgings installation & repair measuring instrument to produce Heavy Heavy Castings
CO furnace Casting
RE
Melt Aluminum- Silicon Melt Metals Using Develop and Manufacture Perform Heat
CO Melt Automotive Gray Manufacture and Develop Gravity Die Select Heat
Alloys for Safety Tested Coreless Induction Gear, Conveyor Screw and Treatment Process
Iron Castings in Cupola develop corebox for
Propeller Pattens Casting Mold Treatment Process
Castings Furnace Shell Core Box
ES
CI ON
Read & Interpret Perform Mensuration Read, Interpret and Perform Shop
ENM Engineering Drawings Apply Specifications
and Calculation Maintenance
ETM and Manuals
MPCO
CO
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DEFINITION OF TERMS (HEAT TREATMENT)
1. Heat Treatment
A process in which metal in the solid state is subjected to one or more
temperature cycles to attain certain desired properties.
2. Annealing Heating to and holding above the critical range followed by controlled
slow-cooling in the furnace.
3. Quenching
Is a hardening process. It involves heating to a temperature within a
critical temperature range followed by quenching in a medium which
are liquid or air medium. Quenching is a distinct operation carried out
external to the furnace.
4. Thermal critical
range Metals have its own distinct chemical composition. The thermal critical
range depends on the chemical composition of the metal. Heating
above and below the critical temperature range changes in a solid
state constitution. While major constitutional change cannot occur
below the lower limits some changes in microstructure are do so.
5. Precipitation
hardening Hardening in metals caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a
metals supersaturated solid solution. This occurs after quenching of alloys
especially the maraging steel groups and stainless steels.
6. Differential
hardening Some techniques allow different areas of a single object to receive
different heat treatments. This is called differential hardening. It is
common in high quality knives and swords. The Chinese jian is one of
the earliest known examples of this, and the Japanese katana the
most widely known. The Nepalese Khukuri is another example.
7. Ferrous metals
The term "ferrous" is derived from the latin word meaning "containing
iron". This can include pure iron, such as wrought iron, or an alloy
such as steel. Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but not exclusively.
8. Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which
the major component is a metal. Combining different ratios of metals
as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable
characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them
less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable
color and luster. Examples of alloys are steel (iron and carbon), brass
(copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin), and duralumin (aluminium
and copper). Alloys specially designed for highly demanding
applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten
elements.
9. Metal
In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallo, Μέταλλο) is a chemical element
whose atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), and
form metallic bonds between other metal atoms and ionic bonds
between nonmetal atoms.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Carina J. Bondad
(Administrative Staff)
The PARTICIPANTS in the National Validation of this Training Regulation
(Supercast Foundry & Philippine Aluminum Wheels Toyota Auto Parts Phils. Inc.
Machinery Corp. Inc. (PAWI)
SFMC)
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