CBSE NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1: Back From Chapter Questions
CBSE NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1: Back From Chapter Questions
CBSE NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1: Back From Chapter Questions
Solution:
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Class-XI-CBSE-Chemistry Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry
= 16.032 u
2. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4 ).
Solution:
46.0 g
= × 100
142.0 g
= 32.39
= 32.4%
Mass of sulphur element in the compound
Mass percent of Sulphur = Molar mass of the Na2 SO4
× 100
32.0 g
= × 100
142.0 g
= 22.54 %
Mass of oxygen element in the compound
Mass percent of oxygen = Molar mass of the Na2 SO4
× 100
64.0 g
= × 100
142.0 g
= 45.07 %
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3. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron, which has 69.9% iron and 30.1%
dioxygen by mass.
Solution:
% by mass of iron
Relative moles of iron in iron oxide = Atomic mass of iron
69.9
=
55.85
= 1.25
Relative moles of oxygen in iron oxide:
% of oxygen by mass
=
Atomic mass of oxygen
30.1
=
16.00
= 1.88
Simplest molar ratio of iron to oxygen:
= 1.25: 1.88
= 1: 1.5
= 2: 3
∴ The empirical formula of the iron oxide is Fe2 O3
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Solution:
C + O2 → CO2
Initial mole 1 0.5 0.5
Mole 1 0.5
stoichiometry coefficient 1
=1 1
= 0.5 0
(iii) C + O2 → CO2
Given : dioxygen (𝑂2 )= 16 g ; mole of carbon = 2
We know : molecular weigth of O2 = 32
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 16
moles of dioxygen = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 32 = 0.5
C + O2 → CO2
Initial mole 2 0.5 0.5
Mole 2 0.5
stoichiometry coefficient 1
=2 1
= 0.5 0
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5. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3 COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375
molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 gmol−1 .
Solution:
6. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per liter in a sample which has a
density, 1.41gmL−1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
Solution:
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We know, the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69% = 100g of nitric acid contains
69g of nitric acid by mass.
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3 ) = {1 + 14 + 3(16)} gmo1−1
= (1 + 14 + 48) gmo1−1
= 63 gmo1−1
∴ Number of moles in 69 g of HNO3
weight (g) 69g
= =
molecular mass (gmo1−1 ) 63 gmo1−1
= 1.095mol
Mass of solution
Volume of 100g nitric acid solution= density of solution
100 g
=
1.41gmL−1
100g
= × 100
141gmL−1
= 70.92mL ≡ 70.92 × 10−3 L (∴ 1 𝑚𝑙 = 10−3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟) )
mole
Concentration of nitric acid= litre
1.095 mo1e
=
70.92 × 10−3 L
= 15.44 mol⁄L
∴ Concentration of nitric acid = 15.44 mol⁄L
7. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4 )?
Solution:
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63.5×100g
⇒ 100g of CuSO4 will contain copper = 159.5
= 39.81 g
8. Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron, in which the mass percent of iron
and oxygen are 69.9 and 30.1, respectively.
Solution:
30.1
Number of moles of oxygen present in the oxide = 16.0 = 1.88
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9. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data:
37 24.23 36.9659
Cl
Solution:
given in question :
35
for Cl : % Natural Abundance =75.77
Molar Mass=34.9689
37
Cl : % Natural Abundance = 24.23
Molar Mass = 36.9659
The average atomic mass of chlorine.
Fractional abundance Molar mass Fractional abundance Molar mass
= [( 35 )( 35 )+( )( )]
of Cl of Cl of 37Cl of 37Cl
75.77 24.23
= [{( ) (34.9689u)} + {( ) (36.9659u)}]
100 100
= 26.4959 u + 8.9568 u
= 35.4527u
∴ The average atomic mass of chlorine = 35.4527u
Solution:
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11. What is the concentration of sugar (C12 H22 O11 ) in molL−1 if its 20 g are dissolved in
enough water to make a final volume up to 2L?
Solution:
20g⁄342
=
2L
0.0585mol
=
2L
= 0.02925molL−1
∴ Molar concentration of sugar = 0.02925 molL−1
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12. lf the density of methanol is 0.793 kgL−1 what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of
its 0.25 M solution?
Solution:
Given:
density of methanol is = 0.793 kgL−1
volume of solution (V2 ) = 2.5 L
molarity of solution (M2 ) = 0.25 M
we know Molar mass of methanol (CH3 OH) = (1 × 12) + (4 × 1) + (1 × 16) =
32gmo1−1 = 0.032 kgmol−1
density of methanol is 0.793 kgL−1 means one litre of solution contain
793
0.793 kg of methanol =793 gm of methanol = 32
moles of methanol
13. Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The Sl unit of pressure, pascal
is as shown below:
1Pa = 1Nm−2
If the mass of air at sea level is 1034 gcm−2 calculate the pressure in Pascal.
Solution:
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We know,
1N = 1kgms−2
Then,
1Pa = 1Nm−2 = 1kgm−2 s−2
1Pa = 1kgm−1 s −2
∴ Pressure = 1.01332 × 105 Pa
Solution:
Prefixes Multiples
(i) Micro 106
(ii) Deca 109
(iii) Mega 10−6
(iv) Giga 10−15
(v) Femto 10
Solution:
Prefixes Multiples
(i) Micro 10−6
(ii) Deca 10
(iii) Mega 106
(iv) Giga 109
(v) Femto 10−15
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Solution:
Significant figures are those meaningful digits that are known with certainty. They
indicate uncertainty in an experiment or calculated value. For example, if 25.8 mL is the
result of an experiment, then 25 is certain, while 8 is uncertain, and the total number of
significant figures are 3. Hence, significant figures are defined as the total number of
digits in a number including the last digit that represents the uncertainty of the result.
17. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform
CHCl3 supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by
mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass.
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Solution:
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= 0.0125 × 10−2
= 1.25 × 10−4 molal
Solution:
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(iv) 126,000
(v) 500.0
(vi) 2.0034
Solution:
Solution:
(i) 34. 2
(ii) 10.4
(iii) 0.0460
(iv) 2810
21. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form
different compounds:
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(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data? Give
its statement.
(b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:
(i) 1 km = ____________ mm = ____________ pm
(ii) 1 mg = ____________ kg = ____________ ng
(iii) 1 mL = ____________ L = ____________ dm3
Solution:
(a) If we fix the mass of dinitrogen at 28 g, then the masses of dioxygen that will combine
with the fixed mass of dinitrogen are 32 g, 64g, 32g, and 80 g.
The masses of dioxygen bear a whole number ratio of 1: 2: 1: 5. Hence, the given
experimental data obeys the law of multiple proportions. The law states that if two elements
combine to form more than one compound, then the masses of one element that combines
with the fixed mass of another element are in the ration of small whole numbers.
1000m 100cm 10mm
(b) (i) 1 km = 1 km × × ×
1km 1m 1cm
∴ 1 km = 106 mm
1000m 1pm
1 km = 1 km × × −12
1km 10 m
∴ 1 km = 1015 pm
Hence, 1 km = 106 mm = 1015 pm
1g 1kg
(ii) 1 mg = 1 mg × 1000mg × 1000g
⇒ 1 mg = 10−6 kg
1g 1ng
1 mg = 1 mg × × −9
1000mg 10 g
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⇒ 1 mg = 106 ng
∴ 1 mg = 10−6 kg = 106 ng
1L
(iii) 1mL = 1mL × 1000mL
⇒ 1mL = 10−3 L
1dm × 1dm × 1dm
1mL = 1cm3 = 1cm3
10cm × 10cm × 10cm
⇒ 1mL = 10−3 dm3
∴ 1mL = 10−3 L = 10−3 dm3
22. If the speed of light is 3.0 × 108 ms−1 calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.
Solution:
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Solution:
A reagent determines the extent of a reaction. It is the reactant which is the first to get
consumed during a reaction, thereby causing the reaction to stop and limiting the amount
of products formed.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
According to the stoichiometry of reaction, 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B.
A + B2 → AB2
Initial moles 300 atoms = 300 NA 200 molecule =200 NA
−
Mole 300NA 200NA
stoichiometry coefficient 1
=300NA 1
= 200NA -
A + B2 → AB2
Initial moles 2 3 −
Mole 2 3
stoichiometry coefficient 1
=2 1
=3 -
Thus, all 100NA moles of A will combine with all 100NA moles of B. Hence, the mixture
is stoichiometric where no limiting reagent is present.
(ii) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B
A + B2 → AB2
Initial moles 5 2.5 −
Mole 5 2.5
stoichiometry coefficient 1
=5 1
= 2.5 -
1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B. Thus, 2.5 mol of B will combine
with only 2.5 mol of A. As a result, 2.5 mol of A will be left as such. Hence, B is the
limiting reagent.
(iii) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B2
A + B2 → AB2
Initial moles 2.5 5 −
Mole 2.5 5
=2.5 =5 _
stoichiometry coefficient 1 1
24. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the
following chemical reaction:
N2 (g) + H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 × 103 g dinitrogen reacts with
1.00 × 103 g of dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
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Solution:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑔) 1.00×103 g
moles of dihydrogen = = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 2
= 500
From the equation, 1 mol of nitrogen reacts with 3 mol of dihydrogen to give 2 moles of
ammonia.
Mole
stoichiometry coefficient
, the ratio is less for N2 Hence, N2 is the limiting reagent.
25. How are 0.50 mol Na2 CO3 and 0.50M Na2 CO3 different?
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Solution:
= 53 g Na2 CO3
mol
⇒ 0.50M of Na2 CO3 = 0.50 Na2 CO3
L
26. If 10 volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many
volumes of water vapour would be produced?
Solution:
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Solution:
(iii) 25365 mg :
1 mg = 10−3 g
25365 mg = 2.5365 × 104 × 10−3 g
Since,
1 g = 10−3 kg
2.5365 × 101 g = 2.5365 × 10−1 × 10−3 kg
∴ 25365 mg = 2.5365 × 10−2 kg
28. Which one of the following will have the largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii) 1 g Li (s)
(iv) 1g Cl2 (g)
Solution:
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1
(i) 1g Au(s) = 197 mol of Au(s)
1 6.022×1023
197
× NA = 197
atoms of Au (s)
1 6.022×1023
23
× NA = 23
atoms of Na(s)
1 6.022×1033
= 7 × NA = 7
atoms of Li(s)
1 6.022×1033
= × NA = atoms of Cl2 (g)
71 71
29. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water, in which the mole fraction of
ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).
Solution:
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nC2 H5 OH
0.040 = … (1)
nC2 H5 OH + nH2 O
Substituting the value of nH2 O in equation (1),
nC2 H5 OH
= 0.040
nC2 H5 OH + 55.55
nC2 H5 OH = 0.040 nC2 H5 OH + (0.040) × (55.55)
0.96nC2 H5 OH = 2.222mol
2.222
nC2 H5 OH = 0.96
mol
nC2 H5 OH ≡ 2.314mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟)
2.314mo1
Molarity of solution = 1L
= 2.314M
Solution:
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31. How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following
calculations?
0.02856×298.15×0.112
(i) 0.5785
(ii) 5 × 5.364
(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
Solution:
0.02856×298.15×0.112
(i) 0.5785
32. Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally
occuring argon isotopes:
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Solution:
Given :
for Isotope 36Ar ∶Isotopic molar mass
35.96755 g mol−1 , percentage Abundance 0.337%
for Isotope 38Ar ∶
Isotopic molar mass 37.96272 g mol−1 percentage Abundance0.063%
for Isotope
40
Ar ∶ Isotopic molar mass 39.9624 g mol−1 percentage Abundance99.600%
Average molar mass
=
molar mass of isotope 1×% abundance of isotope 1+ molar mass of isotope 2×% abundance of isotope 2+molar mass of isotope 3×% abundance of isotope3
100
Solution:
52
52u of He = 4
𝑢 atom of He
= 13u atoms of He
(ii) I mole of He atom =4 g He
I mole of He atom = 𝑁𝐴 atoms of He = 6.022 × 1023 atoms of He
So 4 g of He = 6.022 × 1023 atoms of He
6.022×1023 ×52
∴ 52 g of He = 4
atoms of He
34. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in
oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of
10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate
(i) empirical formula,
(ii) molar mass of the gas, and
(iii) molecular formula.
Solution:
= 0.9217g
we know 18 g of water(H2 O) contains 2 g of hydrogen.
2g
∴ 0.690 g of water will contain hydrogen = 18g × 0.690
= 0.0767g
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Since carbon and hydrogen are the only constituents of the compound, the total mass of
the compound is:
= 0.9217g + 0.0767g
= 0.9984g
weight of atom
Formula : Percent of atom in the compound = weight of sample × 100
0.9217g
∴ Percent of C in the compound = 0.9984g × 100
= 92.32%
0.0767g
Percent of H in the compound = × 100
0.9984g
= 7.68%
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Formula : 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
92.32
Moles of carbon in the compound =
12
= 7.69
7.68
Moles of hydrogen in the compound = 1
= 7.68
∴ Ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the compound = 7.69: 7.68
= 1: 1
Hence, the empirical formula of the gas is CH.
(ii) Given,
Weight of 10.0L of the gas (at S.T.P) = 11.6g
11.6 g
∴ Weight of 22.4 L of gas at STP = 10 L
× 22.4L
= 25.984g
≈ 26g
Hence the molar mass of the gas is 26 g.
(iii) Empirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13 g
Molar mass of gas
n=
Empirical formula mass of gas
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26g
=
13g
n=2
formula : Molecular formula of gas= ( emperical formula of gas)× 𝑛 n
∴ Molecular formula of gas = (CH)n
= C2 H2
35. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the
reaction,
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2 O(l).
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?
Solution:
= 0.9375 g
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36. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) with
aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4HCl(aq) + MnO2 (s) → 2H2 O(l) + MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?
Solution:
according to stoichiometry
1 mole MnO2 reacts completely with 4 mol of HCl.
4
∴ 0.057 mole of MnO2 will react with HCl = × 0.057 =
1
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