UNIT-4 Multiple Integrals and Their Applications
UNIT-4 Multiple Integrals and Their Applications
UNIT-4 Multiple Integrals and Their Applications
M.Sc, M.Phil
5
UNIT-4
Multiple Integrals and their
Applications
aaaaa
∫a f ( x ) dx
b
…(1)
is physically the area under a curve y = f(x), (say), the y = f( x)
A
x-axis and the two ordinates x = a and x = b. It is
defined as the limit of the sum
x=a x=b
f(x1)δx1 + f(x2)δx2 + … + f(xn)δxn
X
when n → ∞ and each of the lengths δx1, δx2, …, δxn O
Fig. 5.1
tends to zero.
Here δx1, δx2, …, δxn are n subdivisions into which the range of integration has been
divided and x1, x2, …, xn are the values of x lying respectively in the Ist, 2nd, …, nth
subintervals.
Y
Double Integrals
A double integral is the counter part of the above A
definition in two dimensions.
Let f(x, y) be a single valued and bounded function of
δA r
two independent variables x and y defined in a closed
region A in xy plane. Let A be divided into n elementary
areas δA1, δA2, …, δAn.
Let (xr, yr) be any point inside the rth elementary area X
O
δA r. Fig. 5.2
Consider the sum
f ( x1 , y1 ) δ A1 + f ( x2 , y2 ) δ A2 + … + f ( xn , yn ) δ An = ∑ f ( xr , yr ) δ Ar
n
…(2)
r =1
Then the limit of the sum (2), if exists, as n → ∞ and each sub-elementary area approaches
to zero, is termed as ‘double integral’ of f(x, y) over the region A and expressed as ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dA .
A
355
356 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
Thus ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dA = n →∞
Lt ∑ f ( xr , yr ) δAr …(3)
A r =1
δ Ar → 0
Observations: Double integrals are of limited use if they are evaluated as the limit of the sum. However, they
are very useful for physical problems when they are evaluated by treating as successive single integrals.
Further just as the definite integral (1) can be interpreted as an area, similarly the double integrals (3) can be
interpreted as a volume (see Figs. 5.1 and 5.2).
( )
x=b
y = Ψ (x )
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy = ∫ ∫ y = φ( x )
f ( x , y ) dy dx
R x=a
Geometrically the process is shown in Fig. 5.3, y = axis
x = φ( y ) x = Ψ (y)
where integration is carried out from inner rectangle
(i.e., along the one edge of the ‘vertical strip PQ’ from B D
y=b
P to Q) to the outer rectangle.
Case 2: When the region R is bounded by two continuous P Q
R
curves x = φ (y) and x = Ψ (y) and the two lines (abscissa)
y=a
y = a and y = b. A C
In such a case, integration is first performed with
respect to x. keeping y as a constant and then the O x = axis
resulting integral is integrated between the two limits Fig. 5.4
y = a and y = b.
Mathematically expressed as:
y-axis
y = b x =Ψ( y)
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy = ∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dx dy y=a D Q C
R y = a x =θ(y)
Geometrically the process is shown in Fig. 5.4, R S
where integration is carried out from inner rectangle
(i.e., along the one edge of the horizontal strip PQ y=b
A P B
from P to Q) to the outer rectangle.
O x=a x=b x-axis
Case 3: When both pairs of limits are constants, the region
of integration is the rectangle ABCD (say). Fig. 5.5
In this case, it is immaterial whether f(x, y) is integrated first with respect to x or y, the
result is unaltered in both the cases (Fig. 5.5).
Observations: While calculating double integral, in either case, we proceed outwards from the innermost
integration and this concept can be generalized to repeated integrals with three or more variable also.
1 1+ x 2
∫∫
1
dydx
( )
Example 1: Evaluate [Madras 2000; Rajasthan 2005].
0 0 1 + x2 + y2
∫
π − 0 dx = π log x + 1 + x2 1
{ }
1
1
=
0 1 + x2 4 4 0
π
= log (1 + 2 )
4
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ ∫ e2x +3y dxdy over the triangle bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and
x + y = 1.
Solution: Here the region of integration is the triangle OABO as the line x + y = 1 intersects
the axes at points (1, 0) and (0, 1). Thus, precisely the region R (say) can be expressed as:
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 – x (Fig 5.7). Y
2x + 3y
∴ I = ∫∫e dxdy (0, 1)
R B
x=1
1 1− x Q
= ∫ ∫ e2 x + 3 y dy dx x=0
0 0
(1, 0)
1− x X
= ∫ e2 x +3 y dx
1
1 O P y=0
(0, 0) A
0 3 0
Fig. 5.7
∫ (e − e2x ) dx
1
1 3−x
=
3 0
1
1 e3 − x e2 x
= −
3 −1 2 0
−1 2 e2 3 1
= e + − e +
3 2 2
1 1
2e3 − 3e2 + 1 = (2e + 1)( e − 1) .
2
=
6 6
Example 3: Evaluate the integral ∫ ∫ xy ( x + y )dxdy over the area between the curves y = x2
R
and y = x.
∫ ∫
1 x
∴ ∫ ∫ xy ( x + y ) dxdy =
0 x2
xy ( x + y ) dy dx
P
X
R O (0, 0)
1 y3
x
2 y2
= ∫
0
x
2
+ x dx
3 x2
Fig. 5.8
1
x4 x4 x6 x7
= ∫
0 2
+ − + dx
3 2 3
5 1 6 1 7
∫ 6 x
1
= 4
− x − x dx
0 2 3
1
5 x5 1 x7 1 x8 1 1 1 3
= × − − = − − =
6 5 2 7 3 8 0 6 14 24 56
x2 y2
Example 4: Evaluate ∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1.
2
a b
x2 y2
Solution: For the given ellipse + = 1 , the region of integration can be considered as
a2 b2
Shaik Abdul Shakeer
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 359
x2 x2
bounded by the curves y = −b 1 − , y = b 1 − and finally x goes from – a to a
a2 a2
b 1 − x 2 / a2
∫ ∫ ( x2 + y2 + 2xy) dy dx
a
I = ∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy =
2
∴
–a –b 1− x2 / a2
b 1− x2 / a2
∫ ∫ ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx
a
I=
−a −b 1− x2 / a2
[Here ∫ 2xy dy = 0 as it has the same integral value for both limits i.e., the term xy, which is
an odd function of y, on integration gives a zero value.] Y
a
b 1− x2 / a2
∫∫ ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx
Q
I=4
0
0
X
O
3 b 1− x / a
a 2 2
y
0
∫
I = 4 x2 y +
3 0
dx x=–a
P
x=a
Fig. 5.9
a 1
2 b3 2
3
∫
2 2
x x
⇒ I = 4 x b 1 − 2 + 1 − 2 dx
2
a 3 a
0
On putting x = a sinθ, dx = a cosθ dθ; we get
π /2
2 3
∫ ( a sin θ cos θ) + cos θ a cos θdθ
b3
I = 4b 2
0 3
π /2
2 4
∫
b3
= 4ab a sin θ cos θ + cos θ dθ
2 2
0 3
| |
1 p + 1 q + 1
π /2
2 2
∫
sinp x cosq x dx = 2
Now using formula |
0
p + q + 2
2
|
n + 1
π /2 2 π
and ∫ 0
cosn x dx =
n + 2 2 , |
(in particular when p = 0 , q = n)
2
3¬ 3¬ ¬
5 1
¬
∫∫ ( x + y )2 dxdy = 4ab a2 2 ¬2 + b3 2 ¬2
2
23 23
Shaik Abdul Shakeer
π π 3 π
2 2 2 π ¬
b2 2 2
= 4ab a + Q = π
1
2.2.1 3 2.2.1 2
ASSIGNMENT 1
∫∫
1 1 dx dy
1. Evaluate
0 0 (1 − x2 )(1 − y2 )
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ xy dx dy, where A is the domain bounded by the x-axis, ordinate x = 2a and
R
the curve x2 = 4ay. [M.D.U., 2000]
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫ eax + by dy dx , where R is the area of the triangle x = 0, y = 0, ax + by = 1 (a > 0,
b > 0). [Hint: See example 2]
21 12
4. Prove that ∫ ∫ ( xy + e ) dy dx = ∫ ∫ ( xy + e ) dx dy .
y y
13 31
1 1 1 1
x−y x−y
5. Show that ∫ ∫ ( x + y)
0
dx
0
3 dy ≠ dy
∫ ∫ ( x + y)
0 0
3 dx .
∞∞
− x2 (1+ y2 )
6. Evaluate ∫ ∫ e x dx dy [Hint: Put x2(1 + y2) = t, taking y as const.]
00
When the limits of given integral ∫a ⋅ ∫y = φ(x) f ( x, y ) dy dx are clearly drawn and the region
b y = Ψ( x )
of integration is demarcated, then we can well change the order of integration be performing
integration first with respect to x as a function of y (along the horizontal strip PQ from P to
Q) and then with respect to y from c to d.
Mathematically expressed as:
d x = Ψ ( y)
I= ∫∫
c x = φ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy.
Sometimes the demarcated region may have to be split into two-to-three parts (as the case
may be) for defining new limits for each region in the changed order.
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 361
1 1 − x2
Example 5: Evaluate the integral ∫ ∫ y2 dydx by changing the order of integration.
0 0
[KUK, 2000; NIT Kurukshetra, 2010]
Solution: In the above integral, y on vertical strip (say PQ) varies as a function of x and then
the strip slides between x = 0 to x = 1.
Here y = 0 is the x-axis and y = 1 − x 2 i.e., x2 + y2 = 1 is the circle.
In the changed order, the strip becomes P’Q’, P’ resting on the curve x = 0, Q’ on the circle
x = 1 − y 2 and finally the strip P’Q’ sliding between y = 0 to y = 1.
Y
1 1− y2
∴ =
I ∫ y ∫ dx dy
2 Q
0 0
P´ Q´
1
I = ∫ y [ x ]0
2 1− y2
dy y=0
0 X
P
1 1
I = ∫ y2 (1 − )
y2 2 dx x=1
0
π
Substitute y = sin θ, so that dy = cos θ d θ and θ varies from 0 to 2 . x=0
Fig. 5.10
π
2
I = ∫ sin2 θ cos2 θ dθ
0
I=
( 2 − 1) ⋅ ( 2 − 1) π = π
4⋅2 2 16
π
Q 2 sinp θ cos θ dθ = (p − 1)(p − 3)…(q − 1)(q − 3) × π , only if both p and q are + ve even integers]
∫0 (p + q)(p + q − 2)…… 2
4a 2 ax
∫ [x] y
2 ay
= 2 dy
0
4a
4a y2
= ∫0 2 ay − 4a dy
4a
3
y2 y3 4 a 3
1
= 2 a −
3 12a = ( 4 a) 2 − ( 4a)3
3 12a
2 0
32a2 16a2 16a2
= − = .
3 3 3
x
a
0
a
∫∫
0 x/ a 2
ay
x3
1
I= ∫
0 3
+ xy2 dy
ay2
( 1
ay )
3
1
a3 3 a3 6 4
= ∫ + a y − y − ay dy
0 3 3
1
a3 y4 a3 y7 ay5
= + a − −
3 4 3 7 5 0
a3 a3 a a
= − + −
3 × 4 3 × 7 4 5
=
a3
+
a
=
28 20 140
a
(5a2 + 7 ) .
y2
∫∫ dy dx.
a a
Example 8: Evaluate [SVTU, 2006]
0 ax y 4 – a2 x 2
Solution: In the above integral, y on the vertical strip (say PQ) varies as a function of x and
then the strip slides between x = 0 to x = a.
Here the curve y = ax i.e., y2 = ax is the parabola and the curve y = a is the straight line.
On the parabola, x = 0 ⇒ y = 0; x = a ⇒ y = ± a i.e., the parabola passes through points
(0, 0), (a, a) and (a, – a).
On changing the order of integration,
x=
y2
y2
∫ ∫
a
I= a
dx dy
0 x =0 y4 − a2 x2
( at P´ ) y-axis
Q (a, a)
y=a
a
y2
y2
∫ ∫
1 P´ Q´
= a
2
dx dy
0 0 a y2 P
a − x
2
y=0
x-axis
O
(0, 0)
x=a
y2
y2 −1 x a
∫
a
=
x=0
sin dy
a y2
(a, –a)
0
a
0 Fig. 5.13
364 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
y2
∫
a
= sin−1 1 − sin−1 0 dy
0 a
a
y2 π π y3 πa2
∫
a
= dy = = .
0 a 2 2a 3 0
6
1 2-x
Example 9: Change the order of integration of ∫ ∫ xy dy dx and hence evaluate the same.
0 x2
[KUK, 2002; Cochin, 2005; PTU, 2005; UP Tech, 2005; SVTU, 2007]
1
2−x
Solution: In the given integral ∫ ∫ xydy dx, on the vertical strip PQ(say), y varies as a
0 x2
function of x and finally x as an independent variable, Y
varies from 0 to 1.
Here the curve y = x2 is a parabola with B(0, 2) y=2
y=0 implying x = 0 Q
y = 1 implying x = ±1 y = x2
Q´´
P´´
i.e., it passes through (0, 0), (1, 1), (– 1, 1). y=1
C A (1, 1)
Likewise, the curve y = 2 – x is straight line
with P´ Q´ y=2–x
y = 0 ⇒ x = 2
P y=0 (2, 0)
y = 1 ⇒ x = 1 O
X
y = 2 ⇒ x = 0 x=1
x=0
i.e. it passes though (1, 1), (2, 0) and (0, 2) Fig. 5.14
On changing the order integration, the area OABO is divided into two parts OACO and
ABCA. In the area OACO, on the strip P’Q’, x changes as a function of y from x = 0 to x = y .
Finally y goes from y = 0 to y = 1.
Likewise in the area ABCA, over the strip p”Q”, x changes as a function of y from x = 0 to
x = 2 – y and finally the strip P”Q” slides between y = 1 to y = 2.
1 y 2 2−y
∴ ∫ ∫ xy dx dy + ∫ ∫ xy dx dy
0 0 1 0
x2
1 y 2
x2 2− y
= y
0
∫2 0
dy + y
1
2∫ 0
dy
y (2 − y)
2
y2
∫ ∫
1 2
= dy + dy
0 2 1 2
2
1 1 2 4y3 y4
= + 2y − +
6 2 3 4 1
1 5 3
I= + = .
6 24 8
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 365
2– x2
∫∫
1
x
Example 10: Evaluate dydx by changing order of integration.
0 x x + y2 2
∫∫ ∫ ∫
1 y 2
x x
whence I= dx dy + dx dy
0 0 x2 + y2 1 0 x2 + y2
1
Now the exp.
x
=
x2 + y2 dx
(
d 2
x + y )
2 2
1 y 2 − y2
1 2
( x + y2 )2 0
1
∫ ( x ) ∫
2
∴ I= 2
+ y2 2 dy + dy
0 0 1
1 y 2 − y2
1 2
( x + y2 )2 0
1
∫ ( x ) ∫
2
I= 2
+ y2 2 dy + dy
0 0 1
1 2
y2
= ( 2 − 1)
y2
+ 2 y − = ( 2 − 1)
2 0 2 0
1
2
a a+ a2 – y2
Example 11: Evaluate ∫∫ 0 a a2 – y2
dy dx by changing the order of integration.
y =a
x =a + a 2 − y 2
Solution: Given ∫ ∫
y =o x =a−
dx dy
a 2 − y2
Clearly in the region under consideration, strip PQ is horizontal with point P lying on the
curve x = a − a2 − y 2 and point Q lying on the curve x = a + a2 − y2 and finally this strip
slides between two abscissa y = 0 and y = a as shown in Fig 5.16.
366 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
x=0
C
Q' x = 2a
of x with extremities P’ and Q’ at y = 0 and
Q
y = 2ax − x2 respectively and slides between x = 0 P
and x = 2a.
A X
2a 2ax − x2 2ax − x O P' B (2a, 0)
2
2a
(0, 0) (a, 0)
Thus I= ∫ ∫ dy dx = ∫ y dx
0 0 0 0
2a 2a
= ∫ 2ax − x2 dx = ∫ x 2a − x dx x2 + y2 = 2ax
0 0
(p + q)(p + q − 2)……………… 2
0
p and q both positive even integers
3 4− y
Example 12: Changing the order of integration, evaluate ∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dx dy.
0 1
[MDU, 2001; Delhi, 2002; Anna, 2003; VTU, 2005]
2
x ( 4 − x2 ) +
( 4 − x2 )2 dx
= ∫
1
2
2
= ∫ x ( 4 − x2
) +
8 +
x4
− 4x2 dx
1 2
2
x4 x5 4 3
= 2x2 − + 8x + − x
4 10 3 1
= 2 ( 22 − 12 ) − ( 2 − 14 ) + 8 (2 − 1) + 101 ( 25 − 15 ) − 34 (23 − 13 )
1 4
4
15 31 28 241
=6− +8+ − = .
4 10 3 60
a
a2 − y 2
( )
2
Example 13: Evaluate ∫ ∫ log x 2 + y 2 dx dy ( a > 0 ) changing the order of integration.
0 0
[MDU, 2001]
Solution: Over the strip PQ (say), x changes as a function of y such that P lies on the curve
x = y and Q lies on the curve x = a2 − y2 and
a . Y
the strip PQ slides between y = 0 to y = x
2 x2 + y2 = a2
=
y
Here the curves, x = y is a straight line B GH a
2,
,
a
2
JK
x = 0 ⇒ y = 0 y=
a
Q´ Q´´
and a a 2
x= ⇒y = P Q
2 2 y=0
X
O P´ P´´ A
a a (0, 0)
i.e. it passes through (0, 0) and ,
2 2 x=a
a a Fig. 5.18
Thus, the two curves intersect at , .
2 2
On changing the order of integration, the same region OABO is divided into two parts
a a
with vertical strips P’Q’ and P”Q” sliding between x = 0 to x = and x = to x = a
2 2
respectively.
a2 − x2
log ( x2 + y2 ) ⋅ dy dx + log ( x2 + y2 ) ⋅ 1 dy dx
a/ 2
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
x a
Whence, I= …(1)
0 0 a/ 2
0
368 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
Now,
∫ log ( x + y2 ) 1 dy = log ( x2 + y2 ) ⋅ y −
∫x
1
2
2y ⋅ y dy
2
+y 2
Ist IInd
Function Function
y2 + x2 − x2
= y log ( x2 + y2 ) − 2
∫
x2 + y2
dy
= y log ( x2 + y2 ) − 2 y + 2x2 ∫
1
dy
( x2 + y2 )
1 y
= y log ( x2 + y2 ) − 2y + 2x2 tan−1 …(2)
x x
On using (2),
x
−1 y
∫ y log ( x + y ) − 2y + 2x tan x dx
a/ 2
I1 = 2 2
0 0
∫
a/ 2
= x log 2x2 − 2x + 2x tan−1 1 dx
0
x log 2x2 − 2x + 2x π dx
∫
a/ 2
=
0 4
π
∫ x log 2x2 dx + 2 − 1 ∫
a/ 2 a/ 2
= x dx
0 4 0
For first part, let 2x2 = t so that 4x dx = dt and limits are t = 0 and t = a2.
a/ 2
π
log t ⋅ dt + 2 − 1 x
a2
∫
2
∴ I1 =
0 4 4 2 0
π − 1 a2
t ( log t − 1) +
1 a2
=
4 0 4 2 , (By parts with logt = logt · 1)
π a2 a2
=
a2
4
( log a2 − 1) +
8
−
2
…(3)
π π
Let x = a sinθ so that dx = a cos θ dθ and limits, to
4 2
π/ 2 − 1 a − a sin θ
2
= a2 ( log a2 − 2 )
π /2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ + a2 π /2
π
sin 2θ tan− 1 tan − θ dθ
∫π /4 2 ∫ π /4 2
π /2 π /2
sin 2θ π − θ sin 2θ dθ
( log a2 − 2 ) θ + ∫
a2
= + a2
2 4 π/4 π /4 2
Ist IInd
Fun. Fun.
π /2
π π 1 π /2
2 π − cos 2θ
= (
a2
log a2
− )
2 − − +
a −θ − ∫ (−1) − cos 2θ dθ
2 2 4 2 2 2 π/4 π /4 2
π /2
π 1 π − cos 2θ
( log a2 − 2) − − ∫ cos 2θ dθ , − θ
a2 a2
I2 = is zero for both
2 4 2 2 π /4 2 2
the limits)
π a2 π a2 a2 a2 a2 π
= log a2 − + − log a2 − (sin 2θ)π 2
8 4 2 4 4 4
π a2 π a2 a2 a2 a2
= log a2 − + − log a2 + …(5)
8 4 2 4 4
On using results (3) and (5), we get
I = I1 + I2
a2 a2 πa2 a2 πa2 πa2 a2 a2 a2
= log a2 − + − + log a2 − + − log a2 +
4 4 8 2 8 4 2 4 4
πa2 πa2 πa2
=
8
log a2 −
8
=
8
(log a2 − 1)
πa2 πa2
( 2 log a − 1) = log a − .
1
=
8 4 2
∞x
Example 14: Evaluate by changing the order of integration. ∫ ∫ xe
– x 2 /y
dx dy
00
[VTU, 2004; UP Tech., 2005; SVTU, 2006; KUK, 2007; NIT Kurukshetra, 2007]
370 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
∞ x = ∞( = b ) y = f2 ( x ) = x
∫∫ ∫ ) ∫
x
xe−x dxdy = xe − x
2 /y 2/
y
Solution: We write dxdy
0 0 x = 0(= a y = f1 (x ) = 0
Here first integration is performed along the vertical strip with y as a function of x and
then x is bounded between x = 0 to x = ∞.
We need to change, x as a function of y and finally the limits of y. Thus the desired
geometry is as follows:
In this case, the strip PQ changes to P’Q’ with x as function of y, x1 = y and x2 = ∞ and
finally y varies from 0 to ∞.
Therefore Integtral
∞∞
I = ∫ ∫ xe − x
2/y
dxdy
0 y
x = y , t = y2 ,
Put x2 = t so that 2x dx = dt Further, for Y
x = ∞, t = ∞
∞ ∞ Q
∫∫
dt
I = e − t/ y dy,
0 2
y 2
P' Q'
∞
∞
e −t / y
∫
1
= dy
2 0 − 1/ y y2 O P
X
∞ y
=
0 ∫− 0 − e − y dy
2
Fig. 5.19
∞ ye − y
=
0∫ 2
dy (By parts)
∞ ∞
1 e− y ∞
e− y
= y
2 − 1 0
− ∫
0
1 dy
− 1 0
1 ∞
= −ye−y − e−y 0
2
1 1
= (0) − (0 − 1) = .
2 2
∞ ∞
dy dx.∫ ∫
e –y
Example 15: Evaluate the integral Y
x=∞
0 x –y Q
x
=
[NIT Jalandhar, 2004, 2005; VTU, 2007] y
∞ −y
e
∫ ∫
y
∴ I= dx dy
0 y 0
∞
e −y ∞
= ∫ 0 y
( y ) dy = ∫ 0
e −y dy
∞
e− y
= −1 ∞ − 0
1 1
=
−1 0
e e
= – 1(0 – 1) = 1
∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy.
2a 2ax
Example 16: Change the order of integration in the double integral
0 2ax - x2
[Rajasthan, 2006; KUK, 2004-05] Y
y = 2a
Solution: Clearly from the expressions given above,
Q
the region of integration is described by a line which y2 = 2 ax
starts from x = 0 and moving parallel to itself goes P´´´ Q ´´´
over to x = 2a, and the extremities of the moving line
x=0
lie on the parts of the circle x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 the parabola ΙΙΙ
y2 = 2ax in the first quadrant. y=a
Ι ΙΙ
For change and of order of integration, we need to P´ P Q ´´
Q´ P´´
consider the same region as describe by a line moving
parallel to x-axis instead of Y-axis. (a , 0) y=0
X
In this way, the domain of integration is divided O
(0, 0)
into three sub-regions I, II, III to each of which
corresponds a double integral.
x = 2a
Thus, we get
2a 2ax a a − a 2 − y2
∫ ∫
0 x 2 − 2ax
f ( x , y) dydx = ∫∫ 0 y 2 /2 a
f ( x, y) dydx
Part I
( x – a) 2 + y2 = a2
a 2a 2a 2a
+ ∫∫
0 a + a2 − y2
f ( x, y) dydx + ∫ ∫
a y 2 / 2a
f ( x, y) dydx Fig. 5.21
Y
Part II Part III
π 1
,
Example 17: Find the area bounded by the lines y Q
4 2
= sin x, y = cos x and x = 0. y = sinx
π
4 cos x
∴ ∫ ∫ dx dy = ∫ ∫ dy dx
R 0 sin x
π
4
= ∫ (cos x − sin x) dx
0
= (sin x + cos x )0
π /4
1 1
= − 0 + − 1 .
2 2
= ( 2 −1 )
ASSIGNMENT 2
∫∫
a a
x
1. Change the order of integration dxdy
0 y x + y2
2
a a2 − y2
2. Change the order integration in the integral ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
−a 0
a ⋅cos α a2 − x 2
3. Change the order of integration in ∫
0 ∫x tan α
f ( x , y ) dy dx
∫∫
a lx
4. Change the order of integration in f (x, y)dxdy [PTU, 2008]
0 mx
P
θ=
A
Let PQ be a radial strip of angular thickness δθ when OP
makes an angle θ with the initial line. α
θ=
r =Ψ(θ) θ θ=0
Here ∫r =φ(θ) f ( r, θ) dr refers to the integration with O
Fig. 5.23
respect to r along the radial strip PQ and then integration
with respect to θ means rotation of this strip PQ from AC to CD.
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 373
Solution: The region of integration under consideration is the cardiod r = a(1 – cos θ) above
the initial line.
In the cardiod r = a(1 – cos θ); for θ = 0, r = 0,
π
θ = , r = a,
2
θ = π, r = 2a
As clear from the geometry along the radial strip OP, r (as a function of θ) varies from
r = 0 to r = a(1 – cos θ) and then this strip slides from θ = 0 to θ = π for covering the area above
the initial line.
Hence θ = π/2
π r = a(1− cos θ)
I = ∫ ∫ r dr sin θ dθ
0 0 A(a , π/2)
P
π 2 a(1− cos θ ) B θ
r θ=π θ=0
= ∫ sin θ dθ O
0 2 0 (0, 0)
(2a, π)
C
a2 π
∫ (1 − cos θ ) sin θ dθ
2
= Fig. 5.24
2 0
π
(1 − cos θ)3 f n +1 ( x )
Q f ( x ) f ´ ( x ) dx =
∫
a2
= , n
2 3 0 n+1
a2 a2 4a2
(1 − cos π ) − (1 − cos 0) = [ 8 − 0 ] =
3
= .
6 6 3
∫∫
2a3
Example 19: Show that r2sinθ dr dθ = θ above
, where R is the semi circle r = 2a cosθ
3
R
the initial line. θ = π/2
π
2a cos θ
2
= ∫ ∫ r2 dr sin θdθ
0 0
π /2 2 a cos θ
∫
r3
= 3 sin θdθ
0 0
π /2
−1
=
3 ∫ 0
(2a)3 cos3 θ sin θ dθ
π /2 n +1
−8a 3 cos 4 θ f (x)
∫ f (x) f '(x)dx = n + 1
n
=
3 4 0 , using
2a 3
= .
3
r dr dθ
Example 20: Evaluate ∫∫ a2 + r 2
θ.
over one loop of the lemniscate r2 = a2 cos2θ
∫ ∫
r
A = dr dθ 4
(a + r2 )
π/
1
− π /4 0 2 2
=
θ
P(r, θ)
π /4 a cos 2θ
∫ ∫ d ( a2 + r2 )
1
= dr dθ
2
−π
/4
0 θ=0
O
π /4 a cos2θ θ
∫− π/4 ( a2 + r2 )
1 =
= dθ
2 –
π/
0 4
π /4
∫ (
a 2 + a 2 cos 2θ 1 2 − a d θ
)
Fig. 5.26
=
− π /4
π /4
=a
∫ ( − π /4
2 cos θ − 1 dθ )
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 375
π /4
= 2a ∫ (
0
2 cos θ − 1 dθ )
= 2a
( 2 sin θ − θ )0π/4
π π
= 2a 1 − .
1
= 2a 2 −
2 4 4
θ and
Example 21: Evaluate ∫ ∫ r 3 dr dθ , over the area included between the circles r = 2a cosθ
θ (b < a).
r = 2b cosθ [KUK, 2004]
∫
1 ( 2a cos θ)4 − ( 2b cos θ)4 dθ
O 2b 2a
= (0, 0)
4 − π /2
π
= 4 ( a4 − b4 ) ∫ cos4 θ dθ
2
r = 2a cos θ
π
−
2 Fig 5. 27
π
= 8 ( a4 − b4 ) ∫ cos4 θ dθ
2
= 8 (a − b 4 4
) 43 ⋅⋅ 12 π2
π ( a4 − b4 ) .
3
=
2
Particular Case: When r = 2 cosθ and r = 4 cosθ i.e., a = 2 and b = 1, then
45π
I = π ( a4 − b4 ) = π ( 24 − 14 ) =
3 3
units .
2 2 2
376 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
ASSIGNMENT 3
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r sin θ dr dθ over the area of the caridod r = a(1 + cosθ) above the initial line.
π a (1+ cos θ )
Hint : I =
∫∫
0 0
r sin θ dr dθ
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ r3 dr dθ , over the area included between the circles r = 2a cosθ and r = 2b cosθ
(b > a). [Madras, 2006]
π
Hint : I = ∫ ∫ r 3 dr dθ
2 r = 2b cos θ
π r = 2a cos θ
(See Fig. 5.27 with a and b interchanged)
−
2
3. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the cardiod r = a(1 + cosθ) and outside
the parabola r(1 + cosθ) = a. [NIT Kurukshetra, 2008]
π /2 a(1+ cos θ)
Hint : 2
∫ 0
∫ a
1+ cos θ
rdr dθ
f ( r , θ ) dr dθ
π /2 2a cosθ
Example 22: Change the order of integration in the integral ∫0 ∫0
−1 r
the ‘circular strip’ QR (say) with pt. Q on the curve θ = 0 and pt. R on the curve θ = cos
2a
and finally r varies from 0 to 2a.
π
2 2a cos θ
cos−1 2r
2a
a
∴ I=∫ ∫ f ( r, θ) dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ) dθ dr
0 0 0 0
π
π /2
∫ ∫
ae 4
Example 23: Sketch the region of integration r
f ( r , θ ) r dr dθ and change the order
a 2log
a
of integration.
aeπ / 4 π /2 θ= f2(r)
∫ ∫
r =β
Solution: Double integral f ( r, θ) r dr dθ is identical to ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ, whence
0 2 log r
a r =α θ= f1(r)
integration is first performed with respect to θ as a function of r i.e., θ = f(r) along the
r
‘circular strip’ PQ (say) with point P on the curve θ = 2 log and point Q on the curve
a
π
θ= and finally this strip slides between between r = a to r = aeπ/4. (See Fig. 5.29).
2
r θ r
The curve θ = 2 log implies = log
a 2 a
r
eθ/2 = or r = a eθ/2
a
Now on changing the order, the integration is first performed with respect to r as a
function of θ viz. r = f(θ) along the ‘radial strip’ PQ (say) and finally this strip slides between
π
θ = 0 to θ = . (Fig. 5.30).
2
θ = π /2
M C(aeπ/4, π/2)
Q θ = 2log r/a r = aeθ/2
or (a , π/2) B
L r = aeθ/2 Q
δθ
r = aeπ/4 P
P θ (a , 0) θ=0
r=a O A
r=a
θ=0
O
approximately P
δr
= PP’ · PQ’ = δr · r sin δθ = δr ⋅ r δθ = r δr δθ.
If the whole region R is divided into such small
curvilinear rectangles then the limit of the sum δθ
Σrδrδθ taken over R is the area A enclosed by the
curve. θ θ=0
O X
i.e., A = Lt ∑ rδr δθ = ∫ ∫rdr dθ Fig. 5.33
δ r →0 R
δθ→0
Example 24: Find by double integration, the area lying between the curves y = 2 – x2 and
y = x.
Y
x=0 ⇒ y = 0
x =1 ⇒ y = 1 B(0, 2) y = 2 – x2
Q
x=2 ⇒ y = −2 x
where in x = −1 ⇒ y = 1 y
=
x = −2 ⇒ y = −2 A(1, 1)
i.e., it passes through points (0, 2), (1, 1), (2, – 2),
(– 1, 1), (– 2, – 2).
Likewise, the curve y = x is a straight line C
X
O (0, 0)
y=0 ⇒ x=0
x =1
where y=1 ⇒ x=1 P
y = −2 ⇒ x = − 2
i.e., it passes through (0, 0), (1, 1), (– 2, – 2)
Now for the two curves y = x and y = 2 – x2 to
intersect, x = 2 – x 2 or x 2 + x – 2 = 0 i.e., y=–2
x = 1, –2 which in turn implies y = 1, –2 D(– 2, –2)
respectively.
Thus, the two curves intersect at (1, 1) and Fig. 5.34
(–2, –2),
Clearly, the area need to be required is ABCDA.
1 2− x
2
1
∴ A = ∫ ∫ dy dx = ∫ ( 2 − x2 − x ) dx
−2 x −2
1
x3 x2 9
= 2x − − = units.
3 2 −2 2
Example 25: Find by double integration, the area lying between the parabola y = 4x – x2
and the line y = x. [KUK, 2001]
Y
Solution: For the given curve y = 4x – x2;
x=0 ⇒ y = 0 x
=
B(2, 4)
x=1 ⇒ y = 2 y
x=2 ⇒ y = 4 (1, 2)
x=3 ⇒ y = 3 A
C(3, 3)
x=4 ⇒ y = 0
i.e. it passes through the points (0, 0), (1, 2), (3, 3) and
(4, 0).
(0, 0) (4, 0)
Likewise, the curve y = x passes through (0, 0) and X
O x=3
(3, 3), and hence, (0, 0) and (3, 3) are the common points.
Otherwise also putting y = x into y = 4x – x2, we get x=0
x = 4x – x2 ⇒ x = 0, 3. Fig. 5.35
380 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
See Fig. 5.35, OABCO is the area bounded by the two curves y = x and y = 4x – x2
3 4 x − x2
∴ Area OABCO = ∫ ∫ dy dx
0 x
3
4x − x2
= ∫ y x dx
0
3
x x3
∫0 ( 4x − x2 − x) dx = 3 2
3 2
9
= − = units
3 0 2
3x
Example 26: Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curves y = and 4 y = x2
x2 + 2
[JNTU, 2005]
3x x2
we write = or x2 (x2 + 2) = 12x
x +2
2
4
Then x=0 ⇒ y=0
x=2 ⇒ y=1
i.e. (0, 0) and (2, 1) are the two points of intersection.
Y
x2
y =
4
Q
(2, 1)
A
P
O X
x=2
Fig. 5.36
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 381
2
3x
y=
3x x2
∫ ∫ ∫
2
x2 + 2
A= x2
dy dx = x2 + 2 − 4 dx
0
y=
4 0
2
3 x3
= log ( x2 + 2) −
2 12 0
3
=
3
2
( log 6 − log 2) − = log 32 − .
2
3
2
3
θ and
Example 27: Find by the double integration, the area lying inside the circle r = a sinθ
θ).
outside the cardiod r = a(1 – cosθ [KUK 2005; NIT Kurukshetra 2007]
Soluton: The area enclosed inside the circle r = a sinθ and the cardiod r = a(1 – cosθ) is shown
as doted one.
For the radial strip PQ, r varies from r = a(1 – cosθ) to r = a sin θ and finally θ varies in
π θ = π /2
between 0 to .
2
For the circle r = a sin θ
A r = a sinθ
θ = 0 ⇒ r = 0
π Q
θ = ⇒ r = a P
2
θ = π ⇒ r = 0 θ=π θ
θ=0
O
Likewise for the cardiod r = a(1 – cosθ); (0, 0)
r = a(1 – cosθ )
θ=0 ⇒ r=0
π
θ= ⇒ r=a
2
θ = π ⇒ r = 2a Fig. 5.37
π
Thus, the two curves intersect at θ = 0 and θ = .
2
π
2 a sin θ
∴ A= ∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 a(1− cos θ )
π /2 2 a sin θ
∫
r
= dθ
0 2 a(1− cos θ)
π /2
sin θ − (1 + cos2 θ − 2 cos θ) dθ
∫
1 2
=
0 2
π /2
∫
a2
= [ − cos 2θ − 1 + 2 cos θ] dθ, since (sin2 θ − cos2 θ) = − cos 2θ
2 0
382 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
π /2
a2 − sin 2θ π
= − θ + 2 sin θ = a2 1 − .
2 2 0 4
θ + cosθ
Example 28: Calculate the area included between the curve r = a(secθ θ ) and its
θ.
asymptote r = a secθ [NIT Kurukshetra, 2007]
1 + cos θ
Solution: As the given crave r = a(secθ + cosθ) i.e., r = a contains cosine terms
cos θ
only and hence it is symmetrical about the initial axis.
Further, for θ = 0, r = 2a and, r goes on decreasing above and below the initial axis as θ
π π
approaches to and at θ = , r = ∞.
2 2
Clearly, the required area is the doted region in which r varies along the radial strip from
π π
r = a secθ to r = a(secθ + cosθ) and finally strip slides between θ = − to θ = .
2 2
π Y
2 a(sec θ+ cos θ)
∴ A = 2∫ ∫ r dr dθ
0 a sec θ
π /2 a(sec θ+ cos θ )
r2
∫
Q r = a (secθ + cosθ )
=2 2 dθ
0 a sec θ
P
π /2 2 2 θ
1 + cos θ 1
∫
2 X
= a2 − dθ
0
cos θ cos θ
r = a secθ
π /2
=a 2
∫ (cos θ + 2) dθ
0
2
π /2 ( 5 + cos 2θ) dθ
= a2 ∫ 0 2
π /2 Fig. 5.38
=
a2 5θ + sin 2θ =
5π a2
.
2 2 0 4
ASSIGNMENT 4
1. Show by double integration, the area bounded between the parabola y2 = 4ax and x2 =
16 2
4ay is a. [MDU, 2003; NIT Kurukshetra, 2010]
3
2. Using double integration, find the area enclosed by the curves, y2 = x3 and y = x.
[PTU, 2005]
θ.
Example 29: Find by double integration, the area of laminiscate r2 = a2 cos2θ
[Madras, 2000]
Solution: As the given curve r 2 = a 2 cos2θ contains cosine terms only and hence it is
symmetrical about the initial axis.
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 383
4
=
π/
Also, no portion of the curve lies between 3π
=
/4
θ
π 3π and the extended axis.
θ= to θ = B
4 4
See the geometry, for one loop, the curve is θ A
θ=0
θ
bounded between θ = −
π π O
to
4 4
π
4 r = a2 cos 2θ
∴ Area = 2 ∫ ∫ rdr dθ
π r=0
− Fig. 5.39
4
π /4 2 a cos2θ
∫
r
=4 dθ
0 2 0
π /4 π /4
sin 2θ
= 2a2 ∫ cos 2θ dθ = 2a2 = a2
0 2 0
R
vertices (1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (0, 1) using the transformation u = x + y, v = x – 2y.
[KUK, 2000]
Solution: Rxy is the region bounded by the parallelogram ABCD in the xy plane which on
transformation becomes Rúv i.e., the region bounded by the rectangle PQRS, as shown in the
Figs. 5.40 and 5.41 respectively.
V
U
D B (3, 1) (0, 0)
(0, 1)
u=1
u=4
X
O A (1, 0)
S (1, – 2) R (4, – 2)
With
u=x+y
v = x − 2y , } A (1, 0) transforms to
u = 1+ 0 = 1
v =1−0 =1 } i.e., P(1, 1)
∂x ∂x
∂ ( x, y ) ∂ u ∂v = − 1
J =
and ∂ (u, v ) ∂ y ∂y 3
∂u ∂v
∫∫ u 2 1
Hence the given integral du dv
3
R
∫∫ ∫ [ v]
4 1 4
1 2 1 1
= u du dv = −2
u2 du
1 −2 3 3 1
1
× (1 + 2 ) ∫1 u2 du
4
=
3
u3 4 63
I= = 3 = 21units
3 1
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 385
∫∫
1
1
e x+y
dxdy =
2
(e − 1) . [PTU, 2003]
0 0
x=0
x=1
y = uv ⇒ y = uv
Now point O(0, 0) implies 0 = u(1 – v) …(1)
and 0 = uv …(2) O P A
(0, 0) (1, 0)
From (2), either u = 0 or v = 0 or both zero. From (1), we get
u = 0, v = 1 Fig. 5.42
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ue du dv
1 1
x + y
e dxdy = v
where J= =u
0 0 0 0 ∂ (u, v )
1
∫ ∫ ∫
1 1 1
u2 1
= u ev dv du = u ⋅ ( e − 1) du = ( e − 1) = ( e − 1)
0 0 0 2 0 2
x2 − y2
∫ ∫
4a y
Example 32: Evaluate the integral dxdy by transforming to polar coordinates.
x2 + y2
2
y
0
4a
386 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
Y x
y2
Solution: Here the curves x =
=
or y 2 = 4ax is y
4a
θ = π/2
y2 = 4a
parabola passing through (0, 0), (4a, 4a). P A (4a, 4a)
Likewise the curve x = y is a straight line passing
through points (0, 0) (4a, 4a).
Hence the two curves intersect at (0, 0), (4a, 4a).
θ θ=0
X
O B
In the given form of the integral, x changes (as a (0, 0) (4a, 0)
y2
function of y) from x = to x = y and finally y as an
4a
independent variable varies from y = 0 to y = 4a.
For transformation to polar coordinates, we take Fig. 5.44
∂ ( x, y )
x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ and J = =r
∂ ( r, θ)
The parabola y2 = 4ax implies r2 sin2θ = 4a r cosθ so that r(as a function of θ) varies from
4a cos θ π π
r = 0 to r = and θ varies from θ = to θ =
sin2 θ 4 2
Therefore, on transformation the integral becomes
r2 ( cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
4a cos θ
π /2 r=
I= ∫ ∫
π /4 0
sin2 θ
r2
⋅ r dr dθ
4a cos0
π /2
r2 sin2 θ
= ∫ π /4
cos 2θ ⋅
2 0
dθ
π /2
cos2 θ
∫π/4 (1 − 2 sin2 θ) 2
2
16a
= dθ
sin4 θ
π /2
cosec2θ (1 + cot2 θ) − 3cosec2θ + 2 dθ
= 8a2 ∫ π /4
π /2
= 8a2 ∫ π /4
cot2 θ cosec2θ − 2 cosec2θ + 2 dθ
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 387
π
π /2
∫
π /2
= 8a2 cot2 θ cosec2θ dθ + 2 (cot θ)π/4 + ( 2θ) π2
π /4 4
π
Let cot θ = t so that – cosec2 θ dθ = dt. Limits for θ = , t = 1
4
π
θ = , t = 0
2
π = 8a − t3 − 2 + π
0
∫
0
= 8a 2
−t dt + 2 (0 − 1) +
2
1 2 3 1 2
π 5
= 8a 2 − .
2 3
For transforming any point P(x, y) of cartesian coordinate to polar coordinates P(r, θ), we
∂ ( x, y)
take x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ and J = = r.
∂ (r, θ )
x r cos θ cos θ
The parabola y2 = implies r2 sin 2 θ = i.e., r r sin2 θ − =0
a a a
cos θ
⇒ either r = 0 or r=
a sin2 θ
x
Limits, for the curve y =
Y x
, y =
a a
P A (a, 1)
θ = π/2
−1 y BA 1
θ = tan = tan−1 = tan−1
x OB a x
y=
a
x θ θ=0
and for the curve y = X
a O B (a, 0)
(0, 0)
0 π
θ = tan−1 =
a 2
cos θ
Here r (as a function of θ) varies from 0 to
a sin2 θ
Fig. 5.45
−1 1 π.
and θ changes from tan to
a 2
388 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
π /2 cos θ
transforms to. I= ∫
tan −1
1
a
∫ 0
a sin2 θ 3
r dr dθ
cos θ
π /2 r =
a sin2 θ
I= ∫ cot−1(a) 0 ∫ dr dθ
π/2
cos4 θ
∫
1
= dθ
4 cot−1 a a4(sin4 θ)2
π
θ= ⇒ t = 0
2
1 0 4
∴ I = 4 ∫ t (1 + t2 ) ( − dt )
4a a
a
t 5 t7
∫
a
1 1
I =4 4 t 4 + t 6 dt = 4
4a 5 + 7
a 0 0
a a3
I= + .
20 28
n
Example 34: Evaluate ∫ ∫ xy(x2 + y2 ) 2 dxdy over the positive quadrant of x2 + y2 = 4,
supposing n + 3 > 0. [SVTU, 2007]
Solution: The double integral is to be evaluated over the area enclosed by the positive
quadrant of the circle x2 + y2 = 4, whose centre is (0, 0) and radius 2.
Let x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, so that x2 + y2 = r2 . Y
π
Therefore on transformation to polar co-ordinates, θ= Circle r = 2
2
θ=π /2 r =2 P
I= ∫
θ= 0 ∫r =0
r cos θ r sin θ rn J dr dθ,
θ θ=0
X
π /2 2 ∂ ( x, y ) O
= ∫ ∫ (r
0 0
n+ 3
dr ) sin θ cos θ dθ, J =
∂ (r, θ )
= r
2
π /2
rn+ 4
= ∫
0
sin θ cos θ dθ
n + 4 0 Fig. 5.46
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 389
π
2n + 4 2
= ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ
n+4 0
π /2
2n+ 4 sin 2 θ f 2 ( x)
= ⋅
(n + 4 ) 2 0
, using
∫ f ´( x ) f ( x) dx =
2
2n+ 3
= , (n + 3 ) > 0.
(n + 4 )
πa
Example 35: Transform to cartesian coordinates and hence evaluate the ∫ ∫ r sin θ cos θ drdθ .
3
00
[NIT Kurukshetra, 2007]
Solution: Clearly the region of integration is the area enclosed by the circle r = 0, r = a
between θ = 0 to θ = π.
π
∫ ∫ r sin θ cos θ dr dθ
a
Here I= 3
0 0
Y
π
∫ ∫ r sin θ ⋅ r cos θ⋅ r dr dθ
a
= Circle r = a
0 0 or x 2 + y 2 = a 2
On using transformation x = r cosθ, y = r sin θ, P
y = a2 − x2
∫ ∫
a
I= xy dx dy θ=π θ θ=0
−a 0 X
O
a2 − x2
∫ ∫
a
= x y dy dx
−a 0
a2 − x2
y2
∫
a
Fig. 5.47
= x dx
−a 2
0
1 a
∫ x ( a2 − x2 ) dx
=
2 −a
As x and x3 both are odd functions, therefore net value on integration of the above integral
is zero.
1 a 2
i.e. I = ∫ ( a x − x3 ) dx = 0.
2 −a
ASSIGNMENTS 5
Evaluate the following integrals by changing to polar coordinates:
∫∫
a a
a2 − y2 x2
∫∫
a
(1) (x + y ) dxdy
2 2 (2) dxdy
0 0
0 y x2 + y2
390 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
a a2 − x2 ∞∞
− (x 2 + y2
)dx dy
(3) ∫ ∫ dxdy (4) ∫ ∫ e [MDU, 2001]
−a − a2 − x2 0 0
∑ ∑ F ( xr , yr , zr ) δz δAr …(3)
r r
with the pt. (xr, yr, zr) in the rth cuboid over the element δAr.
When δAr and δz tend to zero, we can write (3) as
z = f2 ( x, y )
∫ ∫
R
z = f1 (x , y )
F ( x, y, z) dz dA
Note: An ellipsoid, a rectangular parallelopiped and a tetrahedron are regular three dimensional regions.
∫∫
a
e( x + y ) + ( x + y ) − e( x + y ) + 0 dydx
x
=
0 0
∫ ∫ e (
a x
2 x + y)
= − e( x + y ) dydx
0 0
x
e2x + 2y ex + y
∫
a
= 2 − 1 dx, (Integrating with respect to y, keeping x constant)
0 0
a
e4x e2x e2x ex
= ∫ 0
2 − 1 − 2 − 1 dx
On integrating with respect to x,
a
e4x e2x e2x ex
= − − +
8 2 4 1 0
e4a 3 2a 3
⇒ I= − e + ea − .
8 4 8
a2 − r 2
π /2 a sin θ
π /2 a sin θ
=
1
a ∫ ∫ 0 0
( a2 − r2 ) r dr dθ
a sin θ
π /2
2 r2 r 4
∫
1
= a − dθ, (On integrating with respect to r)
a 0 2 4 0
π /2
a2 ⋅ a2 sin2 θ a4 sin4 θ
∫
1
= − dθ
a 0 2 4
π
3 2
a
= ∫ 2 sin2 θ − sin4 θ dθ
4 0
a3 1 π 3 ⋅ 1 π
= 2⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ,
4 2 2 4 ⋅ 2 2
π /2 (p − 1) ⋅ (p − 3)… π
∫ sinp x dx = × ;only if p is even
0 (p) ⋅ (p − 2)… 2
a3 π 3 5π a3
∴ I= 1 − =
4 2 8 64
e log y ex
Example 38: Evaluate ∫∫ ∫ 1 0 1
log z dz dy dx. [MDU, 2005; KUK, 2004, 05]
log y
∫∫ ∫
e ex
Solution: log z dz dxdy
1 0 1
[Here z = f(x, y) with z1 = 1 and z2 = ex + 0y
log y
∫∫ ∫
e ex
= log z ⋅ 1 dz dx dy
1 0 1
Ist IInd
fun. fun.
ex
log z × z − z 1 dz dx dy
∫∫ ∫
e log y
=
1 0 z 1
e
∫ ∫ xe − ( e − 1) dx dy
log y
= x x
1 0
= ∫ xe − 2e + x
e log y
x x
dy 0
1
1
I II
function function
On integrating by parts,
y2
e
2y2
e
1 y2
∫
e
I = log y × + y − ⋅ + y dy + 2y −
2 1 1 y 2 2 1
e2 y
= (log e) + e − log 1 ⋅ + 1 − ∫ 2 + 1 dy + (2e − e ) − (2 − 1)
e
1 2
2 2 1
2 y2
e
= e + e − + y + 2e − e2 − 1
2 4 1
e2 e2 1
= + e − − e + + 1 + 2e − e2 − 1
2 4 4
= (1 + 8e − 3e2 ) .
1
4
1 z x+ z
Example 39: Evaluate ∫ ∫∫−1 0 x−z
(x + y + z ) dx dy dz. [JNTU, 2000; Cochin, 2005]
∫ ∫ ( 4zx + 2z ) dx dz
1 2
=
2
−1 0
z
x2
∫
1
= 4z + 2 ⋅ z2 ⋅ x dz
−1
2 0
∫
1
z2
= 4z ⋅ + 2z2 ⋅ z dz
−1 2
1
∫
1
z4
=4 z3 dz = 4 =0
−1 4 −1
394 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
ASSIGNMENT 6
Evaluate the following integrals:
4z − x2 x + log y
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫∫
4 2 z log 2 x
(3) dy dx dz (4) ex + y + zdzdydx [NIT Kurukshetra, 2008]
0 0 0 0 0 0
( )
n
x = xi ; y = yi – 1 y = yi. Then ∑ f ξij , ηij ∆xi ⋅ ∆yj gives an approximate value for volume V of
i =1
j =1
the prism of the cylinder enclosed between z = f(x, y) and the xy-plane.
The volume V is the limit of the sum of each elementary volume z δxδy.
∴ V = Lt ∑ ∑ z δ x δ y = ∫ ∫ z dx dy = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dA
x 0 δ → R R
δy→0
Note: In cyllidrical co-ordinates, the equation of the surface becomes z = f(r, θ), elementary area dA = r dr dθ
and volume = ∫ ∫ f (r , θ ) r dr dθ
R
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 395
x y
+ + = 1 ⇒ z = f ( x, y ) = c 1 − −
x y z
Solution: Given, …(1)
a b c a b
If f(x, y) is a continuous and single valued function over the region R (see Fig. 5. 50) in the
xy plane, then z = f(x, y) is the equation of the surface. Let C be the closed curve that is the
boundary of R. Using R as a base, construct a cylinder having elements parallel to the z-axis.
This cylinder intersects z = f(x, y) in a curve Γ , whose projection on the xy-plane is C.
(0, 0, c)
b
Y
(0, b, 0)
P Q Y
a
R
(a , 0, 0)
R
C
X
The equation of the surface under which the region whose volume is required, may be
x y
written in the form (1) i.e., z = c 1 − − .
a b
y
∫∫ adA = ∫∫ c 1 − a − b dx dy
Hence the volume of the region = x
R R
1 x2
∫ b 2 − a + 2a dx
a
x
=c 2
0
a
x x2 x3
= cb − + 2
2 2a 6a 0
a a2 a 3 abc
= bc − + 2= .
2 2a 6a 6
Example 41: Prove that the volume enclosed between the cylinders x2 + y2 = 2ax and
128 a2 .
z2 = 2ax is
15
Solution: Let V be required volume which is enclosed by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2ax and the
paraboloid z2 = 2ax.
Only half of the volume is shown in Fig 5.52. Z
Now, it is evident from that z = 2ax is to be evaluated
over the circle x2 + y2 = 2ax(with centre at (a, 0) and radius Z 2 = 2ax
a.
Here y varies from − 2ax − x2 to 2ax − x2 on the
circle x2 + y2 = 2ax and finally x varies from x = 0 to x = 2a
(2 a, 0)
(0, 0) X
2ax − x2
∫ ∫
2a (a , 0)
∴ V=2
0 − 2ax − x2
[z] dx dy as z = f(x, y)
2a
x2 + y2 = 2ax
2ax − x2
=2 ∫ 0
2 ⋅ ∫ 0
2ax dy dx
Fig. 5.52
2 ax − x2
∫ ∫
2a
=4 2ax dy dx
0 0
∫ ∫
2a 2ax − x2 2a
=4 2ax y 0 dx = 4 2ax 2ax − x2 dx
0 0
∫
2a
= 4 2a x 2a − x dx
0
∫
2
∴ V = 4 2a 2a sin2 θ 2a cos θ ⋅ 4a sin θ cos θ dθ
0
∫
2
= 64 a3 sin3 θ cos2 θ dθ
0
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 397
= 64 a3
( p − 1)( p − 3 )…(q − 1)(q − 3)… ⋅ 1, p = 3, q = 2
( p + q)( p + q − 2)…
= 64 a3
( 3 − 1) 1 = 128 a3 .
5⋅3 15
Example 42: Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the hyperboloid
x2 + y2 – z2 = 1 .
x2 + y2 = 4
(r = 2) Q
Y P
O
X
x2 + y2 = 1
(r = 1)
(Best example of this geometry is a solid damroo in a concentric long hollow drum.)
In cylindrical polar coordinates, we see that here r varies from r = 1 to r = 2 and θ varies
from 0 to 2π.
∴ V = 2
∫∫ z dxdy = 2 ∫∫ f (r, θ) r dr dθ
2π
∫ ∫
2
= 2 r2 − 1 rdr dθ (³ x2 + y2 – z2 – 1 ⇒ z = x2 + y2 − 1 )
0 1
2π 3
d ( r2 − 1)2 dθ
∫ ∫
2
1
=2
0 1 3
398 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
3 2
2π (r2 − 1)2
=2 ∫ 0 3
dθ
1
2π
=2 3 ∫0
d θ = 4π 3 .
Example 43: Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the planes y + z
= 4 and z = 0. [KUK, 2000; MDU, 2002; Cochin, 2005; SVTU, 2007]
Solution: From Fig. 5.55, it is very clear that z = 4 – y is to be integrated over the circle x2 +
y2 = 4 in the xy-plane.
To cover the shaded portion, x varies from − 4 − y2 to 4 − y2 and y varies from – 2 to 2.
Hence the desired volume,
4 − y2
∫ ∫
2
V= z dxdy Z
− 2 − 4 − y2
4 − y2
∫∫ ( 4 − y ) dxdy
2
=2
−2 0
4 − y2
∫−2 ( 4 − y) ∫0
2
=2 dx dy
O Y
∫−2 ( 4 − y)
2
=2 4 − y2 dy
∫
2
=2 4 4 − y2 − y 4 − y2 dy
−2 X Fig. 5.55
∫
2
=8 4 − y2 dy − 0
−2
ASSIGNMENT 7
1. Find the volume enclosed by the coordinate planes and the portion of the plane
lx + my + nz = 1 lying in the first quadrant.
x y
2. Obtain the volume bounded by the surface z = c 1 − 1 − and the quadrant of
a b
2 2
x y
the elliptic cylinder 2 + 2 = 1
a b
[Hint: Use elliptic polar coordinates x = a rcosθ, y = b rsinθ ]
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 399
V = Lt ∑ ∑ ∑ δ x δ y δ z =
δx→0
δy→0
∫∫∫ dx dy dx
δ z→ 0
Example 44: Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + z2 = a2.
∫∫ ∫
a
∴ V=8 dz dy dx
0 y1 = 0 z1 = 0 a
O´´ D
(z ) dy dx
2− 2
∫∫
a a x
a2 − x2
=8 0
C
0 0
B
a a2 − x2
=8 ∫ ∫
0 0
a − x dy dx
2
2
O x=O
a
Y
P O´
Q
∫( )∫
a a2 − x2 x=a A
=8 a2 − x2 dy dx (a, 0, 0)
0 0
X Fig. 5.56
∫ ( )
a
=8 a2 − x2 a2 − x2 − 0 dx
0
x3
a
= 8 ( a − x ) dx = 8 a x −
∫
a
2 2 2
0 3 0
a 3 16a 3
= 8 a3 − = .
3 3
400 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
Example 45: Find the volume bounded by the xy plane, the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and the
plane x + y + z = 3.
Solution: Let V(x, y, z) be the desired volume enclosed laterally by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1
(in the xy-plane) and on the top, by the plane x + y + z = 3 (= a say).
Clearly, the limits of z are from 0 (on the Z
xy-plane) to z = (3 – x – y) and x and y vary on the
circle x2 + y2 = 1
1− x2 3−x−y
V ( x, y, z ) = ∫∫ ∫
1
∴ dz dy dx
− 1 − 1− x2 0
(z ( ) dy dx
1 − x2
3 − x −y)
∫∫
1
= 0
− 1 1 1− x2
1− x2
∫ ∫ (3 − x − y ) dy dx
1
=
−
O x=0
1 − 1− x2 P Q
Y
1− x2 x2 + y2 = 1
y2
∫
1
3
= 3y − xy − dx y=
−1 2 − 1− x2
x+
∫ (6 × )
1 Fig. 5.57
⇒ I= 1 − x − 2x 1 − x dx
2 2
−1
π
On taking x = sin θ, we get dx = dθ; For x = − 1, θ = −
2
π
For x = 1, θ =
2
Thus,
∫ (6 )
π /2
V= 1 − sin2 θ − 2 sin θ 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ
−π /2
π /2
= ∫
−π /2
(6 cos2 θ − 2 sin θ cos2 θ) dθ
π /2 π /2
=6×2 ∫
0
cos2 θ dθ − 2 ∫ −π /2
sin θ cos2 θ dθ
Ist IInd
π /2
(2 − 1) π cos3 θ 2
= 12 ⋅ +2 = 3π + × 0 = 3π
2 2 3 − π /2 3
f n +1 ( x )
∫ f ´( x ) f n ( x ) dx =
n+1
for Ist and IInd integral respectively
x2 y2 z 2
Example 46: Find the volume bounded by the ellipsoid + + = 1.
a2 b2 c 2
[MDU, 2000; KUK, 2001; Kottayam, 2005; PTU, 2006]
Solution: Considering the symmetry, the desired volume is 8 times the volume of the ellipsoid
into the positive octant. Z
The ellipsoid cuts the XOY plane in the ellipse
C
x2 y2
+ = 1 and z = 0.
a2 b2
Therefore, the required volume lies between the
ellipsoid
B
Y
x2 y2 O
z = c 1− 2 − 2
a b
and the plane XOY (i.e., z = 0) and is bounded on the A
sides by the planes x = 0 and y = 0
x2 x2 y2
b 1− c 1− −
∫∫ ∫
a X
Hence, V=8 a2 a2 b2
dz dy dx Fig. 5.58
0 0 0
x2
b 1−
x2 y2
∫∫
a
=8 a2
c 1− − dy dx
0 0 a2 b2
α
x2 α
∫ ∫
a
c −
=8 α2 − y2 dy dx taking 1 =
0
0 b a2 b
α
ay α2 − y2 α2 y
∫
c
V=8 + sin−1 dx
b 0 2 2 α
0
x
∫
x 2 a2
Using formula a2 − x2 dx = a − x2 + tan−1
2 2 a
α2
∫
a
c
=8 0 + sin−1 1 dx
b 0 2
π 2 2πc x2
∫ ∫
a a
4c x2
= α dx = b2 1 − 2 dx, α = b 1 − 2
b 0 2 b 0 a b
a
1 x3
= 2πbc x − 2
a 3 0
4
= πabc .
3
402 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
dxdydz
Example 47: Evaluate the integral ∫∫∫ a − x2 − y2 − z 2
2
taken throughout the volume
Solution: Here for the given sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2, any of the three variables x, y, z can be
expressed in term of the other two, say z = ± a2 − x2 − y2 .
In the xy-plane, the projection of the sphere is the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
a2 − x2 a2 − x2 − y2
∫∫ ∫
a dx dy dz
Thus, I=8
0 0 0 a − x 2 − y2 − z2
2
a a2 − x2 a2 − x2 − y2
dz
=8
0 ∫ ∫ 0 ∫ 0
dy dx , α 2 = (a2 – x2 – y2)
α2 − z2
Z
a a2 − x2
sin−1 z α
=8 ∫ ∫
0 0
dy dx
α 0
C Z = a 2 − x2 − y2
a a2 − x2
=8 ∫ ∫ (sin−1 1 − sin −1 0) dy dx
0 0 O Y
B
a a2 − x2
π
dy dx = 4π y 0
a2 − x2
∫ ∫ ∫
a A
=8 dx Circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2
2 0 0 0
X Fig. 5.60
a
x a2 − x2 a2 x
∫
a
= 4π a2 − x2 dx = 4π + sin− 1
0 2 2 a 0
a2 π
= 4π 0 + I = π2a2.
2 2
Solution: The integration is over the region R(shaded portion) bounded by the plane x = 0,
y = 0, z = 0 and the plane x + y + z = 1.
The area OAB, in xy plane is bounded by the lines x + y = 1, x = 0, y = 0
Hence for any pt. (x, y) within this triangle, z goes from xy plane to plane ABC (viz. the
surface of the tetrahedron) or in other words, z changes from z = 0 to z = 1 – x – y. Likewise
in plane xy, y as a function x varies from y = 0 to y = 1 – x and finally x varies from 0 to 1.
I = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( x + y + z ) dx dy dz
whence, ( over R )
1
( x + y + z) dz dy dx
1− x 1− x − y
= ∫ ∫ ∫
0 0
0
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 403
1− x − y
1− x
z2
∫∫
a
= ( x + y ) z + dy dx
0 0 2 0
1− x (1 − x − y)
2
∫∫
a
= ( x + y )(1 − x − y ) + dy dx
0 0 2
1− x
∫∫
1
=
0 0
1
2
(1 − x − y )(1 + x + y ) dy dx
1 1− x
∫∫ 1 − ( x + y ) dy dx
1 2
=
0 0 2 Z
3 1− x
1 ( x + y)
∫
1
= y − dx , C (0, 0, 1)
2 0 3
0
1
1 x
∫
3
1
=
2 0
(1 − x ) − −
3
dx
3
(0, 1, 0)
1 O
1 2 x2 x 4 B
Y
= x− + P
2 3 2 12 0 (1, 0, 0)
Q
(1, 0, 0)
A
1 2 1 1 1
= − + =
2 3 2 12 8 X
Fig. 5.61
ASSIGNMENT 8
1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by co-ordinate planes and the plane
x y z
+ + = 1, by using triple integration [KUK, 2002]
a b c
2. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x2 + y2 = az, the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2ay and
the plane z = 0.
V = ∫ ∫ 2πy dx dy …(2)
y
R
Similarly, if the same region is revolved about y-axis,
O
then the required volume becomes X
V = ∫ ∫ 2πx dx dy …(3)
R Fig. 5.62
404 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
Expressions for above volume in polar coordinates about the initial line and about the
pole are ∫ ∫ 2πr sin θ dr dθ and ∫ ∫ 2πr cos θ dr dθ respectively.
2 2
R R
Example 49: Find by double integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving
x 2 y2
the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 about y-axis.
a b B
x2 y2 P Q
Solution: As the ellipse + = 1 is symmetrical about the C A
a2 b2
y-axis, the volume generated by the left and the right halves
overlap.
D
Hence we shall consider the revolution of the right-half ABD
Fig. 5.63
y2
for which x-varies from 0 to a 1 − and y-varies from – b to b.
b2
a 2 2
b −y
∫∫
b
∴ V= b
2π x dx dy
−b 0
a
b2 − y2
x2 b πa2
∫ ∫ (b2 − y2 ) dy
b b
= 2π dy =
− b 2 0 b2 −b
b
2π a2 2 y3
a2
∫ (b2 − y2 ) dy =
b
= 2π b y − 3
b2 0 b2 0
4 2
= πa b .
3
Example 50: The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the straight lines x = 1 and y
= 0, in the first quadrant is revolved about the line y = 2. Find by double integration the
volume of the solid generated.
Y
y 2 = 4x
Solution: Draw the standard parabola y2 = 4x to which y=2
the straight line y = 2 meets in the point P(1, 2), Fig. 5.64. 2–y P (1, 2)
Now the dotted portion i.e., the area enclosed by
parabola, the line x = 1 and y = 0 is revolved about the line x=1
y = 2.
∴ The required volume,
y=0
∫∫
2 x X
2π ( 2 − y ) dx dy
1 X´
V= O
0 0
1 2 x
y2
∫ ∫ (4 )
1
= 2π 2y − dx = 2π x − 2x dx
0 2 0 0
1
10π
= 2π x 2 − x2 =
8 3 Y´
3 0 3 Fig. 5.64
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 405
Example 51: Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of
θ) about its axis.
the cardiod r = a(1 – cosθ [KUK, 2007, 2009]
Soluton: On considering the upper half of the cardiod, because due to symmetry the lower
half generates the same volume. Y
π a(1− cos θ )
∴ V= ∫∫ 0 0
2π r2 sin θ dr dθ
θ = π/2
π 3 a (1− cos θ )
= 2π∫
r
sin θ dθ θ
0 3 θ=π θ=0
0 X
2π a3 π
∫ (1 − cos θ) 3
= sin θ dθ
3 0
π
2πa 3 (1 − cos θ )
4
8πa 3 .
= =
3 4 3
0
Fig. 5.65
Example 52: By using double integral, show that volume generated by revolution of
8
θ) about the initial line is πa3 .
cardiod r = a(1 + cosθ
3
Solution: The required volume
π a(1+ cos θ)
= ∫∫
0 0
2πr2 sin θdr dθ
Y
a (1+ cos θ )
π
r
∫
3
= 2π 3 sin θ dθ θ = π/2
0 0
∫ a3 (1 + cos θ) sin θ dθ
3
= 2π θ=π θ θ=0
0 X
4 π
2πa (1 + cos θ )
3
= −
3 4 0
2π a3 24 8π a3 .
=− 0 − 4 = 3 Fig. 5.66
3
ASSIGNMENT 9
1. Find by double integration the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse
x2 y2
+ = 1 about the X-axis.
a2 b2
2. Find the volume generated by revolving a quadrant of the circle x2 + y2 = a2, about its
diameter.
3. Find the volume generated by the revolution of the curve y2(2a – x) = x3, about its
asymptote through four right angles.
4. Find the volume of the solid obtained by the revolution of the leminiscate r2 = a2 cos2θ
about the initial line. [Jammu Univ., 2002]
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂z ∂z ∂z
Z
∆θ
∆z
P N
P(x, y, z)
M
z
∆θ
O Y O Y
θ r
θ
Q R
y Q
r ∆θ
X ∆r
X
Fig. 5.67 Fig. 5.68
In this case, divide the given three dimensional region R' (r, θ, z) into elementary
volumes by coordinate surfaces r = ri, θ = θj, z = zk (viz. half plane adjoining z-axis,
circular cylinder axis coincides with Z-zxis, planes perpenducular to z-axis). The
Shaik Abdul Shakeer
cos θ sin θ 0
x, y, z
J = − r sin θ r cos θ 0 = r
u, v, w 0 0 1
…(2)
For calculation purpose, it is evident from the Fig. 5.69 that in triangles, OAL and
OPL,
x = OL cos φ = OP cos (90 – θ) . cos φ = r sinθ cos φ,
y = OL sin φ = OP sin θ . sin φ = r sin θ sin φ,
z = r cos θ.
x = r cos θ
Let y = r sin θ sothat V(x, y, z) = V(r , θ, z)
z=z (a, 0) O
r Y
θ
By above substitution the equation of the paraboloid becomes
x 2 + y 2 – 2 ax = 0
r2 cylinder
r = 2az ⇒ z =
2 2 2
and the cylinder x + y = 2ax gives
2a X
r 2 – 2ar cosθ = 0 ⇒ r(r – 2a cosθ) = 0 with r = 0 and
Fig. 5.71
r = 2a cosθ.
r2
Thus, it is clear from the Fig. 5.71 that z varies from 0 to and r as a function of θ varies
2a
from 0 to 2a cosθ with θ as limits 0 to 2π. Geometry clearly shows the volume covered under
1
the +ve octant only, i.e. th of the full volume.
4
θ=π /2 r = 2a cos θ z = r2 /2a
V = V' = 4
( x , y , z) (r ,θ , z) ∫ 0 ∫ r=0 ∫ z=0
r dz drdθ, as| J |= r
π /2 2a cos θ r2 /2 a
∫
=4
0
∫0
r [ z]
0
rdr dθ
π /2 2a cos θ
r3
∫
=4
0
∫ 0
dr dθ
2a
π /2 4 2a cos θ
∫
1 r
=4 dθ
2a 0 4 0
π /2
∫
1 24 a4
=4 cos4 θ dθ
2a 0 4
= 23 a3
( 4 − 1)( 4 − 3) π
4×2 2
3π a3
= .
2
Example 54: Find the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid az = x2 + y2 and
the cylinder x2 + y2 = b2. Also find the integral in case when a = 2 and b = 2.
Solution: On using the cylindrical polar co-ordinates (r, θ, z) with x = r cosθ, y = r sin θ, so
r2
that the equations of the cylinder and that of the paraboloid are r = b and z = respectively.
a
See Fig. 5.72, only one-fourth of the common volume is shown.
r2
Hence in the common region, z varies from z = 0 to z = and r and θ varies on the circle
a
π
from 0 to b and 0 to respectively.
2
∴ The desired volume
π /2 r2 / a
∫ ∫∫
b
V=4 rdrdθ dz
0 0 0
π /2 r2 / a
∫ ∫ ∫
b
=4 0 rdr dz dθ
0 0
π /2
r2
∫ ∫ r a dr dθ
b
=4
0 0
π /2 4 b
∫
4 r
= dθ
a 0 4 0 Fig. 5.72
π /2
4 b πb 4 2
= × θ =
a 4 0 2a
As a particular case, when a = 2, b = 2, then
π (2)
4
V= = 4π
2×2
Solution: For the given sphere, x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 and the cone x2 + y2 = z2, the centre of the
sphere is (0, 0, 0) and the vertex of the cone is origin. Therefore, the volume common to the
two bodies is symmetrical about the plane z = 0, i.e. the required volume, V = 2∫ ∫ ∫ dxdydz
x = r sin θ cos φ
In spherical co-ordinates, we have y = r sin θ sin φ ; J = r2 sin θ
z = r cos θ
Thus, x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 becomes r2 = a2 i.e., r = a
and x2 + y2 = z2 becomes r2 sin2θ (cos2φ + sin2φ) = r2 cos2θ
i.e., sin2θ = cos2θ i.e. θ = π/4. Z
r varies from 0 to a,
π
θ varies from 0 to , O Y
4 φ
π
φ varies from 0 to
2
Hence the required volume,
X
π /2 π /4
∫ ∫ ∫ r sin θdr dθ dφ
a
V = 2 4 2 Fig. 5.73
0 0 0
π /4 Z
π /2
∫ ∫ ∫
a
=8 r2 dr sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 0
π /2 π /4 a Q x2+ y2= z2
r3
=8 ∫ ∫
0 0
sin θ dθ dφ
3 0
π /2 P
∫
8 3
= a [ − cos θ]π0 /4 dφ Y
3 0 θ
8 3 1 π/2
= a 1 −
3
2 0
dφ ∫ X
4π a3 1 Fig. 5.74
= 1 −
3 2
Alternately: In polar-cylindrical co-ordinates, intersection of the two curves x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
a2
and x2 + y2 = z2 results in z2 + z2 = a2 or z2 = .
2
a2 a2 ⇒ a a
Further, x2 + y2 = a2 − z2 = a2 − = r= , i.e. r varies from 0 to
2 2 2 2
∫ ∫ ( )
2π a/ 2
Hence, V=2 a2 − r2 − r r dr dθ
0 0
∫ (r )∫
2π
a/ 2
=2 a2 − r2 − r2 dθ dr
0 0
a
r3 2 since r ( a2 − r2 )2 = −1 −3r ( a2 − r2 )2 = −1 d ( a2 − r2 )2
1 1 3
1 2
= 4π − ( a − r ) −
2 3/2
3 3 0 3 3
1 a3 1 a3 a3
= 4π − − +
32 2 32 2 3
4π a
3
1
= 1−
3 2
x2 y2 z2
Solution: Taking x = u, , so that 2 + 2 + 2 ≤ 1 ⇒ u2 + v2 + w2 ≤ 1
a a b c
y
= v,
b
z
= w
c
x2 y2 z2
∴ V = ∫ ∫∫
V ( x , y , z)
1− − − dx dy dz
a2 b2 c2
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 − u2 − v2 − w2 ( abc) du dv dw
V´(u, v, w )
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 − u2 − v2 − w2 abc du dv dw
∴ V´(u, v, w )
412 Engineering Mathematics through Applications
φ= 2π π
∫ ∫ ∫
1
⇒ V”( r,θ,φ) = abc 1 − r2 r2dr sin θ dθ dφ
φ= 0 0 0
2π π
π/2
∴ ( r,θ ,φ ) = abc
V" ∫ ∫ ∫
0
0
0
cost sin2 t cos t dt sin θ dθ dφ
2π π ( 2 − 1) ⋅ ( 2 − 1) π sin θ dθ dφ
= abc ∫ ∫
0
0
( 2 + 2 )( 4 − 2 ) 2
2π π
1 1 π sin θ dθ d φ
= abc ∫ ∫0
0 4 2 2
πabc 2π
=
16 ∫
0
[ − cos θ]0π dφ
πabc 2π
πabc 2π
π2 abc
=
16 ∫ 0
2 dφ =
8 ∫
0
dφ =
4
.
OR
Evaluate the integral being extended to octant of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
OR
Evaluate above integral by changing to polar spherical co-ordinate system.
∫ ∫ ∫
1
dz
I= dx dy
0 0 0 1 − x2 − y2 − z2
1 1
Treating as
(1 − x − y2 ) − z2
2 a − z2
2
1− x2 1− x2 − y2
∫ ∫
1
−1 z
I= dx sin dy
0 0
a0
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 413
1− x2
1− x2 − y2
∫ dx∫
1
= sin−1 z dy
, as a = 1 − x − y
2 2
0 0 1 − x2 − y2
0
1− x2
π − 0 dy
∫ ∫
1
= dx
0 0 2
π y 1− x2 dx
∫
1
=
2 0
( )0
π
∫
1
= 1 − x2 dx
2 0
1
π x 1 − x2 1 x a2 − x2 a2
∫
= + sin −1 x , using x
a2 − x2 dx = + sin−1
2 2 2 0 2 2 a
π 1 π π2
= 0 + =
2 2 2 8
By change of variable to polar spherical co-ordinates, the region of integration
V = {(x, y, z); x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 1; x ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.}
π π
}
∂ ( x, y, z )
J= = coefficient of transformation = r2 sinθ.
∂ ( r , θ, φ )
Now
π /2 π /2 1 r 2 sin θ
∫∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
dx dy dz
= dr dθ dφ
whence 1 − x2 − y2 − z2 0 0 0 1 − r2
V
π /2
π /2 r2
∫ ∫ ∫
1
I= dφ sin θ dr dθ
0 0 0 1 − r2
∫ ∫ ∫
sin2 t
∴ I= dφ sin θ dθ ⋅ cos t dt
0 0 0 cos t
π /2 π /2
1 π
= ∫ dφ ∫ dθ sin θ ⋅ ;
0 0 2 2
π π /2 π /2
=
4 ∫
0
dφ ∫
0
sin θ dθ
π /2 π /2
π
=
4 ∫
0
dφ ( − cos θ)
0
π /2
π π2
= φ = .
4 0 8
x2 y2 z2
Example 58: Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1 by changing to polar co-
a2 b2 c2
ordinates. [PTU, 2007]
x y z ∂ ( x, y, z )
Take = X, = Y, = Z so that J = = abc
a b c ∂ (X , Y , Z )
∴ The required volume,
V = ∫ ∫ ∫ dx dy dz = ∫ ∫ ∫ J dX dY dZ
Change this new system (X, Y, Z) to spherical polar co-ordinates (r, θ, φ) by taking
X = r sin θ cos φ,
Y = r sin θ sin φ, so that J´= ∂ (X , Y , Z) = r2 sin θ ,
Z = r cos θ ∂ ( r, θ, φ)
V = abc∫ ∫ ∫ J dr dθ dφ = abc∫ ∫ ∫ r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
taken throughout the sphere r2 ≤ 1, i.e. 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π
On considering the symmetry,
π /2 π /2
∫ ∫ ∫ r dr sin θ dθ dφ
1
V = abc ⋅ 8
2
0 0 0
π /2
1
π /2 3
∫ ∫
r
= 8 abc sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 30
π /2
∫
8
= abc [ − cos θ]0π /2dφ
3 0
π /2
∫
8
= abc 1 ⋅ dφ
3 0
π/2
8 8 π 4
= abcφ = abc = πabc
3 0 3 2 3
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 415
Miscellaneous Problem
Example 59: Evaluate the surface integral I = ∫ ∫ ( x dy dz + x y dz dx + x z dx dy) .
3 2 2
S
where S is the surface bounded by z = 0, z = b, x2 + y2 = a2.
OR
By transformation to a triple Integral, evaluate I = ∫ ∫ ( x3 dy dz + x2 y dz dx + x2 z dx dy) , where
S
S is the surface bounded by z = 0, z = b, x2 + y2 = a2.
∫ ∫( ) dz dy − ∫ ∫ ( − ) dz dy
a b 3 a b 3
I= a2 − y2 a2 − y2
−a 0 −a 0
∫∫ ∫ ∫ x (− )
a b a a
+ x2 a2 − x2 dzdx − 2
a2 − x2 dz dx
−a 0 −a −a
a2 − y2 a2 − y2
∫∫ ( a2 − y2 ) b dx dy − ∫−a ∫−
a a
+ 0 dx dy
−a − a −y
2 2
a2 − y2
a a2 − x2
∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy 5x dx
b
=4
2
0
0 0
a a2 − x2
=4 ∫ ∫ 0
0
bdy 5x2 dx
∫x
a
= 20 b 2
a2 − x2 dx
0
5 4
= πa b .
4
Note: As direct calculation of the integral may prove to be instructive. The evaluation of the integral can be
carried out by calculating the sum of the integrals evaluated over the projections of the surface S on the co-
ordinate planes. Thus, which upon evaluation is seen to check with the result already obtained. It should be
noted that the angles α, β, γ are mode by the exterior normals in the +ve direction of the co-ordinate axes.
ANSWERS
Assignmet 1
π2 a4
1. 2.
4 3
1 π
3. 6.
ab 4
Assignment 2
ax a sin α y⋅cos α a a2 − y2
f ( x, y ) dxdy + ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy
x
1. ∫ ∫ 2 dy dx 3. ∫ ∫ ∫
00 x + y
2
a 0 a sin α 0
∫ ∫ ∫
a2 − x2 ma la
∫∫
a
f ( x, y ) dy dx f (x, y) dx dy +
m
2. 4. y f (x, y) dxdy
0 − a2 − x2 0 ma
l
Assignment 3
3 23 4
2 (
π b4 − a 4 )
4a2
1. 2. 3. a π +
3 4 3
Assignment 4
1
2. sq. units
10
Assignment 5
πa4 a3
1. units 2. ( π + 2) units
8 12
2π π
3. units 4. units
9 4
Assignment 6
a bc ( 3 + 2ab2 + 2ac2 )
8 3
1. 1 2.
9
8 19
3. 8π 4. log 2 −
9 9
Assignment 7
1 π 13
1. 6 lmn 2. abc −
4 24
Multiple Integrals and their Applications 417
Assignment 8
3πa3
1. abc/6 2.
2
Assignment 9
4π ab2 2 2
1. 2. πa
3 3
π a3 1 1
3. 2π2 a3 4.
4 2
log ( )
2 +1 −
3