Python

Python is a simple, general purpose, high level, and object-oriented programming language.

Python is an interpreted scripting language also. Guido Van Rossum is known as the founder of
Python programming.
7.6M
184
Features of Java -

What is Python

Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high-level, and interpreted programming language. It

supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop applications. It is simple and easy to
learn and provides lots of high-level data structures.

Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it attractive for
Application Development.

Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal language for
scripting and rapid application development.

Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented, imperative, and

functional or procedural programming styles.

Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That is why it is
known as multipurpose programming language because it can be used with web, enterprise, 3D
CAD, etc.

We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically typed so we can
write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no compilation step

included in Python development, and edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.

Python 2 vs. Python 3

In most of the programming languages, whenever a new version releases, it supports the features
and syntax of the existing version of the language, therefore, it is easier for the projects to switch
in the newer version. However, in the case of Python, the two versions Python 2 and Python 3 are
very much different from each other.

A list of differences between Python 2 and Python 3 are given below:

1. Python 2 uses print as a statement and used as print "something" to print some string on
the console. On the other hand, Python 3 uses print as a function and used as
print("something") to print something on the console.
2. Python 2 uses the function raw_input() to accept the user's input. It returns the string
representing the value, which is typed by the user. To convert it into the integer, we need to
use the int() function in Python. On the other hand, Python 3 uses input() function which
 automatically interpreted the type of input entered by the user. However, we can cast this
value to any type by using primitive functions (int(), str(), etc.).
3. In Python 2, the implicit string type is ASCII, whereas, in Python 3, the implicit string type is
Unicode.
4. Python 3 doesn't contain the xrange() function of Python 2. The xrange() is the variant of
range() function which returns a xrange object that works similar to Java iterator. The range()
returns a list for example the function range(0,3) contains 0, 1, 2.
5. There is also a small change made in Exception handling in Python 3. It defines a
keyword as which is necessary to be used. We will discuss it in Exception handling section of
Python programming tutorial.

Python History
Python was invented by Guido van Rossum in 1991 at CWI in Netherland. The idea of Python
programming language has taken from the ABC programming language or we can say that ABC is
a predecessor of Python language.

There is also a fact behind the choosing name Python. Guido van Rossum was a fan of the
popular BBC comedy show of that time, "Monty Python's Flying Circus". So he decided to pick
the name Python for his newly created programming language.

Features of python:
o Easy to use and Learn
o Expressive Language
o Interpreted Language
o Object-Oriented Language
o Open Source Language
o Extensible
o Learn Standard Library
o GUI Programming Support
o Integrated
o Embeddable
o Dynamic Memory Allocation
o Wide Range of Libraries and Frameworks

Where is Python used?

Python is a general-purpose, popular programming language and it is used in almost every
technical field. The various areas of Python use are given below.

o Data Science
o Date Mining
o Desktop Applications
 o Console-based Applications
o Software Development
o Artificial Intelligence
o Web Applications
o Enterprise Applications
o 3D CAD Applications
o Machine Learning
o Computer Vision or Image Processing Applications.
o Speech Recognitions

Python Basic Syntax

There is no use of curly braces or semicolon in Python programming language. It is English-like
language. But Python uses the indentation to define a block of code. Indentation is nothing but
adding whitespace before the statement when it is needed. For example -

def func():  
       statement 1  
       statement 2  
       …………………  
       …………………  
         statement N  

In the above example, the statements that are same level to right belong to the function.
Generally, we can use four whitespaces to define indentation.

Python First Program

Unlike the other programming languages, Python provides the facility to execute the code using
few lines. For example - Suppose we want to print the "Hello World" program in Java; it will
take three lines to print it.

public class HelloWorld {  
 public static void main(String[] args){  
// Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window.  
  System.out.println("Hello World");  
 }  
 }  

On the other hand, we can do this using one statement in Python.

print("Hello World")  

Both programs will print the same result, but it takes only one statement without using a
semicolon or curly braces in Python.
 Python Popular Frameworks and Libraries
Python has wide range of libraries and frameworks widely used in various fields such as machine
learning, artificial intelligence, web applications, etc. We define some popular frameworks and
libraries of Python as follows.

o Web development (Server-side) - Django Flask, Pyramid, CherryPy

o GUIs based applications - Tk, PyGTK, PyQt, PyJs, etc.
o Machine Learning - TensorFlow, PyTorch, Scikit-learn, Matplotlib, Scipy, etc.
o Mathematics - Numpy, Pandas, etc.

Python print() Function

The print() function displays the given object to the standard output device (screen) or to the text
stream file.

Unlike the other programming languages, Python print() function is most unique and versatile
function.

The syntax of print() function is given below.

1. print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)  

Let's explain its parameters one by one.

o objects - An object is nothing but a statement that to be printed. The * sign represents that
there can be multiple statements.
o sep - The sep parameter separates the print values. Default values is ' '.
o end - The end is printed at last in the statement.
o file - It must be an object with a write(string) method.
o flush - The stream or file is forcibly flushed if it is true. By default, its value is false.

Example - 1: Return a value

print("Welcome to python.")  
  
a = 10  
# Two objects are passed in print() function  
print("a =", a)  
  
b = a  

# Three objects are passed in print function  

print('a =', a, '= b')  
 Example - 2: Using sep and end argument

a = 10  
print("a =", a, sep='dddd', end='\n\n\n')  
print("a =", a, sep='0', end='$$$$$')  

Taking Input to the User

Python provides the input() function which is used to take input from the user. Let's understand
the following example.

Example -

name = input("Enter a name of student:")  
print("The student name is: ", name)  

By default, the input() function takes the string input but what if we want to take other data types
as an input.

If we want to take input as an integer number, we need to typecast the input() function into an

integer.

For example -

Example -

a  = int(input("Enter first number: "))  
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))  
  
print(a+b)  

Python Operators
Operators are the symbols which perform various operations on Python objects. Python operators
are the most essential to work with the Python data types. In addition, Python also provides
identify membership and bitwise operators. We will learn all these operators with the suitable
example in following tutorial.

o Python Operators

Python Conditional Statements

Conditional statements help us to execute a particular block for a particular condition. In this
tutorial, we will learn how to use the conditional expression to execute a different block of
 statements. Python provides if and else keywords to set up logical conditions. The elif keyword is
also used as conditional statement.

o Python if..else statement

Python Loops
Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the program. The execution of a specific code may
need to be repeated several numbers of times. For this purpose, the programming languages
provide various types of loops capable of repeating some specific code several times. Consider
the following tutorial to understand the statements in detail.

o Python Loops
o Python For Loop
o Python While Loop

Python Data Structures

Data structures are referred which can hold some data together or we say that they are used to
store the data in organized way. Python provides built-in data structures such as list, tuple,
dictionary, and set. We can perform complex tasks using data structures.

Python List
Python list holds the ordered collection of items. We can store a sequence of items in a list.
Python list is mutable which means it can be modified after its creation. The items of lists are
enclosed within the square bracket [] and separated by the comma. Let's see the example of list.

1. L1 = ["John", 102, "USA"]      
2. L2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]     

If we try to print the type of L1, L2, and L3 using type() function then it will come out to be a list.

1. print(type(L1))    
2. print(type(L2))    

Python Tuple
Python Tuple is used to store the sequence of immutable Python objects. The tuple is similar to
lists since the value of the items stored in the list can be changed, whereas the tuple is immutable,
and the value of the items stored in the tuple cannot be changed.

Tuple can be defined as follows

Example -

tup = ("Apple", "Mango" , "Orange" , "Banana")  
print(type(tup))  
print(tup)  

If we try to add new to the tuple, it will throw an error.

 Python String
Python string is a sequence of characters. It is a collection of the characters surrounded by single
quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes. It can also define as collection of the Unicode characters.
We can create a string as follows.

Example -

# Creating string using double quotes  
str1 = "Hi Python"  
print(str1)  
# Creating string using single quotes  
str1 = 'Hi Python'  
print(str1)  
# Creating string using triple quotes  
str1 = '''Hi Python'''  
print(str1)  

Python doesn't support the character data-type. A single character written as 'p' is treated as a
string of length 1.

Dictionaries
Python Dictionary is a most efficient data structure and used to store the large amount of data. It
stores the data in the key-value pair format. Each value is stored corresponding to its key.

Keys must be a unique and value can be any type such as integer, list, tuple, etc.

It is a mutable type; we can reassign after its creation. Below is the example of creating dictionary
in Python.

Example

employee = {"Name": "John", "Age": 29, "salary":250000,"Company":"GOOGLE"}      
print(type(employee))      
print("printing Employee data .... ")      
print(employee) 

Python If-else statements

Decision making is the most important aspect of almost all the programming languages. As the
name implies, decision making allows us to run a particular block of code for a particular decision.
Here, the decisions are made on the validity of the particular conditions. Condition checking is the
backbone of decision making.

In python, decision making is performed by the following statements.

 Statement Description

If Statement The if statement is used to test a specific condition. If the condition is true, a block of
code (if-block) will be executed.

If - else The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it also provides the
Statement block of the code for the false case of the condition to be checked. If the condition
provided in the if statement is false, then the else statement will be executed.

Nested if Nested if statements enable us to use if ? else statement inside an outer if statement.
Statement

Indentation in Python
For the ease of programming and to achieve simplicity, python doesn't allow the use of
parentheses for the block level code. In Python, indentation is used to declare a block. If two
statements are at the same indentation level, then they are the part of the same block.

Generally, four spaces are given to indent the statements which are a typical amount of
indentation in python.
How to find Nth Highest Salary in SQL

Indentation is the most used part of the python language since it declares the block of code. All
the statements of one block are intended at the same level indentation. We will see how the
actual indentation takes place in decision making and other stuff in python.

The if statement
The if statement is used to test a particular condition and if the condition is true, it executes a
block of code known as if-block. The condition of if statement can be any valid logical expression
which can be either evaluated to true or false.

The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

if expression:  
    statement  

Example 1
num = int(input("enter the number?"))  
if num%2 == 0:  
    print("Number is even")  

Example 2 : Program to print the largest of the three numbers.

1. a = int(input("Enter a? "));  
b = int(input("Enter b? "));  
c = int(input("Enter c? "));  
if a>b and a>c:  
    print("a is largest");  
if b>a and b>c:  
    print("b is largest");  
if c>a and c>b:  
    print("c is largest");  

The if-else statement

The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement which is executed in
the false case of the condition.

If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise, the else-block is executed.

Syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

if condition:  
    #block of statements   
else:   
    #another block of statements (else-block)   

Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not.

age = int (input("Enter your age? "))  
if age>=18:  
    print("You are eligible to vote !!");  
else:  
    print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");  

Program to check whether a number is even or not.

1. num = int(input("enter the number?"))  
2. if num%2 == 0:  
3.     print("Number is even...")  
4. else:  
5.     print("Number is odd...")  

The elif statement

The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true condition among them. We can have any number of elif
statements in our program depending upon our need. However, using elif is optional.

The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be succeeded by an if
statement.

The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

if expression 1:   
    # block of statements   
  
elif expression 2:   
    # block of statements   
  
elif expression 3:   
    # block of statements   
  
else:   
    # block of statements  

Example 1

number = int(input("Enter the number?"))  
if number==10:  
    print("number is equals to 10")  
elif number==50:  
    print("number is equal to 50");  
elif number==100:  
    print("number is equal to 100");  
else:  
    print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");  

Example 2

marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))  
f marks > 85 and marks <= 100:  
   print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")  
lif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:  
   print("You scored grade B + ...")  
lif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:  
   print("You scored grade B ...")  
lif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):  
   print("You scored grade C ...")  
lse:  
   print("Sorry you are fail ?")  

Python Loops
The flow of the programs written in any programming language is sequential by default.
Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the program. The execution of a specific code may
need to be repeated several numbers of times.
 For this purpose, The programming languages provide various types of loops which are capable
of repeating some specific code several numbers of times. 

Why we use loops in python?

The looping simplifies the complex problems into the easy ones. It enables us to alter the flow of
the program so that instead of writing the same code again and again, we can repeat the same
code for a finite number of times. For example, if we need to print the first 10 natural numbers
then, instead of using the print statement 10 times, we can print inside a loop which runs up to 10
iterations.

Advantages of loops
There are the following advantages of loops in Python.

1. It provides code re-usability.

2. Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.
3. Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array or linked lists).

There are the following loop statements in Python.

Loop Description
Statement

for loop The for loop is used in the case where we need to execute some part of the code until
the given condition is satisfied. The for loop is also called as a per-tested loop. It is
better to use for loop if the number of iteration is known in advance.

while loop The while loop is to be used in the scenario where we don't know the number of
iterations in advance. The block of statements is executed in the while loop until the
condition specified in the while loop is satisfied. It is also called a pre-tested loop.

do-while The do-while loop continues until a given condition satisfies. It is also called post
loop tested loop. It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at least once (mostly
menu driven programs).

Python for loop

The for loop in Python is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several times. It
is frequently used to traverse the data structures like list, tuple, or dictionary.

The syntax of for loop in python is given below.

for iterating_var in sequence:    
    statement(s)    

For loop Using Sequence

 Example-1:

Iterating string using for loop

str = "Python"  
for i in str:  
    print(i)  

Program to print the table of the given number .

list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]  
n = 5  
for i in list:  
    c = n*i  
    print(c)  

Program to print the sum of the given list.

list = [10,30,23,43,65,12]  
sum = 0  
for i in list:  
    sum = sum+i  
print("The sum is:",sum)  

For loop Using range() function

The range() function

The range() function is used to generate the sequence of the numbers. If we pass the

range(10), it will generate the numbers from 0 to 9. The syntax of the range() function is
given below.
Syntax:

range(start,stop,step size)  
o The start represents the beginning of the iteration.
o The stop represents that the loop will iterate till stop-1. The range(1,5) will generate
numbers 1 to 4 iterations. It is optional.
o The step size is used to skip the specific numbers from the iteration. It is optional to
use. By default, the step size is 1. It is optional.

Consider the following examples:

Program to print numbers in sequence.

for i in range(10):  
print(i,end = ' ')  
 Program to print table of given number.

n = int(input("Enter the number "))  
for i in range(1,11):  
    c = n*i  
    print(n,"*",i,"=",c)  

Program to print even number using step size in range().

 n= int(input("Enter the number "))  
for i in range(2,n,2):  
    print(i)  

We can also use the range() function with sequence of numbers. The len() function is combined

with range() function which iterate through a sequence using indexing. Consider the following
example.

list = ['Peter','Joseph','Ricky','Devansh']  
for i in range(len(list)):  
    print("Hello",list[i])  

Nested for loop in python

Python allows us to nest any number of for loops inside a for loop. The inner loop is executed n
number of times for every iteration of the outer loop. The syntax is given below.

Syntax

for iterating_var1 in sequence:  #outer loop  
    for iterating_var2 in sequence:  #inner loop  
        #block of statements     

Example- 1: Nested for loop

# User input for number of rows  
rows = int(input("Enter the rows:"))  
# Outer loop will print number of rows  
for i in range(0,rows+1):  
# Inner loop will print number of Astrisk  
    for j in range(i):  
        print("*",end = '')  
    print()  

 Program to number pyramid.

rows = int(input("Enter the rows"))  
for i in range(0,rows+1):  
    for j in range(i):  
        print(i,end = '')  
    print()  

Python While loop

The Python while loop allows a part of the code to be executed until the given condition
returns false. It is also known as a pre-tested loop.

It can be viewed as a repeating if statement. When we don't know the number of iterations
then the while loop is most effective to use.

The syntax is given below.

while expression:    
    statements    

Here, the statements can be a single statement or a group of statements. The expression
should be any valid Python expression resulting in true or false. The true is any non-zero
value and false is 0.

Loop Control Statements

We can change the normal sequence of while loop's execution using the loop control statement.
When the while loop's execution is completed, all automatic objects defined in that scope are
demolished. Python offers the following control statement to use within the while loop.

1. Continue Statement - When the continue statement is encountered, the control transfer to
the beginning of the loop. Let's understand the following example.

Example:

# prints all letters except 'a' and 't'   
i = 0  
str1 = 'welcome'  
  
while i < len(str1):   
    if str1[i] == 'a' or str1[i] == 't':   
        i += 1  
        continue  
    print('Current Letter :', a[i])   
    i += 1  

2. Break Statement - When the break statement is encountered, it brings control out of the loop.
 Example:

# The control transfer is transfered  
# when break statement soon it sees t  
i = 0  
str1 = 'welcome'  
  
while i < len(str1):   
    if str1[i] == 't':   
        i += 1  
        break  
    print('Current Letter :', str1[i])   
    i += 1  

Pass Statement - The pass statement is used to declare the empty loop. It is also used to define
empty class, function, and control statement. Let's understand the following example.

Example -

# An empty loop   
str1 = 'welcome'  
i = 0  
  
while i < len(str1):   
    i += 1  
    pass  
print('Value of i :', i)
 

Example-1: Program to print 1 to 10 using while loop

i=1  
#The while loop will iterate until condition becomes false.  
While(i<=10):    
    print(i)   
    i=i+1   

Python break statement

The break is a keyword in python which is used to bring the program control out of the loop. The
break statement breaks the loops one by one, i.e., in the case of nested loops, it breaks the inner
loop first and then proceeds to outer loops. In other words, we can say that break is used to abort
the current execution of the program and the control goes to the next line after the loop.

The break is commonly used in the cases where we need to break the loop for a given condition.

The syntax of the break is given below.

#loop statements  
break;   
 Example 1
list =[1,2,3,4]  
count = 1;  
for i in list:  
    if i == 4:  
        print("item matched")  
        count = count + 1;  
        break  
print("found at",count,"location");  

Example 2
str = "python"  
for i in str:  
    if i == 'o':  
        break  
    print(i);  

Example 3: break statement with while loop

i = 0;  
while 1:  
    print(i," ",end=""),  
    i=i+1;  
    if i == 10:  
        break;  
print("came out of while loop");  

Example 3
n=2  
while 1:  
    i=1;  
    while i<=10:  
        print("%d X %d = %d\n"%(n,i,n*i));  
        i = i+1;  
    choice = int(input("Do you want to continue printing the table, press 0 for no?"))  
    if choice == 0:  
        break;      
    n=n+1  
 Python continue Statement
The continue statement in Python is used to bring the program control to the beginning of the
loop. The continue statement skips the remaining lines of code inside the loop and start with the
next iteration. It is mainly used for a particular condition inside the loop so that we can skip some
specific code for a particular condition.The continue statement in Python is used to bring the
program control to the beginning of the loop. The continue statement skips the remaining lines
of code inside the loop and start with the next iteration. It is mainly used for a particular condition
inside the loop so that we can skip some specific code for a particular condition.

Syntax
#loop statements    
continue  
#the code to be skipped     

Consider the following examples.

Example 1
i = 0                     
while(i < 10):                
   i = i+1  
   if(i == 5):  
      continue  
   print(i)  

Observe the output of above code, the value 5 is skipped because we have provided the if
condition using with continue statement in while loop. When it matched with the given
condition then control transferred to the beginning of the while loop and it skipped the value 5
from the code.

Example 2
str = "welcome"  
for i in str:  
    if(i == 'T'):  
        continue  
    print(i)  

Pass Statement
The pass statement is a null operation since nothing happens when it is executed. It is used in the
cases where a statement is syntactically needed but we don't want to use any executable
statement at its place.

For example, it can be used while overriding a parent class method in the subclass but don't want
to give its specific implementation in the subclass.
 Pass is also used where the code will be written somewhere but not yet written in the program
file.

Consider the following example.

list = [1,2,3,4,5]    
flag = 0    
for i in list:    
    print("Current element:",i,end=" ");    
    if i==3:    
        pass    
        print("\nWe are inside pass block\n");    
        flag = 1    
    if flag==1:    
        print("\nCame out of pass\n");    
        flag=0   

Python Pass
In Python, the pass keyword is used to execute nothing; it means, when we don't want to execute
code, the pass can be used to execute empty. It is the same as the name refers to. It just makes
the control to pass by without executing any code. If we want to bypass any code pass statement
can be used.

It is beneficial when a statement is required syntactically, but we want we don't want to execute or
execute it later. The difference between the comments and pass is that, comments are entirely
ignored by the Python interpreter, where the pass statement is not ignored.

Suppose we have a loop, and we do not want to execute right this moment, but we will execute in
the future. Here we can use the pass.

Example - Pass statement

# pass is just a placeholder for  
# we will adde functionality later.  
values = {'P', 'y', 't', 'h','o','n'}  
for val in values:  
    pass  

Example - 2:

for i in [1,2,3,4,5]:   
    if(i==4):  
        pass  
        print("This is pass block",i)  
    print(i)  
 We can create empty class or function using the pass statement.

# Empty Function  
def function_name(args):  
    pass  
#Empty Class  
class Python:  
    pass  

Python Function
Functions are the most important aspect of an application. A function can be defined as the
organized block of reusable code, which can be called whenever required.

Python allows us to divide a large program into the basic building blocks known as a function.
The function contains the set of programming statements enclosed by {}. A function can be called
multiple times to provide reusability and modularity to the Python program.

The Function helps to programmer to break the program into the smaller part. It organizes the
code very effectively and avoids the repetition of the code. As the program grows, function makes
the program more organized.

Python provide us various inbuilt functions like range() or print(). Although, the user can create
its functions, which can be called user-defined functions.

There are mainly two types of functions.

o User-define functions - The user-defined functions are those define by the user to perform
the specific task.
o Built-in functions - The built-in functions are those functions that are pre-defined in
Python.

Advantage of Functions in Python

There are the following advantages of Python functions.

o Using functions, we can avoid rewriting the same logic/code again and again in a program.
o We can call Python functions multiple times in a program and anywhere in a program.
o We can track a large Python program easily when it is divided into multiple functions.
o Reusability is the main achievement of Python functions.
o However, Function calling is always overhead in a Python program.

Creating a Function
Python provides the def keyword to define the function. The syntax of the define function is given
below.
 Syntax:

def my_function(parameters):  
      function_block  
return expression  

Syntax of functions definition.

o The def keyword, along with the function name is used to define the function.
o The identifier rule must follow the function name.
o A function accepts the parameter (argument), and they can be optional.
o The function block is started with the colon (:), and block statements must be at the same
indentation.
o The return statement is used to return the value. A function can have only one return

Function Calling
In Python, after the function is created, we can call it from another function. A function must be
defined before the function call; otherwise, the Python interpreter gives an error. To call the
function, use the function name followed by the parentheses.

Consider the following example of a simple example that prints the message "Hello World".

#function definition  
def hello_world():    
    print("hello world")    
# function calling  
hello_world()      

The return statement

The return statement is used at the end of the function and returns the result of the function. It
terminates the function execution and transfers the result where the function is called. The return
statement cannot be used outside of the function.

Syntax

1. return [expression_list]  

It can contain the expression which gets evaluated and value is returned to the caller
function. If the return statement has no expression or does not exist itself in the function
then it returns the None object.

Consider the following example:

Example 1
# Defining function  
def sum():  
    a = 10  
    b = 20  
    c = a+b  
    return c  
# calling sum() function in print statement  
print("The sum is:",sum())  

In the above code, we have defined the function named sum, and it has a statement c =
a+b, which computes the given values, and the result is returned by the return statement to the
caller function.

Example 2 Creating function without return statement

# Defining function  
def sum():  
    a = 10  
    b = 20  
    c = a+b  
# calling sum() function in print statement  
print(sum())  

Arguments in function
The arguments are types of information which can be passed into the function. The arguments
are specified in the parentheses. We can pass any number of arguments, but they must be
separate them with a comma.

Consider the following example, which contains a function that accepts a string as the argument.

Example 1
#defining the function    
def func (name):    
    print("Hi ",name)   
#calling the function     
func("Devansh")     

Example 2
#Python function to calculate the sum of two variables     
#defining the function    
def sum (a,b):    
    return a+b;    
    
#taking values from the user    
a = int(input("Enter a: "))    
b = int(input("Enter b: "))    
    
#printing the sum of a and b    
print("Sum = ",sum(a,b))    

Call by reference in Python

In Python, call by reference means passing the actual value as an argument in the function. All the
functions are called by reference, i.e., all the changes made to the reference inside the function
revert back to the original value referred by the reference.

Example 1 Passing Immutable Object (List)

#defining the function    
def change_list(list1):    
    list1.append(20)   
    list1.append(30)    
    print("list inside function = ",list1)    
    
#defining the list    
list1 = [10,30,40,50]    
    
#calling the function     
change_list(list1)  
print("list outside function = ",list1)  

Example 2 Passing Mutable Object (String)

#defining the function    
def change_string (str):    
    str = str + " Hows you "  
    print("printing the string inside function :",str)  
    
string1 = "Hi I am there"    
    
#calling the function    
change_string(string1)    
    
print("printing the string outside function :",string1)