Data Organization

DATA ORGANIZATION
By Dr. SHIVANI PATEL

WHAT IS DATA ORGANIZATION?
 A process organizing collected factual material commonly
accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate
researchfindings.
 “Research data is data that is collected, observed, or created, for

purposes of analysis to produce original research results”(Boston
University Libraries)
WHY ISDATA ORGANIZATION IS
IMPORTANT IN RESEARCH?
 Data are intended to represent facts and without proper
preservation of the context of collection and interpretation,
may become meaningless (Boston University Libraries).
 The collection of data and its analysis assists researchers

with discovering answers to their research questions and
hypotheses. In some cases, it even predicts future outcomes
(Office of Research Integrity).
General Principal for
Data Organization
 Data should be arranged in such a way that it
will arouse interest in reader.
 The data should be made sufficiently concise
without losing important details.
 The data should presented in simple form to
enable the reader to form quick impressions
and to draw some conclusion, directly or
indirectly.
 Should facilitate further statistical analysis .
 It should define the problem and suggest its
solution.
Methods of Organizing
Data
 Three basic ways for data presentation are
I. Textual
II.Tabular
III.Graphical Displays
I. Textual Presentation –
 the data are presented in the form of texts, phrases
or paragraphs.
 common among newspaper reports depicting

specifically the salient or important findings.
II. The Tabular Display –
 a more reliable and effective way of

showing relationships or comparisons of data
through the use of tables.
 the tables must be accompanied by a short
narrative explanation to make the facts
clearer and more understandable.
Tabulation
 It can be Simple or Complex depending upon
the number of measurements of single set or
multiple sets of items.
 Simple table :
Title: Numbers of cases of various diseases in Nair hospital in 2009
Disease Cases
Malaria 1100
Acute GE 248
Leptospirosis 60
Dengue 100
Total 1308
Frequency distribution table with qualitative
data:
 Title: Cases of malaria in adults and children in the

months of June and July 2010 in Nair Hospital.
Jun-10 Jul-10
Type of
malaria Adult Child Adult Child Total
P.Vivax 54 9 136 23 222

P.Falciparu
m 11 0 80 13 104
Mixed
malaria 11 4 36 12 63
Total 76 13 225 43 389

Frequency distribution table with quantitative
data:
 Fasting blood glucose level in diabetics at the time of

diagnosis
Fasting No of diabetics
glucose level Male Female Total
120-129 8 4 12
130-139 4 4 8
140-149 6 4 10
150-159 5 5 10
160-169 9 6 15
170-179 9 9 18
180-189 3 2 5
44 34 78
III. The Graphical Display –
• the most effective way of presenting data

through the use of statistical graph.
• can easily attract the attention as well as

the interest of the reader.
Various charts and
diagrams
 Bar Diagram
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Cumulative frequency curve
 Scatter diagram
 Line diagram
 Pie diagram
Bar diagram
• Widely used, easy to prepare tool for comparing
categories of mutually exclusive discrete data.
• Different categories are indicated on one axis and
frequency of data in each category on another axis.
• Length of the bar indicate the magnitude of the
frequency of the character to be compared.
• Spacing between the various bar should be equal to
half of the width of the bar.
3 types of bar diagram:
Simple
Multiple or compound
Component or proportional
Simple bar diagram:
Multiple bar chart:
 Each observation categorized in to more than one
group represented by a bars.
 Examples: Percentage of males and females in
different countries, percentage of deaths from heart

diseases in old and young age.
Multiple or Compound diagram
Component bar chart :
 Subdivision of a single bar to indicate the
composition of total divided into sections according
to their relative proportion.
 For example two communities are compared in their
proportion of energy obtained from various food

stuff, each bar represents energy intake by one
community, the height of the bar is 100, it is divided
horizontally into 3 components (Protein, Fat and
carbohydrate) of diet, each component is represented
by different color or shape.
Component or proportional bar
diagram
Histogram:
 It is very similar to the bar chart with the
difference of rectangles or bars are adherent
(without gaps).

It is used for presenting class frequency table
(continuous data).
 Each bar represents a class and its height

represents the frequency (number of cases),
its width represent the class interval.
Histogram
 Distribution of studied group according to their height
 30
 25
number of individuals
 20
 15
 10
 5
 0
100- 110- 120- 130- 140- 150-
height in cm
Frequency Polygon
 Derived from a histogram by connecting the mid
points of the tops of the rectangles in the histogram.
 The line connecting the centers of histogram

rectangles is called frequency polygon.
 We can draw polygon without rectangles so we will get
simpler form of line graph.
 A special type of frequency polygon is the Normal

Distribution Curve.
Frequency polygon
Cumulative frequency diagram or O’give
 Here the frequency of data in each category

represents the sum of data from the category and
the preceding categories.
 Cumulative frequencies are plotted opposite

the group limits of the variable.
 These points are joined by smooth free hand curve to

get a cumulative frequency diagram or Ogive.
O’give:
Scatter/ dot diagram
 Also called as Correlation diagram ,it is useful to
represent the relationship between two numeric
measurements, each observation being represented by
a point corresponding to its value on each axis.
 In negative correlation, the points will be scattered in

downward direction, meaning that the relation
between the two studied measurements is
controversial i.e. if one measure increases the other
decreases
 While in positive correlation, the points will be

scattered in upward direction.
Line diagram:
It is diagram showing the relationship between two
numeric variables (as the scatter) but the points are
joined together to form a line (either broken line or
smooth curve. Used to show the trend of events
with the passage of time.
Changes in body temperature of a patient after use of antibiotic
39.5
39
38.5
temper ature
38
37.5
37
36.5
36
1 2 2 4 5 6 7
time in hour s
Pie diagram:
 Consist of a circle whose area represents
the total frequency (100%) which is
divided into segments.
 Each segment represents a proportional

composition of the total frequency.
Pie diagram:

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DATA ORGANIZATION

By Dr. SHIVANI PATEL

 “Research data is data that is collected, observed, or created, for

 The collection of data and its analysis assists researchers

 common among newspaper reports depicting

 a more reliable and effective way of

 Title: Cases of malaria in adults and children in the

P.Vivax 54 9 136 23 222

Total 76 13 225 43 389

 Fasting blood glucose level in diabetics at the time of

• the most effective way of presenting data

• can easily attract the attention as well as

group represented by a bars.

 Examples: Percentage of males and females in

different countries, percentage of deaths from heart

 For example two communities are compared in their

proportion of energy obtained from various food

 Each bar represents a class and its height

 The line connecting the centers of histogram

 We can draw polygon without rectangles so we will get

simpler form of line graph.

 A special type of frequency polygon is the Normal

 Here the frequency of data in each category

 Cumulative frequencies are plotted opposite

 These points are joined by smooth free hand curve to

 In negative correlation, the points will be scattered in

 While in positive correlation, the points will be

 Each segment represents a proportional

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