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Problem Set 1

This document contains a problem set with 14 problems related to linear algebra concepts such as matrices, vector spaces, subspaces, linear independence, and norms. The problems involve tasks like finding matrices where AB does not equal BA, proving properties of determinants, calculating ranks of matrices, identifying vector spaces and subspaces, solving systems of equations, and proving statements about linear dependence and independence.

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shruti
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71 views

Problem Set 1

This document contains a problem set with 14 problems related to linear algebra concepts such as matrices, vector spaces, subspaces, linear independence, and norms. The problems involve tasks like finding matrices where AB does not equal BA, proving properties of determinants, calculating ranks of matrices, identifying vector spaces and subspaces, solving systems of equations, and proving statements about linear dependence and independence.

Uploaded by

shruti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem Set 11

Due Tuesday 6th August, in class

1. (a) Find 2 × 2 matrices A, B such that AB 6= BA.


(b) Find nonzero 2 × 2 matrices A, B such that AB = 0.

2. Let X be a n × k matrix. Prove that M := In − X(X0 X)−1 X0 is idempotent. (You can


assume that (X0 X)−1 exists.)

3. Prove that the rank of a diagonal matrix equals the number of nonzero elements on its
diagonal.

4. Suppose the columns of two square matrices are all identical (x1 , ...., xn ) except for their
kth column, which is equal to uk for one matrix and vk for the other. Prove that the sum of
these matrices’ determinants is equal to the determinant of the matrix with columns all equal to
x1 , ...., xn except for the kth column, which equals uk + vk . That is,

x1 ··· uk + vk ··· xn = x1 ··· uk ··· xn + x1 ··· vk ··· xn

You can use any of the other properties of the determinant we saw in class.

2
5. Determine the ranks of the following matrices : 
  1 −2 −1 1
  1 3 0 0  
1 3 4    2 1 1 2 
(a)   (b)  2 4 0 −1  (c)  
 
2 0 1
   −1 1 −1 −3 
1 −1 2 2  
−2 −5 −2 0

6. Show that the following are vector spaces:

• any finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn ;

• the set X = {x ∈ R2 : x = αz, some α ∈ R}, where z ∈ R2


1 Some of these problems are based on exercises in Stokey and Lucas with Prescott, “Recursive Methods in

Economic Dynamics”, Sergei Treil, “Linear Algebra Done Wrong”, and Hammond et al., “Further Mathematics in
Economic Analysis”.
2 This question is taken from parts (b), (d) and (f) of question 1 in FMEA section 1.3.

1
Show that the following are not vector spaces:

• the unit circle in R2 (that is, the set of all vectors (x, y)0 with x2 + y 2 = 1);

• the set of all integers, I = {..., −1, 0, +1, ...}.

• the set of all polynomials with degree exactly n, with addition and scalar multiplication of
polynomials defined as in class. (That is, all functions p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + · · · + an tn with
an 6= 0.)

7. Show that the following are normed vector spaces. (You do not need to prove they are vector
spaces, since you have done so already; just show that the given norms are valid.)
Pn
• Let S = Rn , with ||x|| = [ i=1 x2i ]1/2 (Euclidean space).

• Let S = Rn , with ||x|| = maxi |xi |.


Pn
• Let S = Rn , with ||x|| = i=1 |xi |.

8. S1 = {(a, a, 0)0 : a ∈ R}, S2 = {(a, a + b, −b)0 : a, b ∈ R}, S3 = {(a, b, 0)0 : a, b ∈ R, a + b > 0}.
Is S1 a vector subspace of S2 ?
Is S3 a vector subspace of S1 ?

9. (a) Find the dimension of the space of 3 × 3 matrices.


(b) Find the dimension of the space of 3 × 3 symmetric matrices.

10. Prove that the following are metric spaces.


(a) Let S be the set of integers, with d(x, y) = |x − y|.
(b) Let S = Rn , with d(x, y) equal to the number of elements of x which are different from the
corresponding element in y.
(c) Let S be the set of m × n matrices, with

d(A, B) = max |aij − bij |.


1≤i≤m,1≤j≤n

That is, the distance between two matrices A and B is the largest element (in absolute value) of
the matrix A − B.

11. (a) Let S be a vector space. Prove that if ha, bi is a valid inner product on S, then
1/2
||a|| := (ha, ai) is a valid norm on S.

2
(b) Prove that if ||a|| is a valid norm on S, then d(a, b) := ||a − b|| is a valid metric on S.

12. Solve the systems of equations (a), (d) and (e) of Exercise 2.1 on page 46 of Sergei Treil,
“Linear Algebra Done Wrong” (http://www.math.brown.edu/~treil/papers/LADW/LADW.html).
(The question begins, “Write the systems of equations below in matrix form and as vector equa-
tions...”, but you don’t have to write them out as vector form - just solve them, using row reduction
or any other method.)

13. (a) Suppose the vectors v1 , ..., vn are linearly independent. Show that no one of these vectors
can be expressed as a linear combination of the other n − 1 vectors.
(b) Prove that the following claim is false: “Suppose the vectors v1 , ..., vn are linearly dependent.
Then any one of these vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the other n − 1 vectors.”

14. Is it possible that the vectors x1 , x2 , x3 are linearly dependent, but the vectors x1 + x2 ,
x1 + x3 , x2 + x3 are linearly independent?

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