High-Speed Layout Guidelines For Signal Conditioners
High-Speed Layout Guidelines For Signal Conditioners
High-Speed Layout Guidelines For Signal Conditioners
ABSTRACT
As modern interface frequencies scale higher, care must be taken in the printed circuit board (PCB) layout
phase of a design to ensure a robust solution. This document focuses on high speed layouts guidelines
relating to USB, USB Hubs, HDMI, DisplayPort, PCIe and SATA.
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3
2 Protocol Specific Layout guidelines ....................................................................................... 3
3 General High-Speed Signal Routing ...................................................................................... 6
4 High-Speed Differential Signal Routing ................................................................................. 14
5 References .................................................................................................................. 24
List of Figures
1 Inter vs. Intra Pair Skew ................................................................................................... 6
2 Serpentine Trace Geometry ................................................................................................ 7
3 Return Path ................................................................................................................... 7
4 High Frequency Return Path ............................................................................................... 8
5 Routing Across a Split Plane ............................................................................................... 8
6 AC Capacitor Across a Split Plane ........................................................................................ 9
7 Routing Across Different Reference Planes ............................................................................ 10
8 Routing Across Different Reference Planes with AC Capacitor ..................................................... 10
9 Differential Pair Via Return path Without GND Vias ................................................................... 11
10 Differential Pair Via Return path With GND Vias ...................................................................... 12
11 VCC Reference Plane .................................................................................................... 13
12 Differential Pair Spacing Next to Other Signals ........................................................................ 14
13 Differential Pair Spacing Next to Clock or a Periodic Signal ......................................................... 14
14 Differential Pair Symmetry ............................................................................................... 15
15 Receptacle Stubs Mitigation .............................................................................................. 16
16 Vias With Long Stubs ...................................................................................................... 17
17 Vias With Short Stubs .................................................................................................... 18
18 Long Vias With Back-Drilled Stubs ...................................................................................... 19
19 Reducing Stub Length .................................................................................................... 20
20 Via Anti-Pad ................................................................................................................ 20
21 AC-Coupling Capacitor Placement ...................................................................................... 21
22 Void Below Surface Mount Devices ..................................................................................... 22
23 Signal Bending Rules ...................................................................................................... 22
List of Tables
1 Critical Signals ............................................................................................................... 3
SLLA414 – August 2018 High-Speed Layout Guidelines for Signal Conditioners and USB Hubs 1
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2 High-Speed Layout Guidelines for Signal Conditioners and USB Hubs SLLA414 – August 2018
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www.ti.com Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
This application report can help system designers implement best practices and understand PCB layout
options when using different high speed signals. This document is intended for audiences familiar with
PCB manufacturing, layout, and design.
Parameter Value
Low speed: 750 KHz (1.5 Mbps)
Frequency Full Speed: 6 MHz (12 Mbps)
High Speed: 240 MHz (480 Mbps)
AC Coupling Capacitors No AC Capacitors allowed
Polarity Reversal Not allowed
Trace Impedance 90 Ω ±15% differential, 45 Ω ±15% single ended
Max Cable Length 5m
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Parameter Value
SuperSpeed: 2.5 Ghz (5 Gbps)
Frequency
Superspeed+: 5 Ghz (10 Gbps)
AC Coupling Capacitors AC capacitors required on the TX data lane. (Optional on the RX
data lane)
Polarity Reversal allowed on SSTX and SSRX
Max Intra-Pair Skew 15 ps/m (TI recommends 5 mils)
Max Inter-Pair Skew N/A
Trace Impedance 90 Ω ±15% differential; 45 Ω ±15% single ended
Max Cable Length 3m
2.3 HDMI
Parameter Value
HDMI 1.4b: HDMI_CLK: up to 340 MHz
HDMI 1.4b: HDMI_Data:up to 1.7 Ghz
Frequency
HDMI 2.0b: HDMI_CLK: up to 150 MHz
HDMI 2.0b: HDMI_Data: to up 3 Ghz
AC Coupling Capacitors No AC capacitors allowed
Polarity Reversal Not allowed
Max Intra-Pair Skew for Source 0.15 * Tbit
Max Inter-Pair Skew for Source 0.20 * Tcharacter
Trace Impedance 100 Ω ±15% differential; 50 Ω ±15% single ended
2.4 DisplayPort
Parameter Value
DisplayPort 1.2: 2.7 GHz (5.4 Gbps)
Frequency DisplayPort 1.4: 4.05 GHz (8.1 Gbps)
DisplayPort 1.4: 4.05 GHz (8.1 Gbps)
AC Coupling Capacitors AC capacitors required
Polarity Reversal No built in support
Max Intra-Pair Skew 20 ps (~TI recommends about 5 mils)
Trace Impedance 100 Ω ±10% differential; 50 Ω ±15% single ended
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2.5 PCIe
Parameter Value
PCIe Gen 1: 1.25 GHz (2.5 Gbps)
PCIe Gen 2: 2.5 GHz (5 Gbps)
Frequency
PCIe Gen 3: 4 GHz (8 Gbps)
PCIe Gen 4: 8 GHz (16 Gbps)
AC Coupling Capacitors AC capacitors required
Polarity Reversal allowed
Max Intra-Pair Skew 5 mils
Max Inter-Pair Skew No Inter-pair specification
PCIe Gen 1&2 :100Ω ±5% differential; 50 Ω ±5% single ended
Trace Impedance
PCIe Gen 3&4 :85Ω ±5% differential; 42.5 Ω ±5% single ended
2.6 SATA
Parameter Value
SATA-I: 750 MHz (1.5 Gbps)
Frequency SATA-II: 1.5 GHz (3 Gbps)
SATA-III: 3 Gbps (6 Gbps)
AC Coupling Capacitors AC capacitors required
Max Intra-Pair Skew 5 mils
Polarity Reversal Not allowed
Trace Impedance 100 Ω ±10% differential; 50 Ω ±10% single ended
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Use the above recommendations for the traces serpentine geometry. For example the width of the
trace(W) is 6 mils and the distance between the differential pair(A) is 8 mils. These mean that the width of
the serpentine(B) is at least 16 mils and the length of C is at least 18 mils.
At higher frequencies, the return current flows along the lowest impedance path, this lowest impedance
path is usually the reference plane adjacent to the signal see the figure below. For this reason it is always
best to have a ground plane or power plane on the layer above or below a signal layer. This return path
helps to reduce impedance changes and decrease EMI issues.
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The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 4. High Frequency Return Path
The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 5. Routing Across a Split Plane
Routing across a plane split or a void in the reference plane forces return high-frequency current to flow
around the split or void. Figure 5 shows that the return path must take a longer route than the signal path
this can result in the following conditions:
• Excess radiated emissions from an unbalanced current flow
• Delays in signal propagation delays due to increased series inductance
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The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 6. AC Capacitor Across a Split Plane
When planning a PCB stackup, ensure that planes that do not reference each other are not overlapped
because this produces unwanted capacitance between the overlapping areas. To see an example of how
this capacitance could pass RF emissions from one plane to the other.
It is best to avoid routing across different reference planes because it can cause impedance issues as well
as EMI issue.
Do not change the reference plane of the high speed signal trace unless completely unavoidable.
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The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 7. Routing Across Different Reference Planes
If routing across different reference planes cannot be avoided use AC Capacitors to allow the return
current to have a pathway.
The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 8. Routing Across Different Reference Planes with AC Capacitor
The entirety of any high-speed signal trace should maintain the same GND reference from origination to
termination. If unable to maintain the same GND reference, via-stitch both GND planes together to ensure
continuous grounding and uniform impedance. Place these stitching vias symmetrically within 200 mils
(center-to-center, closer is better) of the signal transition vias. For an example of stitching vias.
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The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 9. Differential Pair Via Return path Without GND Vias
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The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 10. Differential Pair Via Return path With GND Vias
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TI does not recommend high-speed signal references to power planes unless it is completely unavoidable.
If it is unavoidable it is best to use AC coupling capacitors and ground vias to allow the return signal to
have a path back from the sink to the source. Figure 11 depicts the use of AC coupling capacitors and
ground vias for the return path.
The red arrows are the signal path and the blue arrows are the return path.
Figure 11. VCC Reference Plane
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In devices that include multiple high-speed interfaces, avoiding crosstalk between these interfaces is
important. To avoid crosstalk, ensure that each differential pair is not routed within 30 mils of another
differential pair after package escape and before connector termination.
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To minimize the discontinuities associated with the placement of these components on the differential
signal traces, TI recommends voiding the SMD mounting pads of the reference plane by 100%. This void
should be at least two PCB layers deep. For an example of a reference plane voiding of surface mount
devices, see Figure 22.
Also to minimize the inductance of the AC coupling capacitors it is best to use 0201 capacitor sizes.
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If four layer PCBs are required the following table provides example PCB stackups.
For more than 6 PCB Layers Stack-ups use the following examples.
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5 References
• Hall, Stephen H., and Garrett W. Hall. High Speed Digital System Design: A Handbook of Interconnect
Theory and Design Practices. New York: Wiley, 2000.
• Johnson, Howard W., and Martin Graham. High-speed Signal Propagation: Advanced Black Magic.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/PTR, 2003.
• Hall, Stephen H., and Howard L. Heck. Advanced Signal Integrity for High-speed Digital Designs.
Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley , 2009.
• Heck, Howard. USB 3.1 Electrical Design. USB 3.1 Developer Days, 2014.
• Stephen C. Thierauf. High-Speed Circuit Board Signal Integrity. ISBN-13: 978-1580531313.
• High-Speed Interface Layout Guidelines (Rev. G)
• High-Speed Layout Guidelines (Rev.A) , Alexander Weiler, Alexander Pakosta, and Ankur Verma .
• Texas Instruments DisplayPort Design Guide
• Texas Instruments HDMI Design Guide
• USB 2.0 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
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