Chemical Bonding

NURTURE
IIT CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL BONDING
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, Ph. 0744-2423333
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LECTURE NUMBER - 1
 CHEMICAL BOND
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different
chemical species is called a chemical bond.
Energy (kJ/mol)
1. Tendency to acquire minimum energy:
(a) When two atoms approach to each other-Nucleus
of one atom attracts the electrons of another atom. 0
Distance of separation
(b) Two nuclei and electrons of both the atoms repell
each other. Bond Energy
Bond Length
(c) If net result is attraction, then the total energy of Internuclear distance
the system (molecule) decreases. A chemical Potential Energy diagram
bond is formed when the net energy of system is least.
(d) The amount of energy released during bond formation is known as 'Bond Energy'.
(e) Bond formation is an exothermic process.
2. Tendency to acquire noble gas configuration (Octet rule):

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Atoms combine to complete an octet of electrons in their outer most shell. Hence all atoms
have a tendency to acquire octet (s2p6) configuration or to attain nearest noble gas configuration
in their outermost orbit. This can be achieved by combining with other atom or ion.
 EXCEPTIONS TO OCTET RULE

1. Transition metal ions
Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe2+
[Ar]3d3 [Ar]3d5 [Ar]3d6
[2,8,11] [2,8,13] [2, 8, 14]
2. Pseudo inert gas configuration [s2p6d10]

Zn2+ Cd2+
[Ar]3d10 [Kr]4d10
3. Contraction of octet (incomplete octet) F
F B (6 e–)
BeF2 BF3 AlCl3 BCl3
F
(4e– ) (6e–) (6e–) (6e– )
These compounds arc hypovalent.
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, Ph. 0744-2423333 www.nucleuseducation.in 1
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
4. Expansion of Octet (due to empty d-orbitals) F
F F
PC15 SF6 CIF3 ICI5 IF7
S
    
F
F F
(10e ) (12e ) (10e ) (12e )(14e–)
– – – –
(12 e–)
These compounds are hypervalent.
5. Odd electron species
Species which contain odd number of electrons are called Odd electron species.
Ex. NO, NO2, ClO2 etc.
O
N N O
O
6. Compounds of Noble gases

Noble gases which have already completed their octet (or duplet in case of He.) should not
form compounds. However, their compounds like XeF2, XeF6 & KrF2 etc., have been actually
prepared.
Que. Find the number of chemical specie(s) which does not follow octet rule.
BF3, PCI5, SF4, AIF3, CH4, SnCI2, NO2
Sol. BF3, PC15, SF4, SnCl2, NO2
Classification of Bonds
(On the basis of bond energy)
Types of Bonds
Force of attraction
Chemical Bond
1. Ionic Bond Hydrogen Bond Vander Waal’s Bond Other Interaction
2. Covalent Bond 1. Inter–molecular 1. Dipole – Dipole 1. Ion –Dipole
3. Co–ordinate Bond Hydrogen Bond Interaction Interaction
4. Metallic Bond 2. intra–molecular 2. Dipole – Induced 2. Ion – Induced
Hydrogen Bond Dipole Interaction Dipole Interaction
3. Instantaneous dipole
– Induced dipole
Interaction
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND
(a) The chemical bond formed between two or more atoms as a result of the complete
transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another is called as Ionic or
electrovalent bond.
(b) Electropositive atom loses electron
(c) Electronegative atom gains electron
(d) Electrostatic force of attraction between cation and anion is called ionic bond or
electrovalent bond.
(e) Total number of electrons lost or gained is called electrovalency.
Ex.
Mg + O  Mg+2 + O–2 = MgO
2, 8, 2 
(i)
2e–
electrovalency of Mg = 2
electrovalency of O = 2
Ca + Cl  Ca+2 + 2Cl– = CaCl2
2, 8, 8, 2 
One e–
(ii) Cl
2, 8, 7
One e–
electrovalency of Ca = 2
electrovalency of Cl = 1
Ca + O  Ca+2 + O–2 = CaO
2, 8, 8, 2 
(iii)
2e–
electrovalency of Ca = 2
electrovalency of O = 2
(f) A definite three dimensional structure is formed called crystal lattice.
(g) The force of attraction is equal in all direction so ionic bond is non-directional.
(h) Ionic compound do not have molecular formula. It has only empirical formula.
Ex. NaCl is empirical formula of sodium chloride
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Representation of formula of ionic compounds:
(a) Write the symbols of the ions side by side in such a way that positive ion is at
the left and negative ion is at the right as A+B–
(b) Write their electrovalencies in figure at the top of each symbol as A+xB–y
A B
(c) Now apply criss-cross rule as , i.e. formula AyBx.
x y
Ca Cl
Example : Calcium chloride = CaCl2
2 1
 FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND- BORN HABER CYCLE

A whole series of energy changes are involved when one starts from the elements and finishes
with an ionic crystal. These changes are shown in the Born-Haber cycle.
Formation of NaCl (s) involves

1 H
Na(s) + Cl2(g)  
 NaCl(s)NaCl
f
2
D
S 2
Na(g) Cl(g) –U
I.E. –EGE
Na+(g) Cl–(g)
D
thus, S + I.E. + –EGE–U = Hf
2
here, S = heat of sublimation of Na(s)
I.E. = ionisation enthalpy of Na(g)
D = bond dissociation energy of Cl2(g)
EGE = electron gain enthalpy of Cl(g)
U = lattice energy
Hf = heat of formation of NaCl(s)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 FACTORS FAVOURING IONIC BONDING
(a) Ionisation energy :
Lesser Ionization energy Greater tendency to form cation.
Ex. Na  Mg  Al 
 Cation formation tendency
Cs  Rb  K  Na  Li 
(b) Electron affinity:
Higher electron affinity  Greater tendency to form anion.
Ex. Cl > F > Br > I anion formation tendency
(c) Lattice energy :
Greater lattice energy
(d) Overall lowering of energy:
Energy must be released during bond formation.
LECTURE NUMBER - 2
 COVALENT BOND
(a) A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms to
complete their octet.(Except H which completes its duplet)
H H O O N N
H–H; O =O ; N N
H2 molecule O2 molecule N2 molecule
(b) The shared pair of electrons must have opposite spins, and are localised between two
atoms concerned.
(c) On the basis of electrons being shared between two atoms the bonds are of three types -
N
Ex. {Three single bonds (not triple bond)}
H H
H
H – H (Single bond), O = O (Double bond), N  N [Triple bond (not three single bond)].

 Classification of covalent bond:
1. Classification on the basis of number of covalent bond.
* Single bond * Double bond * Triple bond
Note-1: Maximum number of covalent bond between two atoms is three
Note-2: Maximum number of  and  bond between two atoms is 1 and 2 respectively.
Exception : [Cl4Re ReC14]–2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2. Classification on the basis of polarity of bond :
(a) Polar bond- Covalent bond in which the electronegativity difference between of
combining atoms is non zero.
H
 ≠ 0)
C
Eg. H – F (  0)
H H
H
(b) Non-polar bond - Covalent bond in which the electronegativity difference is of
combining is zero.
H–H O=O
Eg.  = 0 = 0
3. Classification on the basis of overlapping (Discuss in VBT)
(a) Sigma () bond (b) pi () bond

 COORDINATE BOND (DATIVE BOND)

The bond formed between two atom in which 'contribution of an electron pair is made by one
of them while the sharing is done by both.
H +
H
(i) NH4 (ammonium ion) H N  H – N – H
H
H
Donor Acceptor
O or O
(ii) O3 (ozone)
O O O
O
–
(iii) F + BF3  [BF4]–
donor acceptor
(iv) BF3 + F– +  F3B  F-–

H
(v) H2O + H+  O  H+
H
Hydronium
(vi) F3B + NH3  F3B  NH3
Prodcut formed by adding
Note :
Lewis base : Chemical species which can donate electron pair.
Ex. F–, NH3, H2O, CN–, HN3, NO2–,N(CN3)3, SO42–
Lewis acid: Chemical species which can accept an electron pair.
Ex. BF3, BC13, PC13, Fe+2, H+, Me3B, AlCl3, SiF4 etc

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Other example
NO3–, N3–, HNO3, N2O, HNC
Que. The species having co-ordinate bond from the following options is/are-
(A) CO32– (B) NO3– (C) NO2– (D) BF4–
Ans. (B,D)
Sol. NO3– and BF4– having co-ordinate bond.
NO3 :- BF4– :– –
F
–
O
O=N B
O F
F F
 VALENCY
Valency: Combining capacity of an element is called valency.
 ELECTROVALENCY
It is defined as the number of electron gain or loss of an atom during ionic bond formation.
Ex. In NaCl the electrovalency of Na and Cl is 1 and 1 respectively.
 COVALENCY : Capacity to form covalent bond is known as covalency

It is represented by(–) small line. – means single bond;= means double bond;  means triple bond.
H x H or H–H H
H
x
H x C x H or H C H
x x x x
Cl x Cl x
x or Cl – Cl
x x
x
x
x
H
x x
x x x x
O x
x O or O=O
x x x x
H x N x H or H N H
x
N xx or N  N xx x H
N x
x
H
 FIXED COVALENCY
Due to non-availibility of vacant 'd' orbital in N, O, F therefore these elements does not shows
variable covalency.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 VARIABLE COVALENCY
(I) Variable valencies are shown by those elements which have empty orbitals in outermost
shell.
(II) Lone pair electrons gets excited in the subshell of the same shell to form the maximum
number of unpaired electrons.
(III) The energy required for excitation of electrons is called promotion energy.
(IV) Promotion rule - Excitation of electrons in the same orbit.
Example:-
(a) Phosphorus  Ground state Covalency=3

3s 3p
Ex.: (PC13)
PhosphorusExcited state Covalency = 5

3s 3p 3d
Ex.: (PCl5)
(b) Sulphur  Ground state Covalency = 2

3s 3p 3d
Ex.: (SF2)
Sulphur  Excited state
1st excited state Covalency = 4

3s 3p 3d
Ex.: (SF4)
2nd excited state Covalency = 6
3s 3p 3d
Ex.: (SF6)
So variable covalencies of S is 2, 4 & 6.
(c) Iodine has three lone pair of electrons
(Ground state)
5s 5p 5d
(3rd excited state)

5s 5p 5d
Ex.: IF7
So, it shows three excited states - Maximum number of unpaired electrons = 7
Variable Valencies are 1, 3, 5, 7
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Que. PC15 is formed but NCI5 does not why ?
Ans. Due to non-availibility of vacant 'd' orbital inN.
Que. SF4 is formed but OF4 does not why?

Ans. Same as above
Que. Fluorine show only one covalency but other halogen can show variable covalency
Ans. same as above
DO YOURSELF – 1
1. Which of the following is an example of super octet molecule ?
(A) ClF3 (B) PCl5 (C) IF7 (D) All the three
2. In which of the following species the bonds are non-directional ?

(A) NCl3 (B) RbCl (C) BeCl2 (D) BCl3
3. The maximum covalency is equal to -
(A) The number of unpaired p-electrons
(B) The number of paired d-electrons
(C) The number of unpaired s-and p-electrons
(D) The actual number of s-and p-electrons in the outermost shell
4. What is the number of lone pairs present in XeOF4 ?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
5. A covalent bond is possible between :
(A) Only similar atoms (B) Only dissimilar atoms
(C) Similar and dissimilar atoms (D) Similar molecules
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER – 3
 OXIDATION NUMBER
  It is an imaginary or apparent charge gained by an element when it goes from its
elemental free state to combined state in molecules ..
  It is calculated on basis of a arbitrary set of rules.
  It is a relative charge in a particular bonded state.
 Rules governing oxidation number:

The following rules are.-helpful in calculating oxidation number of the elements in their
different compounds. It is remember that the basis of these rule is the electronegativity of the
element
  Fluorine atom : Fluorine is most electronegative atom (known). It always has
oxidation number equal to,–1 in all its compounds.

  Oxygen atom : In general and as well as in its oxides, oxygen atom has oxidation
number equal to –2.

In case of : (i) peroxide (e.g. H2O2,Na2O2) is –1
1
(ii) super oxide (e.g. KO2) is –
2
1
(iii) ozonide (KO3) is –
3
(iv) oxygen fluoride OF2 is +2 & in O2F2 is +1
  Hydrogen atom : In general, H atom has oxidation number equal to+ 1. But in metallic
hydrides (e.g. NaH, KH) it is –1.

  Halogen atom : In general, all halogen atom (Cl,Br,I) has oxidation number equal to–1.
But if halogen atom is attached with more electronegative atom then halogen atom will
show positive oxidation numbers.
5 5 7 5
e.g. KClO3 HIO3 HClO4 KBrO3
  Metals :
(a) Alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb,..........) always have oxidation number+1.
(b) Alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca........) always have oxidation number +2.
Note: Metal may have positive or zero oxidation number.
(c) Aluminium always have +3 oxidation number
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(d) Oxidation number of an element in free state or in allotropic forms is always
zero.
0 0 0 0
E.g. O2 ,S8 , P 4 , O3 ,
(e) Sum of the charges of elements in a molecule is zero.
(f) Sum of the charges of all elements in an ions is equal to the charge on the ion.
(g) If the group no. of an element in periodic table is n then its oxidation number
may vary from n to n – 8 (but it is mainly applicable in p-block elements)
E.g. N-atom belongs to group-V in the periodic table therefore as per rule its
oxidation number may vary from
–3 to + 5  N H3 , NO, N2 O3 , NO2 , N2 O5 
3 2 3 4 5
 
 Calculation of average oxidation number :

Solved Examples :
Ex. Calculate oxidation number of underlined element Na2S2O3 :
Sol. Let oxidation number of S-atom is x. Now work accordingly with the rules given before.
(+l) × 2 + (x) × 2 + (–2) × 3 = 0
x=+2
Ex. Na2S4O6 :
Sol. Let oxidation number of S-atom is x
(+1) × 2 + (x) × 2 + (–2) × 6 = 0
x = + 2.5
♦ It's important to note here that Na2S2O3 have two S-atom and there are four S-atom in Na2S4O6
but sulphur atom in both the compound have +2 or +2.5 oxidation number, it is the average
charge (Oxidation Number) Which reside on each sulphur atom therefore we should work to
calculate the individual oxidation number of each sulphur atom in these compound.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ex. Calculate the oxidation state of all the atoms in the following species :
(i) CIO– (ii) NO2 (iii) NO3 (iv) CCl4 (v) K2CrO4 (vi) KMnO4
Sol. (i) In CIO–, the net charge on the species is –1 and therefore the sum of the oxidation states
of Cl and O must be equal to -1. Oxygen will have an oxidation state of –2 and if the
oxidation state of Cl is assumed to be 'x' then x – 2 should be equal to –1. So x is + 1
(ii) NO2 : 2 × (–2) + x = –1 (where 'x' is oxidation state of N)
 x = +3
(iii) NO3 : x + 3 × (–2) = –1 (where 'x' is oxidation state of N)
x = +5
(iv) In CC14, Cl has an oxidation state of –1
x + 4 × (–1) = 0
 x = +4 (where 'x' is oxidation state of C)
(v) K2CrO4 : K has O.S. of +1 and O has oxidation state of –2 and let Cr has oxidation state
'x' then,
2x + l + x + 4 × (–2) = 0
x=+6
(vi) KMnO4 : +1 + x + 4 × (–2) = 0
x = +7 (where x is oxidation state of Mn).
Ex.2 Calculate the oxidation state in the following:

NOF3 x + (–2) + 3(–1) = 0
x = +5
SF4 x + 4 (–l) = 0
x = +4
H2SO4 2 (+l) + x +4 (–2) = 0
x = +6
HNO3 1 + x + 3(–2) = 0
x = +5
XeF5 x + 5 (–l) = +1
x = +6

XeF 5 x + 5(–1) = –1
x = +4
4
XeO 6 x + 6(–2) = –4
x = +8
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER - 4
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES OR LEWIS SYMBOLS
Lewis introduced simple notations to represent valence election in an atom. These notations are
called Lewis symbols or Lewis dot structure.
Lewis symbols for atoms and monoatomic ions :
Lewis symbol for second period elements are :
  
  
Li Be N O F Ne 

B C
    
Number of dots around the symbol represents the number of valence electrons.
Lewis symbol for some anions are
_   2
F  O 
 
 How to draw the Lewis electron dot/Bond line structure of inorganic covalent compounds:
1. (i) First of all, identify the central atom in the given species. Central atom in a given
molecule/ion is usually that atom which is least electronegative.
(ii) Hydrogen can't be central atom as its covalency is one.
(iii) Sometimes the central atom is that atom which is less in number.
(iv) Sometimes the central atom in the given molecule/ion can't be decided on the basis of
electronegativity or number of atoms (less). In such cases, that atom is central atom
which appears in central position of given formula of molecule/ion.
To make it more clear, central atoms in the following species are starred (*).
* * * * *
 *
CH4 , NH3 , H2 O , CH2Cl2 , CHF3 , HP O3
(Note-that electronegativity of H is less than that of central atom).
* * * * *
 CO2 , SO2 , SO3 , SOCl2 , POCl3
* *
 OCl2 , OBr2 (Note that oxygen is more electronegative, but it is less in number)
*
 (SCN)– , (order of appearance)
2. Surrounding atoms are the atoms which are directly bonded to central atom.
3. Arrange the surrounding atoms around the central atom and first form single bond between all
surrounding atom with central atom.
4. Always make sure that octet of all the surrounding atoms is complete. It is not achieved by
forming single bond, then try to make the double bond or triple bond between central atom and
surrounding atom, as required to complete the octet of surrounding atoms.
e.g., CO2
*
O C O O – C – O  O C = O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SNF3
N N N
F S FF – S – F  F –S*– F
*
N F F
5. After the bond formation, represent the lone pair of electrons on central atom as well as on
surrounding atoms.
6. Make sure that, in the structure you have made, the octet of the all surrounding atoms must be
completed.
7. If the central atom belongs to second period, it can have < 8 (max.) electrons (i.e. < 4 bonds)
but never greater than 8 electrons (i.e. > 4 bonds).
8. However, if the central atom belongs to third or lower period it can have > 8 electrons.
9. At last verify the covalency of central atom.
10. Lewis Structure of ions :
Distribute the negative charge on surrounding atom in such a way that octet of none of the
surrounding atom is complete before the bond formation with central atom. If however, the
octet of surrounding atom is complete by making it uninegatively charged (particularly in case

of halogen which contains seven valence electron), then such surrounding atom will attach
itself with central atom through a co-ordinate covalent bond.
O–
N N
O O– O O
But the above structures of NO3 is incorrect as the central nitrogen belongs to second period,
it can never form five covalent bond i.e., it can't have more than 8 electrons, so its actual
structure is :
O
O– O–
C
N or N –
O O–
O O O O
NO3– CO32–
F –
F
F B F
or F B F
F
F
BF4–
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
–
Cl
O
O Cl Cl
–
O P O– P
S Cl Cl
O –
O O– Cl
PO43– SO32– PCl6–
ϴ  ϴ ϴ  2–
N3– :– N N N or N N N or N N N
ϴ ϴ
SCN– :– S C N or S C N

 FORMAL CHARGE
Lewis dot structures, in general, do not represent the actual shapes of the molecules. In case of
polyatomic ions, the net charge is possessed by the ion as a whole and not by a particular atom.
It is, however, feasible to assign a formal charge on each atom.
The formal charge of an atom in a polyatomic molecule or ion may be defined as the difference
between the number of valence electrons of that atom in an isolated or free state and the
number of electrons assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure. It is expressed as :
Formal charge (F.C.) Total number of Total number of Total number of

on an atom in a Lewis = valence electron – non bonding –1/2 bonding(shared)
structure in the free atom (lone pair) electrons electrons
Ex. to calculate the formal charges on the various atoms of nitric acid (HNO3) molecule which
has been described by the following Lewis structures:
O O
H–O–N or H–O–N
O O
I II
The H atom : It has one valence electron, zero lone pair (or zero nonbonding electrons), and
forms one bond (two bonding electrons).
1
Substituting in Eq. (i), we write FC = (1) – (0)  (2) = 0.
2
The O atom bonded to H: It has six valence electrons, two lone pairs (or four nonbonding
electrons), and form two bonds (or four bonding electrons).
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1
Hence, we write FC = (6) – (4)  (4) = 0.
2
The N atom: It has five valence electrons, zero lone pair (or zero nonbonding electrons), and
forms four bonds (or has eight bonding electrons).
1
Thus, we write FC = (5) – (0)  (8) = +1
2
The end O atom in N = O: It has six valence electrons in the free state but in the Lewis
structure (I or II), it has two lone pairs (or four nonbonding electrons) and forms two bonds (or
has four bonding electrons).
1
Thus, we can) write FC = (6) – (4)  (4) = 0
2
The end O atom in N – O : It has six valence electrons in the free state but in the Lewis
structure (I or II), it has three lone pairs or six nonbonding electrons and forms one bond (or
has two bonding electrons).
1
thus, we write FC = (6) – (6)  (2) = –1
2
We can now write the Lewis structures (I and II) for nitric acid molecule including the formal
charges as:–
O O–
+ +
H–O–N or H–O–N
O– O
I II
Molecule Structure Formal charge

1
O(1) = 6 – 2 (6) = + 1
1 2
O 1
O3 2 3 O(2) = 6 – 4 – (4) = 0
O O 2
1
O(3) = 6 – 6 – (2) = –1
2
1
S=6–2– ×6=+1
2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1
O(1) = 6 – 6 – × 2 = –1
SO2 S 2
(2) O O (1) 1
O(2) = 6 – 4 – ×4=0
2
1
C= 4–2– × 6 = –1
CO 2
1
C O O=6–2– ×6=+1
2
1
C=4–2– × 6 = –1
 2
CN C N
1
N=5–2– ×6=0
2
H1 + 1
N=5–2– (8) = + 1
2
N
NH4 2
H 4
H On each H = 1 – 0 –
1
(2) = 0
H3 2
1
N=5–2– (6) = 0
2
NO2 I N (II)
– O(I) = 6 – 4 –
1
(4) = 0
O O 2
1
O(II) = 6 – 6 – (2) = –1
2
Formal charges help in the selection of the lowest energy structure from a number of possible
Lewis structures for a given species. Generally the lowest energy structure is the one with the
smallest formal charges on the atoms.
For example:
–1
Zero ϴ
O Zero O +1

H3C–C–N–H H3C–C–N–H
H H
This structure is This structure is
Lower in energy Higher in energy
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Formal charges are useful for helping decide which of the several possible Lewis structures is
best.
1. A Lewis structure with small formal charges are preferable to large formal charges.
2. Lewis structure with negative formal charges on the more electronegative atom are
preferable than Lewis structures with negative formal charges on the less electronegative
atom.
3. Lewis structures with unlike charges close together are more likely than Lewis structure
with opposite charges widely separated.
4. Lewis structures with like charges on adjacent atoms are very unlikely.
Hypovalent compound : The covalent compound in which central atom having less than 8
valence electron.
Ex. BF3, BeCl2 etc.
Hypervalent compound : The covalent compound in which central atom having greater than 8
valence electron.
Ex. PC15, IF7, SF6 etc.

 RESONANCE
(a) The concept of resonance was introduced by Heisenberg (1920), and later developed by
Pauling and Ingold, to explain the properties of certain molecules.
(b) It has been found that the observed properties of certain compounds cannot be
satisfactorily explained by writing a single lewis structure. The molecule is then
supposed to have many structures, each of which can explain most of the properties of
the molecule but none can explain all the properties of the molecules. The actual
structure is in between of all these contributing structures and is called resonance hybrid
and the different individual structures are called resonating structures or canonical
forms. This phenomenon is called resonance.
(c) Let us discuss resonance in ozone, according to its resonance structure it should have
one single bond (O––O = 1.48Å) but experiments show that both the bonds are same
which can be proved by its resonance hybrid as shown below.
O O O
O O O O O O
Resonance hybrid
To calculate bond order in the polyatomic molecule or ion use following formula :
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Total number of bondsin a molecule
Bond order =
ResonatingStructures
O–
4
Ex. O C C–– O Bond order = = 1.33
O– 3
O–
–
O P O 5
P –– O Bond order = = 1.25
O– 4
O

O Cl O 7
Cl –– O Bond order = = 1.75
O 4
Q.1 Which of the following ions has resonating structures ?
(1) SO24 (2) PO34 (3) SO32 (4) All of these
Q.2 Which of the following resonating structure is correct for CO2 ?
         
 : O – C  O   O  :   


O
 
– C  O:   
– C O
 
: O C – O
 
I II III IV
(1) I (2) II (3) III (4) IV
Q.3 How many resonating structures can be drawn for NO2 ?
(1) Six (2) Four (3) Five (4) Two
Q.4 Which of the following is true for nitrate anion ?
4
(1) Formal charge on N is zero (2) Bond order of NO bond is
3
1
(3) Average formal charge on oxygen is (4) There are 2 -bonds in the ion
3
Q.5 Discuss resonance and formal charge in N3 and N2O?
Q.6 Give the average formal charge and average bond order of X–O bond in the following oxy
compounds?
(a) SO24 (b) SO32 (c) NO2 (d) CIO2 (e) CIO3 (f) CIO4
(g) HCO3 (h) CO3 (i) HSO3 (j) PO34
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER - 6 & 7
 VALENCE BOND THEORY

Valence bond theory was introduced by Heitler and London ( 1927) and developed further by
Pauling and others. A discussion of the valence bond theory is based on the knowledge of
atomic orbitals, electronic configurations of elements, the overlap criteria of atomic orbitals and
the hybridization of atomic orbitals.
Formation of H2 molecule : When two 'H'-atoms approaches towards each other for the
formation of H2 molecule. The following interactions takes place.
(i) e-e repulsion
(ii) e-p attraction
(iii) p-p repulsion

rHH  0.74Å
Experimentally, it has been found that the BDEH  H  434.2KJ / mol

ER
magnitude of attractive forces is more than
PE
Bond
the repulsive forces. As a result, when two diss
energy
EA
atoms approach each other then potential
energy decreases. Ultimately a stage is Bond Length
Internuclear separation
reached where the net force of attraction The potential energy curve for the formation
balances the force of repulsion and system of H2. molecule as a function of internuclear
distance of the H atoms. The minimum in the
acquires minimum energy. curve corresponds to the most stable state of H,
At this stage two hydrogen atoms are said to be bonded together to form a stable molecule
having the bond length of 74 pm. Since the energy gets released when the bond is formed
between two hydrogen atoms, the hydrogen molecule is more stable than that of isolated
hydrogen atoms.
Bond Length : Internuclear distance at minimum potential energy is called bond length.
Bond Dissociation Energy : The amount of energy released when one mole of same type of
bonds are formed is called B.D.E.
434.2 kJ/mol of energy is required to dissociate one mole of H2 molecule.
H2(g) + 434.2 kJ mol–  H(g) + H(g)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 ORBITAL OVERLAP CONCEPT
In the formation of hydrogen molecule, there is a minimum energy state when two hydrogen
atoms are so near that their atomic orbitals undergo partial interpenetration. This partial
merging of atomic orbitals is called overlapping of atomic orbitals which results in the pairing
of electrons. The extent of overlap decides the strength of a covalent bond. In general, greater
the overlap the stronger is the bond formed between two atoms. Therefore, according to orbital
overlap concept, the formation of a covalent bond between two atoms results by pairing of
electrons, present in the valence shell having opposite spins.
Directional Properties of Bonds :
The valence bond theory explains the formation and directional properties of bonds in
polyatomic molecules like CH4 , NH3 , and H2O , etc. in terms of overlap and hybridisation of
atomic orbitals.
Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds
The covalent bond may be classified into following types depending upon the types of
overlapping :-
(i) sigma () bond (ii) pi () bond (iii) delta () bond
(i) Sigma () bond : This type of covalent bond is formed by the end to-end (head on or axial)
overlap of bonding orbitals along the internuclear axis. This can be formed by any one of the
following types of combinations of atomic orbitals.
 s-s overlapping :In this case, there is overlap of two half filled s-orbitals along the internuclear
axis as shown below :
s–orbital s–orbital s–s overlapping
 s-p overlapping: This type of overlap occurs between half filled s-orbital of one atom and half
filled p-orbital of another atom.
s–orbital p–orbital s–p overlapping

 p-p overlapping : This type of overlap takes place between half filled similar p-orbitals of the
two approaching aloms.
p–orbital p–orbital p–p overlapping
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(ii) pi() bond : In the formation of  bond the atomic orbitals overlap in such a way that their axis
remain parallel to each other and perpendicular to the internuclear axis. The orbitals formed
due to sidewise overlapping consists of two saucer type charged clouds above and below the
plane of the participating atoms.
(a) p – p
p–orbital p–orbital p–p overlapping
(b) p – d
p–orbital d–orbital p–d orbital overlapping
(c) d – d
d–orbital d–orbital d–d overlaping
(iii) delta () bond : are the covalent bonds where four lobes of d-orbital of one atom
overlap with four lobes of the similar d-orbital of other atom. Except dz2 all d orbitals
form  bond.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.1 In which molecule s - p overlapping occurs ?
(a) CH4 (2)NH3 (3) H2O (4) All are wrong
Sol. (4) Because s - p overlapping occurs only in diatomic molecules.
Q.2 Predict the nature of bond
Orbitals Internuclear axis Bond
s+s any axis 
s + px x-axis 
s + py y-axis 
s + px z-axis ×
px + px x-axis 
py + py y-axis 
pz + pz z-axis 
px - px y or z-axis 
py + py x or z axis 
pz + pz x or y axis 
dxy + px y-axis 
dxy + py x-axis 
dxy + pz any axis ×
dxy + px x-axis ×
dxy + py z-axis ×
dyz + py z-axis 
dyz + pz y-axis 
dxz + px z-axis 
dxz + pz x-axis 
Strength of sigma and pi Bonds :
Basically the strength of a bond depends upon the extent of overlapping- In case of sigma bond,
the overlapping of orbitals takes place to a larger extent. Hence, it is stronger as compared to
the pi bond where the extent of overlapping occurs to a smaller extent. Further, it is important
to note that pi bond between two atoms is formed in addition to a sigma bond. It is always
present in the molecules containing multiple bond (double or triple bonds)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Advantages of VBT :
 It explain various bond characteristics e.g., bond length, bond strength.
 It explains the quantitative relationship between the extent of overlapping and bond
dissociation energy.
 This theory accounts for shape and nature of bonding of the molecule whose covalency is not
according to the number of half-filled orbitals present in the ground state.
 This theory redefined the stability of molecules e.g. BF3, A1C13, PC15, SF6 etc which are
exception to octet rule.
 Disadvantages of VBT :
 According to this theory three bond angle in CH4 should be 90°, as these are formed by p-p
overlapping, but actually it has six 109°28 angles. In NH3 & H2O, angle should be 90°. This is
in disagreement with the actual bond angles of 107° & 104.5° in NH3 & H2O molecules
respectively.
 In order to explain the characteristic geometrical shapes of polyatomic molecules like
CH4, NH3,H2O etc. Pauling introduced the concept of hybridisation.
Ex.1 What are the total number of  &  bonds in tetracyanomethane.

N
C

Ans. NC–C–CN (in triple bond )

C
N
From the structure it is clear that it has 8 and 8 bonds.
Comparison between Sigma and  bond
 bond  bond
1 Formed by axial overlapping 1 Formed by side by side overlapping
2 Involves s-s, s-p, p-p (axial) & hybrid 2 Involve p-p, p-d & d-d orbital
orbitals
3 Extent of overlapping is stronger 3 Extent of overlapping is less so weaker
4 Free rotation around  bond is possible 4 Free rotation around  bond is not
possible
5 Hybridized or unhybridized orbital forms 5 Hybridized orbital never forms  bond
 bond
6 Independent existence of -bond. 6 No independent existence.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Practice Set
Q.1 Give correct order of bond strength for  bond.
1s-1s, 2p-2p, 2s-2s, 3s-3p, 2s-3s, 3s-3s, 3p-3p, 1s-2s, 1s-2p, 2s-2p, 2s-3p
Sol. 1s-1s > 1s-2p > 1s-2s > 2p-2p > 2s-2p > 2s-2s > 2s-3p > 2s-3s > 3p-3p > 3s-3p > 3s-3s
Hint: If internuclear distance is incomparable than B.S.  Bond distance
If internuclear distance is comparable than B.S.  Extent of overlapping (directional of nature)
Q.2 O2 exists but S2 does not exist at room temperature? Why ?
Sol. For S2,3p-3p bond is less effective.
S S S
S S
Hence S8 is formed S
S S
Q.3 Compare bond strength.
HF, HCl, HBr, HI
Sol. HF > HC1 > HBr > HI
1s-2p 1s-3p 1s-4p 1s-5p

Q.4 According to the valence bond theory, when a covalent bond is formed between two reacting
atoms, the potential energy of the system becomes-
(1) negative (2) positive (3) minimum (4) maximum
Q.5 The strongest covalent bond is formed by the overlap of-
(1) s and p orbitals (2) s and s orbitals
(3) p and d orbitals (4) p and p collateral orbitals
Q.6 Explain
(i) N2 exist but P2 does not
(ii) CO2 is gas but SiO2 is covalent solid.
Sol. (i) For P2, 3p–3p bonding is not effective.
(ii) In SiO2, Si does not have tendency to from -bond so as the size increases the  bond
formation tendency decreases. Due to large size of Si. Hence it forms 3D network structure.
Si Si
O O
Si O Si
O O
Si Si
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.7 If x is the internuclear axis then which overlapping results  bond
(1) dxy–dxy (2) px–py (3) s–px (4) px–px
Ans. (1)
Sol. px – py  zero overlapping
s – px   bond
px – px   bond
dxy – dxy   bond
DO YOUR SELF – 2
Q.1 A sigma bond is formed by the overlapping of :
(A) s-s orbital alone
(B) s and p orbitals alone
(C) s-s, s-p or p-p orbitals along internuclear axis
(D) p-p orbital along the sides
Q.2 Which of the following compound is formed in the second excitation state of sulphur atom?
(A) SF4 (B) SF6 (C) SF2 (D) None
Q.3 The strength of bonds by 2s – 2s, 2p – 2p and 2p – 2s overlapping has the order:
(A) 2s – 2s > 2p – 2p > 2s – 2p (B) 2s – 2s > 2p – 2s > 2p – 2p
(C) 2p – 2p > 2s – 2p > 2s – 2s (D) 2p – 2p > 2s – 2s > 2p – 2s
Q.4 Fluorine molecule is formed by:

(A) the axial p–p orbital overlap (B) the sideways p–p orbital overlap
(C) the s–s orbital overlap (D)the s–p orbital overlap
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NO. – 8 & 9
 HYBRIDISATION THEORY
(a) It is introduced by Pauling and Slater, to explain equivalent nature of covalent bonds in
a molecule. Consider an example of BeCl2
If it is formed without hybridisation then –
p-s p-p
Cl Be Cl
both the Be-Cl bonds should have different parameters and p-p bond strength > s–p
bond strength. But experimentally bond parameters of both the Be–Cl bonds are same.
This can be explained by the concept of hybridisation.
(b) Hybridisation : Phenomenon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of same or nearly same

energy and thus producing hybrid orbitals of same energy and same shape is called as
hybridisation. Now after considering s-p hybridisation in BeCl2
p-sp sp-p
Cl Be Cl
bond strength of both the bonds will be equal.
 Salient features of hybridisation: The main features of hybridisation are as·under:

1. The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of the atomic orbitals that
get hybridised.
2. The hybridised orbitals are always equivalent in energy and shape.
3. The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure
atomic orbitals.
4. These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in some preferred direction to have
minimum repulsion between electron pairs and thus a stable arrangement
Therefore, the type of hybridisation indicates the geometry of the molecules.
 Important conditions for hybridization

(i) The orbitals present in the valence shell of the atom are hybridised .
(ii) The orbitals undergoing hybridisation should have almost equal energy.
(iii) Promotion of electron is not essential condition prior to hybridisation.
(iv) It is not necessary that only half filled orbitals participate in hybridisation. In
some cases, even filled orbitals of valence shell take part in hybridisation .
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Types of hybridization
Atomic orbital
Hybrid Orbital Hybridisation Shape Bond Angle
involved
2 sp spx / spy / spz Linear 180º
3 sp2 spxpy / spypz / spypz Trigonal planar 120º
4 sp3 spx pypz Tetrahedral 109º28’

Trigonal
5 sp3d spx pypzdz2 120º,90,180
bipyramidal
6 sp3d2 spx p y pzd x2 y2 d z2 Octahedral 90º
Pentagonal
7 sp3d3 spx p ypzd x2 y2 d z2 d xy 72º,90º,180º
bipyramidal
Ex.1 Hybridisation in BeCl2

180º
2s 2p
Be(ground state) FBeF

linear
2s 2p
Be(excited state)
2s 2p
Be atom shares two electrons
sp sp
with F in BeF2 sp hybridisation sp hybridisation
Ex.2 For example, PF5 showing sp3d hybridization

3s 3p 3d
P (ground state)
3s 3p 3d
P* (excited state)
3s 3p 3d
P atom share five electron with five F
sp3d hybridisation
 Determination of hybridisation state –

To predict hybridisation following formula may be used :
 Method-1 :
1
No. of hybrid orbital = [Total number of valence e– in the central atom + total number of
2
monovalent atoms - charge on cation + charge on anion]
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Method-2 :
Steric Number (S.N.) = Number of -bond around that atom + Number of lone pair on that
atom.
Molecule Method-1 Methode-2 Hybridisation
1
NH4 [5 + 4 – 1] = 4 S.N. = 4 + 0 = 4 sp3 hybridisation
2
1
SF4 [6 + 4 ] = 5 S.N. = 4 + 1 = 5 sp3d hybridisation
2
1
SO24 [6 + 2] = 4 S.N. = 4 + 0 = 4 sp3 hybridisation
2
 Method : 3
In proper Lewis structure count the number of lone pairs and number of  bonds with which
that atom is directly connected to other atoms. The sum of lone pair and  bonds gives the
number of hybrid orbitals of that atom.
1. Find hybridisation of following species :-
(i) CH2Cl2   bonds = 4 sp3

L.P. = 0
(ii) PF5   bonds = 5 sp3d
L.P. = 0
(iii) IC l
2   bonds = 2 sp3d
L.P. = 3
(iv) BrF5   bonds = 5 sp3d2
L.P. = 1
(v) XeOF4   bonds = 5 sp3d2
L.P. = 1
(vi) SO3   bonds = 3 sp2
L.P. = 0
(vii) l3   bonds = 2 sp3d
L.P. = 3
2. Which of the following molecule (s) is/are having sp3d2 hybridisation for their central atom.
(A) TeCl6 (B)XeF4 (C) SF4 (D) Xe F5
Ans. (A,B,D)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Cl
Cl Cl F F F
F
Xe F 
F
Te S Xe
Sol. (A) (B) F F (C) (D)
Cl Cl F F F
Cl F F
4. Which of the following orbital is not used in sp3d hybridisation to get square pyramidal
geometry -
(A) d x 2  y2 (B) dz2 (C) pz (D) px
Ans. (B)
Sol. sp3d (TBP geometry) is made up of (s + px + py + pz + d x 2  y2 )
5. Which of the following d orbital does not participate in sp3d3 hybridisation.

(A) d x 2  y2 (2) dz2 (3) dxy (4) dyz
Ans. (4)
Sol. Atomic orbital involved in sp3 d3
s, px, py, pz, dz2 , d x 2  y2 , dxy
6. Find the change in hybridisation when NH3 reacts with BF3.
Sol. Adduct formation
H F F H F
H N B H N B F
H H F
F
3
sp sp2 sp3 sp3
7. In which of the following process the hybridisation of underlined atom gets changed.
(A) N H3 + H+  N H4 (B) B F3 + F–  F4
(C) B2 H6 + R3N  2BH3R3N (D) H2 O + H+  H3O+
Ans (B)
BF3 + F–  BF4–
sp2 sp3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hybridisation of following species in specified state :
Speicies Cationic part Anionic part
PCl5(s) PCl4 (sp ) 3
PCl6 (sp3d2)
PBr5(s) PB r4 (sp3) Br–
XeF6(s) Xe F5 (sp3d2) F–
N2O5(s) N O2 (sp) N O3 (sp2)
I2C16(liquid) IC l2 (sp3) IC l4 (sp3d2)
Cl2O6(s) C1 O2 (sp2) Cl O4 (sp3)
I2(liquid) I3 (sp3) I3 (sp3d)
Q.8 What is the hybridisation of the anionic part of PC15 solid

(A) sp3 (B) sp3d (C) sp3d2 (D) none of these
Ans. (C)
Sol.: PCl5(s)  PCl4+ + PCl6–
Sol. DETERMINATION OF -BOND :

O
Ex. (i)
S
O O
Hybridisation = sp2
2(p– d1p– p
O
(ii) S
O 
O– O
SO24 Hybridisation = sp3

2(p– 3d)
O
(iii) Xe
O O
O
XeO4 Hybridisation = sp3

4(p– d)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.1 Select the incorrect statements :
(A) S2O32 ion has 3d–2p bonding
(B) Cl O3 ion has three 3d–2p bonding
(C) PO34 ion has no lone pair
(D) CO32 ion has higher (C–O) bond length than that of HCOO– ion
Ans. (B,C)
In ClO3 two 3d - 2p bonds are present.
PO34 has 11 lone pair
Q.2 From the following options most effective -bond is -
(A) 3p–2p (B) 2p–3d (C) 3d–3d  (D) 3P–3P
Ans. (B)
overlapping area increases -bond formation increases.
Q.3 How many p-d bonds are present in the compound SO2C12 -
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
Ans. (3)
O
sp3 hybridisation 2p– 3d bonds
Sol. S Cl
O Cl
LECTURE NUMBER - 10
 VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION THEORY (VSEPR)
(a) Molecules having covalent bond have definite geometry as covalent bonding has
directional characteristics. A simple theory was given for the molecular shape of the
covalent molecules by Gillespie and Nyholm in 1957.
(b) This theory predicts the shape of the molecule by considering the most stable
configuration of the bond angles in the molecule. This theory states
(i) Electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom of a molecule, whether
bonding or lone pairs are regarded as occupying localized orbitals. These
orbitals arrange themselves to minimize the mutual electronic repulsions.
(ii) The magnitude of the different types of electronic repulsions follows the order
given below:
lone pair-lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair
(iii) The electronic repulsion between two pairs of electrons will be minimum if they
are as far apart as possible.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 SHAPES OF MOLECULES BASE ON VSEPR THEORY
Total no. No. of b.p. No. of Stereo
General Type of
of hybrid (bond unshared chemical Shape Exam.
formula hybridisation
orbital pairs) pair i.e. lp formula/str.
2 2 0 AB2 sp Linear BeCl2
Trigonal
3 3 0 AB3 sp2 BF3
planar
V or Bent or
3 2 1 AB2 sp2 SO2
angular
4 4 0 AB4 sp3 Tetrahedron CH4
Trigonal NH3
4 3 1 AB3 sp3
pyramidal CH–3
V or Bent or H2O
4 2 2 AB2 sp3
angular SF2
4 1 3 AB sp3 linear CIO–

Trigonal
5 5 0 AB5 sp3d PCl5
bypyramidal
5 4 1 AB4 sp3d Seesaw SF4
5 3 2 AB3 sp3d T-shaped CIF3
5 2 3 AB2 sp3d Linear IF2–
SF6
6 6 0 AB6 sp3d2 Octahedral
I F6
Square
6 5 1 AB5 sp3d2
pyramidal
XeF5
6 4 2 AB4 sp3d2 Square planar XeF4
Pentagonal
7 7 0 AB7 sp3d3 IF7
bipyramidal
Distorted XeF6
7 6 1 AB6 sp3d3
octahedral IF6
Pentagonal
7 5 2 AB5 sp3d3
planar
XeF5
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Practice Set
Q.1 Which of the following species / molecule is not planar
(A) Xe F5 (B) Xe F5 (C) XeF4 (D) NO2C1
Ans. (B)
Xe F5  It is square pyramidal which is non planar.
F
F F
+
Xe
F F
Q.2 The ‘BENT’ molecular geometry can be obtained from which of the following electron geometry
(A) sp3d (B) sp3 (C) sp3d2 (D) sp2
Ans. (B,D)
sp2 and sp3 having bent molecular geometry i.e.
sp2:- sp3:-
A A
X X X X
Q.3 Find the number of exact 90° angles in IC13
Ans. (0)
Cl

I Cl
ICI3 
Cl
Both are less then 90º angles to L.P. – B.P. repulsion.
Q.4 Choose the correct option in which all compounds are having same electron geometry of their
central atom :-
(I)XeO2F2 (II) BrF3 (III) SiF2Cl2 (IV) XeO3F2
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) I, II and III only (D) I, II and IV only
Ans. (D)
Molecule e– geometry
XeO2F2  Trigonal bipyramidal
BrF3  Trigonal bipyramidal
SiF2Cl2  Tetrahedral
XeO3F2  Trigonal bipyramidal
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.5 In trigonal bipyramidal electronic geometry we get the following repulsion at 90°,
l.p. - l.p. = 0,
l.p. - b.p. = 4,
b.p. - b p. = 2,
which type of molecule is satisfying the above conditions.
(A) AB5 (B) AB4L (C) AB3L2 (D) AB2L3
(A = central atom, B = bond atom, L = lone pair)
Ans. (C)
Q.6 Which of the following is isoelectronic and isostructural with H3O+
(A) H2F (B) BH4 (C) NH3 (D) All of these
Ans. (C)
+
O N
H H H H
H H
Both spicies have same structure and same number of electrons i.e. 10
Q.7 Which of the following has/have sp3d hybridisation and linear structure
(A) ClF3 (B) IC12– (C) XeF2 (D) XeF4
Ans. (B,C)
(B) (C)
Cl Ɵ
F
I Xe
Cl F
Q.8 Which of the following molecules(s)/ion(s) is/are NOT non-linear -
(A) HN3 (B) [I(CN)2]– (C) HSCN (D) HCN

Ans. (B, D)
H

(A) HN3 :- : N = N = N

(B) [I(CN)2]– :- [NC–I–CN]

(C) HSCN: :- S= N  N (D) HCN :- H – C N:

H
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.9 In which of the following 4'B' atoms are in same plane ?
(A) AB4 (B) AB4L (C) AB4L2 (D) AB5
(E) AB5L (F) AB5L2 (G) AB3 (H) AB2
AB4 Tetrahedral
Sol. AB4L See saw structure
‘4’ B atoms are not in same plane
AB5 Trigonal bipyramidal
L B
B B B B
AB4L2 A AB5L A
B B B B
L L
B
AB3 A AB2  B  A  B
B B
B
B B
AB5L2 L A L
B B
Q.10 Which of the following specie has maximum number of lone pair -
(A) Si F62 (B) XeF6 (C) PCl6 (D) SF6
Ans. (B)
ion/molecule total number of lone pair
2–
SiF6 18
XeF6 19
–
PCI6 18
SF6 18
Q.11 Find the maximum number of identical angles in [SF5]+ which are all less than 180°.
Ans. (6)
F
F
S F
F
F
Q.12 Shape of NH3 is very similar to -
(A) CH4 (B) CH–3 (C) BH3 (D) CH3+
Ans. (B) Both have the same state of hybridization sp3 with one lone pair of e– each.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.13 Find the number of molecule which are planar.
XeF4, H2O , XeF3 , BrF3 , SO2C12
Ans. (4)
XeF4 - square planar
H2O - V-shaped
Xe F3 - T-shaped
BrF3 - T-shaped
Q.14 Find the ratio of lone pairs on the central atom of C1F3 and XeF5
Ans. (2)
C1F3
+
F F F
Cl Xe
F F F
F F
ratio of lone pairs on the central atom = 2
Q.15 Find the number of angles which are less than 90° in perfect pentagonal bipyromidal geometry.
Ans. (5)
PBP contain five 90° angles which are present at equatorial position.
Q.16 Which of the following has pyramidal shape-
(A) XeO3 (B) XeF4 (C) XeF2 (D) XeF6
Ans. (A) Due to presence of lone pair of electron.
Q. 17 Find number of planer species out of
SF2, SF4, SF6, SO2, SO3
Ans. (3)
Sol. Planar species are
SF2 SO2 SO3
O
S S S
F F O O O O
Q.18 Which of the following molecule have see-saw shape
(1) CH4 (2) SF4 (3) XeF4 (4) CC14
Ans. (2)
Sol. (1) CH4 – Tetrahedral (2) SF4 – See saw
(3) XeF4 – Square planar (4) CC14 – Tetrahedral
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3
Q.19 Which of the following molecule is linear and central atom is sp d hybridised -
(l) XeF2 (2) CO2 (3) SO2 (4) HCN
Ans. (1)
Sol. XeF2 sp3d linear
CO2 sp linear
3
SF4 sp d See saw
NH3 sp3 Pyramidal
Q.20 Which of the following is expected to be planar where B is univalent bonded atom & E is lone
pair on central atom -
(1)AB4E (2) AB5E (3) AB3E (4) AB2E
Ans. (4)
Sol. AB5E Square pyramidal
AB4E See saw
AB3E Pyramidal
AB2E V-shape
Q.21 Find the maximum number of identical bond angle in SF4 is-
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
Ans. (3)
Sol. Total four bond angles are identical, two formed by F1, with F3 & F4 and two are formed by F2
with
F1
F3
F3 & F4 S
F4
F2
Q.22 In Which of the following there is no bonds at right angle -

(1) IC l4 (2) PC l6 (3) PC15 (4) TeF5
Ans. (4)
Sol. Te F5 is square pyramidal in which all bond angles are less than 90°.
F
F F
F F
Te
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.23 Which of the following molecule/ion is non-linear
(A) HCN (B) I3 (C) I3 (D) CO2
Ans. (C)
 Bent – shape
I
I I
DO YOUR SELF – 3
Q.1 The pair of species with similar shape is
(A) PCl3, NH3 (B) CF4, SF4 (C) PbCl2, CO2 (D) PF5, IF5
Q.2 The shape of sulphate ion is –
(A) hexagonal (B) square planar

(C) trigonal bipyramidal (D) tetrahedral
Q.3 What is not true for SiH4 molecule –
(A) Tetrahedral hybridisation (B) 109º angle
(C) 4 bond (D) 4-lone pair of electrons
Q.4 The structure of Br3¯ involves hybridisation of the type –
(A) sp3d (B) sp3d2 (C) sp3d (D) d2sp3
Q.5 The structure of ICl2¯ is –
(A) Trigonal planar (B) Octahedral (C) Square planar (D) Linear
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NO. -11
 BOND PARAMETERS
(I) Bond Angle (II) Bond Length (Bond distance) (III) Bond Energy
(I) Bond angle:
Angle between two adjacent bond in any species is called the Bond angle. The following
factors affect bond angle.
(a) State of Hybridization :
With the change in state of hybridization relative percentage of s-character changes and with
increasing percentage of s-character, the bond angle increase.
State of hybridization % s-character Bond angle
sp 50 180º
sp2 33.33 120º
3
sp 25 109º 28’
If state of hybridization of central atom is same and all the surrounding atoms are identical and
identically attached as well, the bond angle remains the same (as predicted by its hybridization
state) no matter what the central atom and what surrounding atoms are.
For example, bond angles in CF4, CC14, CBr4 is same i.e. 109º 28'
(b) Presence of lone pair :
Since the lone pair occupies more space around central atom, so the space available for bond
pairs is less and hence bond angle decreases.
The extent of repulsive interaction follows the order
lone pair - lone pair > lone pair – bond pair > bond pair – bond pair
Example :
The bond angle of CH4, NH3, H2O.
H
C N O (1 = 109º28')
H  H  H H H (2 = 107º)
H 
H H
Tetrahedral Pyramidal Angular (3 = 104.5°)
ˆ
As there is no lone pair of electron on carbon in CH4 molecule, so all the HCH bond angles are
equal (=109°28’) but due to presence of one lone pair on N in NH3 and two lone pair on O in
H2O, the lone pairs occupy more space around central atom, thus bond angle in CH4 is
maximum and in H2O it is minimum. Hence, 1 > 2 > 3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(c) Electronegativity of central atom :
 
Let us consider the molecule AC2 and BC2 in which electronegativity of A > B
 
A B
C C C C
 
State of hybridisation of A and B = sp2
Due to greater electronegativity of A than B, the bond pair of electron in AC 2 is more closer to
A than B in BC2. Due to decrease in distance between bond pairs in AC2,
bp-bp repulsion is more than that in BC2.
So the bond angle order is 1 > 2
(d) Electronegativity of surrounding atom :

 
Let us consider two molecules A B2 and AC2 in both A is sp2 hybridised and electronegativity
of B > C. Due to greater electronegativity of B than that of C, the shared
electron the pair is attracted towards B, so the repulsion between bp-bp in AB2 is less than that
in AC2. Hence 1 < 2.
 
A A
B  B C  C
(e) Size of surrounding atom:
Let us consider the two molecules OCl2 and OBr2 where O-atom is sp3 hybrid and Br atom is
larger than Cl-atom, so Br will occupy more space around central atom than
Cl-atom, hence bond angle in OBr2 is more than that in OCl2.
Moreover, it has been experimentally found that the bond angle in OBr2 is 112º and in OCl2 it
is 111º, the bond angle is more than even the normal tetrahedral angle (109º28'). This may be
due to steric repulsion of two Cl-atom in OCl2 and two Br-atoms in OBr2 and some effect of
back bonding.
(f) Multiple bond orbital repel other orbitals more strongly than single bond orbitals.
The multiple bond orbital possess extra electron density and naturally exert stronger repulsion
on neighboring electron pair than a single bond does. Thus a double bond containing four
electrons exerts a greater repulsive effect on other sigma bonds present in the molecule and
result in a smaller bond angle.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
O O
Ex. C C
F F H H
Fluorine is more electronegative than hydrogen.
 F — Ĉ — F < H — Ĉ — H
N
Ex.
H H
H < 109º28’
lb-bp > bp-bp (repulsion)
shape – pyramidal
O
P
Ex.
F F
F < 109º28’
D.B-S.B > S.B-S.B

shape – pyramidal
F
< 90º
F
S
< 120º
F
Ex. F
Fax – Ŝ –Feq < 90º

lp–bp > bp–bp (repulsion)
F F
Ex. Xe 90º
F F
Both lone pair cancel out their effect
shape = square planar
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ex. Compare the bond angle in the following
(a) BF3, BCl3, BBr3, BI3 (X— B̂ —X)
X
B X
X
having perfect geometry therefore there is no effect of electronegativity of surrounding

atom.
(b) NH3, NF3 (X– N̂ –X)
solution: Fluorine is more electronegative than hydrogen therefore electron cloud is
more shifted towards surrounding atom in NF3 than NH3.
 NF3 < NH3 (X– N̂ –X)
NH2 NH3 NH4
H
N– N N+
(c) H H H H
H H H H
V-shape Pyramidal Tetrahedral

In all the above species N is sp3 hybridized and all the attach surrounding atoms are
identical in all species.
 greater the number of lone pair NH2 < NH3 < NH4 (H– Â –H)
(F– Â –F)
3
(d) In both cases central atom is sp d hybridized and surrounding atoms are same therefore
greater the electro negativity of central atom greater will be the bond angle.
SF4 SeF4 SO24 PO34
F F
F F O 2– O 3–
S Se
F F (e) S P
F F
O O O O
SF4 > SeF4 ( FAˆ F O O
Due to equivalent resonance both having perfect geometry therefore all the bond angle
is same.
Ex. Ether O O
R R and water H H have same hybridization of oxygen. What angle would
you expect for them –
Ans. In H2O bond angle is less than 109º28’ due to lone pair and bond pair repulsion. But in ether,
due to strong mutual repulsion between two alkyl groups bond angle becomes greater than
109°28’
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ex. Compare the bond angle in following:
(i) CO2, SO2, SO3 (ii) SiH4, SiF4, SiCl4
(iii) SO42–, CO32–, NO3– (iv) COF2 , COCl2 , COBr2, COI2
(v) OF2, C12O, Br2O
Ans. (i) CO2 SO2 SO3
2
sp sp sp2
CO2 > SO3 > SO2
In SO2 molecule, due to presence of lone pair, bond angle decreases.
(ii) SiH4 = SiF4 = SiCl4
O –2 O – O 2–
(iii) S < N = C
O O O O O O
O
(iv) COF2 < COC12 < COBr2 < COI2
The steric crowding of the larger halogen atoms contributes in the increasing bond
angles.
O O
O Br2O
OF2 Cl2O > 111º
(v) 102º
Cl 111º
Cl Br Br
F F
Bond pairs of electrons are more closer to the fluorine atoms (because of high
electronegativity of fluorine). So the p - p repulsion is more than bp - bp.
Thus the F–O–F bond angle decreases to 102º from 109.5º.

In C12O, the bond angle Cl–O–Cl increases to 111º due to bp - bp repulsion and
repulsion between larger Cl atoms.
Note : The steric crowding of the larger atoms/group of atoms also contributes in the
increasing bond angles.
Q.1 Compare bond angle.

(i) CH4, BF3, BeCI2 (ii) NC3, PC3, AsC3, SbC3
(iii) CH4, NH3, H2O (iv) OF2, OC2, OBr2, OI2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Sol. (i) CH4 < BF3 < BeC2
sp3 sp2 sp
(ii) NC3 > PC3 > AsC3 > SbC3
Bond angle  Electronegativity of central atom.
H
C N O
(iii) H H H H H H
H H
109.5º 107º 104.5º
Number of lone pair increase bond angle decreases.
(iv) OF2 < OCl2 < OBr2 < OI2
Size of surrounding atom  Bond angle.
Q.2 Which of the following bond angle order is incorrect -
(A) BF3 = BC13 (B) CH4=CC4 (C) NH3 = NF3 (D) CO32– = NO3–
Ans. (C)
Bond angle NH3 > NF3
Q.3 Which of the following is incorrect order of X – P – X bond angle. (X = halogen atom)
(A) PBr3 > PC13 > PF3 (B) OPBr3 > OPCl3 > OPF3
(C) PBr4 > PCl4 > PF4 (D) PCl4 > PC13
Ans. (C)
PBr4 , PCl4 , PF4 are perfect tetrahedral therefore all the bond angle are equal.
Q.4 Which of the following bond angle order is correct
(A) PH3 > PH4 (B) NH4 > PH4 (C) H2O > H3O+ (D) OF2 < H2O
Ans. (D)
As electronegativity of surrounding atom decreases, bond angle increases so bond angle of
H2O > OF2.
Q.5 In which of the following molecule(s) presence of l.p. does not affect the idealized bond angle
according to hybridisation :-
(A) XeF5– (B)XeF2 (C) XeF5 (D) SF4
Ans. (A,B)
F
F ϴ
F
Xe Xe
Xe F5 :- F XeF2 :-
F
F F
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
H
1 2
Q.6 C
Cl 3 H
Cl
For the above figure.
(A) 1 =2 = 3 (B) 3 > 1 > 2 (C) 3 < 2 < 1 (D) None of these
Sol. Due to large size of Cl atoms, repulsion increase, hence bond angle increase. Correct option is (B).
(II) Bond Length :- The average distance between the nucleus of two atoms is known as bond
length.
Factors affecting bond length
(a) Size of atoms: As size of atom increases bond length increases
HI > HBr > HC1 > HF
H–H < C–H < C–C < Si–Si
H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O

(b) Effect of bond order or number of bonds: As number of bonds or bond order increases
bond length decreases.
e.g. C–C, C = C, C C
Bond length 154 pm 134 pm 120 pm
(c) Effect of Resonance (due to resonance bond length is affected)
eg. In Benzene :
We know that C–C bond length is 154 pm and C=C bond length is 134 pm but in
benzene the C–C bond length is between single & double bond due to resonance which
is equal to 139 pm.
eg. Bond length of C—O in CO2 is 115 pm due to resonance.
Resonance occurs in CO2 a follows-


O C O O C  O+ O +  C  O–
(d) Effect of Electronegativity difference :

Generally as electronegativity difference of bonded atom increases bond length decreases.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(f) Effect of Hybridisation : In hybrid orbitals bond length decreases as the s-character
increases.
Example :- Compound Hybrisation Bond length

s-character increases CC sp sp
3 3
1.54 Å
CC sp3sp2 1.51 Å
CC sp3sp 1.47 Å

sp2sp2 1.48 Å
CC
CC sp2sp 1.43 Å
CC spsp 1.38 Å
Ex. SF6
F
F F
S d1
F d2 F
F
All hybrid orbital of 'S' having equal length

Ex. Compare the bond length in the following as given,
(a) C2H6 C2 H4 C2H2
H3C–CH3 H2C=CH2 HCCH
BO : 1 BO : 2 BO : 3
   C2H6 > C2H4 > C2H2 (C-C)
Note: BO  BL 
(b) NO2 NO3

O
N N+
O O
–
O O–
BO = 1.5 BO = 1.33
 NO2 < NO3 (B.L.)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2
(c) CO CO2 CO 3
O
– C
CO+ O=C=O –
O O–
BO = 3 BO = 2 BO = 1.33
 CO < CO2 < CO32 (C–O)
Ex. Find the maximum number of equal angle in CH4 and NH3
Ans. 6 and 3
Ex. Find the maximum number of 90° angle in SF4, SF6, PC15 and IF5
Ans. 0, 12, 6, 0 respectively
Q.2 If number of identical bond length in CH4 is ‘x’ and number of identical bond angles in CH4 is
yx
’y'. Find value of .
yx
yx 64
Sol.   0.2
y x 64
(Ill) Bond Energy (BE) :- Bond energy may be defined as-
(a) Bond formation energy:- Energy released, when one mole of same type of bonds are
formed, is known as bond formation energy or bond energy.
(b) Bond dissociation energy:- Energy required to dissociate one mole of same types of
bond is known as bond dissociation energy.
Case-I In diatomic molecule:
Bond energy = bond dissociation energy
Eg :- N2 > O2 > H2 > F2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Case-II For polyatomic molecule
Bond energy = Bond dissociation energy (D)
H
Eg :- H C H Bond energy per CH bond is 99.5 K.cal/mol
H
Theoretical values of bond dissociation energy (D) of individual C—H bonds CH4 are
given below-
D (CH3—H) = 102 K.Cal/mol
D (CH2—H) = 105 K.Cal/mol
D (CH—H) = 108 K.Cal/mol
D (C—H) = 83 K.Cal/mol
398
Hence bond energy E per C—H bond in methane = = 99.5 K.Cal/mol.
4
Bond dissociation energy (D) is related to the state of hybridisation.
Que. Compare the bond energy in the following
(a) F2, Cl2, Br2 and 12
Ans. Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 Bond energy order (Experimental facts)
Que. Compare the bond energy in the following :
(a) C–C, Si–Si (b) N–N, P–P (c) O–O, S–S
Ans. (a) C – C (b) P – P (c) S – S
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER –13

 DIPOLE MOMENT : (IONIC NATURE IN COVALENT BOND)

Due to difference in electronegativity a covalent bond acquires a partial polar character. The
two charged ends of the polar bond behave as electric dipoles and degree of polarity is
expressed in term of dipole moment.
Dipole moment is defined as the product of the magnitude of charge
on any one of the atoms and the distance between them
=q×d
q = charge on any one of the atom which is in the order of 10–10 esu or 10–19 coloumb and
d = distance between charged atoms is in the order of 10–8 cm.
10–18 esu cm = 1 debye (unit of dipole moment)
In S.I. system
1.6 1019 -10
1 esu = 10 = 3.33 × 10 C
4.8 10
1 cm = 10-2 m
1D = 10–18 × 3.33 × 10–10 × 10–2 cm

1D = 3.33 × 10–30 cm
Any covalent bond which has a certain degree of polarity will have a corresponding dipole
moment.
The polarity of molecule on the whole is the vector sum of the individual dipole moment.
Dipole moment can be determined experimentally and its value can give an idea of the polar
character of a molecule. It is a vector quantity, as it has a direction as well as magnitude. The
direction of dipole is towards negative centre. It is represented by an arrow pointing from
positive centre towards the negative centre ()
The resultant dipole moment depends upon magnitude of bond moments and the angles
between the bonds and given by parallelogram law as:
resultant  12  22  212 cos 
In a bond H–X, the hydrogen atom is the positive end of dipole where X is an atom more
electronegative than H.
In a bond C–X, the carbon atom is the positive end of the dipole where X is an atom other than
carbon . However, in the C-H bonds of hydrocarbons, the value and directions of the dipole are
not constant and depends upon the state of hybridization of the carbon.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Characteristics of Dipole Moment :
1. For diatomic molecule  = e × d
2. In polyatomic molecule with angle 0, resultant dipole moment is the vector summation of the
vector moments.
3. Polyatomic molecules: A poly atomic molecules is made up of more than two atoms joined by
polar covalent bonds and their dipole moment will be the vector sum of dipole moment of
different bonds which depends on spatial orientation of bond.
For example:
NF3
NH3 PH3 F
H H 1
3 4 N
2 F
4 N
H 4 P H
2 3 F
H
1 H
 =1.47D  =0.58 Å  =0.24D
4. Dipole moment is a vector quantity. Therefore individual dipole moments should be added
vectorially to get net dipole moment.
5. Symmetrical molecule without lone pair of electrons
has  = 0. e.g. CO2, BeF2, BF3, CC14, etc.
(XI) Dipole moment of H2O is 1.85 D which is resultant  of two O–H bonds.
O–2
H H
Application of dipole moment :
(A) To determine polarity and geometry of molecule -
If  = 0 compound is non polar and symmetrical
eg. CO2, BF3, CC14, CH4. BeF2 etc.
If  ≠ 0 compound will be polar and unsymmetrical.
H2O, SO2, NH3, C12O, CH3CI, CHC13 etc.
Ex 1. Which of the following bond is most polar -
(A) O – H (B) P – H (C) C – F (D) S – Cl
Sol. (C) Due to maximum electronegativity difference.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
NH3
N   0 polar
Ex 2. S   0 polar
H H
O O H
H
C   0 polar
CO2 O C O  0 nonpolar CH2Cl2
Cl H
Cl
F F
Xe  = 0 nonpolar
XeF4
F F
F
F F
XeF6 Xe  0 Practically non-measurable dipole moment.
F F
F
Q.3 Which of the following have zero dipole moment ?

CO2 , BF3 , H2O , NH3 , CH4 , PC15 , SF6 , IF7 , PCI3F2 , PC12F3 , XeF5–, XeF2 , ClF3 , SF4.
Sol.
H
F
N C
B O
H H H H
O=C =O F F H H H H
=0 =0 ≠0 ≠0 =0
Cl F F F F F
Cl F F F Cl Cl
Cl P S F I Cl P F P
Cl F F F F Cl Cl
Cl F F F F
=0 =0 =0 =0 ≠0
F F F
F F F

Xe F Xe F Cl S
F F F
F F F
=0 =0 ≠0 ≠0
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Some important orders of dipole moments -
(i) HF > H2O > NH3 > NF3 (vi) H2O > H2S
(ii) CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I (vii) BF3 < NF3 < NH3
(iii) HF > H2O > SO2 > NH3 PH3 < PCl3 (vii) H2O < H2O2
(iv) NO2– > NO2 > NO2
(v) CH3Cl > CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > CCl4
(B) To calculate % ionic character
Experimetntal value of 
% ionic character = × 100
Theoritical value of 
Ex 1. Bond length of HC1 is 1.275 Å (Charge = 4.8 x 10–10 e.s.u.) if  = 1.02 D, then HC1 is-
(A) 100% ionic (B) 83% covalent (C) 50% covalent (D) 40% ionic
Sol. (B) % ionic character
observed  102
 × 100 = × 100 = 17% ionic = 83% covalent
theoritical  1.275  4.8
Ex 2. For HC1 molecule observed dipole moment is 1.03 D and bond length is 1.275 Å. Calculate %
ionic character.
Sol. Dipole moment = 4.8 × 10–18 × 1.275 × 10–8 = 4.8 × 1.275
1.03100
% ionic character =  17%
1.275  4.8
(C) To distinguish cis form or trans form :-
Ex. Dipole moment of cis isomers is normally higher than trans isomers.
ClCH ClCH
ClCH HCCl
≠O =O
Cis-form Trans-form
Polar ( ≠ 0) Non polar ( = 0)
Ex. If two groups have opposite inductive effect then trans-isomer will have greater dipole moment.
e.g. -
Cl Cl
H H
C C
C C
H H
CH3 CH3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(D) To locate position of substituents in aromatic compounds.
1
(Dipole Moment)  
Bond angle
(I) If same substituents are present in the symmetrical position of benzene ring,  of
compounds will be zero.
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
=0 =0 
Angle 180° Angle 120° Angle 60°
p-dichloro benzene m-dichloro benzene o-dichloro benzene
(II) As angle between substituents decreases value of  increases.
Q.1 Both CO2 and H2O contain polar covalent bonds but CO2 is nonpolar while H2O is polar
because-
(1) H atom is smaller than C atom
(2) CO2 is a linear molecule while H2O is an angular molecule
(3) O – H bond is more polar than C – H bond
(4) CO2 contains multiple bonds while H2O has only single bonds
Ans. (2)
O C O
O =0
Sol.: H (Linear geometry)
H
(Angular geometry)
Cl
Q.2 Find the number of molecule having dipole moment less than the dipole moment of
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Ans. (3)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Sol. , ,
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Have zero dipole moment
Q.3 In which pair, first compound has more dipole moment than second compound
Cl
Cl
(1) (2) NF3, NH3
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
(3) H2O, OF2 (4)
Cl Cl Cl
Ans. (3)
Cl Cl
   N N
net  0 net   <
Sol. (1) (2)
F F H H
Cl F H
Cl
Cl Cl
O > O  Cl  
(3) (4) net  0 net  2
H H F F
Cl Cl Cl
Q.4 Explain  of NH3 and NF3
N N
H H F F
H F
In case of NF3, dipole moment of lone pair reduces the overall dipole moment whereas in NH3,
dipole moment of lone pair adds to the dipole moment of molecule.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.5 Explain  of H2O and OF2
O > O
H H F F
In OF2, lone pair moment oppose the moment due to O–F bond hence dipole moment
decreases.
Q.6 Compare dipole moment in CH3F, CH3C1, CH3Br, CH3I.

Sol. Expected order CH3F > CH3C1 > CH3Br > CH3I
Actual order CH3C1 > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I
In case of Cl, due to sudden increase is size, dipole moment increase. Here distance factor
becomes more dominating than charge. ( = q × d)
Q.7 Compare dipole moment in CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 & CF4

Sol. CH3F > CH2F2 > CHF3 > CF4
F F F F
C C C C
> > >
H H F H F H F F
H H F F
As number of F increases, it opposes dipole moment due to other bonds.
Q.8 Compare dipole moment of
(i) CH4 , NH3 and H2O (ii) NH3 and NF3
(iii) H2O and OF2 (iv) CO & CO2
Sol.
H
C N
O
H H < <
H H H
H H H
=0 ≠0 ≠0
O C O < C O
=0 0
(Linear geometry)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.9 Dipole moment of HBr is 7.95D & intermolecular distance is 1.94 x 10–10 m. Find % ionic
character.
7.95  3.33 1030
Sol. % Ionic character = 100 = 85.2%
1.60 1019 1.94 1010
Q.10 Calculate the  of HCl ? If bond distance is 1.34 Aº, charge = 4.8 × 10–10 esu and calculate %
ionic character if experimental value of  = 1.08 D ?
Sol.  = q × d = 4.8 × 10-10 × 1.34 x 10–8
 = 6.4 x 10–18esu cm.
1.08
% ionic character = = 16.79%
6.4 1018
Q.11 Which of the following contains polar and nonpolar bonds?
(1) H2O2 (2) CH4 (3) HCN (4) NH4C1
Ans. (1)
H
Sol. OO O–H is polar while O–O bond is non-polar
H
Q.12 Carbon tetrachloride has no net dipole moment because of-
(1) Similar electron affinities of C and Cl (2) its regular tetrahedral geometry
(3) its planar geometry (4) similar sizes of C and Cl atoms
Ans. (2)
Cl
C
Sol.: Cl Cl
Cl
=0
Q.13 Which of the following molecules is nonpolar?
(i) SiCl4 (ii) BF3 (iii) SnCl2 (iv) CS2
(1) (i), (ii), (iii) (2) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (3) (i), (ii), (iv) (4) (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ans. (3)
Cl F
Si B Sn
Sol.: Cl Cl F F Cl Cl S = C =S
Cl
=0 =0 0 =0
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.14 Which of the following has the highest dipole moment ?
(1) o-Dichlorobenzene (2) m-Dichlorobenzene
(3) p-Dichlorobenzene (4) All have equal values
Ans. (1)
Sol.: o-dichlorobenzene have minimum bond angle.
1
Hence have maximum dipole moment µ 
BA
DO YOUR SELF – 4
Q.1 Which of the following molecules are polar ?
(A) ClO2 (B) SO2 (C) NO2 (D) All of the given
Q. 2 Which of the following species have maximum dipole moment ?

Cl
Cl Cl
(A) (B)
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
(C) (D)
Cl Cl
Q.3 The species that will have the maximum dipole moment is –
(A) CH3Cl (B) CH2Cl2
(C) CHCl3 (D) CH3F
Q.4 The dipole moments of the given molecules are such that -
(A) BF3 > NF3 > NH3 (B) NF3 > BF3 > NH3
(C) NH3 > NF3 > BF3 (D) NH3 > BF3 > NF3
Q.5 Of the following molecules, the one, which has permanent dipole moment, is -
(A) SiF4 (B) BF3 (C) PF3 (D) PF5
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER – 14 & 15
 INORGANIC OXY-ACIDS
Those compounds which contain X–O–H bond are called oxy-acids. Where X is usually a non-
metal. But sometimes X may also be a metal.
O
H2SO4 : HO SOH
O
(Sulfuric acid)
O
H2SO3 : HO SOH Sulfurous acid
(Sulfurous acid)
In oxy acids, all the hydrogens are attached with oxygen. Although there are a very few
exceptions (as given below), in which all hydrogens are not attached with oxygen.
O
H3PO3 : HO POH

H
(Phosphorous acid)
O
H3PO2 : HO P H
H
(Hypo phosphorous Acid)
O O
H4P2O5 : H–O–P–O–P–O–H
H H
(Pyro phosphorous Acid)
In these three oxyacids circled hydrogens are not attached with oxygen.
In oxyacids, those hydrogens which are attached with oxygen are acidic in nature, i.e., they
ionize in solution.
O O
HO SOH 2H+ + O–1SO–1
O (Basicity = 2) O
acidic
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Number of hydrogens attached with oxygen is known as basicity of the acid. One notable
exception is H3BO3 in which all the three hydrogens are attached with oxygen yet, they do not
ionise in solution.
In fact, H3BO3 when dissolved in water, it behaves as a monobasic acid.
OH
HOB OH 2H2O HOBOH H3O+
OH OH
Some acids have suffix-ic acid and some has-ous acid. Usually, when the central atom in oxy
acid is in highest oxidation state the name of the acid ends with -ic acid and when the central
atom is in lower oxidation state, it’s name ends with-ous acid.
Oxyacids can be classified as
 ORTHO ACIDS AND META ACIDS

When one mole of H2O is removed from one mole of an oxy acid, the resulting compound, if
an oxy acid (i.e. it contains at least one X-OH bond) then the oxy acid from which H2O is
removed is named as ortho acid and the product oxyacid is known as meta acid.
H2O
Oxy acid (1 mol)  Oxy acid
(ortho) meta
O
H2O
H3PO4 
 HOP O
Meta phosphoric acid
O
HOPOH Orthophosphoric acid
OH
An ortho acid must contain at least three hydrogens.
O
H2O
H2SO4   SO3 S
Sulfur trioxide
O O
As SO3 does not contain any hydrogen, So SO3 is not an oxy acid rather it is anhydride of
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) so, H2SO4 can’t be prefixed with ortho, and its name does not contain any
prefix and it is named as sulfuric acid.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 PREFIX USED FOR OXY ACID
 PYRO ACIDS :
When one mole of water is removed from two moles of an oxyacid, the resultant oxy acid is
known as pyro acid, pyro acids contain X—O—X bonds. (X is central atom)
H2O
Oxy acid (2 moles)   Oxy acid [Pyro acid]
H2O
2H2SO4   H2S2O7
[Sulfuric acid] [Pyrosulfuric acid]
O O
H2S2O7 HO  SOS OH (SOS)

O O
H2O
2H3PO4   H4P2O7
[Orthophosphoric [Pyrophosphoric
acid] acid]
O O
HO  POP OH (POP bond)
O O
Exception : H2S2O5 [Pyrosulfurous acid] does not contain S–O–S linkage.
O O
HO  SS OH Pyrosulfurous acid
O
 HYPO ACID :
Hypo prefix is added to those oxy acids which is obtained when one oxygen atom is removed
from-ous form of parent oxy acid.
O
Oxy acid   Oxy acid (Hypo acid)
O
H3PO3 [Phosphorous acid]   H3PO2 [Hypophosphorous acid]
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
+3 +1
O
HXO2   HOX
Halous acid Hypohalous acid
(x=Cl,Br,I)
HOCI – Hypochlorous acid

HOBr – Hypobromous acid
HOI – Hypoiodous acid
O
+1
HXO2   HOX
Nitrous acid
OH
(+1)N
HNO exist in dimeric from i.e. as (HNO)2 = H2N2O2
(+1)N
OH
Hyponitrous acid
O
Exception : H4P2O7   H4P2O6
Pyrophosphoric acid Hyphosphoric acid
O O
HO PPOH
HO OH
H2S2O6 : Hyposulphuric
H2SO2 : Hyposulphurous acid/Sulphoxalic acid
 Per Acid and Peroxy Acid :

When one oxygen in added to –ic form of acid and if the oxidation number of central atom in
resulting oxy acid is more than the –ic form of acid, then it is per acid.
O
(+5) (+7)
O
HXO3 + O   HXO4 HO X= O
(X=Cl,Br,I) Perhalic acid
Halic acid O
Ex.: HC1O4 perchloric acid
HBrO4 - Perbromic acid.
Peroxy prefix is added to those oxy acids which are obtained when one oxygen is added to -ic
form of acid and the oxidation number of central atom remains the same. Peroxy acids contain
peroxy linkage (OO)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
O
O
H3PO4   H3PO5 HO PO OH
Orthophosphoric Peroxyphosphoric
acid acid OH
O
O
H2SO4  H2SO5 HO SO OH
Peroxysulphuric
acid O
O O
O
H4P2O   H4P2O8 HO PO OPH
Diphosphoric7 acid Peroxy diphosphoric
pyrophosphoric acid acid OH OH
O O
O
H2S2O7   H2S2O8 HO SO OSOH
Pyrosulfuric acid Peroxydisulfuric
disulfuric acid acid O O
O
O
HNO3   HNO4 HO O  N

Nitric acid Peroxy nitric acid Oϴ
Note : Peroxynitric acid does not contain N–O–H bond, yet it is considered to be oxy acid.
 Polyphosphoric acids :
Oxy acids having general formula H(n+2) PnO(3n+1) are known as polyphosphoric acids. These
contain (n-1) P-O-P bonds.
O O O
H5P3O10 – Tripolyphosphoric acid HO PO POPOH
OH OH OH
O O O O
HOPOPOPOPOH
H6P4O13 – Tetrapolyphosphoric acid
OH OH OH OH
 Cyclic metaphosphoric acids :
(HPO3)2 – Dimetaphosphoric acid
H–O O O
(H2P2O6) P P (Theoretical structure)
O OH
O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(HPO3)3 (HPO3)4
O O O
HO O
P P HOPOP OH
OH
O O O O O
O O
P
POP
O OH OH
OH
Trimetaphosphoric acid Tetrametaphosphoric acid
 Thio acids : Oxy acids of sulfur containinig SS bond are known as thio acids.
O O
H2S2O4 – dithionous acid
HO SS OH
 Thionic acids : Oxy acids of sulfur containinig SS bond and having general formula
H2S(n+2)O6 are known as thio acids.
O O
H2S2O6 – HO SS OH Dithionic acid
O O (+5)
O (0)
O
(+5) (+5)
H2S3O6 – HO SSS OH Trithionic acid
O O
O O
H2S4O6 – HOSSSS OH Tetrathionic acid
O O
O O
H2S5O6 – HOSSSSS OH Pentathionic acid
O O
 Naming of salts of oxy anion :
(1) The name of salt ends with - ate if the name of the oxy acid ends with- ic acid.
(2) If the name of the oxy acid ends with ous acid then the name of the salt ends with 'ite'.
(3) If all the ionisable hydrogens are not removed from the acid to form salt, then the
hydrogen word is added to the name of the salt containing acidic hydrogens.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
O O Acidic hydrogen
ϴ
HOSOH HSO4 OSOH
O O
Hydrogen sulphate
Sulphuric acid
O O
O OH
Ex. S2O7–2 (Pyrosulphate) S S Ex. H2PO3– (Hydrogen phosphite) P

O O– O
 O– O H O–
O O
SS O
O 
–
O O– S

Ex. S2O6–2 (dithionate ion) O O Ex. S3O6–2 (trithionate ion) S S O
O O–
O–
 Other example
S2O32 ,S2O52 ,S4O62 , NO3 ,H2PO3 ,IO56 ,IO53 ,ClO4 ,ClO2 etc.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LECTURE NUMBER – 16 & 17
 Hydrogen Bond - Special case of dipole -dipole interaction :
A hydrogen atom normally forms a single bond. In some compounds, however, the hydrogen
atom may be located between two atoms acting as a bridge between them. Hydrogen atom is
now involved in the two bonds, one is a normal covalent bond and the other is a hydrogen
bond. A hydrogen bond is always formed between two small size, high electronegative atoms
such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen.
Types of Hydrogen Bonding
Inter Molecular Intra Molecular
Homo inter Molecular Hetero inter Molecular
 Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding - Molecular Association

H–bond formation between two or more molecules of either the same or different compounds
known as Inter molecular H-bonding

These are two types.
(a) Homo-intermolecular :- H-bond between molecules of same compounds.
Examples:
(i) Hydrogen fluoride:
HF is a polar molecule, with the fluorine atom acquiring a slight negative charge and the
hydrogen atom acquiring an equal positive charge. The electrostatic attraction between the
oppositely charged ends results in hydrogen bonding as shown below.
H–F ….. H–F ….. H–F …..
Many H–F units are held together, as (HF)n by hydrogen bonding. The covalent H–F bond is
much shorter than the HF hydrogen bond; so hydrogen bond is much weaker than a covalent
bond. Fluorine, with the highest electronegativity forms the strongest hydrogen bond. The
nature of bond is considerably electrostatic.
(ii) Water :
The high boiling point of water compared to that of hydrogen sulphide is due to molecular
association through hydrogen bonding.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The crystal structure of ice shows a tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules. Each
oxygen atom is surrounded tetrahedrally by 4 others. Hydrogen bond link pairs of oxygen
atoms together as shown in Fig. The arrangement of water molecules in ice is a very open
structure and this explains the low density of ice. When ice melts, the structure breaks down
and the molecules pack more closely together so that water has a higher density; this packing
goes to a maximum upto a temperature of 4ºC.
(iii) Carboxylic acids : Some carboxylic acids exist as dimers e.g., the dimer of acetic acid
represented as
O–H….O
H3C–C C–CH3
O…H–O
In aqueous solution molecules of carboxylic acid link up with water molecules through
hydrogen bonding rather than forming dimers.
(b) Hetero intermolecular: H-bond between molecules of different compounds.
Example:
(i) Alcohols and water :
Lower alcohols and phenols are associated due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Methanol, ethanol and phenol have relatively much higher boiling points than methane
or chloromethane, ethane or chloroethane, benzene or chlorobenzene respectively.

O – H …. O – H …. O – H …. O – H….
R
O–H….O H R H
alcohol
O–H….O Water alcohol Water
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding - Chelation
Sometimes hydrogen bonding may take place within a molecule; this is known as
intramolecular (or internal) hydrogen bonding. It may lead to the linkage of two groups to from
a ring; such an effect is known as chelation,
Examples :
(i) Nitrophenols
OH
O-H O O-H
N
O
O N N
O O
o-nitrophenol O
less soluble in water m-nitrophenol p-nitrophenol
Comparatively more soluble

Because of the proximity of –OH and –NO2 groups in o-nitrophenol there is

intramolecular hydrogen bonding which prevents intermolecular hydrogen bonding
between two or more molecules. Since molecular association cannot take place, the
boiling point of o-nitrophenol is lower than that of the other two. Because of the
distance between –OH and –NO2 groups in m- and p-nitrophenols there is no possibility
of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding may take place
to a certain extent which cause some degree of molecular association; this is
responssible for the higher boiling points of the two nitrophenols.
Further the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-nitrophenol prevents it
from entering into intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water and this explains its
reduced solubility.
(ii) Other molecules in which intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present are
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, o-chlorophenol and o-hydroxybenzoic acid.
OH O H OH
C O Cl C O
H O
H
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Effect of H-Bonding on Physical Properties
(i) Solubility
Due to intermolecular H-bonding solubility increases for example alcohol and glucose
are soluble in water. Due to intramolecular H-bonding solubility decreases for example
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde is less soluble in water as compare to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde
(ii) Viscosity
It is the measure of resistance to flow. Due to intermolecular H-bonding association
takes place so viscosity increases for example:
CH2–OH
CH2–OH
(a) CH3OH < < CH–OH
CH2–OH
CH2–OH
Methyl ethylene glycerol
alcohol glycol
(b) H2O > CH3–OH > CH3–O–CH3

water alcohol ether
(iii) Melting and boiling Point :

Due to intermolecular H-bonding melting point and boiling point of compound
increases for example :
H2O H2Te
Normal boiling point, K
350 SbH3
300 HF H2Se HI
AsH3 SnH
H2S HBr 4
250 HCl
NH3
PH3 GeH4
200
150 CH4 SiH4
100 10 20 30 40 50 60
Electrons/molecule
Order of boiling points of VA, VIA, VIIA hydrides is as follows
HF > HI > HBr > HCI
H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
SbH3 > NH3 > AsH3 > PH3
` Intramolecular H-bonding gives rise to ring formation, So the force of attraction
among these molecules are vander waal force, so M.P. and B.P are low.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(iv) Molecular weight
Due to intermolecular H bonding molecular weight increases.
For example: Molecular wt. of CH3COOH is double of its molecular formula in
benzene, due to dimer formation by H-bonding
O ….. H–O
R–C C–R
O–H….O
(v) Physical State :

H-bonding affects physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of compound. For example H2O is
liquid whereas H2S is gas at room temperature.
Ex 1. Which one of the following does not have intermolecular H-bonding -

(A) H2O (B) o-Nitrophenol (C) HF (D) CH3OH
Sol. O-Nitrophenol has intramolecular H bonding as shown below
O=NO
H
Hence Ans. is (2)
Ex 2. Arrange in increasing order of boiling

(i) HF, HC1, HBr, HI (ii) H2O, HF, NH3
(iii) PH3, H2S, HC1 (iv) H2O, CH3OH, CH3OCH3
Sol. (i) HC1 < HBr < HI < HF (ii) NH3 < HF < H2O
(iii) PH3 < H2S < HCI (iv) CH3OCH3 < CH3OH < H2O
Ex 3. Why chloral hydrate is a stable molecule ?

Sol. Chloral hydrate is a stable due to H-bonding (intramolecular)
Cl …… H
O
Cl – C – C – H
O Chloral hydrate
Cl …… H
Ex 4. Why maleic acid (cis) is stronger acid than fumaric acid(trans) ?
Sol. Maleic acid (cis) is stronger acid than fumaric acid (trans) because conjugate base of maleic
acid is stable due to intramolecular H-bonding.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
O O
H C H C
C OH C O–
H +
C OH C O +H
C H C
H
O O
Stable conjugate base of maleic acid
H COOH
C
C
HOOC H
Fumaric acid (No-intramolecular H-bonding)
Que. Which structure of HF is correct ?

F F H
H H H H F F F
(i) F (ii)H
F H
(iii) H F H F H F H F (iv) None

Sol. F has 3 lone pair hence linear structure around F is not possible. Hence correct option is (i).
Que. Heat of vapourisation of water is higher than HF. However strength of H-Bond in HF is higher
than water.
Sol. H2O is surrounded by 4 other H2O molecules whereas HF is surrounded by only 2 molecules.
Due to this, extent of hydrogen bonding in H2O is more, hence Heat of vapourisation of water
is higher.
Que. Experimental molecular weight of acetic acid is just double than theoritical molecular weight.
Why ?
O HO
Sol. CH3–C C–CH3
OH O
Observed molecular weight = 120

Due to intermolecular, H–Bonding
Q. KHF2 exists but KHBr2 & KHI2 does not. Why ?
Sol. KHF2  K+ + HF2– [F–..... H–F] H-bonding
KHBr2 K+ + HBr2 [not stable]
No hydrogen bonding
KHI2 K+ + HI2 [not stable]
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Que. o-hydroxybenzaldehyde is liquid white p-hydroxybenzaldehyde is solid at room temperature ?
Why ?
Sol.
OH O O–H O=C–H
C
H
Intramolecular H–C=O H–O

H-bonding
Intermolecular
H-bonding
DO YOUR SELF – 5
Q.1 Which one among the following does not have the hydrogen bond ?
(A) Phenol (B) NH3() (C) H2O () (D) HCl ()
Q.2 Among the following the strongest hydrogen bond is
(A) O–H - - - - - S (B) S–H- - - - -O (C) F–H- - - - -F (D) O–H- - - - -O
Q.3 Which of the following compounds is most volatile ?
(A) HF (B) HCl (C) HBr (D) HI
Q.4 The hydrogen bond is strongest in:
(A) O – H - - - S (B) S – H - - - O (C) F – H - - - F (D) O – H - - - O
Q.5 Weakest hydrogen bond is:
(A) O – H ......N (B) S – H .....S (C) F – H ......F (D) N – H .....N
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Naming and structure of salts of oxy acids :
O O
ϴ
Acidic hydrogen
H  O  S  OH NaHSO4 Na+ O  S  O H
O O
Sulphuric acid Sodium hydrogen sulphate
O
–
Ca(HSO4)2 calcium hydrogensulphate Ca+2 H  O  S  O
O
2
O Ex.: O
H3PO3 ϴ
H  O  P O  H NaH2PO3 Na O  P  O  H
Phosphorous acid Non acidic
H H
acidic
Sodium hydrogen phosphite
O
Na2HPO3 Na Oϴ  P  O Na
H Non –acidic
Sodium phosphite
H3PO2 O
O
Ex.: NaH2PO2 Na Oϴ  P  H
HOPH
H Non –acidic
H Non acidic
Sodium hypophosphite but not sodium
Hypophosphorous acid Dihydrogen phosphate as H is not acidic
(monobasic)
Ex. RbIO2 Ex. CsH2PO2 (cesium-hypophosphite)

–
O
+
Rb+ Cs
I P
O O O– H
H
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ex. NaIO3(sodium iodate) Ex. Ammonium phosphite (NH4)2HPO3
O
+ I
Na 2NH4+ P
O – –
O H O– O
O
Ex. Sodium Hydrogen phosphate Ex. NaH2PO4 (Sodium dihydrogen phosphate)
O O
2Na+ P 2Na+ P
– –
HO O– O O OH OH
Ex. Na2H2P2O7 {Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate}
O O
O
2Na+ P P
–
OH
O OH O–
Ex. Potassium bi carbonate (KHCO3) Ex. NaHSO3 (Sodium bisulphite)

O–H–O O
O=C   C=O
O–H–O Na+ S
–
O OH
Compact H bonding
Ex. Na2S4O6 (sodium tetrahionate)
O
Na+ O–  O
S   S
S S  +
O O– Na
O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Some Other example -
H2SO4 Na2SO4 – Sodium sulphate
Sulphuric acid K2SO4 – Potassium sulphate
BaSO4 – Barium sulphate
FeSO4 – Ferrous sulphate
Al2(SO4)3 – Aluminium sulphate
H3PO4 Na3PO4 – Sodium orthophosphate
Orthophosphoric acid K3PO4 – Potassium orthophosphate
Ca3(PO4)2 – Calcium Orthophosphate
AlPO4 – Aluminium orthophosphate
HPO3 NaPO3 – Sodium metaphosphate

Meta phosphoric acid KPO3 – Potassium metaphosphate
Ca(PO3)2 – Calcium metaphosphate
A1(PO3)3 – Aluminium metaphosphate
HClO3 KClO3 – Potassium chlorate
Chloric acid NaC1O3 – Sodium chlorate
Ca(ClO3)2 – Calcium chlorate
HClO4 NaClO4 – Sodium perchlorate
Perchloric acid KC1O4 – Potassium perchlorate
NH4C1O4 – Ammonium perchlorate
Ca(C1O4)2 – Calcium perchlorate
H3PO4 KH2PO4 potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
Orthophosphoric acid Ca(H2PO4)2 calcium dihydrogen orthophosphate
(HPO3)6 = H6P6O18 Na6P6O18
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hexametaphosphoric acid Sodium hexametaphosphate
HBiO3 NaBiO3. Sodium metabismuthate
Metabismuthic acid KBiO3. Potassium metabismuthate
HBO2 NaBO2 sodium metaborate
Metaboric acid
H2SO5 Na2SO5. Sodium peroxysulphate
Peroxysulphuric acid
H4P2O7 Na4P2O7 – Sodium pyrophosphate
Pyrophosphoric acid
HClO2 NaClO2 sodium chlorite
Chlorous acid KCIO2 potassium chlorite

Ca(ClO2)2 calcium chlorite
H3PO3 Na2HPO3 potassium phosphite
(dibasic acid) Ca(HPO3)2 calciumphosphite
H2SO3 Na2SO3 sodium sulphite
Sulphurous acid K2SO3 potassium sulphite
HNO2 NaNO2 sodium nitrite
Nitrous acid KNO2 potassium nitrite
HOCl NaOCl sodium hypochlorite
Hypochlorous acid KOBr potassium hypobromite
NaOI sodium hypoiodite
H3PO2 NaH2PO2 sodium hypophosphite
Hypophosphorous acid Ba(H2PO2)2 Barium hypophosphite
(monobasic acid)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Q.1 Which of the following species has the same number of X–O–X linkage as present in S3O9
(i.e.-SO3)
(A) S2O62– (b) P4O134– (C) P4O136– (D) S4O62–
Ans. (C)
X–O–X linkages in S3O9 is 3 and in P4O136– also it is 3.
O O O O
O O
P P P P O
and S S O
O– O –
O O O– O
O– O O– O– O
S
O
O O

Q.2 Find the number of ions in which ratio is 4 from the following.

P3O93 , 4
P4O12 , 6
P4O13 , 5
P5O15 , 7
P5O16 5
P3O10
Ans. 6
In following anion
no. of  bond  n × 4
no. of  bond  n
Where n is no. of central atom. Hence the ratio of  and  bond is 4 for each ion.
4
P4O12 :-
O O
O = P  O  P = O
16
4
O O 4
O = P  O  P = O
O– O–
O O O O
16
O = P – O – P – O – P – O – P – O– 4
4
O– O– O– O–
Q.3 Find the number of molecules which are per acid as well as peroxy acid.
HClO4, H2SO5, H4P2O8, HClO3,
Ans. 2
H2SO5 and H4P2O8 having per oxy linkage.
Q.4 Find the number of acid(s) which are having hypo prefix in it’s name from the following.
H3PO4, H3BO3, H3PO3, H3PO2, HClO3, HClO, (HNO)2, H4P2O6
Ans. (4)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 H3PO2  Hypo phosphorous acid
HCIO  Hypo chlorous acid
(HNO)2  Hypo nitrous acid
H4P2O6  Hypo phosphoric acid
Q.5 Which of the following statement is correct for H3P3O9
(1) trimetaphosphoric acid (2) tribasic acid
(3) has cyclic structure (4) All are correct
Ans. (4)
HO O
P
O O
O=P P=O
O
HO OH
Q.6 Which of the following having S-O-S linkage -
(A) H2S2O5 (B) H2S2O7 (C) H2S3O6 (D) H2S2O4

Ans. (B)
O O
HOSOSOH
O O
Q.7 The number of S-S linkages in sodium tetrathionate

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans. (C)
O O
2Na+ OϴSSSSOϴ
O O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LECTURE NUMBER - 19
 Structures of few important compounds
Oxides
Ex. C3O2 (Carbon suboxide)
 
 O = C = C = C = O 
Ex. Cl2O7 (Dichlorine heptoxide)

O 
O O

Cl Cl
O O
O O
Ex. S3O9 (cyclic trimer of SO3)

O O
S
O O
S S
O O O
O O
Ex. N2O5 (Dinitrogen pentoxide)
O O
N  N
O
O  O
Ex. N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide)
O O O O

N
 O N
 NN

O
Symmetrical
Unsymmetrical
 Other example :
N2O, C12O9, SO2, SO3, N2O4, N2O5 etc.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Open book like structure:
Ex. O2F2 (Dioxygen di fluoride)
F
O O
F
H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide)
H
O O
H
 3D Structures
Ex. SiO2 (Silicon dioxide) (Inorganic graphite)
Carborandum 3-D Borazone
Si
O C N+
 O
O Si B–
Si  Si Si B– +
O C C N+ N
O +
C N
O O
 Cyclic structure
Ex. P4S10 (Phosphorous pentasulphide)
S
P
SS S
S=P S P=S
S S
P
S
Ex. P4O6 (Phosphorous trioxide)
Chemical formula  P2O3 or P4O6

P
O O
O
 P O P
O O
P

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Ex. P4O10 (Phosphorous pentoxide)
O
P
O O
O P O
P O
O O
O
P
O
X
C
N N
Ex.
C C
X N X
X = –N3–, –NH2, Cl–
C3N3Cl3 Cyanuric trichloride

C3N3 (NH3)3 Cyanuric triamide
C3N3(N3)3 Cyanuric triazide
Other example
(BO22–)3, B3N3H6, C6H6
 Special Structures
Ex. CuSO4·5H2O
Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate
+2
H H
O– O –2
O O HS+
H H S
Cu O – O
H O O H HS+ O
H H
Na2B2O4 (OH)4 (Sodium perborate)
2–
HO O O OH
+
2Na B B
O O OH
HO
O
O O
CrO5: Cr (Chromium pentaoxide)
O O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Other examples:
Ex. NH4OCN(Ammonium cyanate)
H +

N [ O –CN]
H H
H
Ex. CaC2 (Calcium carbide)
Ca+2 [C  C]–2
Ex. (CN)2 cyanogen
:N  C – C  N:
 Tetra fluro hydrazine 
 
Ex. N2F4  or 
Dinitrogen tetrafluoride
 
F F
N N
F F
Ex. CaCN2 (Calcium cyanamide)

Ca+2   N  C  N 
Ex. SOCl2 (Thionyl chloride)
S
Cl Cl
O
Ex. Sulphuryl chloride (SO2Cl2)
O O
S
Cl Cl
Mg2C3
2 2
2Mg+2 ( C  C  C )
Ex. Inorganic benzene (B3N3H6)
H
H H
B N
N
B B
H N H
H
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Other examples
N2H2, N2H4, HN3, SCN–, OCN–, NCS–, NCO–, I3
Q.1 Find the number of B  O  B linkage in the following :– [B4O5(OH)4]2–
Ans. (005)
Sol.
OH
B
O O
ϴ
HO B O Bϴ OH
O O
B
OH
Q.2 Find the number of planar molecules/ions which are cyclic -
B3N3H6, C3N3Cl3, (BO2–)3, S2O8–2
B3N3H6 [BO2–]3
C3N3Cl3
O–
H Cl
H B
H B N C N
N N O O
Ans. (3) B B C C O B
H B
N H Cl N Cl
O– O–
H
Q.3 Find the maximum number of atoms present in one plane in C(CN)4 :-
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
Ans. (B)

N
C
C
Cl C
N N
C
N

Maximum 5–atom in one plane

Q.4 The number of plane containing maximum number of atoms in C(CN)4 :-
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 4 (D) 6
Ans. (D)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Q.5 Find the number of molecules in which ratio is four

C3N3Cl3 , B3N3H6 , P2O74– , S2O72– , HP2O63–
Ans. 3
Molecules / ratio
C3N3Cl3 3
B3N3H6 4
P2O74– 4
S2O72– 2
HP2O63– 4
Q.6 Find the number of atoms are lying in the same plane of C2(CN)4
Ans. (10)
NC CN
C C
NC CN
Q.7 Find the maximum number of plane having maximum same type of atom in CCl4.
Ans. (4)
Cl
C
Cl
Cl Cl
Q.8 Find the total number of sigma bond(s) in naphthalene
Ans. (19)
H H
H H
Total number of -bond = 19
H H
H H
Q.9 Find the average oxidation number of S atoms in sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
Ans. (2)
S–2
Sol. 2Na+ S+6

– O
O
O–
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 angles in Na2SO4 molecule.
Q.10 Find the number of identical OSO
Ans. (6)
O 2–
Sol. 2Na+ S
O O
O
Due to equivalent
Resonance All the
bond angle are equal
Q.11 The shape of IO(OH)5 is supposed to nearly with respect to I-atom.
(A) Trigonal bipyramidal (B) Square pyramidal
(C) Octahedral (D) See-saw
Ans (C)
O
OH OH
Sol. IO(OH)5  I
OH OH
OH
Q.12 Number of atoms that are in same plane in Benzene is

(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 5 (D) 10
Ans. (B)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON FAMILY
 Carbon exhibits many allotropic forms; both crystalline as well as amorphous. Diamond and
graphite are two well-known crystalline forms of carbon. In 1985, third form of carbon known
as fullerenes was discovered by H.W. Kroto, E.Smalley and R.F.Curl. For this discovery they
were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1996.
 Diamond (kinetically most stable allotrope of carbon, meta stable phase of carbon)
It has a crystalline lattice. In diamond each carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridisation and linked
to four other carbon atoms by using hybridized orbitals in tetrahedral fashion. The C–C bond
length is 154 pm. The structure extends in space and produces a rigid three dimensional
network of carbon atoms.
The structure of diamond
In this structure, directional covalent bonds are present throughout the lattice. It is very difficult
to break extended covalent bonding and, therefore, diamond is a very hard substance. It is used
as an abrasive for sharpening hard tools, in making dyes and in the manufacture of tungsten
filaments for electric light bulbs.
 Problem
Diamond is covalent, yet it has high melting point. Why ?
Solution
Diamond has a three-dimensional network involving strong C—C bonds, which are very
difficult to break and, in turn has high melting point.
 Graphite (Thermodynamically most stable allotrope of carbon)

Graphite has layered structure. Layers are held by vander Waals forces and distance between
two layers is 340 pm. Each layer is composed of planar hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. C—C
bond length within the layer is 141.5 pm. Each carbon atom in hexagonal ring undergoes sp 2
hybridisation and makes three sigma bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms. Fourth
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
electron forms a  bond. The electrons are delocalised over the whole sheet. Thus, graphite is
lusturous.
The structure of graphite

Electrons are mobile and therefore, graphite conducts electricity along the sheet. Graphite
cleaves easily between the layers and, therefore, it is very soft and slippery. For this reason
graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines running at high temperature, where oil cannot be
used as a lubricant.
 Fullerenes
Fullerenes are made by the heating of graphite in an electric arc in the presence of inert gases
such as helium or argon. The sooty material formed by condensation of vapourised en small
molecules consists of mainly C60 with smaller quantity of C70 and traces of fullerenes
consisting of even number of carbon atoms up to 350 or above. Fullerenes are the only pure
form of carbon because they have smooth structure without having ‘dangling’ bonds.
Fullerenes arc cage like molecules. C60 molecule has a shape like soccer ball and called
Buckminsterfullerene.
It contains twenty, six- membered rings and twelve, five membered rings. A six membered ring
is fused with six or five membered rings but a five membered ring can only fuse with six
membered rings. All the carbon atoms are equal and they undergo sp2 hybridisation. Each
carbon atom forms three sigma bonds with other three carbon atoms. The remaining electron at
each carbon is delocalized in molecular orbitals, which in turn give aromatic character to
molecule. However, because of non- planar nature of fullerenes, their aromatic character gets
diminished and reactivity increases.
This ball shaped molecule has 60 vertices and each one is occupied by one carbon atom and it
also contains both single and double bonds with C-C distances of 143.5 pm and 138.3 pm
respectively. Spherical fullerenes are also called bucky balls in short.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
[The structure of C60º Buckminsterfullerene : note that molecule has the shape of a soccer ball
(football)]
It is very important to know that graphite is thermodynamically most stable allotrope of carbon
and, therefore, Hf of graphite is taken as zero. Hf values of diamond and fullerene, C60 are
1.90 and 38.1 kJmol–1, respectively.
Other forms of elemental carbon like carbon black, coke, and charcoal are all impure forms of
graphite or fullerenes. Carbon black is obtained by burning hydrocarbons in a limited supply of
air. Charcoal and coke are obtained by heating wood or coal respectively at high temperatures
in the absence of air.
 Uses of Carbon
Graphite fibres embedded in plastic material form high strength, lightweight composites. The
composites are used in products such as tennis rackets, fishing rods, aircrafts and canoes. Being
good conductor, graphite is used for electrodes in batteries and industrial electrolysis. Crucibles
made from graphite are inert to dilute acids and alkalies. Being highly porous, activated
charcoal is used in adsorbing poisonous gases; also used in water filters to remove organic
contaminators and in airconditioning system to control odour. Carbon black is used as black
pigment in black ink and as filler in automobile tyres. Coke is used as a fuel and largely as a
reducing agent in metallurgy. Diamond is a precious stone and used in jewellery. It is measured
in carats (1 carat = 200 mg).
Si, Ge and Sn have a diamond type of structure, though Sn exists as a metallic form. Pb exists
only in the metallic form. Ge is unusual because the liquid expands when it forms the solid.
This property is unique to Ga, Ge and Bi.
 - Sn  - Sn
Grey tin 
13.2ºC

 White tin
(Diamond structure) (metallic)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 ALLOTROPES OF OXYGEN FAMILY
Oxygen occurs as two non-metallic forms, dioxygen O2 and ozone O3. Dioxygen O2 is stable as
a diatomic molecule. O3 molecule is diamagnetic while O2 is paramagnetic.
Six allotropes of selenium are known.
Tellurium has only one crystalline form, which is silvery white and semietallic.
This is similar to grey Se, but has stronger metallic interaction.
 Sulphur Allotropic forms :
Sulphur forms numerous allotropes of which the yellow rhombic (-sulphur) and monoclinic
(sulphur) forms are the most important. The stable form at room temperature is rhombic
sulphur, which transforms to monoclinic sulphur when heated above 369 K.
 Rhombic sulphur (-sulphur) (Most stable sulphur allotrope at room temperature)
This allotrope is yellow in colour, m.p. 385.8 K and specific gravity 2.06. Rhombic sulphur
crystals are formed on evaporating the solution of roll sulphur in CS2 It is insoluble in water but
dissolves to some extent in benzene, alcohol and ether. It is readily soluble in CS2.
 Monoclinic sulphur (-sulphur)
Its m.p. is 393 K and specific gravity 1.98. It is soluble in CS2 while water insoluble. This form
of sulphur is prepared by melting rhombic sulphur in a dish and cooling, till crust is formed.
Two holes are made in the crust and the remaining liquid poured out. On removing the crust,
colourless needle shaped crystals of -sulphur are formed. It is stable above 369 K and
transforms into -sulphur below it. Conversely, -sulphur is stable below 369 K and
transforms into -suIphur above this. At 369 K, both the forms are stable. This temperature is
called transition temperature.
Both rhombic and monoclinic sulphur have S8 molecules. These S8 molecules are packed to
give different crystal structures. The S8 ring in both the forms is puckered and has a crown
shape. The molecular dimensions are given in the figure.
204 pm
S S
S S
S 107º S 205.7 pm
S S
S
102.2º
S S S S
The structures of (a) S8 ring in

Rhombic sulphur and (b) S6 form
Several other modifications of sulphur containing 6-20 sulphur atoms per ring have been
synthesized in the last two decades. In cyclo-S6, the ring adopts the chair form and the
molecular dimensions are as shown in figure. At elevated temperatures (~1000 K), S2 is the
dominant species and is paramagnetic just like O2.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Note: Engel’s sulphur (-sulphur) is unstable and contains S6 rings arranged in the chair
conformation. It is made by pouring Na2S2O3 solution into concentrated HC1 and extracting the
S with toluene. Plastic sulphur-(x) is obtained by pouring liquid sulphur into water.
Example
Which form of sulphur shows paramagnetic behavior ?
Solution
In vapour state suphur partly exists as S2 molecule which has two unpaired electrons in the
antibonding * orbitals like O2 and, hence, exhibits paramegnetism.
 Alltropes of nitrogen Family :

Solid As, Sb and Bi each exist in several allotropic forms. Arsenic vapour contains tetrahedral
As4 molecules. A reactive yellow form of the solid resembles white phosphorus and is thought
to contain tetrahedral As4 units. Sb also has a yellow form. All three elements have much less
reactive metallic or -forms.
PHOSPHORUS ALLOTROPIC FORMS

 Phosphorus is found in many allotropic forms, the important ones being white, red and black.
White phosphorus is a translucent, white, waxy solid, It is poisonous, insoluble in water but
soluble in carbon disulphide and glows in dark (chemiluminescence). It dissolves in boiling
NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere giving PH3.
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O  PH3 3NaH2PO2
(Sodium hypophosphite)
60º
S S
White Phosphourus
White phosphorus is less stable and therefore, more reactive than the other solid phases under
normal conditions because of angular strain in the P4 molecule where the angles are only 60º. It
readily catches fire in air to give dense white fumes of P4O10.
P4 + 5O2  P4O10
It consists of discrete tetrahedral P4 molecule as shown in Fig.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Red phosphorus is obtained by heating white phosphorus at 573K in an inert atmosphere for
several days. When red phosphorus is heated under high pressure, a series of phases of black
phosphorus is formed. Red phosphorus possesses iron grey lustre. It is odourless, nonpoisonous
and insoluble in water as well as in carbon disulphide. Chemically, red phosphorus is much less
reactive than white phosphorus. It does not glow in the dark. It is polymeric, consisting of
chains of P4 tetrahedra linked together in the manner as shown in Fig.
S S S
S S S S S S
S S S
Red Phosphorus
 Black phosphorus has two forms -black phosphorus and -black phosphorus -black
phosphorus is formed when red phosphorus is heated in a sealed tube at 803K. it can be
sublimed in air and has opaque monoclinic or rhomhedral crystals it does not oxidize in air.
-Black phosphorus is prepared by heating white phosphorus at 473K under high pressure. It
does not burn in air upto 673 K.
Thermodynamic stability order : Black phosphorus > Red phosphorus > White phosphorus
Reactivity order : Black phosphorus < Red phosphorus < White phosphorus
ALLOTROPIC FORM OF SO3

 SO3 have three allotropic forms -SO3 , -SO3, and -SO3
O O
S
O O O O O
OSOSOSO
-SO3 O S S O
Cross linked solid O O O
O O
Polymeric chain structure O
-SO3 -SO3
(S3O9)
Cylic trimer
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
QUESTION OF HYDROGEN BONDING
Q.1 Explain the structure of Boric acid in solid state.
Q.2 Boiling point of o-Nitrophenol is less than meta and para nitrophenol. Why ?
Q.3 Maleic acid is more acidic than fumaric acid. Why ?
Q.4 H - F is only liquid among halogen acid. Why ?
Q.5 Ammonia is more easily liquefied than HC1, explain.
Q.6 Why ice floats on water ?
Q.7 Water shows maximum density at 4ºC. Why ?
Q.8 HI is the strongest halogen acid, whereas H-F is the weakest. Why ?
Q.9 Wood pieces are used to hold ice-cream. Why ?
Q.10 KHF2 is possible but not KHBr2 or KHI2. Why?

Q.11 O - Nitrophenol is less soluble in H2O than p - Nitrophenol. Why?
Q.12 o-Hydroxy benzaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature while p-hydroxy benzaldehyde is a
high melting solid.
Q.13 Glycerol is more viscous than ethanol. Explain.
Q.14 CH4 and H2O have nearly same molecular weight. Yet CH4 has a boiling point 112 K and water
373 K. Explain.
Q.15 The experimental molecular weight of acetic acid in just double than theoretical molecular
weight of acetic acid. Why?
Q.16 Although chlorine has same electronegativity as nitrogen but the former does not form effective
H-bonding. Explain.
Q.17 Molar entropy change of vapourization of acetic acid is less than that of water. Explain.
Q.18 Heat of vapourization of water is higher than HF, however strength of H-bond in HF is higher
than water. Explain
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 1
INTRODUCTION
1. The molecule which contain same number of  and  bonds is
(A) (CN)2 (B) C2H2 (C) HNO2 (D) HCN
2. Correct energy order of hybrid orbital is:

(A) sp < sp2 < sp3 (B) sp < sp3 < sp2 (C) sp3 < sp2 < sp (D) sp2 < sp3 < sp
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

3. Which of the following is hypovalent species?
(A) IC (B) SO2 (C) NO2+ (D) NH2+
4. Which one of the following element do not have tendency to form hyper valent compound ?
(A) P (B) N (C) S (D) Se
5. Which of the following set of species are hypovalent?

(A) NH3, CO2 (B) SO2, CO2 (C) BeH2, BF3 (D) BeCl2, PCl3
6. Which of the following pair of species are isostructural but not isoelectronic ?
(A) N2O and SO2 (B) CO3–2 and NO3–1 (C) NF3 and NH3 (D) O3 and NO2
7. Which of the following xenon compound has the same number of lone pairs as in I3– :–
(A) XeO4 (B) XeF4 (C) XeF2 (D) XeO3
8. Which of the following molecules is adequately represented by a single Lewis structure?

(A) O3 (B) NOC1 (C) SO2 (D) N2O
TYPES OF BOND
9. The molecule which contain both polar and non-polar covalent bond present in its structure?
(A) H2F2 (B) O2F2 (C) O3 (D) All of these
10. Which one of the following species have coordinate bond present in its Lewis structure
(A) SO2 (B) O3 (C) NO2 (D) All of them
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
–2
11. [Re2Cl8] molecule has
(A) only  bond (B) only  bond (C) quadruple bond (D) None of these
12. Which of the following statement is correct regarding covalent bond ?

(A) Filled orbitals of two or more atoms overlap with one another.
(B) Unoccupied orbitals of two or more atoms overlap with one another
(C) Electrons are simultaneously attracted between more than one nucleus.
(D) Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom.
VBT
13. If x is internuclear axis,  bond can be formed by :
(A) d x y  d x y
2 2 2 2 (B) dxy + dyz
(C) dyz + dyz (D) dxz + dxy
14. Which of the following leads to non-bonding on z-axis

(A) px + px (B) Py + Py (C) dxy + dxy (D) dxy + dyz
15. Which of the following statement is false ?

(A) -bond is a result of 4-lobe interaction between two p-orbitals.
(B) -bond is weaker than -bond
(C) -bond & -bond have unequal bond strength
(D) Representative elements do not have tendency to form -bond.
16. Choose the incorrect order of bond strength :-

(A) 3p - 3p < 2p - 3d (B) 3p - 3p < 3d - 3d
(C) 3p - 3d < 2p - 3d (D) 3p - 3d < 3p - 3p
17. Which of the following specie does not contain p - d bond(s) ?

(A) SO2Cl2 (B) N2O (C) H2PO3ϴ (D) SO32–
18. Correct order of bond strength is:

(A) 1s – 1s > 1s – 2s > 2s – 2p (B) 1s – 1s < 1s – 2s < 2s – 2p
(C) Is – 2s > 2s – 2p > 1s – 1s (D) None of the above
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
19. If x is internuclear axis,  bond can be formed by :
(A) d x y  d x y
2 2 2 2 (B) dxy + dyz
(C) dyz + dyz (D) dxz + dxy

20. Choose the CORRECT statement about the structure of SO2.
(A) Two 2p – 3d bond (B) Two 2p – 3d bond
(C) One 2p – 3d & one 2p – 3p bond (D) It is hypovalent
21. The species having no P – P bond but has bond order equal to that of O2 .
(A) C1O3– (B) PO43– (C) SO42– (D) XeO3
22. Which of the following orbital cannot form  bond with dxy orbital .
(A) s (B) px (C) d (D) All of these
x2 –y2
23. Which of the following statement is correct ?

(A) s -orbital always forms  bond with p orbital
(B) s-orbital is more directional than -orbital
(C) p-orbital always form 7i-bond

(D) a covalent bond is directional in nature.
24. Which of the following overlapping is correct regarding  -bond formation ?

(A) 2px + 2px, when y-axis is inter nuclear axis
(B) 1s + 2px, when x - axis is inter nuclear axis
(C) 2py + 2py, when z-axis is inter nuclear axis
(D) 2py + 2pz, when x-axis is inter nuclear axis
25. Which of the following shows maximum covalency ?

(A) F (B) I (C) S (D) O
26. Which of the following overlapping is not present in XeO3 molecule ?

(A) sp3 + px (B) sp3 + py (C) dxz + px (D) sp3 + s
27. According to VBT, which of the following overlapping results -type covalent bond in O2
molecule formation, when Z-axis is internuclear axis?
(I) 2s – 2s (II) 2px – 2px (III) 1s – 1s (IV) 2py – 2py (V) 2pz – 2pz
(A) I, III (B) III, IV (C) II, IV (D) IV, V
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
28. Which of the following would result in the formation of strongest -bond if the molecular axis
is x-axis?
(A) 2px + 2px (B) 2py + 2py (C) 2py + 3dxy (D) 2pz + 4pz
29. In which of the following species p–d bond is present but p-p bond is absent?
(A) SiH4 (B) CS2 (C) SO2 (D) SO2Cl2
HYBRIDISATION
30. The set of planar chemical species in which d-orbital participate in hybridisation.
(A) C1O4– , C1O3 –, C1O2– (B) XeF5, IF4, XeF4
(C) XeF5, XeF6, XeF4 (D) IF7, CF3, SF4
31. Hybridisation of N in NO2 is ?

(A) sp3 (B) sp (C) sp2 (D) N atom is unhybridised
32. Which one is only V-shaped molecule or ion-

(A) I3– (B) N3– (C) S3 (D) C34–
33. In which of the following molecules hybridisation of central atom is sp3d2.
(A) XeF6 (B) S2F10 (C) SF4 (D) PEt3
34. Which of the following molecule involve d z2 orbital in it‘s hybridisation
(A) XeF4 (B) XeOF4 (C) XeO2F2 (D) All of these
35. Hybridisation of ClFO3, SF4 & SOF4 respectively will be

(A) sp3, sp3d sp3d (B) sp3, sp3 sp3
(C) sp3, sp3d2 sp3d2 (D) All sp3d
36. Electron geometry of the molecule XeF2 & IC12– are respectively ?
(A) square bipyramidal, tetrahedral (B) linear & linear
(C) Trigonal bipyramidal & tetrahedral (D) Both Trigonal bipyramidal
37. Which of the following molecule have all atoms sp2 Hybridised ?
(A) (B)
(C) Benzene (D) None of these

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
38. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
(A) Lattice energy is always highest for compound with highest ionic character
(B) Hydrated radius is inversely proportional to hydration energy
(C) Dissolution of salt in water depends upon lattice energy and hydration energy
(D) None of these
39. Correct statement about a molecule of type AB3L where A = central atom, L = lone pair, B =
bond pair.
(A) It is pyramidal in shape (B) NH3 is one of the example of this case
(C) It has tetrahedral electron geometry (D) All are correct.
40. Phi() bond is present in

(A) Mn2(CO)10 (B) U2 (C) O2 (D) None of these
41. Which of the following compound is planar ?

(A) PH4+ (B) XeF4 (C) XeOF4 (D) SF6
42. Hybridisation of cationic part of Cl2O6(s) is -

(A) sp2 (B) sp3 (C) sp3d (D) sp3d2
43. Which compound given below has sp3, sp2 and sp orbitals in the ratio of 6 : 3 : 2 ?
(A) CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – C  C – CH3 (B) CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – C  CH
(C) CH3 – CH2 – C  C – CH = CH2 (D) CH3 – CH = CH – C  CH
44. The molecule/ion in which bond angle is less than 107º.

(A) NF4+ (B) CCl4 (C) ClO4¯ (D) None of these
45. Select pair of compounds in which both have different hybridisation but have same molecular
geometry.
(A)BF3, BrF3 (B) ICl2¯, BeCl2 (C) BCl3, PCl3 (D) PCl3, NCl3
46. Choose the correct option for following statements :

(I) sp3 hybrid orbitals are at 90º to one another
(II) sp3d2 adjacent hybrid orbitals are at 90º to one another
(III) sp2 hybrid orbitals are at 120º to one another
(IV) Bond order of N–O bond in NO3– is 1.33
(A) T F T F (B) T T F F (C) F T T T (D) F T F T
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3 3
47. Which of the following specie has sp d hybridisation ?
(A) XeF5– (B) SO3 (C) SO2 (D) XeF2
48. If x is the no. of hybrid orbital containing 33.3% s-character and y is the number of hybrid
orbital's containing 50% s-character then, find the value of x  y for allene.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 3.5
49. All fluorine atoms are in same plane in:

(A) CHF3 (B) ClF3 (C) XeOF4 (D) All of these
50. Select hybridisation which have non planar geometry when all are bond pair, but planar when
there are 2 lone pairs on central atom:
(A) sp3 (B) sp3d (C) sp3d2 (D) All of these
51. Select correct statement for BrF5.

(A) All fluorine atoms are in same plane
(B) Four fluorine atoms and Br atom is in same plane

(C) Four fluorine atoms are in same plane
(D) It has all F – Br – F bond angles at 90º
52. In which of following cases, the central atom is not perfectly sp3 hybridised?
(A) BF4– (B) SiF4 (C) CHF3 (D) CCl4
53. Which of the following compound has the smallest bond angle (X – A – X) in each series
respectively :
(A) OSF2 OSCl2 OSBr2
(B) SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3
(C) PI3 AsI3 SbI3
(A) OSF2, SbCl3 and PI3 (B) OSBr2, SbI3 and PI3
(C) OSF2, SbI3 and PI3 (D) OSF2, SbCl3 and SbI3
54. Molecule which does not contain any F – X – F bond angle which is less than 90°:
(X = central atom)
(A) IF7 (B) BrF3 (C) PF5 (D) SF4
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
–
55. What is the geometry of the IBr2 ion ?
(A) Linear
(B) Bent shape with bond angle of about 90º
(C) Bent shape with bond angle of about 109º
(D) Bent shape with bond angle of about 120º
56. What is the shape of the ClF3 molecule ?

(A) Trigonal planar (B) Trigonal pyramidal
(C) T-shaped (D) Tetrahedral
57. The H—O—H bond angles in H3O+ are approximately 107º. The orbitals used by oxygen in
these bonds are best described as :
(A) p-orbitals (B) sp-hybrid orbitals
2
(C) sp -hybrid orbital (D) sp3-hybrid orbital
58. The shape of XeF3+ is :

(A) Trigonal planar (B) Pyramidal (C) Bent T-shape (D) See-saw
59. Which of the following shape are not possible for possible value of ‗n‘ in XeFn molecule?
(A) Linear (B) Square planar
(C) Trigonal planar (D)Capped octahedral
60. Which of the following is the correct set with respect to molecule, hybridization and shape?
(A) BeCl2, sp2, linear (B) BeCl2, sp2 triangular planar
(C) BCl3, sp2, triangular planar (D) BCl3, sp3, tetrahedral
61. The pair of species with similar shape is :

(A) PCl3, NH3 (B) CF4, SF4 (C) PbCl2, CO2 (D) PF5, IF5
62. The hybridization of the central atom in ICl2+ is :

(A) dsp2 (B) sp (C) sp2 (D) sp3
63. The state of hybridization of the central atom is not the same as in the others :
(A) B in BF3 (B) O in H3O+ (C) N in NH3 (D) P in PCl3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
64. Which is the following pairs of species have identical shapes ?
(A) NO2+ and NO2– (B) PCl5 and BrF5
–
(C) ClO3 and SO3–2 (D) TeCl4 and XeO4
65. The shapes of XeF4, XeF5– and SnCl2 are :

(A) Octahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and bent
(B) Square pyramidal, pentagonal planar and linear
(C) Square planar, pentagonal planar and angular
(D) See-saw, T-shaped and linear
66. Which is not correctly matched ?

(A) XeO3 — Trigonal bipyramidal (B) ClF3 — bent T-shape
(C) XeOF4 — Square pyramidal (D) XeF2—Linear shape
67. The geometry of ammonia molecule can be best described as :

(A) Nitrogen at one vertex of a regular tetrahedron, the other three vertices being occupied by
three hydrogens
(B) Nitrogen at the centre of the tetrahedron, three of the vertices being occupied by three
hydrogens
(C) Nitrogen at the centre of an equilateral triangle, three corners being occupied by three
hydrogens
(D) Nitrogen at the junction of a T, three open ends being occupied by three hydrogens
BOND LENGTH / BOND ORDER

68. Which of the following bond length is shortest ?
(A) H–F (B) H–O (C) H–N (D) H–Cl
69. CORRECT order of bond length is :-

(A) Si–O, < P–O < S–O < Cl–O (B) Cl–O < S–O < Si–O < P–O
(C) Cl–O < S–O < P–O < Si–O (D) S–O < P–O < Cl–O < Si–O
70. The average charge on each O atom and average bond order of I–O bond in IO65– is :
(A) –1 and 1.67 (B) – 5/6 and 1.67 (C) –5/6 and 1.33 (D) –5/6 and 1.167
71. The correct order of C–N bond length ?
P : CH3CN Q : HNCO R : CH3CONH2
(A) P > Q > R (B) P = Q = R (C) R > Q > P (D) R > P > Q
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BOND ENERGY
72. Which of the following has maximum oxidising character.
(A) F2 (B) Cl2 (C) Br2 (D) I2
73. Which of the following having second highest bond dissociation energy (out of given
molecules).
(A) F2 (B) Cl2 (C) Br2 (D) I2
BOND ANGLE
74. Which is the correct order of the bond angle ?
(A) NH3 < NF3 (B) H2O > Cl2O (C) PH3 < SbH3 (D) H2Te < H2S
75. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT :-


(A) CO32– < CO2 (C–O bond length) (B) NO3– < NO2 (N–O bond length)
(C) O2 < O3 (O–O bond length) (D) C6H6 < C2H4 (C–C bond length)
76. CORRECT order of bond angle is ?

(A) BCl3 > BF3 (B) CCl4 > BF3 (C) BF3 > BF4– (D) H2O = O(CH3)2
77. Which of the following has smallest bond angle X–A–X is present ? (X is halogen & A is
central atom)
(A) COCl2 (B) COF2 (C) POCl3 (D) POF3
78. Maximum bond angle will be present in which of the following molecule?
(A) CH4 (B) CF4
(C) CI4 (D) All have same bond angle
79. Which one of the following has maximum bond angle ?

(A) CH4 (B) CF4
(C) CCl4 (D) All have same bond angle
80. Number of C-atoms in next homologue of first member of ester family is :

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
+ –
81. The bond angles of NH3, NH4 and NH2 are in the order
(A) NH2 NH3  NH4+ (B) NH4+  NH3  NH2
(C) NH3  NH2–  NH4+ (D) NH3  NH4  NH2
82. In which of the following pair of species, all bond angles are equal
(A) CO32– , COCl2 (B) PO43– , POCl3
(C) BF4¯ , BH4¯ (D) CH3F , CH4
83. The correct order of bond angle is

(A) H2O > OF2 > SF2 (B) H2O > SF2 > OF2
(C) H2O < OF2 > SF2 (D) H2O > OF2 < SF2
VSEPR THEORY
– –
84. The shape of [ClF4] and [ClF2] ions is respectively
(A) See-saw and linear (B) See-saw and bent
(C) Tetrahedral and linear (D) Square planar and linear.
85. More correct structure of ClF3 is :

F
F F
Cl
(A) Cl (B) (C) Cl (D) All of the above
F
F F F F F
86. Which of the following molecules/species has the minimum number of lone pairs?
(A) ICl3 (B) BF4– (C) SnCl2 (D) XeF4
87.  adjacent angles (90º+72º) in IF7 molecule is

The number of FIF
(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 14
88. The number of F–I–F angles less than 90º and equal to 90º are respectively in IF7
(A) 5 and 5 (B) 10 and 5 (C) 5 and 10 (D) 10 and 15
89. The number of I – F bonds having the longer and shorter lengths are respectively in IF7
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
90. Find the pair of species having the same shape but different hybridization of the central atom.
(A) SO3, CO32– (B) NO2–, ClO2– (C) BeCl2, HCN (D) XeF2, SnCl2
91. The pair of species with similar shape is?

(A) XeF4 & SF4 (B) PF5 & IF5
(C) XeO2F2 & SeF4 (D) All pairs are iso-structural
92. Which of the following molecule have all the bond angle equal is?
(A) PF5 (B) SF4 (C) NH3 (D) None of these
93. Which of the following is isostructural with XeOF4?

(A) BrF5 (B) PCl3F2 (C) SeF4 (D) XeO2F2
94. Which of the following is planar?

(A) XeO3 (B) BrF5 (C) ClF3 (D) All are planar
95. The number of species given below having angles equal to 90º are ?
BrF3, IF5, SeF6, ICl4–, PCl5
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 2
96. Which of the following molecule contain maximum number of atoms in one plane ?
(A) CCl4 (B) PF5 (C) XeF5– (D) SF6
97. Which of the following specie is non-planar ?

(A) ClF3 (B) H3O+ (C) NO2– (D) ClO2–
98. Molecular shape of XeF3+, SF3+ and CF3+ are :

(A) the same with 2, 1 and 0 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(B) different with 2, 1 and 0 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(C) different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(D) the same with 2, 0 and 1 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
99. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

(A) In H2O, the bond angle is less than OF2
(B) In ClF3, the axial Cl–F bond length is larger than equatorial Cl–F bond length.
(C) In SF4, F–S–F equatorial bond angle is not equal to 120º due to lone pair-bond pair
repulsions.
(D) In ICl4–, bond angles is 90º
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
100. According to VSEPR theory, in which species do all the atoms lie in the same plane ?
1. CH3+ 2. CH3–
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) both 1 and 2 (D) neither 1 nor 2
101. In SNF3, the  FSF should be :

(A) less than 120º and more than 109º28 (B) less than 109º28
(C) less than 180º and more than 120º (D) Exactly equal to 109º28
102. Give the correct order of initials T or F for following statements. Use T if statement is true and
F if it is false :
(I) The order of repulsion between different pair of electrons is lp – lp > lp – bp > bp – bp
(II) In general, as the number of lone pair of electrons on central atom increases, value of bond
angle from normal bond angle also increases
(III) The number of lone pair on O in H2O is 2 while on N in NH3 is 1
(IV) The structures of xenon fluorides and xenon oxyfluorides could not be explained on the
basis of VSEPR theory
(A) TTTF (B) TFTF (C) TFTT (D) TFFF
103. The H—C—H bond angle in CH4 is 109.5º, due to lone pair repulsion, the H—O—H angle in
H2O will :
(A) remain the same (B) increase (C) decrease (D) become 180º
104. The compound MX4 is tetrahedral. The number of XMX angles in the compound is :
(A) three (B) four (C) five (D) six
SOLID OR LIQUID STATE HYBRIDISATION

105. The number of non-axial set of 'd' orbital participate in the hybridisation of the anionic part of
PCl5
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
106. The (Cl–P– Cl) adjacent angle difference in cationic part and anionic part in PCl5(s) is :
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 19.5 (D) 10.5
107. Hybridisation of cationic part of Cl2O6(s) is -

(A) sp2 (B) sp3 (C) sp3d (D) sp3d2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
STRUCTURES
108. Ratio of / present in the XeO3 will be
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 1
109. Oxidation state of Cr in CrO5 is -

(A) +10 (B) +8 (C) +6 (D) +5
110. Which of the following compound has peroxy linkage present in its structure ?
(A) K3CrO8 (B) Cl2O6 (C) N2O5 (D) H2S2O7
111. Which of the following species have maximum p-p bonds ?

(A) P4S10 (B) HCO3– (C) S3O9 (D) P4O10
112. Find the correct statement about P4O8 :

(A) molecule does not exist
(B) five P–O–P linkage
(C) four P=O bonds present in it's structure

(D) Six P–O–P linkage
113. In the structure of H2CSF4, which of the following statement is incorrect ?

(A) Two C – H bonds are in the same plane of axial S – F bonds.
(B) Two C – H bonds are in the same plane of equitorial S – F bonds.
(C) Total Six atoms are in the same plane.
(D) Equitorial S – F bonds are Perpendicular to nodal plane of bond.
RESONANCE
114. Total number of resonating structure possible of the molecule ClO4– is -
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
115. The formal charges on the three atoms in O3 molecule are :

(A) 0,0,0 (B) 0,0,–1 (C) 0,0, +1 (D) 0, +1, –1
116. Minimum number of resonating structure possible in : -

(A) O3 (B) NO2– (C) N3– (D) COCl2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
117. The compound having shortest S–O bond length ?
(A) SO3F– (B) SO4–2 (C) SOF4 (D) SOCl2
OXY ACID
118. Which of the following acid have highest number of P–H bonds :-
(A) H4P2O8 (B) H4P2O7 (C) H4P2O5 (D) H3PO3
119. Oxidation state of S in H2S2O8 is ?

(A) +5, +5 (B) +6, +5 (C) +5, +6 (D) +6, +6
120. Which of the following oxy acid have sulphur atoms with different oxidation states?
(A) H2S4O6 (B) H2S2O3 (C) H2S2O5 (D) All of these
121. Which of the following compound has different value of basicity from the others ?
(A) H3PO3 (B) H4P2O5 (C) H3BO3 (D) H2SO5
122. Which of the following acid have highest number of P–H bonds :-
(A) H4P2O8 (B) H4P2O7 (C) H4P2O5 (D) H3PO3
a b
123. Find the value of if; a is the total number of sp3 hybridised atoms, b is total p–pbonds
c
2
and c is the total sp hybridised atoms in the structure of H4P4O12.
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
DIPOLE MOMENT
124. Which of the following have maximum dipole moment?
Cl
Cl
Cl
(A) (B) Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl
(C) Cl Cl (D)
Cl Cl
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
125. Which of the following is most polar in nature ?
NO2 CH3 CH3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
NO2
126. Which of the following molecule has permanent dipole moment:
(A) SO3 (B) SO2 (C) CO2 (D) BF3
127. The correct sequence of polarity of the following molecule :

I. XeF4 II. XeF2 III. XeF5– IV. XeO3
(P stands for polar and NP stands for non-polar)
I II III IV
(A) P NP NP P
(B) NP NP NP P
(C) NP P NP P
(D) NP P P NP
128. Which of the following is most polar in nature?

(A) CH2Cl2 (B) CHCl3 (C) CH3Cl (D) CH3F
129. Total number of polar species among the following will be ?

(OH)2 , (SCN)2 , CF3 , C3O2 , SeF4
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 3

130. Arrange the following in increasing order of their polarity.
(I) Ortho/chloro/Toluene (II) Meta/chloro/Toluene (III) Para/chloro/Toluene
(A) III > II > I (B) II < I > III (C) III > I > II (D) I < II < III
131. Which of the following molecule / species is polar.

(A) O3 (B) NO2+
(C) paradichlorobenzene (D) None of these
132. Which of the following molecule is non polar?

(A) NF3 (B) ClF3 (C) XeO3 (D) SO3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
HYDROGEN BONDING
133. Which of the following have intramolecular H-bonding ?
(A) Chloral (B) Orthochlorophenol
(C) Paranitrophenol (D) C6H6
134. What is the order of boiling point of the following compounds ?

HF , NH3 , H2O , CH4
(A) CH4 > NH3 > H2O > CH4 (B) HF > H2O > NH3 > CH4
(C) H2O > HF > NH3 > CH4 (D) H2O > NH3 > HF > CH4
135. Which of the following have weakest intermoleculear forces ?
(A) CH3COOH (B) HO OH
(C) NC CN (D) H2O2

136. Select the INCORRECT statement ?

(A) Cationic part of NH4F can form hydrogen bond with water
(B) Hydrogen bonding is not present in ethene ( H2C = CH2)
(C) Anionic part of NaHCO3 have inter molecular hydrogen bonding
(D) Vapour pressure decreases due to intramolecular H-bonding.
137. The strength of H-bonding order is

(A) H2O > H2O2 > HF (B) H2O2 > H2O > HF
(C) HF > H2O > H2O2 (D) HF = H2O = H2O2
138. Give the correct order of initials T or F for following statements. Use T if statement is true and
F if it is false.
(i) HF boils at a higher temperature than HCl
(ii) HBr boils at lower temperature than HI
(iii) Ka1 of maleic acid is higher than that of fumaric acid
(iv) Ka2 of maleic acid is higher than that of fumaric acid
(A) TFTT (B) TTTF (C) TFTF (D) TTTT
139. Strongest hydrogen bond present in :

(A) O – H ------ S (B) S – H ------ O (C) F – H ------ F (D) F – H ------ O
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
140. Which of the following will prefer intramolecular hydrogen bonding :
(A) CCl3CHO.H2O (B) Orthodichlorobenzene
(C) Sulphuric acid (D) Both (A) & (B)
141. Which of the following is correct order for extent of Hydrogen Bonding
(A) H2O2 > H2O > HF > NH3 (B) H2O > HF > NH3 > H2O2
(C) H2O2 > H2O > NH3 > HF (D) H2O2 > NH3 > H2O > HF
MISCELLANEOUS
142. Which is correct about D2O
(A) Its boiling point is higher than that of H2O ()
(B) O – D - - - - O bond is stronger than O – H - - - - O bond.

(C) D2O(s) sinks in H2O ().
(D) all the above are correct.

143. Which of the following do not exist?

(A) KHF2 (B) CsHCl2 (C) KHCl2 (D) KF
144. Which of the following species is an example of odd electron molecule?

(A) NO2 (B) N2O (C) ClO3 (D) Both (A) and (C)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 2
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES
1. Lewis theory fails to explain which of the following structure(s) ?
(A) SF6 (B) XeF2 (C) XeF4 (D) BeCl2
2. In which of the following molecule/ion the central atom have + 1 formal charge ?
(A) O3 (B) N3– (C) NO3– (D) CO3–2
3. In which of the following molecule all the atoms are present in ground state ?
(A) PH3 (B) CO (C) SF4 (D) HOF
4. In which of the following molecule number of lone pairs & number of covalent bonds are equal ?
(A) SO3 (B) SO2 (C) CO2 (D) H2Se
5. Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding molecule NOCl

(A) It has covalent as well as ionic bond present in its structure.
(B) It has Cl atom present as a central atom.

(C) It has one lone pair.
(D) It has linear structure.
6. Lewis theory fails to explain which of the following structure(s) ?

(A) SF6 (B) XeF2 (C) XeF4 (D) BeCl2
TYPES OF BOND
7. Type of bonds present in PH4I is/are:
(A) Ionic (B) Covalent (C) Co-ordinate (D) H-bond
8. Which of the following set of elements have tendency to combine with each other by sharing of
valence electron.
(A) Mg & O (B) B & F (C) Na & H (D) P & F
9. Coordinate bond is present in the following molecule(s) :

(A) NO2 (B) N2O4 (C) PCl4+ (D) CO3–2
10. Which of the following set contains covalent as well as ionic species ?
(A) NO, CO, OF2 (B) NH3 BF3 AlF3 (C) CO2, CsCl, NO2 (D) SO3, BCl3, CaO
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
VBT
11. Which of the following statement is correct?
(A) Extent of overlapping : 3p – 4s < 3s – 3s
(B) s-orbital can never form -bond
(C) p-orbital can form  and  as well as  bond.
(D) non axial d-orbitals (dxy, dxz, dyz) have more directional nature than the axial d-orbitals
( dz & dx
2 2
 y2
)
12. Select the correct statement(s) :

(A)  bond is stronger than  bond
(B) bond is the result of collateral overlapping between two half filled atomic orbitals.
(C) s –orbital & py –orbital can be never form bond on z–axis.
(D) py & py on z–axis form  bond
13. Choose the correct order(s) of strength of overlapping of orbitals :

(A) 2p – 2p > 2p – 3p > 3p – 3p (B) 3d – 3d > 3p – 3d > 3p – 3p
(C) 2s – 3s > 3p – 3p > 3s – 3p (D) 2s – 2s > 2s – 2p > 2p – 2p
14. Which of the following molecules have P – dbond in their structure ?
(A) SOF4 (B) SO2F2 (C) CO3–2 (D) CO
HYBRIDISATION
15. Which of the following specie(s) contains all bond angles equal?
(A) PCl4+ (B) AsF5 (C) CH2F2 (D) XeF4
16. Which of the following combination of bond pair (b.p) & lone pair (l.p.) gives same shape?
(i) 3b.p. + 1 l.p. (ii) 2 b.p. + 2 l.p. (iii) 3 b.p. + 2 l.p.
(iv) 2.b.p. + 3 l.p. (v) 2 b.p. + 1 l.p. (vi) 2 b.p. + 0 l.p.
(A) (ii) & (v) (B) (vi) & (iv) (C) (iii) & (iv) (D) (i) & (iii)
17. Which of the following molecules has/have linear structure

(A) BeCl2 (B) XeF2 (C) XeO4 (D) SF4
18. Which of the following molecules have H Bonding

(A) H2O (B) NH3 (C) HF (D) CH4
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3
19. Which of the following molecules is/are sp d hybridised
(A) PCl5 (B) PCl6– (C) XeO2F2 (D) IF7
20. Which of the following molecules has/have d x 2

 y2
and dz orbitals in hybridisation
2
(A) SF6 (B) XeF4 (C) SF2 (D) NO2+
21. Which of the following molecules has/have capped octahedral geometry
(A) XeF6 (B) IF6– (C) XeOF5– (D) XeF2
22. In which of following, vacant orbital take part in hybridisation :

(A) BF3 (B) PCl6– (C) BF4– (D) NH3
23. Which of the following is correct match for ABxLy (where B = Bond pair & L = lone pair).
(A) x = 3, y = 2 planar & polar (B) x = 3 , y = 1 polar & non planar
(C) x = 2, y = 3 non planar & non polar (D) x = 4, y = 1, non planar & polar
BONED LENGTH / BOND ORDER
24. Select the INCORRECT Order ?
(A) SO3 < SO3–2 < SO4–2 (S – O bond order)
(B) CO > CO2 > CO3–2 (C – O bond order )

O
(C) CN– < NCN–2 < RCNH2 (C – N bond order)
(D) ClO– > ClO2– > ClO3– > ClO4– (Cl – O bond order)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BOND ENERGY
25. The correct order of bond dissociation energy will be ?
(A) H–H > Cl – Cl > Br – Br (B) Si – Si > P – P > Cl – Cl
(C) C – C > N – N > O – O (D) F – F > Cl – Cl > Br – Br
VSEPR THEORY
26. There are three elements X, Y and Z which belong to the p-block of periodic table they all form
trifluorides with F2, such that 'XF3 ' is lewis acid but 'YF3' is weak Lewis base (dipole
moment = 0.23D). These two compounds react with each other in presence of F2 to produce
YF4+XF4–. The compound ZF3 is a T-shape interhalogen molecule. Which of the following
is/are correct statements with reference to above information ?
F
 Z F
F
(A) All the Z–F bond lengths are equal in ZF3 molecules
(B) In the structure the angle 180º
(C) The Y and X both are sp3 hybridised in YF4+ XF4–
(D) The elements X, Y, Z can be B, N and Cl respectively
27. In which of the following species all bond lengths are not identical ?
(A) ClF6 (B) SeF4 (C) SO4–2 (D) IF3
28. Which of the following molecule(s) is/are planar

(A) BF3 (B) H2O (C) ICl2– (D) ClF3
STRUCTURES
29. Which of the following statements is/are true for P4O6 molecule -
(A) It contains six P-O bonds and three P-P-bonds
(B) It contains six P-O-P linkage and 16 lone pairs
(C) It has all atoms sp3–hybridised
(D) It has planar structure
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
30. Select the CORRECT statement about C3N3(N3)3 (cyanuric triazide) :
(A) Total number of sp2 hybridized atom in the molecule is 12
(B) Total number of  bond present in molecule is 15
(C) Total number of bond present in molecule is 9
(D) Total number of lone pair present in molecule is 12
31. Find the correct statement about croconate ion C5O5–2

(A) It is cyclic compound
(B) It is in particular aromatic and symmetric as the double bond and the negative charge
become delocalized over the five CO units
(C) C5O5–2 has four  bonds
(D) C5O5–2 has three bonds in rings.
OXY ACID
32. Select the INCORRECT statement(s) about the structure of H2S2O3.
(A) Two 2p– 3dbonds present in the structure.

(B) Hybridization of each 'S' atom is sp3
(C) Oxidation states of 'S' are + 6 & –2
(D) Total number of lone pair present in molecule is 8.
33. Which of the following oxy acid have per-oxy linkage :-

(A) H2S2O8 (B) H3PO5 (C) HNO3 (D) H2S2O3
DIPOLE MOMENT
34. Which of the following statement (s) is/are true about lone pair moments ?
(A) sp > sp2 > sp3 : Order of lone pair moment
(B) The unshared pairs residing in pure s or p orbitals do not contribute to the resultant
molecular polarity
(C) The unshared pair residing in hybrid orbitals contributes to the resultant molecular polarity
(D) The lone pair moments acts in the opposite directions in which it is projected.
35. Correct Statement among following ?

(A) Dipole moment order BF3 = CCl4 = PCl5 = SF6
(B) dipole moment of CHCl3 > CHF3
(C) μexperimental is less than μtheoritical for CO molecule
(D) If a AX4 type molecule has μ = 0 then it can have either tetrahedral or octahedral electron
geometry (A = central atom, X = side atom)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
HYDROGEN BONDING
36. Choose the INCORRECT order(s) of boiling point .
(A) NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 (B) H2O > TeH2 > SeH2 > SH2
(C) HF > HI > HBr > HCl (D) CH4 > SnH4 > GeH4 > SiH4
37. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct ?

(A) Density of water increases from 0ºC to 4ºC then further increases on increasing the
temperature
(B) Solid boric acid has 2-D sheet like structure due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding
(C) Urea has high boiling point due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
(D) HCl2– ion exists with Cs+.
38. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ?

(A) Lower volatility of HF than that of HCl.
(B) More viscosity of glycerol than glycol.
(C) Stability of chloral hydrate
(D) High boiling point of SbH3 than that of NH3
39. Which of the following contain H-Bonding ?

(A) K2HPO4 (B) K2HPO3
(C) Chloral hydrate (D) O-nitro phenol
MISCELLANEOUS
40. Choose the CORRECT statement about given molecule : -
F H
C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = C5
F H
F
If C1 lies in xz plane then
F
(A) Nodal plane of -bond between C1 – C2 lies in xz plane.
(B) Nodal plane of -bond between C3 – C4 lies in xz plane.
H
(C) C5 part lies in yz plane
H
(D) Maximum number of atom in plane is 7
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 3
INTEGER
1. Find total number of orbitals in which electron density is observed along any of the axis
(x, y or z).
px, py, pz, dxy, dxz, dyz, d z ,d x 2 2
 y2
2. Total number of molecules which follow octet rule among the given molecules are:
AlBr3 , BeCl2 , MgF2 , SF4 , NO2 , NO, CO, LiF, SO2Cl2 , XeF2 , PH3,
3. The number of set of orbitals given below forming -bonds are ?

Orbitals Inter Nuclear Axis
(1) px + py – x
(2) pz + pz – y
(3) dxy + dxy – z
(4) dyz + dyz – z
(5) dyz + pz – z
(6) dxz + pz – x
(7) d x 2
 y2
+ py – x
4. Number of orbitals which can form  bond with px orbital on y -axis :

dz2 , dxy, px, pz, s, d x 2  y2 , dxz
5. Atomicity of O,S,P and He are p, q, r & s respectively : Calculate the value of p + q + r + s ?

[Write your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer]
6. How many sets of given orbitals can from  bond ?

(z - axis is internuclear axis)
px + py , py + py , pz + px , pz + pz , d x 2
 y2
+ dz pz + dxy , pz + dxz , pz + dyz, dxz + dyz, dyz +
2
dyz, dxy + dxy , dxy + d x 2

 y2
.
7. Find the number of molecules having sp3d hybridisation

I3–, SF4, BeCl2, XeF4,
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
8. Find out the number of species which have at least one atom is sp3d hybridised among the
following :-
O3 , O2F2 , I3– , I(CN)2– , PF3Cl2 , XeF6 , IOF5 , XeF5+
9. The number of planes of symmetry in SbF5 is -
10. Find the number of p–d bonds present in P4S10
11. Total number of angle(s) in SeCl4 which are less than 90º
12. Number of molecules having all bond angles equal are ?

CH2F2, BHF2, NF3, XeF5–
13. Total number of identical bond angle in CF2Cl2 is -
14. How many of the following are planar molecules/ions

XeO2F2 , IF5 , XeO4 , BrF3 , I(CN)2–
15. Total number of molecules which contain any F– X̂ –F bond angle which is less than 90º ?
(X = Central atom)
IF7 , BrF3 , PF5 , SF4 , XeOF4 , SF6
16. How many planes are present in PCl3F2 molecule which contains maximum number of atoms ?
17. Number of non-polar molecule among the following is x and number of planar molecule is y.
calculate the value of x + y.
BF3 , CO2 , SO2 , PCl5 , ClF3 , NH3 , CH4
18. Number of atomic orbitals involve in hybridisation of anion part of Cl2O6 (s) is -
19. In tetrathionic acid number of p – p bonds is :
20. In the structure of P4S10 molecule, total number of sp3 Hybridised atoms = x, total number of
p – d bonds = y, total number of bridging sulphar = z, calculate the value of x + y + z.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
21. Total number of species among the following in which X–O–X linkage is present [X=P, S]
H2S2O6, H2SO5 , H2S2O7 , H2S2O8 , P4O10 , S4O62– , S2O62– , P4O6
22. The number of water molecules(s) directly bonded to the metal centre in CuSO4 5H2O. is –
23. Observe the following statements about the structure of molecule F3SSF
(a) Total number of lone, pairs present in molecule is x
(b) Number of S –S bond present is y
Calculate the value of ' x + y' ?
[Write your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer]
24. The sum of oxidation states of all P atoms in the following compound of phosphorus is-
P4, PH3, H3PO2, P2O5
25. How many of the following contains peroxy linkage in their structures :
S2O6–2, S2O8–2, SO5–2, CrO3
26. Find the number of lone pair in N3S3Cl3.
Fill your answer as sum of digits (excluding decimal places) till you get the single digit
answer.
27. Find the correct statements about [NPCl2]3 (phosphazene).

(i) Resonance structure can be drawn analogous to those for benzene indicating aromaticity in
the rings.
(ii) The dxz orbital of the phosphorous atom overlaps with the pz orbitals of nitrogen atoms
adjacent to it (if x is inter nucleuar axis).
(iii) PNCl2 monomer is analogous to RCN.
(iv) / ratio is 3 in [NPCl2]3.
28. In tetrathionic acid number of p – p bonds is :
29. In (HF)4 the number of H bonds is ………
30. Total number of molecules which can have intermolecular hydrogen bonding ?
CH3Cl , C2H2, C2H5OH , HCl , H3PO4 , SiH4 , metafluorophenol, orthochlorophenol.
31. Find the number of H bond form by one boric acid in solid state
32. Find the number of hexogonal rings in C60 fullerene.
Fill your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer.
33. Number of following species which are planar & polar ?
XeF4 , H2O2 , H2O , C2H4, ClF3 , SO2 , XeO3
34. Find the number of chemical species(s) which are planar and nonpolar in the following :-
NO2–, O2F2 , XeF5+ , HCN , XeF5– , B3N3H6
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 4
Paragraph for question no. 1 to 2
According to Lewis Longmuir concept atoms combine to complete their respective octet.
1. The species following the octet rule is
(A) ICl3 (B) SbCl3 (C) BeCl2 (D) AlCl3
2. From the species given below which one is hypervalent ?

(A) AlF3 (B) SF4 (C) OCl2 (D) NF3
Paragraph for question nos. 3 to 4

The formation of BH3 CH4 & NH3 like compounds cannot be explained by V.B.T. For example
the all equal bond lengths of CH4 molecule & also the bond angles (109º28‘) cannot be
explained. Hence a new phenomenon is introduced to explain the above observation, which is
known as hybridisation. Hybridisation can be defined as the mixing of pure atomic orbitals of
comparable energy.
3. Select the correct statement ?
(A) Hybridisation takes place in all covalent as well as ionic compounds.

(B) Intermixing of different shells takes place in hybridisation
(C) Hybrid orbitals are more directional than the pure atomic orbitals.
(D) If % p character increases in hybrid orbital, it becomes bulkier & shorter.
4. Which of the following orbital may involve in hybridisation in PCl5 ?
(A) dxz (B) dyz (C) d z2 (D) d
x2 –y2

Valence Bond Theory explains the formation of covalent bond such as two filled atomic
orbitals having e– with opposite spin combine axially or collaterally to from  and  bond
respectively.
5. Which of the following orbital cannot form  bond with dxy orbital .
(A) s (B) px (C) d (D) All of these
x2 –y2
6. Which of the following statement is correct ?

(A) s -orbital always forms  bond with p orbital
(B) s-orbital is more directional than p-orbital
(C) p-orbital always form -bond
(D) a covalent bond is directional in nature.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
IF7 is a molecule in which I atom is in the maximum oxidation state, and the hybridization for I
atom is sp3d3.
7.  adjacent angles (90º+72º) in IF7 molecule is

The number of FIF
(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 14
8.  angles less than 90º and equal to 90º are respectively

The number of FIF
9. The number of I – F bonds having the longest and shortest lengths are respectively

hydridisation helps to determine the shape of a molecule but shape of a molecule is mainly
define by VSEPR theory According to this theory l.p-l.p > l.p – b.p > b.p – b.p
10. In which of the following pairs hybridisation of the central atom is not same?
(A) ClF3, ClF3O, (B) ClF3O, ClF3O2
–
+
(C) [ClF2O] [ClF4O] (D) [ClF4O]– [XeOF4]
11. More correct structure of ClF3 is :

F
F
Cl
(A) Cl (B) F
F F F
F
(C) Cl (D) All of the above

F F
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) can be used to predict the approximate
shape of a molecule. Electrons in bonds and in lone pairs can be thought of as ―charge cloud‖
that repel one another and stay as far apart possible, thus causing molecules to assume specific
shapes.
The repulsive interactions of electron pairs decrease in the order :
Lone pair-lone pair > Lone pair - bond pair > Bond pair-bond pair.
These repulsions result in deviations from idealized shapes and alteration in bond angles in
molecules.
12. Molecular shape of XeF3+, SF3+ and CF3+ are :

(A) the same with 2, 1 and 0 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(B) different with 2, 1 and 0 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(C) different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
(D) the same with 2, 0 and 1 lone pairs of electrons, respectively
13. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

(A) In H2O, the bond angle is less than OF2
(B) In ClF3, the axial Cl–F bond length is larger than equatorial Cl–F bond length.
(C) In SF4, F–S–F equatorial bond angle is not equal to 120º due to lone pair-bond pair
repulsions.
(D) In ICl4–, bond angles is 90º
Paragraph for Question 14 to 15

According to the VSEPR theory of molecular geometry in chemistry, which is based on the
general principle of maximizing the distances between points, a square antiprism is the favored
geometry when eight pairs of electrons surround a central atom. Square antiprism, in which the
eight atoms occupy the eight vertices of the antiprism, and the eight triangle edges of the
antiprism correspond to single covalent bonds.
14. Which of the following molecules have square anti prismatic structure
(A) XeF8–2 (B) PaF8–3 (C) S8 (D) XeF6
15. In molecule nitrosonium octa fluro xenate (VI) central atom Xe has
(A) fsp3d (B) d4sp3 (C) sp3d3 (D) no hybridisation
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Various oxy acids of non metals are found in nature. Some derivatives of oxy acids can also be derived
from the parent oxy acid.
Derivatives of oxy acid can be derived by removing H2O molecule from the parent oxy acids such as :
2 moles of oxy acid — H2O = pyro acid.
1 mole of oxy acid — H2O = meta acid.
16. Parent oxy acid of H4P2O5 acid is ?

(A) phosphorous acid (B) ortho phosphoric acid
(C) pyro phosphorous acid (D) hypophosphorous acid
17. Which of the following is not a hypo acid ?

(A) H2N2O2 (B) HOCl (C) H2S2O7 (D) H4P2O6

Various derivatives of oxy acids can be derived from the parent oxy acids for example pyro acids and
meta acids can be derived from various parent oxy acid by removing a water molecule, from two moles
of oxy acid (for pyro acid) and from one mole of oxy acid (for meta acid) respectively.
18. For which of the following oxy acid meta acid is not possible :
(A) H2S2O8 (B) H2S2O6 (C) H3PO4 (D) H2SO3
19. For A is any parent acid observe the following reaction :
H2O
A  B
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT ?
(A) If A is H3PO4 then there are four P–O–P linkage present in the cyclic trimer of B.
(B) If A is H2SO4 then there are 6 shorter S–O bond lengths are present in cyclic trimer of B.
(C) If A is HNO3 then meta form of A does not exist.
(D) If A is HNO2 then on removing one mole of water from A will give a mixed anhydride.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Polar covalent molecules exhibit dipole moment. Dipole moment is equal to the product of charge
separation q and the bond length d for the bond. Unit of dipole moment is debye. One debye is equal to
10–18 esu cm.
Dipole moments is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction. Hence, dipole moment of a
molecule depends upon the relative orientation of the bond dipoles, but not on the polarity of bonds
alone. A symmetrical structure shows zero dipole moment. Thus, dipole moment helps to predict the
geometry of a molecule. Dipole moment values can be used to distinguish between cis-and trans-
isomers, orhto-, meta-and para-forms of a substance, etc.
20. Arrange the following in increasing order of their polarity.
(I) Ortho chloro Toluene (II) Meta chloro Toluene (III) Para chloro Toluene
(A) III > II > I (B) II < I > III (C) III > I > II (D) I < II < III
21. Correct Statement among following ?

(A) Dipole moment order BF3 = CCl4 = PCl5 = SF6
(B) dipole moment of CHCl3 > CHF3
(C) μexperimental is less than μtheoritical for CO molecule

(D) If a AX4 type molecule has μ = 0 then it can have either tetrahedral or octahedral electron
geometry (A = central atom, X = side atom)

The attractive force that binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with electronegative atom of the
other molecule of the same or different substance is known as hydrogen bond.
22. Which of the following chemical species having inter molecular hydrogen bonding.
(A) Ortho boric acid (B) Ortho nitrophenol
(C) Ortho hydroxybenzaldehyde (D) Ortho chlorophenol
23. Which of the following boiling point order is INCORRECT.

(A) H3BO3 > B(OMe)3 (B) C2H5OH > CH3OCH3
(C) HF > HCl (D) NH3 > SbH3
24. Which of the following molecule will form Hydrogen-bond with water ?
(A) Chloral hydrate (B) C6H5OH (C) NH3 (D) C2H5OH
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a
hydrogen atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom.
25. Correct order of boiling point is -
(A) H2O > NH3 > HF (B) HF > NH3 > H2O
(C) HF > H2O > NH3 (D) H2O > HF > NH3
26. In which of the following compound H-bond is not present ?
(A) KH2PO3 (B) K2HPO3 (C) KH2PO4 (D) K2HPO4

In an oxy acid the acidic hydrogen is connected to the oxygen atom covalently. And generally
the oxygen is covalently bonded to a non-metal. And in Hydra acid Hydrogen is covalently
bonded to a more electronegative atom (Eg.: halogen) except oxygen.
27. Which of the following has higher boiling point
(A) HF (B) HI (C) HCl (D) HBr
28. Which of the following compound(s) doesn't have hydrogen bond

(A) K3PO4 (B) K2HPO4 (C) KH2PO4 (D) H3PO4

Hydrogen bonding originates from the dipole-dipole interaction between H-atom and any of the
other atom like F, O, N and in some cases with Cl atom. There are two types of H-bonding like
intermolecular and intramolecular H-bonding.
29. Which of the following molecule consist of intramolecular H-bonding.
(A) HF (B) Ice (C) Boric acid (D) Chloral hydrate
30. Which of following statement is incorrect
(A) Boiling point of H2O2 is greater than that of H2O
(B) Ortho-nitrophenol has less boiling point than para-nitrophenol.
(C) In ice each ‗O‘ atom is tetrahedrally bonded by four H-atoms which are all equidistant.
CH2–OH
CH2–OH
(D) (Ethylene glycol) is less viscous than CH2–OH (Glycerol)
CH2–OH
CH2–OH
31. Which of the following is correct order for extent of Hydrogen Bonding
(A) NH3 > H2O2 > H2O > HF (B) H2O > HF > NH3 > H2O2
(C) H2O2 > H2O > HF (D) H2O2 > NH3 > H2O > HF
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 5
MATRIX MATCH
1. Column–I Column–II
(Sum of lone pair + Bond pair +  bond)
(A) N3– (P) 11
–
(B) NO3 (Q) 10
–
(C) I3 (R) 7
(D) CO (S) 13
(A) XeO3 (P) Pyramidal geometry
(B) XeO2F4 (Q) Non–planar molecule
(C) XeO2F2 (R) d orbital is involved in hybridization
z2
of central atom
–
(A) NH2 (P) Square pyramidal
(B) XeOF2 (Q) V–shaped
(C) ICI4– (R) T–shaped
2–
(D) [SbF5] (S) Square planner
4. Match the compounds with their properties.

Column–I Column–II
(A) BCl3 (P) All atoms are central atom.
(B) SiF4 (Q) It has only –bond.
(C) SiC (R) It is non–planar.
5. List–I List–II
(Oxy Acid) (Basicity)
(P) H3BO3 (1) Tetrabasic
(Q) H3PO3 (2) Tribasic
(R) H4SiO4 (3) Dibasic
(S) H3PO4 (4) Monobasic
Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 1 2 3 4 (B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 4 3 1 2 (D) 1 2 4 3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
6. List-I List-II
(P) HF (1) 2-D sheet like structure
(Q) H3BO3 (2) inter molecular H-bonding
(R) H3PO4 (3) Zig-zag chain like
(S) chloral hydrate (4) 5 membered chelate ring found in structure
Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 1 2 3 4 (B) 3 1 2 4
(C) 4 3 2 1 (D) 1 3 2 4
7. Match the following list :–

List-I (Molecules) List-II (Molecular properties)
(P) SF4 (1) Planar and polar
(Q) H2O (2) Non–planar and polar
(R) SF6 (3) Planar and non–polar
(S) CO2 (4) Non–planar and non–polar
Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 1 2 3 4 (B) 2 1 4 3
(C) 2 3 4 1 (D) 3 2 1 4
(A) H2S2O6 (P) Basicity = 3
(B) H2S2O3 (Q) X–X single bond is present
(where x is a central atom)
(C) B3N3H6 (R) Aromatic nature present in its structure
(D) Trimeta phosphoric acid (S) Weakest p–d bond present in structure
among the given molecules
(Pair of species) (Identical property in pairs of species)
(A) PCI3F2, PCI2F3 (P) Hybridisation of central atom
(B) BF3 and BCI3 (Q) Shape of molecule / ion
(C) CO2 and NO2+ (R) net (dipole moment)
(D) C6H6 and B3N3H6 (S) Total number of electrons
(T) All bond length are equal within molecule
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE – 6 # JEE–MAIN
1. Which of the following statements is true ? [AIEEE-2002]
(1) HF is less polar than HBr
(2) Water does not contain any ions
(3) Chemical bond formation takes place when forces of attraction overcome the forces of
repulsion
(4) In covalent bond, transfer of electrons takes place
2. Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have permanent dipole moments for both
members [AIEEE-2003]
(1) NO2 and CO2 (2) NO2 and O3
(3) SiF4 and CO2 (4) SiF4 and NO2
3. The pair of species having identical shapes for molecules of both species is [AIEEE-2003]
(1) XeF2, CO2 (2) BF3, PCl3 (3) PF5, IF5 (4) CF4, SF4
4. The correct order of bond angles (smallest first) in H2S, NH3, BF3 and SiH4 is : [AIEEE–2004]
(1) H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3 (2) NH3 < H2S < SiH4 < BF3
(3) H2S < SiH4 < NH3 < BF3 (4) H2S < NH3 < BF3 < SiH4
5. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon [AIEEE-2005]

(1) charge on the ion only (2) size of the ion only
(3) packing of the ion only (4) charge and size of the ion
6. Of the following sets which one does not contain isoelectronic species ? [AIEEE-2005]
(1) PO4 , SO42–, ClO4–
3– –
(2) CN , N2, C2 2–
(3) SO32–, CO32–, NO3– (4) BO33–, CO32–, NO3–
7. In which of the following molecules/ions are all the bonds not equal? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) XeF4 (2) BF4– (3) SF4 (4) SiF4
8. Which of the following hydrogen bonds is the strongest [AIEEE-2007]

(1) F–H.....F (2) O–H.....O (3) O–H.....F (4) O–H.....N
9. The hybridisation of orbitals of N atom in NO3–, NO2+ and NH4+ are respectively:-
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
[AIEEE-2011]
3 2 2 3 2 3
(1) sp, sp , sp (2) sp , sp , sp (3) sp, sp , sp (4) sp , sp, sp3
2
10. The structure of IF7 is :- [AIEEE-2011]

(1) octahedral (2) pentagonal bipyramid
(3) square pyramid (4) trigonal bipyramid
11. Which of the following has maximum number of lone pairs associated with Xe [AIEEE-2011]
(1) XeO3 (2) XeF4 (3) XeF6 (4) XeF2
12. The molecule having smallest bond angle is :- [AIEEE-2012]

(1) PCl3 (2) NCl3 (3) AsCl3 (4) SbCl3
13. In which of the following pairs the two species are not isostructural ? [AIEEE-2012]
3–
(1) AlF6 and SF6 (2) CO3 and 2–
NO3– +
(3) PCl4 and SiCl4 +
(4) PF5 and BrF5
14. The number of S–S bonds in SO3, S2O32–, S2O62– and S2O82– respectively are :-
[JEE-MAINS-2012]
(1) 1, 0, 1, 0 (2) 0, 1, 1, 0 (3) 1, 0, 0, 1 (4) 0, 1, 0, 1 (On line)
15. Among the following species which two have trigonal bipyramidal shape ?
[JEE-MAINS-2012]
–
(I) NI3 (II) I3 (III) SO3 2–
(IV) NO3– (On line)
(1) II and III (2) III and IV (3) I and IV (4) I and III
16. Which of the following has the square planar structure :- [JEE-MAINS-2012]
(1) NH4 +
(2) CCl4 (3) XeF4 (4) BF4– (On line)
17. The compound of Xenon with zero dipole moment is :- [JEE-MAINS-2012]

(1) XeO3 (2) XeO2 (3) XeF4 (4) XeOF4 (On line)
18. Among the following the molecule with the lowest dipole moment is :- [JEE-MAINS-2012]
(1) CHCl3 (2) CH2Cl2 (3) CCl4 (4) CH3Cl (On line)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
19. The formation of molecular complex BF3 – NH3 results in a change in hybridisation of boron :–
[JEE-MAINS-2012]
3 3 2 2
(1) from sp to sp d (2) from sp to dsp (On line)
(3) from sp3 to sp2 (4) from sp2 to sp3
20. Trigonal bipyramidal geometry is shown by: [JEE-MAINS-2013]

(1) XeO3F2 (2) XeOF2 (3) XeO3 (4) FXeOSO2F (On line)
21. Which one of the following molecules is polar? [JEE-MAINS-2013]

(1) CF4 (2) SbF5 (3) IF5 (4) XeF4 (On line)
22. Oxidation state of sulphur in anions SO32– S2O42– and S2O62– increases in the orders :
[JEE-MAINS-2013]
(1) S2O62–< S2O42– < SO32– 2– 2–
(2) SO3 < S2O4 < S2O6 2–
(On line)
(3) S2O42– < SO32– < S2O62– (4) S2O42– < S2O62– < SO32–
23. XeO4 molecule is tetrahedral having : [JEE-MAINS-2013]

(1) Two pp-dp bonds (2) Four pp-dp bonds (On line)
(3) One pp-dp bond (4) Three pp-dp bonds
24. Bond distance in HF is 9.17 × 10–11 m. Dipole moment of HF is 6.104 × 10–30 Cm. The percent
ionic character in HF will be : (electron charge = 1.60 × 10–19 C) [JEE-MAINS-2013]
(1) 61.0% (2) 38.0% (3) 35.5% (4) 41.5% (On line)
25. The shape of IF6– is : [JEE-MAINS-2013]

(1) distorted octahedron (2) Pyramidal (On line)
(3) Octahedral (4) Square antiprism
26. Which has trigonal bipyramidal shape ? [JEE-MAINS-2013]

(1) XeOF4 (2) XeO3 (3) XeO3F2 (4) XeOF2 (On line)
27. The catenation tendency of C, Si and Ge is in the order Ge < Si < C. The bond energies
(in kJ mol–1) of C — C, Si —Si and Ge—Ge bonds are respectively :
[JEE-MAINS-2013 (On line)]
(1) 348, 260, 297 (2) 348, 297, 260 (3) 297, 348, 260 (4) 260, 297, 348
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
28. In which of the following sets, all the given species are isostructural ?
[JEE-MAINS-2013 (On line)]
(1) BF3, NF3, PF3, AlF3 (2) PCl3, AlCl3, BCl3, SbCl3
(3) BF4¯, CCl4, NH4+, PCl4+ (4) CO2, NO2, ClO2, SiO2
29. For which of the following molecule significant μ  0 [JEE-M-2014]
Cl CN OH SH
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cl CN OH SH
(1) Only (3) (2) (3) and (4) (3) Only (1) (4) (1) and (2)
30. Among the following oxoacids, the correct decreasing order of acid strength is :-
[JEE-M-2014]
(1) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HOCl
(2) HClO2 > HClO4 > HClO3 > HOCl
(3) HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4

(4) HClO4 > HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3
31. The number and type of bonds in C22– ion in CaC2 are:
[AIEEE-2005, AIEEE-2011, JEE-MAINS-2014 (On line)]
(1) Two  bonds and one  – bond
(2) Two  bonds and two  – bonds
(3) One  bond and two  – bonds
(4) One  bond and one  – bond
32. For the compounds [JEE-MAINS-2014]

CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I and CH3F, (On line)
the correct order of increasing C-halogen bond length is :
(1) CH3F < CH3Br < CH3Cl < CH3I
(2) CH3F < CH3Cl < CH3Br < CH3I
(3) CH3Cl < CH3Br < CH3F < CH3I
(4) CH3F < CH3I < CH3Br < CH3Cl
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
33. Shapes of certain interhalogen compounds are stated below. Which one of them is not correctly
stated? [JEE-MAINS-2014]
(1) IF7 : Pentagonal bipyramid (2) BrF5 : Trigonal bipyramid (On line)
(3) ICl3 : Planar dimeric (4) BrF3 : Planar T-shaped
34. Which of the following molecules has two sigma() and two pi() bonds :-
[JEE-MAINS-2014]
(1) HCN (2) C2H2Cl2 (3) N2F2 (4) C2H4 (On line)
35. The species in which the N atom is in a state of sp hybridization is

[JEE-MAINS(offline)-2016]
–
(1) NO2 (2) NO2 +
(3) NO2 (4) NO3–
36. The pair in which phosphorous atoms have a formal oxidation state of + 3 is :-
(1) Pyrophosphorous and pyrophosphoric acids [JEE-MAINS(offline)-2016]
(2) Orthophosphorous and pyrophosphorous acids
(3) Pyrophosphorous and hypophosphoric acids

(4) Orthophosphorous and hypophosphoric acids
37. The group of molecules having identical shape is : [JEE-MAINS(online)-2016]
(1) SF4, XeF4, CCl4 (2) ClF3, XeOF2, XeF3+
(3) PCl5, IF5, XeO2F2 (4) BF3, PCl3, XeO3
38. Assertion : Among the carbon allotropes, diamond is an insulator, whereas, graphite is a good
conductor of electricity. [JEE-MAINS(online)-2016]
Reason : Hybridization of carbon in diamond and graphite are sp3 and sp2, respectively.
(1) Assertion is incorrect statement, but the reason is correct.
(2) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the
assertion.
(3) Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
(4) Both assertion and reson are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the
assertion.
39. Aqueous solution of which salt will not contain ions with the electronic configuration
1s22s22p63s23p6 ? [JEE-MAINS(online)-2016]
(1) NaCl (2) CaI2 (3) KBr (4) NaF
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
40. In the following reactions, ZnO is respectively acting as a/an: [JEE-MAINS(offline)-2017]
(a) ZnO + Na2O  Na2ZnO2 (b) ZnO + CO2  ZnCO3
(1) base and base (2) acid and acid (3) acid and base (4) base and acid
41. sp3d2 hybridization is not displayed by : [JEE-MAINS(online)-2017]
(1) SF6 (2) BrF5 (3) PF5 (4) [CrF6]3–
42. The number of S = O and S–OH bonds present in peroxodisulphuric acid and pyrosulphuric
acid respectively are :
(1) (2 and 4) and (2 and 4) (2) (4 and 2) and (4 and 2)
(3) (4 and 2) and (2 and 4) (4) (2 and 2) and (2 and 2)
43. The group having triangular planar structure is : [JEE-MAINS(online)-2017]
2– 2– –
(1) BF3, NF3, CO3 (2) CO3 , NO3 , SO3
2–
(3) NH3, SO3, CO3 (4) NCl3, BCl3, SO3
44. The number of P–OH bonds and the oxidation state of phosphorus atom in pyrophosphoric acid
(H4P2O7) respectively are : [JEE-MAINS(online)-2017]
(1) five and four (2) four and five (3) five and five (4) four and four
45. The correct sequence of decreasing number of -bonds in the structure of H2SO3, H2SO4 and
H2S2O7 is : [JEE-MAINS(online)-2017]
(1) H2S2O7 > H2SO3 > H2SO4 (2) H2S2O7 > H2SO4 > H2SO3
(3) H2SO4 > H2S2O7 > H2SO3 (4) H2SO3 > H2SO4 > H2S2O7
46. The decreasing order of bond angles in BF3, NH3, PF3 and I3– is :- [JEE-MAINS-2018]
(1) I3– > BF3 > NH3 > PF3 (2) BF3 > NH3 > PF3 > I3–
(3) I3– >NH3 > PF3 > BF3 (4) BF3 > I3– > PF3 > NH3
(I) (II)
47. H  N   N   N
In hydrogen azide (above) the bond orders of bonds (I) and (II) are :- [JEE-MAINS-2018]
(I) (II) (I) (II)
(1) >2 <2 (2) <2 <2
(3) <2 >2 (4) >2 >2
48. Identify the pair in which the geometry of the species is T-shape and square-pyramidal,
respectively :- [JEE-MAINS-2018]
– – –
(1) IO3 and IO2F2 (2) XeOF2 and XeOF4 (3) ICl2 and ICl5 (4) ClF3 and IO4–
49. The type of hybridisation and number of lone pair(s) of electrons of Xe in XeOF4 respectively,
are: [JEE-MAINS-2019]
(1) sp3d and 2 (2) sp3d2 and 2 (3) sp3d and 1 (4) sp3d2 and 1
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE – 7 # JEE–ADVANCED
Integer Type
1. The number of water molecule(s) directly bonded to the metal centre in CuSO4.5H2O is
[JEE 2009]
2. Based on VSEPR theory, the number of 90 degree F–Br–F angles in BrF5 is [JEE 2010]
3. The difference in the oxidation numbers of the two types of sulphur atoms in Na2S4O6 is.
[JEE 2011]
4. The total number of lone-pairs of electrons in melamine is [JEE Adv. 2013]
One or more than one correct

5. The linear structure is assumed by : [IIT1991]

(A) SnCl4 (B) NCO¯ (C) CS2 (D) NO 2
6. Which of the following has zero dipole moment? [IIT1993]

(A) CIF (B) PCl3 (C) SiF4 (D) CFCl3
7. Among the following molecules, which one is planar? [IIT1994]

(A) BCl3 (B) SO2Cl2 (C) NH3 (D) NF3
8. Which of the following species is / are non-linear? [IIT1995]
(A) H2S (B) NH3 (C) CO2 (D) SO2
9. Which contains both polar and non-polar bonds? [IIT1997]

(A) CH4 (B) HCN (C) H2O2 (D) NH4Cl
10. Which of the following compounds has sp2 hybridisation? [IIT1997]

(A) CO2 (B) SO2 (C) N2O (D) CO
11. Which one of the following molecules is planar? [IIT1996]

(A) NF3 (B) NCl3 (C) BF3 (D) PH3
12. The number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2 are: [IIT1996]
(A) 1 and 1 (B) 1 and 2 (C) 1 and 1.5 (D) 1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
– +
13. Among the species NF3 , NO3 , BF3 , H3O and HN3 , identify the isostructural species :
[IIT1996]
– + –
(A) (NF3 , NO3 ) and (BF3 , H3O ) (B) (NF3 , HN3) and (NO3 , BF3)
+ –
(C) (NF3 , H3O ) and (NO3 , BF3) (D) (NF3 , H3O+) and (HN3 , BF3)
14. Among the following the one that is polar and has the central atom with sp2 hybridisation is :
[IIT1997]
(A) H2CO3 (B) SiF4 (C) BF3 (D) HClO2
15. The geometry & the type of hybrid orbitals present about the central atom in BF3 is :
[JEE98]
2
(A) linear, sp (B) trigonal planar, sp
3
(C) tetrahedral sp (D) pyramidal, sp3
16. Which one of the following statement (s) is (are) correct? [JEE1998]
5 1
(A) The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 3d 4s . (Atomic No. of Cr = 24)
(B) The magnetic quantum number may have a negative value

(C) In silver atom, 23 electrons have a spin of one type and 24 of the opposite type.
( Atomic No. of Ag = 47)
(D) The oxidation state of nitrogen in HN3 is –3.
17. Element X is strongly electronegative and element Y is strongly electropositive. Both are
univalent. The compound formed would be : [JEE1998]
(A) X Y (B) Y+X– (C) X+ Y– (D) Y X
18. The correct order of increasing C - O bond length of, CO, CO32–, CO2 is :- [JEE '99]
(A) CO32– < CO2 < CO (B) CO2 < CO32– < CO
(C) CO < CO32– < CO2 (D) CO < CO2 < CO32–
19. The geometry of H2S and its dipole moment are [JEE '99]
(A) angular & non zero (B) angular & zero
(C) linear & non zero (D) linear & zero
20. In compounds type ECl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the angles Cl–E–Cl for different E are in
the order [JEE '99]
(A) B > P = As = Bi (B) B > P > As > Bi
(C) B < P = As = Bi (D) B < P < As < Bi
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
21. The most likely representation of resonance structure of p–nitrophenoxide is :
– O – O –
O O O O O O
 
N+ N N+ N
(1) (2) (3) (4)
O– O O– O–
22. Amongst H2O, H2S , H2Se and H2Te, the one with the highest boiling point is [JEE 2000]
(A) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
(B) H2Te because of higher molecular weight
(C) H2S because of hydrogen bonding
(D) H2Se because of lower molecular weight
23. The hybridization of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in NO2 , NO3 and NH4 are [JEE 2000]
2 3 2 2 3
(A) sp , sp and sp respectively (B) sp, sp and sp respectively
(C) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively (D) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively
24. The correct order of hybridization of the central atom in the following species NH3, PtCI42 ,
PCl5 and BCl3 is [JEE 2001]
(A) dsp2, sp3d, sp2 and sp3 3 2
(B) sp , dsp , sp d, sp 3 2
(C) dsp2, sp2, sp3, sp3d (D) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
25. Specify hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of BF3 and NH3 [JEE 2002]
(A) N : tetrahedral, sp3 ; B : tetrahedral, sp3 (B) N : pyramidal, sp3; B : pyramidal, sp3
(C) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : planar, sp2 (D) N : pyramidal, sp3; B : tetrahedral, sp3
26. The nodal plane in the -bond of ethene is located in [JEE 2002]
(A) the molecular plane
(B) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
(C) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which bisects, the carbon-carbon s bond at
right angle
(D) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which contains, the carbon-carbon bond.
27. Which of the following are isoelectronic and isostructural ? NO3 , CO32 , CIO3 , SO3
[JEE 2003]
 2   2 2
(A) NO , CO 3 3
(B) SO3, NO 3
(C) CIO , CO3 3
(D) CO ,SO33
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
28. Which species has the maximum number of lone pair of electrons on the central atom ?
[JEE 2005]
 
(A) CIO 3
(B) XeF4 (C) SF4 (D) I 3
29. The percentage of p-character in the orbitals forming P–P bonds in P4 is [JEE 2007]
(A) 25 (B) 33 (C) 50 (D) 75
30. The structure of XeO3 is [JEE 2007]

(A) linear (B) planar (C) pyramidal (D) T-shaped
31. Statement-1 : p-Hydroxybenzoic acid has a lower boiling point than o-hydroxybenzoic acid.
because
Statement-2 : o-Hydroxybenzoic acid has intramolecular hydrogen bonding. [JEE 2007]
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
32. Statement-1 : In water, orthoboric acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid.because

Statement-2 : In water, orthoboric acid acts as a proton donor. [JEE 2007]
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
33. The nitrogen oxide(s) that contain(s) N–N bond(s) is/are [JEE 2009]
(A) N2O (B) N2O3 (C) N2O4 (D) N2O5
34. The species having pyramidal shape is/are : [JEE 2010]

––
(A) SO3 (B) BrF3 (C) SiO3 (D) OSF2
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
35. Which ordering of compounds is according to the decreasing order of the oxidation state of
nitrogen-
(A) HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N2 (B) HNO3, NO, N2, NH4Cl [JEE 2012]
(C) HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2 (D) NO, HNO3, NH4Cl, N2
36. The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is : [JEE 2012]
(A) Trigonal bipyramidal (B) Square planar
(C) tetrahedral (D) see-saw
37. The compound(s) with TWO lone pairs of electrons on the central atom is(are) [JEE 2016]
(A) BrF5 (B) ClF3 (C) XeF4 (D) SF4
38. The crystalline form of borax has [JEE 2016]
(A) Tetranuclear [B4O5(OH)4]2– unit
(B) All boron atoms in the same plane
(C) Equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized boron atoms
(D) One terminal hydroxide per boron atom
39. The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each central atom in the following species
is [TeBr6]2–, [BrF2]+, SNF3, and [XeF3]– [JEE 2017]

(A) Atomic numbers: 7, F = 9, S = 16, Br = 35, Te = 52, Xe = 54)
40. The order of the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom in H3PO2, H3PO4, H3PO3, and H4P2O6
is:- [JEE 2017]
(A) H3PO4 > H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H4P2O6 (B) H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H4P2O6 > H3PO4
(C) H3PO3 > H3PO2 > H3PO4 > H4P2O6 (D) H3PO4 > H4P2O6 > H3PO3 > H3PO2
41. The option (s) with only amphoteric oxides is(are) : [JEE 2017]
(A) Cr2O3, BeO, SnO, SnO2 (B) ZnO, Al2O3, PbO, PbO2
(C) NO, B2O3, PbO, SnO2 (D) Cr2O3, CrO, SnO, PbO
42. The total number of compounds having at least one bridging oxo group among the molecules
given below is ____.
N2O3, N2O5, P4O6, P4O7, H4P2O5, H5P3O10, H2S2O3, H2S2O5 [JEE 2018]
43. Each of the following options contains a set of four molecules. Identify the option(s) where all
four molecules possess permanent dipole moment at room temperature. [JEE 2019]
(1) NO2, NH3, POCl3, CH3Cl (2) BeCl2, CO2, BCI3, CHCI3
(3) SO2, C6H5Cl, H2Se, BrF5 (4) BF3, O3, SF6, XeF6
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ANSWER KEY
DO YOURSELF – 1
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer D B D A C
DO YOURSELF – 2
Question 2 3 4 5
Answer C B C A
DO YOURSELF – 3
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer A D D A D
DO YOURSELF – 4
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer D A A C C
DO YOURSELF – 5
Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer D C B C B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 1
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. C
8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. D
15. A 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. C 21. D
22. D 23. D 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. B
29. D 30. B 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. D
36. D 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. B 42. A
43. A 44. D 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D
50. D 51. C 52. C 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C
57. D 58. C 59. C 60. C 61. A 62. D 63. A
64. C 65. C 66. A 67. B 68. A 69. C 70. D
71. C 72. A 73. C 74. D 75. C 76. C 77. D
78. D 79. D 80. C 81. B 82. C 83. A 84. D
85. B 86. C 87. B 88. C 89. A 90. B 91. C
92. C 93. A 94. C 95. A 96. C 97. B 98. B
99. A 100. A 101. B 102. B 103. C 104. D 105. D
106. C 107. A 108. C 109. C 110. A 111. B 112. D

113. B 114. C 115. D 116. D 117. C 118. C 119. D
120. D 121. C 122. C 123. C 124. A 125. D 126. B
127. B 128. C 129. B 130. D 131. A 132. D 133. B
134. C 135. C 136. D 137. C 138. B 139. C 140. D
141. C 142. D 143. C 144. D
EXERCISE # 2
1. A,B,C,D 2. A,B,C 3. A,B,D 4. A,C,D
5. A,B,C,D 6. A,B,C,D 7. A,B,C 8. B,D
9. A,B,C 10. B,C,D 11. A,B 12. A,B,C
13. A,B,C 14. A,B 15. A,D 16. A,B
17. A,B 18. A,B,C 19. A,C 20. A,B
21. A,B,C 22. B,C 23. A,B,D 24. A,C,D
25. A,C 26. B,C,D 27. B,D 28. A,B,C,D
29. B,C 30. A,B,C,D 31. A,B,C 32. A,B
33. A,B 34. A,B,C 35. A,B,C,D 36. A,D
37. A,C 38. A,B,C 39. A,C,D 40. A,B,C
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE # 3
1. 5 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2 5. 15 6. 2 7. 2
8. 3 9. 4 10. 4 11. 4 12. 2 13. 4 14. 2
15. 4 16. 4 17. 8 18. 4 19. 0 20. 20 21. 3
22. 4 23. 16 24. 8 25. 2 26. 15 27. 3 28. 0
29. 3 30. 4 31. 6 32. 2 33. 3 34. 2
EXERCISE # 4
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B
8. C 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A,B,C
15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A,B,D 19. A,D 20. D 21. A,B,C,D
22. A 23. D 24. B,C,D 25. D 26. B 27. A 28. A
29. D 30. C 31. C
EXERCISE # 5
1. (A)  (Q) ; (B)  (S) ; (C)  (P) ; (D)  (R)
2. (A)  (PQ) ; (B)  (QR) ; (C)  (QR)
3. (A)  (Q) ; (B)  (R) ; (C)  (S) ; (D)  (P)
4. (A)  (Q) ; (B)  (Q,R) ; (C)  (P,Q,R)
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. (A)  (Q) ; (B)  (S) ; (C)  (R) ; (D)  (P)
9. [(A) P,Q ; (B) P,Q,R,T ; (C) P,Q,R,S,T ; (D) P,Q,R,S]
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE - 6 # JEE-MAIN
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 4 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 4 4 2 BONUS 3 3 3 4 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Ans. 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 4
EXERCISE - 7 # JEE-ADVANCED
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 4 0 5 6 B,C,D C A A,B,D C B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C B C A B A,B,C B D A B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A A B B A A A D D C
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A,B,C
Ans. D C D B D B,C A,C,D 6 D
or A,C
Que. 41 42 43
Ans. AB 5,6 1,3
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ANSWER OF HYDROGEN BONDING
1.
H
O
H B
O O
H H
O O
H B H H
O O
O
H B H H B
O O O O
H H
2. Inter molecular H-Bonding in case of para nitro phenol is strong enough to increase boiling
point which is not favoured in o-nitro phenol.
3. Maleic acid anion gets stabilize due to intra molecular H-bonding which is not possible in
anion of Fumaric acid. So H+ releasing tendency is more in case of maleic acid.
O O
H C OH C OH
–H+ H
C C H-bonding
H-bonding H
C (Ion-dipole)
C OH (dipole)-dipole C O
H H C
O O
Maleic acid
O
O
H C OH
H C O
C
C No H-bonding
C –H+
HO C H C
HOOC H
O
Fumaric acid
4. Due to strong H-Bonding in H–F

F F
H H H
F
5. Due to H-Bonding in NH3.
6. Density of ice is higher than that of water due to cage like structure of ice volume of ice
increases and density decreases.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
7. On heating ice in temperature range 0–4ºC H-bonds of ice break down, which decreases
volume, hence density of H2O increases. On heating ice after 4ºC thermal vibrations of H2O
molecules increases which increases effective volume of ice, so density of ice again decreases.
8. H-I bond is weak as compare to H-F so it can be dissociated easily and can give H+ easily.
9. The organic matter in wood participate in H-bonding with water molecules in ice-cream.
10. K+[F–H….F] But KHBr2 & KHI2 can't form H-Bond.
H-bonding
11. In o-Nitrophenol intra molecular H-bond is present which it's solubility in water.
O–H H–Bonding
O
N
O
Ortho Nitro-phenol
12. In o-hydroxy benzeldehyde intramolecular H-bond is present which is less stronger than
intermolecular H-bond in p-hydroxy benzeldehyde.
13. Extent of H-bonding in glycerol is more as compare to ethanol so it is more viscous.

14. Due to H-bonding in H2O
15. Due to H-bonding in acetic acid it forms dimer so overall molecular weight is just double of
original
O H O
H 3C C C CH3
O H O
Dimer of CH3 COOH
16. Due to bigger size of 'CI' atom it's interaction is not enough to evolve the amount of energy
which lies in the range of H-bong.
n
(AcOH)n 
on vapour
 (AcOH)2
17. liquid 2
Not completely converted
But in (H2O)n 

on vapour
 n (H2O)
liquid
Here all H2O molecule gets vaporised. So change is more

18. As extent of H-bond is more in H2O as compare to HF, heat of vaporisation of water is higher
than HF.
IIT CHEMISTRY
NURTURE
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Chemical Bonding

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NURTURE

2. Tendency to acquire noble gas configuration (Octet rule):

 EXCEPTIONS TO OCTET RULE

2. Pseudo inert gas configuration [s2p6d10]

3. Contraction of octet (incomplete octet) F

These compounds arc hypovalent.

6. Compounds of Noble gases

the left and negative ion is at the right as A+B–

 FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND- BORN HABER CYCLE

Formation of NaCl (s) involves

I.E. = ionisation enthalpy of Na(g)

D = bond dissociation energy of Cl2(g)

EGE = electron gain enthalpy of Cl(g)

Hf = heat of formation of NaCl(s)

 COORDINATE BOND (DATIVE BOND)

(iv) BF3 + F– +  F3B  F-–

 COVALENCY : Capacity to form covalent bond is known as covalency

(a) Phosphorus  Ground state Covalency=3

PhosphorusExcited state Covalency = 5

(b) Sulphur  Ground state Covalency = 2

1st excited state Covalency = 4

(3rd excited state)

Que. SF4 is formed but OF4 does not why?

2. In which of the following species the bonds are non-directional ?

3. The maximum covalency is equal to -

(A) The number of unpaired p-electrons

(B) The number of paired d-electrons

(C) The number of unpaired s-and p-electrons

(D) The actual number of s-and p-electrons in the outermost shell

4. What is the number of lone pairs present in XeOF4 ?

5. A covalent bond is possible between :

(A) Only similar atoms (B) Only dissimilar atoms

(C) Similar and dissimilar atoms (D) Similar molecules

 Rules governing oxidation number:

number equal to –2.

may vary from n to n – 8 (but it is mainly applicable in p-block elements)

oxidation number may vary from

 Calculation of average oxidation number :

Ex. Calculate oxidation number of underlined element Na2S2O3 :

(+l) × 2 + (x) × 2 + (–2) × 3 = 0

Sol. Let oxidation number of S-atom is x

(+1) × 2 + (x) × 2 + (–2) × 6 = 0

Ex.2 Calculate the oxidation state in the following:

Li Be N O F Ne 

octet of surrounding atom is complete by making it uninegatively charged (particularly in case

number of electrons assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure. It is expressed as :

Formal charge (F.C.) Total number of Total number of Total number of

forms one bond (two bonding electrons).

electrons), and form two bonds (or four bonding electrons).

forms four bonds (or has eight bonding electrons).

has four bonding electrons).

has two bonding electrons).

Molecule Structure Formal charge

Ex. PC15, IF7, SF6 etc.

(g) HCO3 (h) CO3 (i) HSO3 (j) PO34

 VALENCE BOND THEORY

the hybridization of atomic orbitals.

(ii) e-p attraction

(iii) p-p repulsion

Experimentally, it has been found that the BDEH  H  434.2KJ / mol