ARINQUE, Alyssa Anne D.

Score:
Clinical Bacteriology-Lab MDT3A 18 September 2021

Title:

I. What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

The 5 moments of hand hygiene are:
1. Before touching a patient.
2. Before a procedure.
3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk.
4. After touching a patient.
5. After touching a patient’s surroundings.

II. Enumerate and describe different types of biosafety cabinet.

The different types of biosafety cabinets are:
1. Class I cabinet is defined as a ventilated cabinet for personnel and
environmental protection. Class I cabinets do not offer product protection from
contamination, significantly limiting their applications. They use unrecirculated
airflow away from the operator. Class I cabinets have a similar airflow pattern
to fume hood but they also have a HEPA filter at the exhaust outlet.
2. Class II cabinet is defined as a ventilated cabinet for personnel, product and
environmental protection for microbiological work or sterile pharmacy
compounding. Class II BSCs are designed with an open front with inward
airflow (personnel protection), downward HEPA-filtered exhaust air
(environmental protection). These cabinets are further differentiated by types
based on A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1. They require all biologically contaminated
ducts and plenums.
A. Type A1
-A Class II, Type A1 cabinet must maintain a minimum average inflow
velocity of 75 fpm through the sash opening. They may exhaust HEPA-
filtered air back into the lab, or may be exhaust outside using a canopy
connection. They are suitable for work using biological agents without
volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides, but not for sterile
hazardous pharmacy compounding.
B. Type A2
-A Class II, Type A2 cabinet must maintain a minimum average inflow
velocity of 100 fpm through the sash opening. Like Type A1 cabinets, they
may exhaust HEPA-filtered air back into the laboratory, or may be
exhausted outside using a canopy connection. Type A2 cabinets with a
canopy connection are safe for work involving biological agents treated
 with minute quantities of hazardous chemicals. They may also be used
with tracer quantities of radionuclides that won’t interfere with the work if
recirculated in the downflow air.
C. Type B1
- A Class II, Type B1 cabinet must maintain a minimum average inflow
velocity of 100 fpm through the sash opening. They have HEPA-filtered
downflow air composed mostly of uncontaminated recirculated inflow air
and exhaust most of the contaminated downflow air through a dedicated
duct that exhausts outside after passing through a HEPA filter. Similar to
Type A2 cabinets, Type B1 cabinets are safe for work involving agents
treated with minute quantities of toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of
radionuclides if the chemicals or radionuclides won’t interfere with the
work if recirculated in the downflow air.
D. Type B2
- A Class II, Type B2 cabinet must maintain a minimum average inflow
velocity of 100 fpm through the sash opening. They have HEPA-filtered
downflow air drawn from the lab or the outside air (not recirculated from
the cabinet exhaust) and exhaust all inflow and downflow air to the
atmosphere after filtration through a HEPA filter without recirculation in the
cabinet or return to the lab. Because of this, they are sometimes referred
to as 100% Exhaust or Total Exhaust cabinets. Type B2 cabinets are
suitable for work involving biological agents treated with hazardous
chemicals and radionuclides required as an adjunct to microbiology
applications.
E. Type C1
- A Class II, Type C1 cabinet must maintain a minimum average inflow
velocity of 105 fpm through the sash opening. Type C1 cabinets are
unique in that they can operate as either a Type A cabinet when in
recirculating mode or a Type B cabinet when exhausting. C1 cabinets can
be quickly changed from one mode to the other by connecting or
disconnecting the exhaust and having the cabinet recertified. The Type C1
also features a marked work area with clearly delineated spaces for
storage and a work area with dedicated direct exhaust for use with
hazardous vapors or radionuclides.
3. Class III cabinet is defined as a totally enclosed, ventilated cabinet with leak-
tight construction and attached rubber gloves for performing operations in the
cabinet. Class III biosafety cabinets are also called glove boxes. The cabinet
has a transfer chamber that allows for sterilizing materials before they leave
the glove box. The cabinet is maintained under negative pressure and supply
air is drawn in through HEPA filters. The exhaust air is treated with either
double HEPA filtration or HEPA filtration and incineration. Class III cabinets
are safe for work requiring Biosafety Level 1, 2, 3 or 4 containment.
III. Explain briefly the chain of infection.
- The chain of infection includes the Infectious agent which is the pathogen
(germ) that causes diseases. The Reservoir includes places in where the
pathogen lives (this includes people, animals, equipment, soil and water. The
Portal of exit is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir. The Mode of
transmission is the way the infectious agent can be passed on. The Portal of
entry is the way the infectious agent can enter a new host. The Susceptible
host can be any person most vulnerable of whom are receiving healthcare,
are immunocompromised.

IV. Enumerate and discuss the classification of biologic agents based on hazard.
The four hazard group of human pathogens and the basis of their classification
are as follows:
A. Hazard group 1 (HG 1): Biological agent that is unlikely to cause human
disease.
B. Hazard group 2 (HG 2): Biological agent that can cause human disease and
may be a hazard to employees but is likely to spread to the community and
there is usually effective prophylaxis or treatment available.
C. Hazard group 3 (HG 3): Biological agent that can cause severe human
disease and may be a serious hazard to employees and it may spread to the
community but there is usually prophylaxis or treatment available.
D. Hazard group 4 (HG 4): Biological agent that causes severe human disease
and is serious hazard to employees and it is likely to spread to the community
and there is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment available.

Reference/s:
What are the biosafety cabinet classes?. (2021). Retrieved 18 September 2021,
from https://www.labconco.com/articles/what-are-the-biosafety-cabinet-classes
Break the Chain of Infection | infectionpreventionandyou.org. (2021). Retrieved 18
September 2021, from https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-
patients/break-the-chain-of-infection/
University of Glasgow - MyGlasgow - Safety & Environmental Protection Service -
A-Z index - Biological safety - Biological COSHH Risk Assessment - Assessing
Risks of Work with Biological Agents and Hazards. (2021). Retrieved 18
September 2021, from https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/seps/az