Designation: D 5321 – 92 (Reapproved 1997)

Standard Test Method for

Determining the Coefficient of Soil and Geosynthetic or
Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic Friction by the Direct Shear
Method1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the 3. Terminology
shear resistance of a geosynthetic against soil, another geosyn-
thetic, or a soil and geosynthetic in any combination. 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to soil and
1.1.1 The test method is intended to indicate the perfor- rock, refer to Terminology D 653. For definitions of terms
mance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain relating to geosynthetics, refer to Terminology D 4439.
field conditions. 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The test method is applicable for all geosynthetics. 3.2.1 adhesion, ca(FL−2), n—the shearing resistance be-
Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test tween soil and another material under zero externally applied
device. pressure. (D 653, D-18)
1.3 The test method is not suited for the development of 3.2.2 angle of friction, n—(angle of friction between solid
exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to bodies) (degrees) the angle whose tangent is the ratio between
the non-uniform distribution of shearing forces and displace- the maximum value of the shear stress that resists slippage
ment. between two solid bodies at rest with respect to each other and
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the the normal stress across the contact surface. (D 653, D-18)
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 3.2.3 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
only. tained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and temperature of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all the safety 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F). (D 4439)
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility 3.2.4 coeffıcient of friction, n—a constant proportionality
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and factor, relating normal stress and the corresponding critical
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory shear stress, at which sliding starts between two surfaces.
limitations prior to use. (D 653, D-18)
3.2.5 direct shear friction test, n—for geosynthetics, a
2. Referenced Documents procedure in which the interface between a geosynthetic and
2.1 ASTM Standards: any other surface, under a range of normal stresses specified by
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock and Contained the user, is stressed to failure by the horizontal movement of
Fluids2 one surface against the other.
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character- 3.2.6 geosynthetic, n—a planar synthetic product manufac-
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft/lbf/ft3(600 tured from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or
kN/m/m3))2 other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral
D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character- part of a man-made project, structure, or system. (D 4439)
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56 000 ft-lbf/ft3(2700
4. Summary of Test Method
kN/m/m3)2
D 3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under 4.1 The coefficient of friction between a geosynthetic and
Consolidated Drained Conditions2 soil, or between any geosynthetic combination selected by the
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geotextiles for Testing3 user, is determined by placing the geosynthetic and one or
more contact surfaces, such as soil, within a direct shear box.
A constant normal compressive stress is applied to the speci-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on men, and a tangential (shear) force is applied to the apparatus
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-
cal Properties.
so that one section of the box moves in relation to the other
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1992. Published December 1992. section. The shear force is recorded as a function of the
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. horizontal displacement of the moving section of the shear box.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.

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 D 5321
The test is performed for a minimum of three different normal 6. Apparatus
stresses, selected by the user, to model appropriate field 6.1 Shear Device—A rigid device to hold the specimen
conditions. The peak (or alternatively, the residual) shear securely and in such a manner that a uniform force without
stresses recorded are plotted against the applied normal com- torque can be applied to the specimen. The device consists of
pressive stresses used for testing. The test data are generally both a stationary and moving container, both of which are
represented by a best fit straight line whose slope is the capable of containing dry or wet soil and are rigid enough to
coefficient of friction between the two materials where the prevent distortion during shearing of the specimen. The trav-
shearing occurred. The y-intercept of the straight line is the eling container must be placed on firm bearings and rack to
adhesion. ensure that the movement of the container is only in a direction
parallel to that of the applied shear force.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 3—One container should be adjustable to compensate for defor-
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for deter- mation of the soil.
mination of the coefficient of soil and geosynthetic or geosyn-
thetic and geosynthetic friction by the direct shear method is 6.1.1 Square or rectangular containers are recommended;
intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of they should have a minimum dimension that is the greater of
design values for the test conditions examined. The test 300 mm (12 in.), 15 times the d85 of the coarser soil used in the
specimens and parameters are generally selected by the user. test, or a minimum of five times the maximum opening size (in
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of plan) of the geosynthetic tested. The depth of each container
commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised should be 50 mm (2 in.) or six times the maximum particle size
as outlined below. of the coarser soil tested, whichever is greater. The minimum
5.2.1 The coefficient of soil and geosynthetic friction can be specimen to width to thickness ratio is 2:1.
expressed only in terms of the soil used in testing (see Notes 1 NOTE 4—The minimum container dimensions given in 6.1.1 are guide-
and 2). The coefficient of friction is a function of the applied lines based on requirements for testing most combinations of geosynthet-
normal compressive stress, soil gradation, plasticity, in-place ics and soils. Containers smaller than those specified in 6.1.1 can be used
density, moisture content, and other parameters. if it can be shown that data generated by the smaller devices contain no
scale or edge effects bias when compared to the minimum size devices
NOTE 1—In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the specified in 6.1.1. The user should conduct comparative testing prior to the
user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test acceptance of data produced on smaller devices. For direct shear testing
parameters. involving soils, competent geotechnical review is recommended to evalu-
NOTE 2—Soil and geosynthetic friction tests should be performed by ate the compatibility of the minimum and smaller direct shear devices.
laboratories experienced in the friction testing of soils, especially since the
6.2 Normal Stress Loading Device, capable of applying and
test results may be dependent on site-specific soil conditions.
maintaining a constant uniform normal stress on the specimen
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to for the duration of the test. Careful control and accuracy
sliding of a geosynthetic with a supporting material (substra- (62 %) of the normal stress is important. Normal stress
tum) or an overlying material (superstratum). Total sliding loading devices include, but are not limited to, weights,
resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, interlock- pneumatic or hydraulic bellows, or piston-applied stresses. For
ing of soil particles and geosynthetic surfaces, and shear strain jacking systems, the tilting of loading plates must be limited to
within the geosynthetic specimen. 10 mm (0.4 in.) from the center to the edge of the plate during
5.2.3 The test method does not distinguish between indi- operation of the test device.
vidual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil used, 6.3 Shear Force Loading Device, capable of applying a
method of soil placement, normal and shear stresses applied, shearing force to the specimen at a constant rate of displace-
rate of horizontal displacement, and other factors. Every effort ment (strain controlled) in a direction parallel to the direction
should be made to identify, as closely as is practicable, the of travel of the soil container. The rate of displacement should
sheared area and failure mode of the specimen so that be controlled to an accuracy of 610 % over a wide range of
comparison tests can be performed. Care should be taken, displacements. The system must allow constant measurement
including close visual inspection of the specimen after testing, and readout of the shear force applied. An electronic load cell
to ensure that the testing conditions are representative of those or proving ring arrangement is generally used. The shear force
being investigated. loading device should be connected to the test apparatus in
5.2.4 Information on precision between laboratories is in- such a fashion that the point of the load application to the
complete. In cases of dispute, comparative tests to determine traveling container is in the plane of the shearing interface and
whether a statistical bias exists between laboratories may be remains the same for all tests.
advisable. 6.4 Displacement Indicators, for providing continuous read-
5.3 The test method produces test data that can be used as out of the horizontal shear displacement and, if desired, vertical
follows: in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced retaining displacement of the specimen during the consolidation or shear
walls, embankments, and base courses; in applications in phase. Dial indicators, or linear variable differential transform-
which the geosynthetic is placed on a slope; for determination ers (LVDT), capable of measuring a displacement of at least 75
of geosynthetic overlap requirements; or in other applications mm (3 in.) for horizontal displacement and 25 mm (1 in.) for
in which soil/geosynthetic or geosynthetic/geosynthetic fric- vertical displacement are recommended. The sensitivity of
tion is critical to design. displacement indicators should be 0.02 mm (0.001 in.) for

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 D 5321
measuring horizontal displacement. edge of the geosynthetic production unit than 1⁄10 the width of
6.5 Geosynthetic Clamping Devices, required for fixing the unit.
geosynthetic specimens to the stationary section or container, NOTE 6—Lots for geosynthetics are usually designated by the producer
the traveling container, or both, during shearing of the speci- during manufacturer. While the test method does not attempt to establish
men. Clamps shall not interfere with the shearing surfaces a frequency of testing for the determination of design-oriented data, the lot
within the shear box and must keep the geosynthetic specimens number of the laboratory sample should be identified. The lot number
flat during testing. Flat jaw-like clamping devices are normally should be unique to the raw material and manufacturing process for a
sufficient. Gluing of the geosynthetic specimen to a substrate specific number of units (for example, rolls, panels, etc.) designated by the
producer.
(such as wood), which is placed in either or both of the soil
NOTE 7—The frictional characteristics of some geosynthetics may
containers, is an acceptable clamping technique, provided that depend on the direction tested. In many applications, it is necessary to
soil is not used along with the wooden substrate and it does not perform shear test in only one direction. The direction of shear in the
interfere with the test operation or that the glue does not change geosynthetic specimen(s) must be noted clearly in these cases.
the shearing properties of the geosynthetic specimen. If gluing
is used, the specimen should be checked carefully to ensure 8. Shear Device Calibration
that shearing of the glued surface does not occur. A trial test is 8.1 The direct shear device is calibrated to measure the
recommended to establish the proper type of glue and setting internal resistance to shear inherent to the device. The inherent
time. shear resistance is a function of the geometry and mass of the
traveling container, type and condition of the bearings, and
NOTE 5—The selection of specimen substrate may influence the test
results. For instance, a test performed using a rigid substrate, such as a
type of shear loading system.
wood or metal plate, may not simulate field conditions as accurately as 8.2 Assemble the shear device completely without placing a
that using a soil substrate. The user should be aware of the influence of specimen inside it. Do not apply a normal stress. Apply the
substrate on direct shear friction data. Accuracy and reproducibility should shear force to the traveling container at a rate of 10 mm/min
be considered when selecting a substrate for testing. (0.5 in./min). Record the shear force required to sustain
6.6 Soil Preparation Equipment, for preparing or compact- movement of the traveling container for at least 50 mm (2 in.)
ing bulk soil samples, as outlined in Test Methods D 698 or total horizontal displacement. Record any large variation in
D 1557 or Method D 3080. applied shear force after movement of the traveling container
6.7 Miscellaneous Equipment, as required for preparing has been initiated. Any such variations may be indications of
geosynthetic specimens. A timing device and equipment re- damaged or misaligned bearings, or an eccentric application of
quired for maintaining saturation of the geosynthetic or soil the shear force.
samples, if desired. 8.3 The maximum shear force recorded is the internal shear
correction to be applied to shear force data after the testing of
7. Geosynthetic Sampling geosynthetics or soil specimens.
7.1 Lot Sample—Divide the product into lots, and for any 9. Conditioning
lot to be tested, take the lot sample as directed in Practice 9.1 For geosynthetic friction tests without soil, test speci-
D 4354 (Notes 5 and 6). mens at the temperature specified in the atmosphere for testing
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Consider the units in the lot geosynthetics. Humidity control is normally not required for
sample as the units in the laboratory sample for the lot to be direct shear testing.
tested. For a laboratory sample, take a sample extending the 9.2 When soil is included in the test specimen, the method
full width of the geosynthetic production unit and of sufficient of conditioning is selected by the user or mutually agreed upon
length along the selvage or edge from each sample roll so that by the user and the testing agency. In the absence of specified
the requirements of 7.3 can be met. Take a sample that will conditioning criteria, the test should be performed at the
exclude material from the outer wrap unless the sample is taken temperature specified in the standard atmosphere for testing
at the production site, in which case inner and outer wrap geosynthetics. Relative humidity control should be performed
material may be used. when specified by the user.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each unit in the laboratory 9.3 When the geosynthetic is to be tested in the wet
sample, remove the required number of specimens as outlined condition, soak the specimen in water for a minimum of 24 h
below. prior to testing (Note 8).
7.3.1 Remove a minimum of three specimens for shearing NOTE 8—Geosynthetics that do not absorb measurable quantities of
in a direction parallel to the machine (or roll) direction of the water may not require a 24-h soaking period for this test.
laboratory sample and three specimens for shearing in a
direction parallel to the cross-machine (cross-roll) direction, if 10. Procedure A—Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic
required (Note 6). The specimens should be slightly larger than Friction
the inside dimensions in all directions of the soil container 10.1 Place the lower geosynthetic specimen flat over a rigid
described in 6.1.1, and they should be of sufficient size to substrate in the lower container of the direct shear apparatus.
facilitate clamping. All specimens should be free of surface The substrate may consist of soil, wood, or steel plates or other
defects, etc., that are not typical of the laboratory sample. rigid media. The specimen must cover the entire substrate, and
Space the specimens along a diagonal of the unit of the the upper surface of the specimen must extend above the edges
laboratory sample. Take no specimens nearer the selvage or of the lower container.

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10.1.1 If the test is to be performed using wet specimens, A protrusion of 1 mm is sufficient for fine-grained soils. Level
remove the wetted specimen from the conditioning chamber the soil surface carefully.
and blot the upper surface of the specimen free of excess 11.2 Place the lower geosynthetic specimen loosely over the
surface moisture. Begin the test as soon as possible after substrate. Clamp or otherwise fix the end of the specimen
removing the specimen from the conditioning chamber. temporarily, and reset it to ensure that the geosynthetic
10.2 Slide the two containers together and fix them in the specimen is in complete contact with the soil. Remove all folds
start position. Place the upper geosynthetic specimen over the or wrinkles and verify that the protrusion of the soil substrate
previously placed lower specimen so that both specimens are is suitable as outlined in 11.1.
flat, free of folds, wrinkles, etc., and in complete contact within 11.2.1 For specimens tested in the saturated state, blot the
the test area. The specimen must protrude below the lower upper surface of the specimen to remove excess moisture.
surface of the upper container. Only the two specimens are to 11.3 Fix the two soil containers in the start position, and
be in contact within the test area. place the upper geosynthetic specimen, if used, as directed in
10.3 Place a rigid superstratum over the upper specimen so 10.2.
that a uniform stress may be applied over the entire specimen 11.3.1 Clamp or fix the upper geosynthetic specimen tem-
within the test area. Fix the loading plate and apply the normal porarily before placing the upper soil, if used, and adjust the
compressive stress to the specimen. distance between the soil containers so that the distance
10.4 As required, clamp the specimen to constrain failure to between the upper surface of the geosynthetic specimen and
the interface between the upper and lower geosynthetic speci- the lower surface of the upper soil container is at least equal to
mens. the d85 of the upper soil. Alternatively, the upper container can
10.4.1 One or both of the specimens may be glued or be raised after placement and compaction of the upper soil
epoxied to the rigid superstrate or substrate, subject to the layer.
limitations described in 6.5. This may be a substitute for 11.4 Place the upper soil at the desired density and moisture
clamping. content in a manner that minimizes damage to the geosynthetic
10.5 Place and zero the displacement indicators onto the specimen. Unclamp the geosynthetic specimen and apply the
traveling container. Assemble the shear force loading device normal compressive stress.
such that the loading ram is in contact with the traveling 11.4.1 If required, consolidate the soil specimens to elimi-
container, but no shear force is applied. nate excess soil pore pressures or to model field conditions.
10.6 Apply the shear force using a constant rate of displace- Required consolidation times are calculated as outlined in
ment. In the absence of any material specifications, use a Method D 3080 (Note 9).
maximum displacement rate of 5 mm/min (0.2 in./min). 11.4.2 After the consolidation period, reclamp the geosyn-
10.7 Record the shear force as a function of displacement. If thetic specimen to the upper or lower container, as required. If
the data are not recorded continuously, a minimum of 20 data the failure surface is not to be constrained to any particular
points should be obtained per test. surface, the specimen may remain unclamped.
10.8 Run the test until the applied shear force remains 11.5 Place the displacement indicators and assemble the
constant with increasing displacement. Displacements ranging shear loading device as described in 10.5.
from 25 to 75 mm (1 to 3 in.) are generally required to generate 11.6 Apply the shear force using a constant rate of displace-
this residual shear force. ment that is slow enough to dissipate soil pore pressures, as
10.9 At the end of the test, remove the normal stress from described in Method D 3080 (Note 9). If excess pore pressures
the specimen and disassemble the device carefully. Inspect the are not anticipated, and in the absence of a material specifica-
failure surface and clamp area carefully in order to identify the tion, apply the shear force at a rate of 1 mm/min (0.04 in./min).
failure mechanisms involved. Note evidence of shear strains
within the specimen or at the clamps. NOTE 9—For the large-soil specimens typically used for this test,
10.9.1 Evidence of shear strains from testing of a specimen excess pore pressures may not be dissipated using the guidelines in
that is not typical of other specimens tested may result in Method D 3080. True drained conditions may not exist if this is the case,
and the test should not be considered drained. Thinner soil specimens or
discarding of the specimen and retesting. If excessive strains in very slow deformation rates, or both, should be considered if drained
the specimen or slipping occur, the test may have to be rerun at conditions are desired.
a lower normal compressive stress.
10.10 Repeat the test at a new normal compressive stress 11.7 Record the shear force as described in 10.7, and run the
under new geosynthetic specimens. Test a minimum of three test until a residual shear force is attained as determined in
specimens, each at a different normal stress selected by the 10.8.
user. 11.8 Remove the normal stress and disassemble the device
10.11 Plot the test data as directed in 11.11 and 11.12. at the end of the test. Carefully inspect and identify the failure
surface of the specimen and the area of the specimen clamp.
11. Procedure B—Soil and Geosynthetic Friction Specimen failures should be consistent for all tests in order for
11.1 Place soil or rigid substrate in the lower container, as the test data to be comparable.
required. Compact the soil at the specific moisture content to 11.9 At the end of the test, remove the soil specimen to
the density desired. Fill the lower container with soil so that the determine the density and moisture content, if required.
surface of the soil specimen protrudes a distance equal to 11.10 Repeat the procedure for a minimum of two addi-
one-half of the d85 of the soil, as described in Method D 3080. tional normal compressive stresses.

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11.11 Plot the test data as a graph of applied shear force dp = angle of friction corresponding to the peak shear
versus container displacement. For this plot, identify the peak stress (degrees), and
shear force or residual shear force, if required. Determine the vp = the coefficient of friction corresponding to the peak
horizontal displacements for these shear forces. shear stress.
11.12 Calculate the peak shear stress (or, alternatively, the 12.4.1 Alternatively, the coefficient of friction may be
residual stress, if required), as directed in Section 12. Subtract calculated based on residual shear stresses recorded during
the internal shear correction (determined in 9.3) from the shear testing using the following equation:
stress. The difference between the recorded shear stress and the
dr5tan21~vr!
internal shear correction is the actual shear stress applied to the
specimen. where:
dr = angle of friction corresponding to the residual shear
12. Calculation stress (degrees), and
12.1 For tests using soil, calculate the initial and final water vr = the coefficient of friction corresponding to the residual
content, unit weight, and degree of saturation, if required. shear stress.
12.2 Calculate the apparent shear stress applied to the 12.5 The y-intercept of the shear stress versus normal stress
specimen for each recorded shear force as follows: plot is the adhesion.
T5FS/AC 13. Report
where: 13.1 In the report of the coefficient of geosynthetic/
T = shear stress (kPa), geosynthetic or soil/geosynthetic friction by the direct shear
FS = shear force (kN), and method, include the following information:
AC = corrected area (m2). 13.1.1 Project, type(s), and description of geosynthetic
12.2.1 For tests in which the area of specimen contact specimens tested and direction tested.
decreases with increased displacement, a corrected area must 13.1.2 Complete information on any soils used in testing,
be calculated. This will occur in test devices in which the including soil preparation, compaction, moisture, gradation,
stationary and traveling containers have the same overall plan classification, etc., and the methods used.
dimensions. In this case, the actual contact area will decrease 13.1.3 Description of the test apparatus, including container
as a function of horizontal displacement of the traveling dimensions, loading apparatus, and recording devices used.
container. For square or rectangular containers, the corrected 13.1.4 All test conditions, including normal compressive
area is calculated for each displacement reading using the pressures selected, rate of horizontal displacement, specimen
following equation: (including soil) construction, and clamping methods used. A
AC5AO2~d W! sketch of the test specimen used is recommended.
13.1.5 Statement of any departures from the suggested test
where: procedure, as required for special studies, so that the results can
AC = corrected area (m2), be evaluated and used.
AO = initial specimen contact area (m2), 13.2 Complete test data, including plots of shear force
d = horizontal displacement of the traveling container versus horizontal displacement and a plot of shear stress versus
(m), and normal compressive stress for the tests conducted. Clearly
W = specimen contact width in a direction perpendicular mark all data points, the failure envelope, and the adhesion and
to that of shear force application (m). coefficient of friction values.
12.2.2 No area correction may be required for tests in which
the stationary container is larger than the traveling container, 14. Precision and Bias
provided that the horizontal displacement of the traveling
14.1 The precision of this test method is being established.
container does not result in a decrease in specimen contact
14.2 Bias—The value of the coefficient of soil and geosyn-
area.
thetic friction can be defined only in terms of the soil and
12.3 Plot each shear stress, as determined in 11.11 and conditions used during testing. Because of the many variables
11.12, versus applied normal compressive stress for each test involved and the lack of a superior standard or referee method,
conducted. The shear stress and normal stress axes must be there are no direct data to determine bias.
drawn to the same scale. 14.2.1 The value of the coefficient of geosynthetic and
12.4 Connect the data points with a best fit straight line. geosynthetic friction can be defined only in terms of a test
Some judgment and experience may be required to construct method. When this test method is the determining test method,
this line, which is referred to as the failure envelope. The slope measurements of the coefficient of geosynthetic/soil and
of the failure envelope is the coefficient of friction. The angle geosynthetic/geosynthetic friction have no bias.
of friction is determined using the following equations:
dp5tan21~vp! 15. Keywords
15.1 coefficient of friction; direct shear; geosynthetics; in-
where:
terface shearing resistance; performance test

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