This document summarizes several theories of personality development and personal growth. It discusses psychoanalytic theories from Freud, Erikson, Jung, Adler, and Horney. It also covers humanistic theories from Rogers and Maslow. Trait theories from Eysenck, Cattell, and McCrae and Costa are mentioned. The Big Five model of personality traits is defined. Additional frameworks covered include Myers-Briggs, the Enneagram, Johari Window, and Bandura's social learning theory. Stages of cognitive, moral, and spiritual development are outlined. Challenges of adolescence and approaches to self-awareness are also summarized.
This document summarizes several theories of personality development and personal growth. It discusses psychoanalytic theories from Freud, Erikson, Jung, Adler, and Horney. It also covers humanistic theories from Rogers and Maslow. Trait theories from Eysenck, Cattell, and McCrae and Costa are mentioned. The Big Five model of personality traits is defined. Additional frameworks covered include Myers-Briggs, the Enneagram, Johari Window, and Bandura's social learning theory. Stages of cognitive, moral, and spiritual development are outlined. Challenges of adolescence and approaches to self-awareness are also summarized.
This document summarizes several theories of personality development and personal growth. It discusses psychoanalytic theories from Freud, Erikson, Jung, Adler, and Horney. It also covers humanistic theories from Rogers and Maslow. Trait theories from Eysenck, Cattell, and McCrae and Costa are mentioned. The Big Five model of personality traits is defined. Additional frameworks covered include Myers-Briggs, the Enneagram, Johari Window, and Bandura's social learning theory. Stages of cognitive, moral, and spiritual development are outlined. Challenges of adolescence and approaches to self-awareness are also summarized.
This document summarizes several theories of personality development and personal growth. It discusses psychoanalytic theories from Freud, Erikson, Jung, Adler, and Horney. It also covers humanistic theories from Rogers and Maslow. Trait theories from Eysenck, Cattell, and McCrae and Costa are mentioned. The Big Five model of personality traits is defined. Additional frameworks covered include Myers-Briggs, the Enneagram, Johari Window, and Bandura's social learning theory. Stages of cognitive, moral, and spiritual development are outlined. Challenges of adolescence and approaches to self-awareness are also summarized.
Theories of Personality Psychoanalytic ★ Sigmund Freud - stressed the importance of early childhood events - influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts ★ Erik Erikson - emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis, and how personality is shaped of the entire lifespan ★ Carl Jung - collective, unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types ★ Alfred Adler - involve striving for superiority and move closer toward self-realization - universal ★ Karen Horney - need to overcome basic anxiety, sense of being isolated - societal and cultural factors also play a role in personality - importance of the parent-child relationship Humanistic ★ Carl Rogers - inherent goodness of people - free will and psychological growth - the actualizing tendency is the driving force ★ Abraham Maslow - hierarchy of needs - centered on the necessary things of life become centered on things such as esteem and self-actualization Trait Perspective ★ Hans Eysenck - dimensions of personality: extraversion-introversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, psychoticism ★ Raymond Cattell - 16 personality traits that could be utilized to understand and measure personalities ★ Robert McCrae and Paul Costa - key dimensions of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness Social ★ Albert Bandura - the importance of learning - role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy
Big Five Personality
Low score Trait High score
Practical, conventional, prefers Openness (imagination, feelings, Curious, wide range of interests, routine actions, ideas) independent
Calm, even-tempered, secure Neuroticism (tendency toward Anxious, unhappy, prone to
unstable emotions) negative emotions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Enneagram 1.) Reformer (Perfectionist and Judge) - rational and idealistic type: principled, purposeful, self-controlled, and perfectionist 2.) Helper (Giver and Pleaser) - caring and interpersonal type: demonstrative, generous, people-pleasing, and possessive 3.) Achiever (Performer and Succeeder) - success-oriented and pragmatic type: adaptive, excelling, driven, and image-conscious 4.) Individualist (Romantic and Aesthetee) sensitive and withdrawn type: expressive, dramatic, self-absorbed, and temperamental 5.) Investigator (Observer and Thinker) - intense and cerebral type: perceptive, innovative, secretive, and isolated 6.) Questioner (Loyal skeptic and Troubleshooter) - committed and security-oriented type: engaging, responsible, anxious, and suspicious 7.) Enthusiast (Generalist, Epicure, and Adventurer) - busy and fun-loving type: spontaneous, versatile, distractible, and scattered 8.) Challenger (Protector, Boss, and Top Dog) - powerful and dominating type: self-confident, decisive, willful, and confrontational 9.) Peacemaker (Mediator and Negotiator) easygoing and self-effacing type: receptive, reassuring, agreeable, and complacent
The Johari Window
Areas of Personal Development
1. Physiological - physical changes in the body, senses, and skills related to movement 2. Social - inborn capacity to relate, connect, and feel 3. Emotional - feelings that you experience Emotion - physiological experience (state of awareness) Feeling - conscious awareness Emotions - generate biochemical reactions Feelings - reactions to emotions; subjective in nature Basic Emotions - happy, sad, afraid or surprised, angry or disgusted 4. Cognitive - person’s intellectual abilities Attitude - enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies 3 Components: Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive 5. Spiritual - discovering oneself; known as the soul that is often taken for granted Beliefs - how people react to life Values - subjective judgments; what one considers as essential to self Virtues - qualities Values and virtues - guiding principles
Albert Bandura’s Theory of Human Agency
- the capacity of humans to exercise control over their own lives - “People are self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective, and self-organizing.” - self-efficacy: one can succeed in what one wants to do Bandura’s Theory of Reciprocal Causation (1989)
Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
➔ Person - the sum of total behaviors that were rewarded by his/her environment; developed through repetition and reinforcement ➔ Modeling: The people that one looks to can influence his/her identity, beliefs, and values.
Adolescence - the transition period between being a child and adult - period of being “caught in the middle”
Karen Horney’s Socio-Cultural View of Knowing Oneself
- largely responsible for the formation of one’s personality - key factor: relationship of a child and parents - early childhood experiences and relationships shape one’s personality
★ Erik Erikson - personality develops and stretches from infancy to old age - must progress through each stage of life which is crucial in the development of personality Stages of Psychosocial Development
Infancy trust vs. mistrust
Early Childhood autonomy vs. shame & doubt
Preschool initiative vs. guilt
School Age industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence identity vs. role confusion
Young Adulthood intimacy vs. isolation
Middle Adulthood generativity vs. stagnation
Maturity ego integrity vs. despair
Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget’s Theory
1. Sensorimotor Stage - birth to 2 years old 2. Pre-Operational Stage - 2 to 7 years old 3. Concrete Operational Stage - 7 to 11 years old 4. Formal Operational Stage - 12 and up When the last stage was reached, teens increased mental capacity in terms of hypothesizing, logical, and abstract thinking
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning and Propositional Thought
Imaginary Audience: self-consciousness; feelings though everyone is watching Personal Fable: belief that he/she is unique with unique abilities and unique problems
Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory 6 Stages grouped into 3 Levels 1. Pre-Conventional 2. Conventional 3. Post-Conventional Starts from being centered on the needs and wants to considering and negotiating, to a concern for the common good and universal principles, sometimes at the cost of being self-beneficial. Spiritual Development - People develop and mature in holiness, as they grow deeper in knowledge and love for their Creator - Those who practice faith actively are resilient in the face of adversities - Those who believe in a higher being have a deeper sense of hope and purpose
3 Ways to of the Interior Life or 3 Stages of the Spiritual Life
- conflict in relationships - self-concept - engagement with others - overwhelming feelings and emotions - hormonal changes
Major Challenges: - sexuality
- self-esteem - academic concerns - physical appearance - choosing the right course and career - group belongings path - relationships - socio-economic challenges Meeting life’s challenges through self-awareness What is self-awareness? - Gives us more secure inner self-knowledge - Helps us communicate clearly and effectively - Allows us to express feelings confidently - Lessens confusion and helps straighten out misunderstandings and misinterpretations - Can lead to honest, real, and respectful relationships with others - Gives us an opportunity to grow and to become a more positive presence
Theories to Approaching Self-Awareness
Sigmund Freud - psychoanalytic theory - 3 levels of awareness: conscious, subconscious, or preconscious, and unconscious - 3 provinces of the mind: id (instinct), ego (reality), and superego (morality) - Slip of the tongue: Freudian Slip Alfred Adler - Inferiority complex - Striving for superiority or striving for success - Social interest: oneness with humanity - Maladjustments - Safeguarding tendencies Carl Jung - psychospiritual dimension of self - Personal unconscious and the collective unconscious - Individuation or self-realization - Archetypes: *persona, *shadow, *anima, *animus, great mother, wise old man, hero, and *self - *Major Jungian Archetypes
Reaction formation - when a person feels an urge to do or say something then says something that is the opposite of what they really want - appears as a defense against a feared social punishment Projection - to get rid of attributes of other people with which we are uncomfortable
Differences: reaction formation is transferring your feelings into the opposite behaviors While projection is more accusing other of your faults
Three Components of “Self-Concept”
- Self-image - Self-esteem - Ideal self
“Self-Confidence is more secure when it rests on knowing we are God’s beloved children and not on the certitude of attaining a success that often eludes us. This conviction enables us to accept the risk involved in any decision, to overcome the paralysis of insecurity and to be open to new situations.” - A Healthy Self-Esteem, Opus Dei
