See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/269809773

Research Paper Zoology Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) From

Undisturbed And Disturbed Habitats of Great Indian Bustard Wildlife
Sanctuary

Article  in  International Journal of Scientific Research · December 2014

CITATIONS READS

6 18,702

2 authors, including:

Dr. Ramrao Chavan

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
31 PUBLICATIONS   57 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Ecological studies on Ants at Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary, Dist. Solapur Maharashtra, India View project

Studies on diversity of Antsat Gautala-Autramghat sanctuary Dist. Aurangabad Maharashtra, India View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Dr. Ramrao Chavan on 21 December 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Volume : 3 | Issue : 12 | December 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper

Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Zoology

Formicidae) From Undisturbed And KEYWORDS : Diversity, Ant, Disturbance,
Disturbed Habitats of Great Indian Bustard Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary

Wildlife Sanctuary, (M. S.), India

N.B. Patkar Department of Zoology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad

R.J. Chavan Department of Zoology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad

ABSTRACT The present communication deals with the study of ant diversity in undisturbed and disturbed habitats of Great
Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary located in Maharashtra state, India. Ants are good indicators of disturbance,
because they show quick response to environmental changes. Ants were collected from two different habitats with varying disturbance
levels with the help of pitfall traps, scented traps and hand collection methods. From undisturbed and disturbed forest sites total 19 and
16 ant species were collected respectively. Among the subfamilies reported from study area Myrmicinae were dominant with 7 species (35
%), followed by Formicinae with 6 species (30 %), Pseudomyrmecinae with 3 species (15 %), Ponerinae with 2 species (10 %) and lastly
Dolichoderinae and Dorylinae with one species (5 %) each. Ant species Anochetus graffei, Meranoplus bicolor and Polyrhachis tibialis
were found to be absent from disturbed sites whereas, Leptogenys chinesis were not reported from undisturbed forest site. Shannon-Wiener
diversity index value (H’) for undisturbed forest site (2.76) was slightly higher than that of disturbed forest site (2.46). Ant abundance and
composition were significantly different from undisturbed and disturbed forest sites.

Introduction The Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary is located in

Increased human activities like deforestation, urbanization, ag- Ahmednagar and Solapur district of Maharashtra state, India.
ricultural intensification, grazing, and mining were creating a This sanctuary includes various villages, towns, city, network of
serious problems to the flora and fauna of many terrestrial eco- roads and railway tracts, air port, reservoirs, agricultural fields,
systems various throughout the world. Disturbance is nothing small industrial units, scattered “islands of forest land” and
but the any event that removes biomass (Townsend and Hildrew, Drought Prone Area Programmes (DPAP) plots. Besides this
1994) and is distinguished from habitat transformation or stress, sanctuary is home for critically endangered bird species Great
which minimizes the available resources or alters the micro- Indian Bustard. But recently anthropogenic activities are in-
climate or structure of the habitat (Andersen 2000; Pickett and creases in the sanctuary area and damaging the diverse habitats
White 1985). of the study area. But at present there is no any report on type,
extent and effect of disturbance on the flora and fauna of the
Ants play an important role within the terrestrial ecosystems study area. So this is the first survey of this kind from the study
because they have numerous interactions with different plant area.
species, including seed dispersers, leaf- and seed- predators,
and in some cases, as pollinators (Vázquez 1998; Hernández Material and Methods
2005). Ants are found everywhere, except in Iceland, Green- Study Area
land and Antarctica (Holldobler and Wilson, 1990), but the The Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary lies in biogeo-
number of species declines with increasing latitude, altitude graphic zone Deccan Peninsula and coordinate ranges be-
and aridity (Fowler and Claver, 1991; Farji-Brener and Rug- tween Longitude 18.0 21’00’’ and Latitude 75.011’.38’’E. Accord-
giero, 1994; Samson et al., 1997).Some ant species establish ing to Champion and Seth (1968) the forest subtype is 6A/
mutualistic relationships with a many other organisms in- C1; Southern tropical thorn forest is reported from this sanc-
cluding invertebrates and vertebrates. For example ants pro- tuary. This study was conducted from Jan 2010 to Dec 2010
tect aphids and other homopterans from their predators, for at six sites from two forest fragments having various distur-
obtaining sugar-rich solutions produced by them (Delfino bance levels.
and Buffa 2000).Ants can build their nests in leaf litter, rot-
ting logs, underneath the soil, within woody stems or under Undisturbed area – Three different plots of 110 hectare (Nannaj),
the rocks and they can also establish fungal gardens in the 100 hectare (Nannaj) and 50 hectare (Mardi) were selected for
soils. During activities associated with gallery building of ant collection as a representative. These plots are least disturbed
nests by ants favor the mixing of organic matter in the soil, as area of sanctuary and also considered as nesting sites of Great
well as increase the aeration properties of soils (Luque et al. Indian Bustard. Human activities are nearly nil from this area.
2002). Ants are among the leading predators in the terrestrial This region of forest having large number of trees, shrubs, grass-
habitats because they feeding on other insects and small in- es and good canopy cover. Forest floor has high litter content as
vertebrates, so that ants can be used as biological control of that of disturbed forest site.
insect pests (Suryanto, 1993). Ants were considered to be very
sensitive to habitat transformation and disturbance, and for Disturbed area – Similarly three plots 100 hectare (Mardi,
this reason have been extensively used as indicator species Private land), 40 hectare (Mardi) and 90 hectare (Nannaj)
(Hoffmann and Andersen 2003). Increases in grazing intensity were selected for collection of ants as a representative.
may also result in declines of ant species richness, especially These plots are heavily disturbed because of activities like
of litter inhabiting cryptic species and specialized predators over grazing, agricultural farming, mining, deforestation,
(Bestelmeyer and Wiens 1996), and strong changes in spe- forest fire etc. The habitat from this region is adversely af-
cies composition, although the relative proportions of differ- fected by human activities. This habitat prominently in-
ent functional groups appear somewhat resilient to grazing cludes grasses, shrubs and only few tree species like Neem,
pressure (Hoffmann 2000).Besides this diversity, composition Glericidia are present. Because of roads and tracks, habitat
and abundance of ants in the various habitats are urgently was splits into patches.
needed. By keeping this in mind we try to investigate the ant
populations in the undisturbed and disturbed habitats of the Sampling protocols
present study area. The ants were collected by using Pitfall traps, Scented traps
and Hand collection methods during from Jan 2010 to May

398 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research Paper Volume : 3 | Issue : 12 | December 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

2010. A) The pit-fall traps consisted of a 0.5 liter plastic glass forest site is 0.067. Species composition and abundance from
with an opening of 12 cm in diameter, buried at ground level. both the habitats were significantly different.
At least one pit-fall trap were placed in each of the five ran-
domly chosen 20m x 20m quadrates of one hectare plot at From the above results it is concluded that species richness,
each site. Each glass carried 25 ml of ethanol and glycerol diversity and abundance were higher in undisturbed for-
mixture. The traps were set up between 15.00 and 17.00 hrs est site as compared to disturbed forest site. This is due to
and were collected after 48 hrs. (Gadagkar et. al, 1993). B) habitat destruction and increase in disturbance by various
Scented traps were applied similar to that of pitfall traps but anthropogenic activities. Related studies on ants, birds and
instead of ethanol and glycerol mixture, 25 ml of sugarcane butterflies have shown that species richness and diversity
juice and ethanol mixture were added. C) Hand collection of decreases with increase in disturbance (Andersen 1995; Blair
ants from each sampling plot was carried out for 30 min to 1996; Ingalhallikar et al. 2000-2001; Kunte 2000-2001; Pachpor
collect representative individuals of all species seen in the & Ghodke 2000-2001).Studies from different regions of world
quadrate after laying the baits. For removal of sampling er- Many studies have shown that habitat degradation, distur-
ror we used three different ant collection methods to collect bance and fragmentation have a negative effect on ant di-
maximum number of ant species from study area. versity and abundance where undisturbed forests has higher
species richness than those in disturbed habitats (Greenslade
Collected ant specimens were sorted, washed and preserved in and Greenslade, 1977; Olson, 1991; Suarez et al., 1998; Vascon-
70% alcohol in separate plastic vials and brought to the labora- celos, 1999; Watt et al., 2002). Our results match with Kumar
tory for identification. Ants were photographed by using Sony et al. (1997) and Pachpor & Ghodke (2000-2001) they men-
digital camera and identified at species level with the help of tioned that, habitats with abundant trees support high diver-
stereo zoom trinocular microscope, based on taxonomic keys sity of ants. Thus, habitat variables such as canopy cover and
(Bolton, 1994) (Holldobler, and Wilson, 1990, Mathew and R. N. litter content in the soil can provide an appropriate habitat
Tiwari, 2000, Sheela S.2008) etc. for ants. This is because of habitat complexity and heteroge-
neity was high in the undisturbed sites as compared to dis-
Species diversity was calculated by using Shannon-Wiener turbed site. Habitat complexity provides hiding, nesting and
and Simpson’s diversity indices. Shannon-Wiener diversity foraging grounds to the many ant species, but disturbed sites
index and Simpson’s diversity index (D) were calculated by are doesn’t.
using standard formula given by standard statistical proce-
dures. Overall relative abundance of Myrmicinae from disturbed
sites was more because they may have high potential to adapt
Results and Discussion varying environmental conditions and they are found in dif-
In the present study area total 20 ant species ( from 3527 in- ferent types of habitats worldwide, they are classified as Gen-
dividuals) with 14 genera from six subfamilies were report- eralized Myemecinae (GM) functional group by Bestelmeyer
ed. The distribution of species in the different subfamilies and Wiens (1996), Andersen (2000). Similar results were
showed a dominance of Myrmicinae with 7 species (35 %), drawn by Savitha, S. et al in 2008.
followed by Formicinae with 6 species (30 %), Pseudomyr-
mecinae with 3 species (15 %), Ponerinae with 2 species (10 Relative abundance of Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis
%) and lastly Dolichoderinae and Dorylinae with one species geminata and Tapinoma melanocephalum were high in the
(5 %) each. disturbed forest site. This is due presence of microhabitats
which are ideal for above mentioned ant species. Similar re-
A total 19 and 16 ant species were collected from undisturbed sults were drawn by Savitha, S. et al in 2008. Tapinoma mel-
and disturbed forest sites respectively. Out of 20 ant species anocephalum is from Dominant Dolichodrinae (DD) func-
almost 16 species (80 %) were common to both forest types, tional group and they prefer hot and open habitats. They are
while another 3 species (15 %) were found exclusive to the exceptionally active, aggressive and posing a strong competi-
undisturbed forest sites. From total 20 ant species Anoche- tive influence on other ants. (Suriyapong, Y. 2003). Solenopsis
tus graffei, Meranoplus bicolor and Polyrhachis tibialis were geminata are categorized as Cryptic species functional group
not reported from disturbed sites whereas, Leptogenys chine- by Andersen (2000) and relative abundance is increased in
sis were absent from undisturbed sites. The number of ants vu1nerable to the establishment of introduced ant species
collected from undisturbed forest sites (2198) were more as (TschinkeI1988; Suarez et al. 1998). From species diversity
compared to the disturbed forest sites (1329). In undisturbed indices it can be conclude that the ant diversity is varied in
forest sites subfamily Myrmicinae (7 species) was more di- both type of habitats this is due to ant species richness and
verse then followed Formicinae (6 species), Pseudomyrmeci- abundance may change with the canopy cover, habitat com-
nae (3 species) and Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae plexity and level of disturbance.
are to least diverse comprising only with one species each.
Whereas in disturbed forest sites subfamily Myrmicinae (6 Conclusion
species) was more diverse then followed Formicinae (5 spe- From the present study it can be concluded that diversity
cies), Pseudomyrmecinae (2 species) and Ponerinae, Dolicho- of ants is different in these two habitats in terms of spe-
derinae, Dorylinae are to least diverse comprising only with cies richness, abundance and composition. Ants can be ef-
one species each. Subfamily Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae and fectively used in indictor studies because they immediately
Dorylinae comprised similar number of species in both type respond to any alteration in the surrounding environment.
of forest sites but numbers of ants collected are varied. The When assessing different taxa as disturbance indicators ants
three most abundant ant species from undisturbed forest site were better performed as compared to other invertebrates
is Monomorium indicum (9.19 %), Tapinoma melanocepha- such as spiders and hemipterans (Crist, 2009).The number
lum (9 %) and Camponotus compressus (8.69 %) and from of certain ant species in disturbed habitat were considerably
disturbed forest site are Paratrechina longicornis (13.24 %), increased because they get ideal conditions over their such
Solenopsis gemonata (11.73 %) and Tapinoma melanocepha- as nesting sites, food availability, open grounds for foraging
lum (9.55 %).Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H’) for etc. Detailed studies of disturbed habitats are urgently need-
undisturbed forest site (2.76) was slightly higher than that of ed according to extent of disturbance, type of disturbance,
disturbed forest site (2.46). Similarly, value of Simpson’s index physicochemical properties of soil, climatic factors, exotic
(D) for undisturbed forest site is 0.086 while, for disturbed flora and fauna etc.

IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 399

 Volume : 3 | Issue : 12 | December 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper

Table no. 1. Table showing total number of Ants collected from Undisturbed and disturbed sites of GIB Wildlife Sanctuary by
using Pitfall trap (PT), Scented trap (ST) and Hand collection method (HC) during March 2010 to May 2010.
Study Site Undisturbed Disturbed
Grand
Species March April May March April May
Total Total Total
Collection (A) (A+B)
PT ST HC PT ST HC PT ST HC PT ST HC PT ST HC PT ST HC (B)
Methods
Myrmecinae
Monomorium 22 34 18 23 29 17 13 33 13 202 15 13 9 10 15 11 8 12 10 103 305
indicum
Monomorium
12 15 14 9 13 13 13 11 15 115 15 17 8 13 16 11 12 19 9 120 235
destructor
Monomorium
22 30 12 20 30 11 18 26 13 182 11 22 9 8 19 11 10 17 7 114 296
scabriceps
Meranoplus bicolor 13 11 16 11 12 13 10 12 13 111 - - - - - - - - - - 111
Crematogaster 10 13 22 13 16 20 11 14 23 142 14 11 16 12 10 14 6 7 12 102 244
subnuda
Solenopsis geminata 3 6 7 2 4 8 2 2 6 40 15 21 14 16 18 13 19 25 15 156 196
Pheidole sp. 19 37 16 15 30 14 13 29 11 184 9 12 6 13 9 10 11 14 7 91 275
Formicinae
Camponotus 14 26 23 11 28 20 15 23 20 180 11 14 12 9 10 8 10 13 9 96 276
anguisticolis
Camponotus
15 29 25 14 27 22 13 25 21 191 11 14 9 10 13 11 8 10 9 95 286
compressus
Camponotus 11 11 28 10 10 28 8 10 25 141 8 10 7 6 8 5 9 10 7 70 211
sericeus
Oecophylla - - 13 - - 12 - - 11 36 18 16 15 49 85
smaragdina
Paratrechina 18 23 9 17 21 9 18 20 12 147 17 24 12 19 27 14 21 30 12 176 323
longicornis
Polyahachis tibialis 7 12 8 4 9 6 3 8 4 61 - - - - - - - - - - 61
Dolichoderinae
T. melanocephalum 22 33 13 20 30 12 19 31 12 192 11 15 12 13 19 10 15 21 11 127 319
Ponerinae
Leptogenys chinesis 1 - 5 2 - 4 2 - 3 17 17
Anochetus graffei 2 4 - 3 2 - 3 4 - 18 - - - - -- - - - - - 18
Pseudomyrmecinae
Tetraponera nigra 7 7 20 6 7 20 6 3 18 94 - - 1 - - 3 - - - 4 98
Tetraponera 4 5 16 3 5 17 4 6 17 77 - - - - - - - - - - 77
allaborans
Tetraponera
4 6 20 4 5 19 5 1 20 84 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2 86
rufonigra
Dorylinae
Dorylus laevigatus 1 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - 4 7 8
 Total Ants Collected 202 305 279 177 279 258 174 254 252 2198 138 173 141 131 164 143 131 178 130 1329 3527
Table no. 2. Species richness, Shannon’s-Wiener diversity
index, Simpson’s diversity index (D) and abundance of ants
from undisturbed and disturbed forest sites of GIB Wildlife
Sanctuary, India.
Study site
Subfamily Undisturbed Disturbed
Myrmicinae 7 (951) 6 (686)
Formicinae 6 (779) 5 (486)
Pseudomyrmecinae 3 (267) 2 (6)
Ponerinae 1 (18) 1 (17)
Dolichoderinae 1 (204) 1 (127)
Dorylinae 1 (3) 1 (10)
Species richness 19 (2232) 16 (1329)
Shannon-Wiener diversity 2.76 2.46
index (H’)
e H
15.83 11.70
Simpson’s index (D) 0.067 0.086
Note: indicated Figures in bracket indicates abundance of
ants.

400 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research Paper Volume : 3 | Issue : 12 | December 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

REFERENCE 1.Andersen A. N. (2000). A global ecology of rainforest ants: functional groups in relation to environmental stress and disturbance. In: Ants: Stand-
ard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity (eds. D. Agosti, J. D. Majer, L. E. Alonso & T. R. Schultz);25-34. | 2.Andersen, A.N. (1995).
A classification of Australian ant communities based on functional groups which parallel plant life-forms in relation to stress and disturbance. Journal of Biogeography 22: 15-29. |
3.Bestelmeyer, B. T. and K. Wiens. (1996). The effects of land use on the structure of ground-foraging ant communities in the Argentine Chaco. Ecol. Appl. 6: 1225Ð1240. | 4.Blair, R.B.
(1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6:506-519. | 5.Bolton, B. (1994).Identification guide to the ant genera of the world .Cam-
bridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. | 6.Champion, H. and Seth, S.K. (1968). A revised survey of the forest types of India. Govt. of India Publication, New Delhi. | 7.Crist, T.O.
(2009). Biodiversity, species interactions and functional roles of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in fragmented landscapes: a review- Myrmecological news. 12:3-13 pp. | 8.Delfino
and Buffa (2000). Algunas interacciones planta-hormiga en Córdoba (Argentina). Zool. Baetica 11: 3-15. | 9.Farji-Brener and Ruggiero (1994). Leaf cutting ant (Atta Acromyrmex) In-
habiting Argrntina:patterns in species richness and geographical range sizes. J. Biogeog.21:391-399. | 10.Fowler, H.G. and Claver, S. (1991) Leaf-cutter ant assemblies: effects of latitude,
vegetation, and behaviour. In Ant-plant interactions (C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds.) pp. 51-59 pp. | 11.Gadagkar, R. P. Nair, K. Chandrashekhar and D.M. Bhat, (1993). Ant species
richness in some selected localities in Western Ghats, India. Hexapoda, 5: 70-94. | 12.Greenslade, P., and P. J. M. Greenslade. (1977). Some effects of vegetation cover and disturbance
on a tropical ant fauna. Insectes Sociaux 24:163-182. | 13.Hernández, C.O. (2005). Polinización y Hormigas. - Cambridge University Press. | 14.Hoffmann B.D. and Andersen A.N. (2003).
Responses of ants to disturbance in Australia with particular reference to functional groups. Austral Ecology. 28:444–464 pp | 15.Hoffmann, B. D. (2000). Changes in ant species com-
position and community organisation along grazing gradients in semi-arid rangelands of the northern territory. Rangel. J. 22(2) 2000, 171-89 pp | 16.Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O.
(1990).The Ants. Cambridge, Belknap of Harvard University Press: 732 pp. | 17.Ingalhallikar, S., R. Purandare, S. Nalavade & S. Dhole. (2000-2001). Avifauna around Pune. Journal of
Ecological Society 13&14: 59-70. | 18.Kumar, S. K. T. Shrihari, P., Nair, Varghese, T. & Gadagkar, R. (1997). Ant species richness at selected localities of Bangalore. Insect Environment
3: 3-5. | 19.Kunte, K. (2000-2001). Butterfly diversity of Pune city along human impact gradient. Journal of Ecological Society 13&14: 40-45. | 20.Luque, G.G., Reyes-López, J.L. and
Fernández, H.J. (2002). Estudio Faunístico de las Hormigas (Himenóptera: Formicidae) de la cuenca del Río Guadiamar: Primeras aportaciones. - Boletin de la Sociedad Entomológica
Aragonesa 30:153-159 | 21.Mathew, R. and Tiwari, R. N. (2000).Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae State Fauna Series 4: Fauna of Meghalaya 7: 251- 409 pp. | 22.Olson, D. M. (1991). A
comparison of the efficacy of litter sifting and pitfall traps for sampling leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a tropical wet forest. Biotropica 23:166-172. pp | 23.Pachpor, T.
& Y. Ghodke. 2000-2001. Ant genera distribution across Pune city. Journal of Ecological Society 13&14: 18-22. | 24.Pickett S. T. A. and White P. S. (1985). The ecology of natural distur-
bance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York. | 25.Samson, D.A., Rickart, E.A. and Gonzales, P.C. (1997). Ant diversity and abundance along an elevational gradient in the
Phillippines. Biotropica 29, 349-363 pp. | 26.Savitha S., Barve,N. & Davidar, P. (2008). Response of ants to disturbance gradients in and around Bangalore, India. Tropical Ecology 49(2):
235-243 pp | 27.Sheela, S. (2008).Handbook on Hymenoptera: Formicidae Z.S.I.; 1-55 pp. | 28.Suarez, A.V., Bolger, D.T., Case, J.T., (1998). Effects of fragmentation and invasion on native
ant communities in coastal southern California. Ecology 79, 2041–2056 | 29.Suriyapong, Y. (2003). Study of ground dwelling ant populations and their relationship to some ecological
factors in Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Nakhon Ratchasima. Ph. D. thesis, Suranari University and Technology, Thailand. | 30.Suryanto, D.W.I. (1993). A survey of ants as
candidates for potential biology control of pear psylla ( Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster) in Michigan[Online](Michigan State University) Dissertation Abstracts MAI32/03. | 31.Townsend,
C. R., and Hildrew, A. G. (1994). Species traits in relation to a habitat templet for river systems. Freshwater Biology 31(3):265–275 pp. | 32.Tschinkel, W. R. (1988). Distribution of the
fire ants Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in northern Florida in relation to habitat and disturbance .Annunals of the Entomological Society of
America 81: 76-81.pp | 33. Vasconcelos, H.L. (1999). Effects of forest disturbance on the structure of ground-foraging ant communities in central Amazonia. Biodiversity and Conserva-
tion 8: 409-420. | 34.Vázquez, B. M. (1998). Hormigas (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) colectadas en necrotrampas, en tres localidades de Jalisco, México. - Tesis de Licenciatura, centro
universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara. Zapopan, Jalisco. | 35.Watt A.D., Stork N.E. and Bolton, B. (2002). The diversity of ant in relation to
forest disturbance and plantation establishment in southern Cameroon. J. App. Ecol. 39:18-30. |

IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 401

View publication stats