Solar radiation captured by solar panels is converted to thermal energy and stored as heat in brine. The heat of combustion of plant biomass is approximately 20 megajoules per kilogram of dry biomass. Biomass has a lower heat of combustion than methane because biomass consists mainly of ash, hydrogen and oxygen, while methane is purely carbon and hydrogen. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a process involving chlorophyll and photosystems in plants.
Solar radiation captured by solar panels is converted to thermal energy and stored as heat in brine. The heat of combustion of plant biomass is approximately 20 megajoules per kilogram of dry biomass. Biomass has a lower heat of combustion than methane because biomass consists mainly of ash, hydrogen and oxygen, while methane is purely carbon and hydrogen. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a process involving chlorophyll and photosystems in plants.
Solar radiation captured by solar panels is converted to thermal energy and stored as heat in brine. The heat of combustion of plant biomass is approximately 20 megajoules per kilogram of dry biomass. Biomass has a lower heat of combustion than methane because biomass consists mainly of ash, hydrogen and oxygen, while methane is purely carbon and hydrogen. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a process involving chlorophyll and photosystems in plants.
Solar radiation captured by solar panels is converted to thermal energy and stored as heat in brine. The heat of combustion of plant biomass is approximately 20 megajoules per kilogram of dry biomass. Biomass has a lower heat of combustion than methane because biomass consists mainly of ash, hydrogen and oxygen, while methane is purely carbon and hydrogen. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a process involving chlorophyll and photosystems in plants.
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ME22
E01 SW-8 Decena, Zteifany Anne B. Research and discuss the following:
1. How is the energy of solar radiation stored?
In the solar panel, solar radiation captured is changed to thermal energy which is deposited in the brine and increases its temperature. Through extraction of heat through the hot brine of the storing region, direct use of heat or greater conversion into electrical energy, the use of heat is feasible. 2. What approximately is the heat of combustion of plant biomass? Depending on the organism, climate, and other influences, the amount of heat emitted vary, but it is usually around 20 megajoules of energy per kilogram of dry biomass. The materials should be well combined at the right temperatures for the correct period of time in order for combustion to be safe and efficient. 3. Why is biomass heat of combustion less than that of, say, natural gas (methane)? Because biomass fuels are mainly consists of ash, hydrogen and oxygen , carbon dioxide and water are the major components of biomass combustion. Suppose it depends mostly on heating rate and moisture content of the fuel, the volume of air required to fully burn the fuel and the furnace development, the flame temperatures will reach 2000 ° C. 4. What is the minimum number of absorbed solar photons needed to produce one molecule of oxygen? They discovered that in order to obtain one molecule of oxygen, about 2500 molecules of chlorophyll were necessary and that an average of eight light photons had to be consumed in the cycle. 5. How is absorbed solar energy channeled for chemical reactions in plants? Plants, which contains chlorophyll, undertake the photosynthesis process. In this cycle, plants, in the mere existence of sunlight, absorb carbon dioxide and water and transform them to glucose and oxygen. Plants thus transform the sun's light energy to the chemical energy of glucose. 6. What are ‘photosystems’ and what do they do? Photosystems are operational and structural components of photosynthesis-involved protein frameworks which together bring out the main photochemistry of photosynthesis: light absorption and energy and electron exchange. 7. What is the efficiency of plant photosynthesis and what are the implications of plant photosynthesis being ten times greater? Photosynthesis enables the atmosphere to extract carbon dioxide gas and to generate oxygen in its place. When oxygen is emitted through photosynthesis, the ultraviolet radiation is absorbed and the valuable ozone layer arise. 8. Define ‘energy farming’. Solar energy farms are large-scale commercial power plants that use photovoltaic solar panels to turn sunlight into clean energy, offering, for several years after completion, a supply of healthy, locally generated green energy. 9. How many products can you identify from a sugar cane ‘mill/factory’? sugarcane bagasse, dry leaves, sugarcane press mud and sugarcane molasses. 10. Describe the impact of human food and energy consumption on the Earth’s land ecosystem Human beings have such a huge impact on the natural world , and consequently on each other. The way humans have chosen to build, clothe, shelter and fulfill the needs for essential resources such as food, electricity and water not only affects the long - term supply of these commodities, but also the well-functioning Earth systems along with climate systems, hydrological cycles, atmospheric nutrient cycles, hydrosphere and lithosphere, and the preservation of a complex biosphere. 11. How is a carbon atom in biomass different in effect from a carbon atom in fossil fuel? Since it is emerging, biomass takes carbon out of the atmosphere and returns it when it is burnt. If it is treated on a sustainable environment, as part of a continuously replenished crop, biomass is harvested. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hydrogen is converted to hydrogen as coal is burnt, and carbon is converted to carbon dioxide. Energy is derived from both hydrogen and carbon, and carbon dioxide ( CO2) is released into the atmosphere. 12. Give a chemical explanation of the term ‘biomass’. Biomass is a plant or animal resource used as a raw material for a variety of goods in the manufacture of oil or in different manufacturing processes. Energy crops, wood or timber wastes, waste from food crops, horticulture, food manufacturing, animal production, or rotting food from wastewater treatment plants can be deliberately cultivated. 13. Explain two differences between carbon in CO2 from burning coal and from burning biomass Coal combustion is liable for 46% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions and accounted for 72% of the power sector 's overall greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions. Projections of carbon emissions from biomass burning relative to carbon emissions from fossil fuels are important. Gas emissions from fires are expected to range from 20 to 40 percent of fossil fuel carbon emissions. 14. Compare the heat of combustion (MJ/kg) of dry wood and of petroleum oil. Recoverable Heat Value per kg (Dry Wood): = 14.8 (MJ/kg) Combustion or heating values for some common fuels oil grades: 1 Btu/US gal = 278.7 J/liter 15. For a given sample of biomass, which is the larger: its dry-basis or its wet-basis moisture content? A moisture level of 50 percent wet basis would be like a moisture level of 100 percent dry ground. Usually, air-dried biomass have about 15-20 percent moisture, while the moisture content is about 0 percent for oven-dried biomass. The moisture content of coals, ranging from 2-30 percent, is also an significant trait. 16. What is a ‘wood pellet’ and how big is it likely to be? Wood pellets are tiny 10-20 cm wide cylindrical parts made from fine-ground wood bark with diameters ranging from 5 to 10 mm. Typically, due to their short and defined shape, they can be used as fuel by feeding into the burner automatically. 17. Which biofuel is safest for a policeman to drink and why? Biodiesel emerges from oils that have been drained of glycerin molecules from plants or poultry. It makes them less viscous. Biodiesel cars and diesel cars are about the same thing. 18. For cooking, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using a cooking stove as compared to an open fire? Benefits: Fewer appliances to carry, anything from roasting to grilling to steaming to baking can be accomplished, making you feel more fantastic for getting cooked over a fire. Downsides: can darken pans, longer to set, difficult to monitor and manage heat, more likely to burn food / hands. 19. How might you obtain hydrogen from wood? Currently, 95 percent of hydrogen, including natural gas and oil, is derived either from wood or from fossil fuels. There are presently three forms of manufacturing process in operation. Natural gas reform, also called steam methane reforming, is the most efficient hydrogen processing mechanism since it utilizes high-temperature steam. 20. What is ‘second generation’ bioethanol? The word' second generation bioethanol 'has appeared as a boost to solve the' food versus fuel' feud posed by bioethanol of the first generation. Innovative processes mainly use lignocellulosic feedstock and agricultural forest residues to produce second generation bioethanol, also referred to as 'advanced biofuels'. 21. What is the main benefit of a Brazilian ‘flexi-car’? The Flexi-car has an engine that can operate on either traditional fuel or ethanol-mixed gasoline. The value of petrol is affordable, not a huge change, because it is much affordable to opt to consume alcohol. Buying a flexi-car is a must. 22. What is ‘national fossil fuel energy ratio’ and why is it important? Fossil fuels are of considerable value since they can be burnt, generating large quantities of energy per unit mass (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water). the utilization of coal as a fuel precedes documented history. Coal has been used to operate metal ore smelting furnaces. 23. Which biomass energy crops and products are (a) most likely, and (b).least likely to affect food supplies? Wood waste, industrial waste , urban solid waste, construction waste, and landfill gas are the major waste energy feedstocks. Another origin of biomass is waste gunk. Research is underway concerning biomass originating from algae or algae. Enzymes or bacteria from different plants, produced in cell cultures or hydroponics, are other biomass feedstocks. 24. What benefits may occur if an anaerobic digester is installed at a cattle farm? For several purposes, anaerobic digesters can be installed, including handling waste, eliminating odors, providing a source of income and improving the public profile. While basic in principle, there are several digester types, styles and implementations. To be effective, projects require thorough technological and financial preparation. 25. Name and quantify anaerobic digestion temperature ranges. In a wide range of temperatures, anaerobic bacteria thrive, although there are two major types of methanogens. Medium-temperature (mesophilic) bacteria grow between 68 and 113 ° F (20 and 45 ° C), and anaerobic digestion takes place between 86 and 100 ° F (30 and 38 ° C) using mesophilic bacteria. 26. What can happen to landfill gas? Landfills can emit odors that are unpleasant, and landfill gas can pass through the soil and accumulate in nearby buildings. Ammonia, sulfides, methane, and carbon dioxide are among the gases contained in landfills of most importance. For the most of the smells of landfills, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are liable. 27. What is biodiesel and in what ways does it differ from bioethanol? In the development of biodiesel by the transesterification cycle, we could utilize methanol as a non-renewable substitute fuel, if we're using bio-ethnol as a renewable substitute fuel to replace petrol, where biodiesel is already a renewable energy option, Gasoline is replaced by diesel. 28. Identify two social advantages and two disadvantages of utilizing biofuels. Biofuels are much more eco-friendly. They generate lesser greenhouse gasses than fossil fuels. But at the other side, immense quantities of land are required to create first-generation biofuels. The crops tend to be smaller than the initial plants, such as maize, which makes them unfit for human consumption.