Comparative CHAPTER 2 3

Isabela State University | ECHAGUE
College of Criminal Justice Education

CHAPTER II
POINTS TO PONDER IN THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
Chapter’s Contents: A. PURPOSE OF STUDYING COMPARATIVE MODELS

A. Purpose of Studying Comparative Models IN POLICING
in Policing
B. Theories of Comparative Criminology According to Harry Damner there are many
C. Types of Police in the world reasons why we need to compare but the basic
D. Types of Law Enforcement in the World reasons are:
E. Types of Court System in the World
F. Types of Criminal Justice Law in the  To benefit from the experience of others
World
G. Basic functions of the Criminal Justice  To broaden our understanding of the different
System cultures and approaches to problems
H. Types of Societies in the World
I. Some countries with lesser crime  To help us deal with the many transnational crime
problems that plague our world today.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able *What can the Philippines National Police
to: adopt?
1. discuss and explain the purpose of
studying Comparative Police System;  As to organization, decentralization of regional or
2. differentiate and understand the city police office that can financially support its
theories of Comparative Criminology; operation. This is to do away with the scenario
3. learn and enumerate the different that the fault of manila police is the fault of the
types of Police in the world entire officers of PNP.
4. know the various types of Law
Enforcement in the World  As to responsibilities, the specific functions of
5. compare and contrast the two types of officer assigned the Koban and Chyuzaizho can be
Court System in the World applied hence, the new PNP officers can be
6. discuss and explain the types of assigned to:
Criminal Justice Law in the World
7. know the basic functions of the A. gather data related to his jurisdiction (for city
Criminal Justice System
police officer)like list of people who are
8. familiarize themselves with the
 Working late at night who might be help
different types of Societies in the
as witnesses to crime
World
 Normally cooperative with the police
9. identify the countries with lesser or no
crime and to know their best practice.  Not engage in formal employment (stand
by)
 Owns gun or swords
 With mental illness
 Old living in the area alone who should
be visited periodically
 Leaders of legitimate organizations
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
Reginald C. Sibug, MS CRIM. 16
 Leaders of illegitimate organizations B. THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
 Total populations
 List of households, rented homes and According to Schneider (2001), the various
apartments theories that exist with empirical support are the
following theories of comparative policing:
B. conduct the following (for provincial or
municipal police officer) like 1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation
 Visit each house twice a year to be develops, people’s alertness to crime is
acquainted and determine their need heightened, so they report more crime to police
related to law enforcement and also demand the police become more
 Seminars among barangay leaders effective at solving crime problems.
related to peace and order
2. Economic or migration theory is that crime
 As to the general entry qualification , height must not be everywhere is the result of unrestrained
requirement (from UK law enforcement) when the migration and overpopulation in urban areas
applicant has an above average intelligent Quotient. such as a ghettos and slums.
 As to participation of the civilian, accreditation of 3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher
individuals who are not members of the PNP but with standards of living, victims become more
specialization in the fields related to law enforcement careless of their belongings, and opportunities
is encouraged. for committing crime multiply.
For example, priest pastors and ministers 4. Democratic theory is based on the event of
may be involved in values training of the PNP. when a greater number of children are being
Biologist, Chemist, Ballisticians and other related born, because as these baby booms grow up,
professions maybe accredited to help in law delinquent subcultures develop out of the
enforcement exercises. adolescent identity crisis.
Another organization and supervision, the 5. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes
PNP may be separated and be fully controlled and along with rising expectations, and people at the
supervized by the National Police Commission without bottom develop unrealistic expectations while
interference of local executives. people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough.
For example, a City Chief of Police could have
some position as a City Mayor. The former is in charge 6. Modernization theory sees the problem as
with peace and order and law enforcement concerns society becoming too complex.
while the latter is more on the administration of the
city’s concern not covering the concerns of the chief 7. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter
police .Coordination and cooperation are imperative in being a term referring to social cohesion on
this recommendation. This idea will empower the PNP values) suggest that progressive lifestyles and
to initiate a more constructive and practical ways to norms result in the disintegrations of older
improve peace and order. This recommendation may norms that one’s held people together(anomie)
also reduce the incidence of taking orders from the
whims and caprices of corrupt politicians, example is
the Maguindanao Massacre.
C. TYPES OF POLICE IN THE WORLD France, and Austria use a centralized system of policing.
The following are some of the types of police A country with only one recognized police force which
1. Uniformed police operates entire that country is called centralized police.
2. Detectives Thus, the Philippines is an example of centralized police
3. Auxiliary because the
4. Special police Philippine National Police has one central office
5. Military police with many regional, provincial and local branches
6. Religious police throughout the country.
7. Border police
8. Transport police ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Different Police Global Organization E. TYPES OF COURT SYSTEM IN THE WORLD

The different police international
association in the world are: Court systems of the world are of two types:
1. Adversarial, where the accused in innocent

 INTERPOL
until proven guilty. The U.S. adversarial
 ASEANAPOL system is unique in the world. No other
 EUROPOL nation, not even the U.K. places as much
 IACP emphasis upon determination of factual guilt
 UNPOL in courtroom as the U.S. does.
------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty

until proven innocent or mitigated, have
D. TYPES OF LAW ENFORCMENT IN THE WORLD more secret procedures. Outside the U.S.
most trials are concerned with legal guilt
1. Decentralized Law Enforcement where everyone knows the offender did it,
and the purpose is to get the offender to
Decentralized police refers to a system where apologize, own up to their responsibility,
police administrations and operations are independent argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate
from one state to another. It is more applicable to sentence for themselves.
countries with federal government.
In many countries, particularly those with a - Where lesser rights are granted to the
federal system of government, there may be several accused and the written law is taken as
police or police-like organizations, each serving’s gospel and subject to little interpretation.
different levels of government and enforcing different
subsets of the applicable law. The United States has F. TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE LAW IN THE
highly decentralized and fragmented system law WORLD (LEGAL SYSTEM)
enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law
enforcement agencies, Germany and UK has also Legal traditions play an important role in the
decentralized law enforcement agencies. development of international law and justice.
Comparativists for criminal justice study these
2. Centralized Law Enforcement traditions with the intent of finding a way to
combine the views of different traditions towards
Simply means one police force is operating in a a single view that allows for the successful
country. Some countries, such as Chile, Israel, Philippines, development of international law. Many

comparatives believe that the more states with by court decisions during the Middle Ages. Common
similar legal views the more likely it is to be able to law is so called because it was based on shared
create international laws that please all. Reichel traditions and standards rather than on those that
(2005) identifies four major legal traditions that varied from one locale to another. Today, common
each have their own respective body of laws: law forms the basis of many of the laws on the books
 Common law is found particularly in countries in English-speaking countries around the world.
that are current or former members of the
British Empire. In COMMON LAW SYSTEM, for example,
 Civil law countries include most of continental involving opposing sides of a lawyer representing the
Europe and various states in South America and defendant and a prosecutor representing the people.
Africa. The common law system typically relies on prior court
 Socialist law is essentially civil law with major decisions as precedents to be used in later court cases.
modifications from Marxist-Leninist ideology. It
is currently only used in China and a few other Common law- as distinguished from law created by the
contemporary Communist states, but has had enactment of legislature, the common law comprises the
enormous influence on Russia and the former body of those principles and rules of action, relating to
USSR. the government and security of persons and
 Islamic law is religiously-inspired law used in property, which derive their authority solely from usage
Muslim countries. and customs of immemorial antiquity, or from the
judgment and decrees of the court recognizing,
1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS affirming, and enforcing such usage and customs; and in
A.K.A. --Anglo-American Justice, and exist, in this sense, particularly the ancient unwritten law of
most English-Speaking countries of the world, such England.
as the U.S., England, Australia and New Zealand.
They are distinguish by a strong adversarial 2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS
system where lawyers interpret and judges are A.K.A Continental Justice or Romano-
bound by precedent. Common law systems are Germanic Justice, and practiced throughout most of
distinctive in the significance they attached to the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places
precedent (The importance of previously decided such as Sweden, Germany, France, and Japan. They
cases). They primarily rely upon oral system of are distinguishing by a strong inquisitional system
evidence in which the public trial is a main focal where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and
point. the written law is taken as gospel and subject to
little interpretation. For example, a French maxim
The so-called COMMON LAW, known in the goes like this: “IF A JUDGE KNOWS THE ANSWER,
United States and England as the body of principles, HE MUST NOT BE PROHIBITED FROM ACHIEVING
usages and rules of action, which do not rest for their IT BY UNDUE (Unjustifiable) ATTENTION TO
authority upon any express and positive declaration of REGULATIONS OF PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE.”
the will of the legislature By contrast, THE COMMON LAW METHOD IS FOR
A JUDGE TO AT LEAST SUSPEND BELIEF UNTIL
COMMON LAW forms the basis for much of our THE SPORTING EVENT OF A TRIAL IS OVER. legal
modern statutory and case law. It has often been scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist
called the major source of modern criminal law. in civil law system ,as opposed to the more
Common law refers to a traditional body of democratic comm9on law countries where just
unwritten legal precedents created through about anybody can get into law school. Romano-
everyday practice of English society and supported Germanic systems are founded on the basis of natural

law, which is respect for tradition and custom. The reverted back to a TRIBAL SYSTEM because they could
sovereign, or leaders, of a civil law system are not accommodate their heritage of colonialism, which
considered above the law, as opposed to the common essentially involved the problem of mixed Common,
law notion that nobody is above the law. Civil, Socialist and Islamic influences. Tribal justice
system tends to be characterized by arrest without
3. SOCIALIST SYSTEMS trial and other summary procedures.
A.K.A. Marxist-Leninist Justice, and exist in
many places, such as Africa and Asia, where there In other parts of the world, such as Latin America,
has been a communist revolution or the remnants of the problem has been MODERNIZATION. Advance in
one. They are distinguished by procedures technology and the profits of drug crime have
designed to rehabilitate and to retrain people into outpaced the capability of western-oriented justice
fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the systems, and what would normally be a trend toward
ultimate EXPRESSION OF POSITIVE LAW, designed decriminalization has become a haphazard set of
to move the state forward toward the perfectibility legal practices that are sometimes lenient and
of state and mankind. It is also primarily sometimes harsh. TRADITIONALISM (A deep respect
characterized by ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, where non for tradition, especially for cultural or religious practices),
legal official make most of the decisions. For COLONIALISM(a policy in which a country rules other
example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor nations and develops trade for its own benefit),
lawyers are allowed to make law. LAW is the same MODERNIZATION, and the increasing tendency for
as POLICY, and an orthodox Marxist view is that crime to become transnational in an international
eventually, the law will not be necessary. marketplace form the COMPONENTS OF THE
GLOBALIZATION PROBLEM IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE.
4. ISLAMIC SYSTEMS
A.K.A. Muslim or Arabic Justice, and derive all Each type of system – Common, Civil, and Socialist,
their procedures and practices from interpretation Islamic-has LOCAL VARIATION. Even in English-
of the Koran. There are exemptions, however. speaking countries, for example, there is variation.
Various tribes (such as Siwa in the desert of North CANADIAN JUSTICE places more emphasis upon the
Africa) are descendants of the ancient Greeks and right to a fair trial, free from prejudicial publicity. In
PRACTICE URRF (the law of tradition) rather than CANADA, the public and the media are usually
the harsher Shariah punishment. Islamic system is banned from the courtroom, and there is little
general are characterized by THE ABSENCE OF interest in crime news. In ENGLAND, there is more
POSITIVE LAW(the use of law to move societies emphasis upon fairness in sentencing, and making sure
forward toward some progressive future) and are the guilty punished. England police dossiers along with
BASED MORE ON THE CONCEPT OF NATURAL two types of lawyers (solicitors and barristers) and
JUSTICE(crime are considered acts of injustice that two types of courts (Magistrate and Crown) help
conflict with tradition). RELIGION plays an ensure this.
important role in Islamic system, so much a role that
most nations of this type are THEOCRACIES, where ------------------------------------------------------------------------
legal rule and religious rule go together.
Note: Theocracies- Government or community govern

by a god or by priests.
Each society also has its own customary law or tribal

traditions. Many parts of Africa, for example, have
G. FOUR (4) TYPES OF SOCIETIES punishment characterized by over criminalization and
The following are the four types of societies in overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
the world that comparativist study: nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile
delinquency is a phenomenon that occurs in a
1. FOLK-COMMUNAL SOCIETIES are also called bureaucratic society.
primitive societies.
Some people also talk about a fifth type: Post-
A folk-communal societies has little codification modern society, where the emphasis is upon the
of law ,no specialization among police and a system meaning of words and the deconstruction of institutions.
of punishment that just lets things go for a while Developing countries tend to be lumped into the
without attention until things become too first two (1) and (2) types, and the study of culture
much ,then harsh , barbaric punishment is resorted becomes more important in these contexts. Developed
to. Classic Eastern tribes and Puritan settlement in countries tend to be the last two (3) and (4) types, and
North America with the Salem” witch trials the study of structure becomes more important. The
study of culture involves the study of customs and
2. URBAN-COMMERCIAL SOCIETIES, which rely on folkways of the people. The study of culture involves the
trade as the essence of their market system. study of institutions, like economic and political system.
An urban-commercial societies has civil law
(some standards and customs are written down), H. SOME COUNTRIES WITH LESSER CRIME (Model
specialized police forces (some for religious Police Systems)
offenses, others for enforcing the king’s law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, The basis of modelling police system is the
sometimes lenient. continental and police system. Continental policing is
Most of Continental Europe developed along this traditional in nature as it based its crime control
path. efficiency to the number of arrests and people being put
to jail for punishment. The modern system uses
3. URBAN –INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, which produce measurement of crime control efficiency and
most of the goods and service they needs without effectiveness based on absence of crime or low crime
government interference. rate.
An urban-industrial society not only has Hence, on account of historical findings on crime
codified laws(statutes that prohibit ) but laws that volume, the following are hereby considered Model
prescribe good behaviour, police become specialized Police Systems.
in how to handle properties crimes, and the system
of punishment is run on market principles of 1. Switzerland
creating incentives and disincentives . England and For many years used to have travel
the U.S. followed this positive legal path. brochures saying “there is no crime in
Switzerland “, and criminologist were stumped
4. BUREAUCRATIC-SOCIETIES are modern post- on why this was so, whether because of the high
industrial societies where the emphasis is upon rate of firearm ownership or the extensive
technique or the “technologizing” of everything, welfare system. It turned out that the Swiss
with the government. (along with some other welfare nations, like
Sweden) were not reporting their entire crime
A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along rate. However, it was true that their crime rate
with armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy was fairly low.
handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
Reasons of having low crime rates: pattern of urban crime is no higher than its
 They did a remarkable job in managing their pattern of rural crime.
underclass populations, the poor people who live
in the ghettos and slums. The key reason of having low crime rate is the
 Swiss crime controls highly effective in using an factor that appears to be:
“iron fist, velvet glove “approach toward those a. A sense of hope and confidence among
who commits crime and come from the bottom the people legitimacy surveys, for
echelons of Swiss society. For example, when a example show that 86% of more of the
poor person commits a crime, the government population believe that the local
goes to work analyzing the family. Then, after authorities are well-skilled and doing
some punishment (which the offender everything they can.
frequently agrees with as deserved), a long-term b. People felt like they had high degree of
treatment plan is put into effect to raise that popular participation in crime control.
family out of poverty. 4. Egypt
The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place
2. Japan with little or no crime. The population of 23,000
consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of
Another country with an interestingly low ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself
crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not fashioned his model of perfect government in the
necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to Republic there,
fluctuating spikes.
Some reasons of having low crime rates are The inhabitants practice a moderate
the characteristics of this country which form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah
includes: punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of
 Community policing tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal
 A patriarchal family system, council, and there are no jails or prisons. The last
 The importance of higher education , known crime occurred around 1950, and was an
 And the way business serve as surrogate act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical
families. punishment for wrong doings is social
ostracization (shunning). This type of society is
Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather an excellent example of the folk-communal or
than “guilt-based” as Western societies are. For informal justice system.
example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in
such places because of the shame it would bring 5. New Zealand
upon one’s family and the business or New Zealand is a country that is
corporation with which that family is associated located near to Australia, but it is a more
with. isolated region with a lower population. This
country is very concerned about its
3. Ireland wilderness areas, and it does not permit
most firearms into the regions. Without a
Is another place with an unexpectedly low
gun, it is difficult to commit a violent crime,
crime rate. Despite a serious unemployment
and this has led to a very low crime rate for
problem, the presence of large urban ghettos,
and a crisis with religious terrorism, the Irish
this country.

6. Norway
Norway is an extremely cold country
ACTIVITIES
that has long winters, so this is one of the Learning Task #2
reasons for this country’s lower crime rate.
1. What type of COURT SYSTEM does the Philippines
Statistics reveal that Norway typically has adopts? Adversarial or Inquisitorial? Explain why?
fewer than 30 murders per year. This
country also has strict gun laws, including 2. What type of LAW ENFORCEMENT system does the
the types of weapons that are used for Philippines practice? Centralized or Decentralized?
Explain why?
hunting and sports. Law officials also make
sure that anyone who has a weapon keeps it 3. What type of LEGAL SYSTEM/s does the Philippines
in a secure area. adopts? Common Law, Civil Law, Socialist, Islamic,
(https://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/countries-with-the-lowest-crime-
rate-in-the-world/)
or combination of which? Explain why?
4. Differentiate the different TYPES OF SOCIETIES.
5. Give hypothetical examples of the following

theories and concepts in policing:
a. Home Rule Theory
b. Continental Theory
c. Old Concept
d. New Concept
ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #2:

“BASICS OF COMPARATIVE”
 Givehypothetical examples of the different
THEORIES of comparative criminology.
 Study the different police system of those

COUNTRIES WITH LESSER CRIMES and
identify whether they are CENTRALIZED or
DECENTRALIZED. Explain why?

CHAPTER III or may not be of same nation. It is irrespective of the
GLOBALIZATION time and space and language bindings as these
communications are in
terms of trade, social
Chapter’s Contents:
internet forums. The
A. Introduction
process of globalization
B. Definition of Globalization
is therefore, an
C. Globalization and Law Enforcement
amalgamation of
C.1 Threats on Law Enforcement
interaction and
brought by Globalization
integration among
C2 Effects of Globalization to Law
different groups of people, various organizations and
Enforcement
governments of different nations. This communication is
D. Globalization in the Philippines
supported by information technology (What is
globalization?). The interaction not only influences
LEARNING OBJECTIVES people and their welfare in terms of civilization,
traditions, political structure, financial growth and
At the end of the lesson, students should be able
affluences but also affects the environment as a whole.
to: Gradually globalization has defined its
1. Gain general insight about terminologies in all aspects of human civilization by
Globalization; making the countries formulate to the policies for open
2. define and understand the meaning of economies both, domestically and internationally (What
Globalization;
is globalization?). With the implementation of free
3. know the positive and negative impact
market economic systems, path is paved for mounting
brought about by Globalization to Law
their own industrious potentials and creating multitude
Enforcement; and
4. Learn the impact of globalization in openings for international trade and investment. This
the Philippines served as an opportunity for the foreign markets,
factories, production and marketing measures with
people belonging to different parts of the world.
A. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? ------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
The present era is said to be an age of
globalization. Globalization is a broad term and It is a process of interaction and integration
encompasses varied perspectives. It refers to the global among people, companies and governments of
outlook of different nations of the world coming different nations, a process driven by
closer and joining hands in terms of economy, international trade and investment and aided by
education, society and politics. Globalization information technology. This process has effects on
empowers a view for the entire world as a whole the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
irrespective of the national identity and thus economic development and prosperity, and on
globalization has narrowed the world by bringing human physical well-being in societies around the
people of all nations closer. world.
Enabling people of one nation to communicate
with those of the other nation(s) is the biggest It is a package of transnational flows of
achievement in terms of globalization and development. people, production, investment, information,
The culture, trade, business, ethics and conduct of one ideas and authority.
group in one part of the world can influence others may
The term globalization refers to the process of The term can also refer to the transnational
global integration of the economies of nations by circulation of ideas, languages, and popular culture.
allowing the unrestricted flow of goods, services, Some have argued that a form of globalization began
investments and currencies between countries. with the rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus
Nation states pursued globalization in the hope that Valley Civilization in the third millennium B.C.In the
this would lead to prosperity. recent decades, globalization has made large advances.
In economic context, it refers to the reduction and Globalizationrefers to the integration of

removal of barriers between national borders in order economies around the world contingent on the
to facilitate the flow of goods, capital services and removal of restrictions on trade and finance.
Globalization also refers to the exchange of cultural
ideas. The effects of globalization reach all countries
from the richest to the poorest.
Alison Brysk in a digest paper stated that

Globalization is the growing interpenetration of
states, markets, communication, and ideas. It is one
of the leading characteristics of the contemporary
world. International norms and institutions for the
protection or policing human rights are more
developed than at any previous point in history,
while global civil society fosters growing avenues of
appeal for citizens repressed by their own state.
But assaults on fundamental human dignity

continue, and the very blurring of borders and rise of
transnational actors that facilitate the developed of a
labor…although considerable barriers remain to the
global human rights regime may also be generating new
flow of labor.
sources of human rights abuse.
With Brysk’s view on globalization and human
Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the
rights, a more broadly articulated and accepted way of
increasing global relationships of culture, people, and
protecting these rights is with in the hands of law
economic activity. It is generally used to refer to
enforcements Agencies in the world. The rights of
economic globalization:
individuals have come to depend ever more on a broad
1. The global distribution of the production of
array of global system of policing and forces, from the
goods and services, through reduction of
local to the INTERPOL.
barriers to international trade such as tariffs,
export fees, and import quotas and
C. GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
2. The reduction of restrictions on the movement
of capital and on investment.
Every nation has its own law enforcement
3. Globalization may contribute to economic
agency called the POLICE. One thing is common, the
growth in developed and developing countries
police symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in
through increased specialization and the
everyday life; they symbolize the capacity of the state to
principle of comparative advantage.
intervene and the concern of the state for the affairs of

citizenry. It is the therefore timely to discuss the  Creation of International Tribunal to deal with
connection of globalization to policing. Human Rights problems. Humanitarian
Intervention that can promote universal norms
C.1 Threats on Law Enforcement brought by and link them to the enforcement power of the
globalization states.
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations  Development of new strategies to deal with
evident by genocide or mass killing. international organized crimes.
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security. D. GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
3. Conflict between nations.
Developing
4. Transnational criminal networks have taken
country like the
advantage for drug trafficking, smuggling
Philippines , is one of the
money laundering, terrorism, financial frauds,
countries in Asia where
intellectual property piracy, and other illicit
the country has been
ventures. Globalization allowed international
effected by globalization.
criminals to expand their networks and increase
The country is taking part
their cooperation in illicit activities and
in the process of
financial transactions. Though the use of
globalization ever since
computers, international criminals has an
the country signed
unprecedented capability to obtain process and
agreements with WTO (World Trade Organization) in
protect information and sidestep law
1995. Since then, the nation had hope for WTO to bring
enforcement investigations. They can use the
developments within the nation’s poor economy and
interactive capabilities of advanced computers
also to have a role within the global economy and trade.
and telecommunications system to plot
Now, globalization is very effective in the Philippines, it
marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit
has allowed major changes in the nation like more labor,
commodities, to find the most efficient routes
and more Filipino and foreign companies has emerged
and methods for smuggling and moving money
in the nation in order to help the country’s developing
in the financial system, and to create false trails
economy. Generally, the Philippines is one of the
for law enforcement or banking security.. More
developing countries that is rapidly dealing with
threateningly, some criminal organizations
globalization ever since the influence of the US during
appear to be adept at using technology for
the World War II.
counterintelligence purposes and for tracking
law enforcement activities.
The country had high levels of education and
English literacy due to the influence of Uncle Sam,
C.2 Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement (V.
decent savings rates, and an export-oriented agricultural
Delos Santos)
sector that generated more than sufficient foreign
exchange. The industrial sector was growing rapidly and
 The facilitation of transnational crimes and
the country had one of the highest per capita incomes in
criminals can be easily achieved.
Southeast Asia.
 Transnational Professional Network and
cooperation against transnational crime. There is
a need for transnational policing. The There was much to look forward to on the
cooperation among police organization in the economic and business front. The Philippines is a
world is vital. country of ups and downs of conspicuous consumption
of devastating poverty, hunger and suffering. The

economy is basically agricultural, with rice, corn, and percent of the labor force. The total number of overseas
kamote (sweet potatoes) the staple food crops. Key cash Filipinos may be as high as eight million, according to
crops include coconuts, fruits and vegetables, sugar, the government.
tobacco, and abaca (the famous "Manila hemp" used for
rope making). In aggregate, about two-thirds of Filipinos The Philippines is a developing country that is
continue to depend on the agricultural sector. The bound to develop due to globalization. I believe that
Philippines is rich in natural resources, as reflected in globalization will make its impact in the Philippines
the fact that foreign exchange earnings have derived because the whole society relies on westernization due
largely from export of primary commodities. The export to globalization.
of fruits and vegetables, especially pineapple products
and bananas, plays a key economic role every year. Globalization can make the Philippines into a
better nation if the Philippine leaders to make their
Each of these factors has been in its own way economy more advance through global trading and
force throughout the world. But more interesting is the allowing more foreign investors to the help boost the
realization that governments today no longer possess economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the
the reserves to materially affect the global capital Philippines should be able to reduce the poverty level as
markets. Capital now moves according to the dictates of well as increase labor force for job opportunities for
markets, not of governments. With its great confidence those that are in need for a living. However, since the
on joining the WTO, the Philippines are still lagging poverty level is still increasing, most Filipinos has
behind its Southeast Asian neighbors in terms of managed to find work overseas and they have managed
economic performance. Whereas, the Philippine to seek better living than in the Philippines. The most
economic growth was second only to Japan ’s in the effective factor in the Philippines is education. The
1960’s. But when the nation joined the WTO in 1995, the society’s mentality is to be educated and it’s with
Philippines had entered the global economic game with education that people in the nation see their opportunity
its domestic political economy unprepared and for a better life in the future.
undeveloped.
As a result, the Philippine state has failed to

create the kind of organized socioeconomic
environment that would have prepared the country for ========END OF PRELIMINARY COVERAGE========
global competition. There are many things that
globalization that brought quick changes into the
Philippine society. With its vast development it has
brought about technologies mostly computers and
software and also telecom companies are being
introduced into the market. Thanks to globalization,
such technologies were influenced by Philippines
neighboring Asian countries like Malaysia and China ,
and even Japan . Thanks to globalization, it has opened
its economy to foreign trade and investment.
Furthermore, globalization has allowed Filipino workers
to travel the world, but most head for the Middle East,
East Asia, the US and Canada and Europe due to better
economies and better money. Filipinos working
overseas numbered more than three million - about 10
ACTIVITIES
Learning Task #3
1. Explain Globalization in your own

understanding?
2. What do you think are the positive and

negative impact of globalization to our
society? (site at least 5 negative and 5
positive impacts)
ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #3:

“GLOBALZATION”
 Watch the following videos and make a
reaction paper about the content of the
said videos. First, write the name/title of
each videos before your
answers(“reaction/comments”).
a. https://youtu.be/JJ0nFD19eT8
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipmpv0R1D0s


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Isabela State University | ECHAGUE

College of Criminal Justice Education

Chapter’s Contents: A. PURPOSE OF STUDYING COMPARATIVE MODELS

Different Police Global Organization E. TYPES OF COURT SYSTEM IN THE WORLD

1. Adversarial, where the accused in innocent

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Note: Theocracies- Government or community govern

Each society also has its own customary law or tribal

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

4. Differentiate the different TYPES OF SOCIETIES.

5. Give hypothetical examples of the following

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #2:

 Study the different police system of those

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

In economic context, it refers to the reduction and Globalizationrefers to the integration of

Alison Brysk in a digest paper stated that

But assaults on fundamental human dignity

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

As a result, the Philippine state has failed to

1. Explain Globalization in your own

2. What do you think are the positive and

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #3:

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

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