Arduino Based Solar Tracking System

ARDUINO BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER:1
1.1 Introduction
Energy is a prime factor for the development of a nation.An enormous amount of energy is
extracted,distributed,converted and consumed in the global society daily.85% of the
energyproduction is dependent on fossil fules.The resources of the fossil fules are limited and
their use results in global warming due to emission f green house gases.To provide a sustainable
power production and safe world to the future generation,there is a growing demand for energy
from renewable sources like solar,wind,geothermal and ocean tidal wave.
Solar Panels directly convert solar radiation into electrical energy.Solar Panel is
mainly made from semiconductor materials.Si used as the main components of solar
panels,which is maximum of 24.5% efficient. Increasing the cell efficiency,maximizing the
power output and employing a trcking system with solar panel are three ways to increase the
overall efficiency of solar panel.Improvement of solar cell efficiency is the ongoing research
work and people throughout the world are actively doing research on this.Maximising the output
power from solar panneland integrating solar tracking syatem are two ways where electronic
methodology can bring success.Solar tracking is a mechanized syatem to track the sun’s position
that increases power output of the solar panel 30% to 60% than the stationary syatem .This is far
more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels.
DEPARTMENT-EEE Page 1
1.2 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR THEORY

A light sensor is the most common electronic component which can be easily found.The simplest
optical sensor is a photon resistor or photocell which is a light sensitive resistor .These are made
of two types cadmium sulpide(Cds) and gallium arsenide (GaAs).The sun tracker system
designed here uses two cadmium sulphide (Cds) photocells foe sensing the light.The photocell is
a passive component whose resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity
directed towards it.It is connected in series with capacitor.The photocell to be used for the
tracker is based on its dark resistance and light saturation resistance.The term light saturation
means that further.Light intensity is measured in Lux,the illumination of sunlight is
approximately 30,000 lux.
Temperature
Automatic temperature control system is an important application used in almost all modern
gadgets and smart homes. The system for controlling temperature automatically is achieved by
using Arduino Uno-based microcontroller system. Arduino Uno due to its increased popularity
finds its varied range of applications. Temperature sensor LM35 and Arduino Uno are the
hardware used interfaced with computer, and the temperature is controlled in the room.
Temperature is displayed on LCD display employing A1 pin of hardware with the help of analog
pin utilizing pulse width modulation (PWM). We have designed temperature control as an
automatic system that has been not attempted before the way it has been implemented.
Fig.1.1:Light Dependend Sensor
Fig.1.2:Concept of using LDR’s for sensing
Concept of using two LDRs for sensing is explained in the figure above. The stable position is
when the two LDRs having the same light intensity.When the light source moves, i.e. the sun
moves from west to east, the level of intensity falling on both the LDRs changes and this change
is calibrated into voltage using voltage dividers. The changes in voltage are compared using
built-in comparator of microcontroller and motor is used to rotate the solar panel in a way so as
to track the light source
CHAPTER-II
2.1 TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
Generally solar tracking is two types these are as follows,
1.Single axis solar tracking system
2.Dual axis solar tracking system
Single Axis Solar Tracking System:-
Solar Pannels with panels can turn around the central axis.The panels can turn
around the axis.LINAK can provide the actuators that tilt the panels.
Fig.2.1: Single axis solar tracking system
Dual Axis Solar System:-
Dual axis tracking is typically used to orient a minor and redirect sunlight along
a fixed axis towards a stationary receiver.But the system can also gain additional yield on your
PV cells.LINAK can provide you with quality actuators That move these panels on dual axis.
Fig.2.2:Dual Axis Solar System
2.2 Circuit Diagram For Single Axis Tracking System
Fig.2.3Circuit diagram for single axis suntracking syatem
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.2.4:Block diagram for sun tracking solar
Dependent Resistors (LDR) as a light sensor has been used.The two light sensors are
separated by divider which will create shadow on one side of the light sensor if the solar panel is
not perpendicular to the sun.For the controlling circuit, microcontroller(ATMega328) act as a
brain that controls the movement of the servomotor.Data received from the sensors and
processed by the microcontroller.The microcontroller will send a data to the servomotor to
ensure soalr panel is perpendicular towards the sun.Microcontroller controls the rotation of the
motor either to rotate clockwise and anticlockwise.The solar panel that aatached to the motor
will be reacted according to the direction of the motor.
CHAPTER-III
3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:-
 PHOTO RESISTOR /LDR

 MICROCONTROLLER(ATMEGA328)
 SERVOMOTOR
 RESISTORS
 BATTERY
 SOLAR PANEL
 DEVELOPMENT BOARD
3.2DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.2.1 Photo resistor/LDR:-
A photo resistor (or light-dependent resistors,LDR,or photocell) is a light-
controlled variable resistor.The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with the increasing
incident light intensity;in other words,it exhibits photoconductivity.A photo resistor can be
applied in light- sensitive detector circuits,and light-and dark activated switching circuits.
A photo resistance is made of a high resistance semiconductor.In the dark,a
photo resistance can have a resistance as high as several mega ohms(M Ω)),while in the light,a
photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms.If incident light on a photo
resistor exceeds a certain frequency,photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.The resulting free electrons conduct
electricity,thereby lowering resistance.The resistance range and sensitivy of a photo resistor can
substancially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover,uniquie photo resistors may react subtancially differently to
photons with in certain wavelength bands.
Fig.3.1:Light dependent resistors
3.2.2Microcontroller(Atmega328):-
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is
available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit
microcontrollers are available today).
A microcontroller contains one or more of the following components:
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Input/Output ports
 Timers and Counters
 Interrupt controls
 Analog to digital converters
 Digital analog converters
 Serial interfacing ports
 Oscillatory circuits
Microcontrollers need to be programmed to be capable of performing anything useful. It then
executes the program loaded in its flash memory – the code comprised of a sequence of zeros
and ones. It is organized in 12-, 14- or 16-bit wide words, depending on the microcontroller’s
architecture. Every word is considered by the CPU as a command being executed during the
operation of the microcontroller.
Fig.3.2:Microcontroller Architecture
ATmega328P
The ATmega328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhancedRISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega328Pachieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer
to optimizepower consumption versus processing speed.
It has 28 pins. There are 14 digital I/O pins from which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and
6analog input pins. The I/O pins account for 20 of the pins. The 20 pins can act as input to
thecircuit or as output. Whether they are input or output is set in the software.Two of the pins are
for the crystal oscillator and are supposed to provide a clock pulse for theAtmega chip. The clock
pulse is needed for synchronization so that communication occurs insynchrony between the
Atmega chip and a device connected to it. Two of the pins, Vcc andGND are for powering the
chip. The microcontroller requires between 1.8-5.5V of power tooperate.
The pin-out for the microcontroller is shown below
Fig.3.3: Pin diagram of ATMega 328
Atmega 328P:
The Atmega328 chip has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside of it. This must be or else
the Atmega328 wouldn't be capable of interpreting analog signals. Because there is an ADC, the
chip can interpret analog input, which is why the chip has 6 pins for analog input. The ADC has
3 pins set aside for it to function- AVCC, AREF, and GND. AVCC is the power supply, positive
voltage, that for the ADC. The ADC needs its own power supply in order to work. GND is the
power supply ground. AREF is the reference voltage that the ADC uses to convert an analog
signal to its corresponding digital value. Analog voltages higher than the reference voltage will
be assigned to a digital value of 1, while analog voltages below the reference voltage will be
assigned the digital value of 0. Since the ADC for the Atmega328 is a 10-bit ADC, meaning it
produces a 10-bit digital value, it converts an analog signal to its digital value, with the AREF
value being a reference for which digital values are high or low. Thus, a portrait of an analog
signal is shown by this digital value; thus, it is its digital correspondent value.
The last pin is the RESET pin. This allows a program to be rerun and start over.
The table below gives a description for each of the pins and their functions.
Table 3.1 Pins and their functions
There are various features that make the ATmega 328P a good choice for the project:
1. Temperature Range:-40°C to 85°C
2. Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V
3. Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
 Active Mode: 0.2 mA
 Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
 Power-save Mode: 0.75
I. Special Microcontroller Features:
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and
Extended Standby
II.High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
 32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory
 1K Bytes EEPROM
 2K Bytes Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 Programming Lock for Software Security
The design tool
Arduino IDE
The software design was done using Arduino IDE which was used for the programming. The
pargram was written using the C language. The Proteus circuit editing software was used for
drawing the PCB circuit. The design of the circuit was done using Eagle software.
Fig.3.4:A Simplified Flow Chart of the Assembly
Algorithm for Motor Control

The algorithm gives the description of the general steps undertaken for the project:
1. There is input of the voltages from the two LDRs.
2. The inputs are analog. They are converted to digital values that range between 0-1023.
3. The two digital values are compared and the difference between them obtained.
4. The difference between the values obtained is the error proportional angle for the rotation
of the servo motor.
5. If the LDR voltages are the same, the servo stops. Otherwise, the servo rotates until the
difference is the same.
The flow chart of figure is an illustration of how the algorithm is implemented. The inputs into
the system are the two LDR voltages into pins 23 and 24 of the Atmega 328. There is then the
conversion of the analog voltages into their digital values. The larger of the two signals is sent to
the circuit which drives the DC motor to the direction with more light intensity. The block
diagram of the solar tracking system is shown below.
After that, all the components are assembled as is illustrated in the diagram below. The input
stage comprises the LDRs which feed the voltage outputs to the microcontroller. From the LDRs
are potentiometers that are used for varying the resistance. When there is plenty of sunshine, the
potentiometers are adjusted to their maximum value that is 10K. For days when the weather is
not very sunny, the resistance is reduced by varying the potentiometer to ensure readings are
more easily taken. The LDRs are connected to pins 4 and 5.
The embedded software design has the C code loaded into the Atmega 328P. The code that was
used is shown below. The resistor R1 is a pull up resistor for preventing the microcontroller from
continually resetting.
Pins 8 and 22 are grounded as specified by the specifications of the microcontroller. Digital pin 9
is connected to the signal pin of the servo motor and serves to control the movement of the servo.
There is also the power pin of the servo that is connected to power. The last servo pin is
grounded. Pins 9 and 10 are for the quartz crystal. There are various switches that control the
powering of different components. The LED indicates when the circuit is powered and the entire
system is functional.
There is a reset button for positioning the panel to an initial position which is at an inclination of
40 degrees. This is done preferably in the evening after the sun has set. It makes the LDR go
back to an initial position, ready for tracking sunlight on the next day. There is also a push button
for initializing the servo motor. It switches it on, leaving it on standby mode.
Pins 7, 20 and 21 are for powering the microcontroller. It requires 5V. The inputs to the LDR are
Simulated.
Code:
#include <Servo.h> //including the library of servo motor
Servo sg90; //initializing a variable for servo named sg90
int initial_position = 90; //Declaring the initial position at 90
int LDR1 = A0; //Pin at which LDR is connected
int LDR2 = A1; //Pin at which LDR is connected
int error = 5; //initializing variable for error
int servopin=9;
void setup()
{
sg90.attach(servopin); // attaches the servo on pin 9
pinMode(LDR1, INPUT); //Making the LDR pin as input
pinMode(LDR2, INPUT);
sg90.write(initial_position); //Move servo at 90 degree
delay(2000); // giving a delay of 2 seconds
}
void loop()
{
int R1 = analogRead(LDR1); // reading value from LDR 1
int R2 = analogRead(LDR2); // reading value from LDR 2
int diff1= abs(R1 - R2); // Calculating the difference between the LDR's
int diff2= abs(R2 - R1);
if((diff1 <= error) || (diff2 <= error)) {
//if the difference is under the error then do nothing
} else {
if(R1 > R2)
{
initial_position = --initial_position; //Move the servo towards 0 degree
}
if(R1 < R2)
{
initial_position = ++initial_position; //Move the servo towards 180 degree
}
}
sg90.write(initial_position); // write the position to servo
delay(100);
}
3.2.3 Servomotor:-
Servo motors are used for various applications. They are normally small in size and have good
energy efficiency. The servo circuitry is built inside the motor unit and comes with a positionable
shaft that is fitted with a gear. The motor is controlled with an electric signal that determines the
amount of shaft movement.
Fig.3.5:servo motor inside features

Inside the servo there are three main components; a small DC motor, a potentiometer and
acontrol circuit. Gears are used to attach the motor to the control wheel. As the motor rotates,
theresistance of the potentiometer changes so the control circuit can precisely regulate the
amountof movement there is and the required direction. When the shaft of the motor is at the
desired position, power supply to the motor is stopped. If the shaft is not at the right position, the
motor is turned in the right direction. The desired position is sent through electrical pulses via the
signal wire. The speed of the motor is proportional to the difference between the actual position
and the position that is desired. Therefore, if the motor is close to the desired position, it turns
slowly. Otherwise, it turns fast.This is known as proportional control .
How the servo is controlled:
Servos are sent through sending electrical pulses of variable width, or pulse width modulation
(PWM), through the control wire. There is a minimum pulse, maximum pulse and a repetition
rate. Servos can usually turn only 90 degrees in either direction for a total of 180 degrees
movement. The neutral position of the motor is defined as that where the servo has the same
amount of potential rotation in both the clockwise and counter-clockwise direction. The PWM
sent to the motor determines the position of the shaft, and based on the duration of the pulse sent
through the control wire the rotor will turn to the position that is desired.The servo motor expects
to see a pulse after every 20 milliseconds and the length of the pulse will determine how far the
motor will turn. For instance, a 1.5ms pulse makes the motor to turn in the 90 degrees position. If
the pulse was shorter than 1.5ms, it will move to 0 degrees and alonger pulse moves it to 180
degrees. This is shown below.
Fig.3.6:variable pulse width control servo position

For applications where there is requirement of high torque, servos are preferable. They will also
maintain the torque at high speeds, up to 90% of the rated torque is available from servos at high
speeds. Their efficiencies are between 80 to 90%.A servo is able to supply approximately twice
their rated torque for short periods of time,offering enough capacity to draw from when needed.
In addition, they are quiet, are available in AC and DC, and do not suffer from vibrations.
Advantages and disadvantages of servo motors:
For applications where high speed and high torque are required, servo motors are the better
option. While stepper motors peak at around 2000 RPM, servos are available at much faster
speeds. Servo motors also maintain torque at high speed, up to 90% of the rated torque is
available from servos at high speeds. They have an efficiency of about 80-90% and supply
roughly twice their rated torque for short periods. Furthermore, they do not vibrate or suffer from
resonance issues.
Servo motors are more expensive than other types of motors. Servos require gear boxes,
especially for lower operation speeds. The requirement for a gear box and position encoder
makes the designs more mechanically complex. Maintenance requirements will also increase.
Crystal:
Crystal oscillators are electronic oscillator circuits that use inverse piezoelectric effect. With this
effect, when electric field is applied across certain materials they will produce mechanical
deformation. Therefore a crystal uses mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric
material so that there is creation of an electric signal with precise frequency. They have high
stability, are low cost and quality factor which makes them superior over such resonators as LC
circuits, ceramic resonators and turning forks.The crystal action can be represented by an
equivalent electrical resonant circuit.
Fig.3.7:circuit diagram of a crystal

The optimal values of the capacitors depend on whether a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator is
being used. It will also depend on application-specific requirements on start-up time and
frequency tolerance. Crystal oscillators are not built into ICs because they cannot be easily
fabricated with IC processes and the size is physically larger than IC circuits.The internal
oscillators of microcontrollers are RC oscillators. The reason why crystal oscillators are used is
because the quality factor is on the order of 100000 while that of RC oscillators is on the order of
100. Therefore, the crystal oscillator has lower phase noise and lower variation in output
frequency.
3.2.4 Battery:-
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electromechanical cells with
external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flash lights,smart phones,and
electrical cars.When a battery is supplying a electrical power,its positive terminal is the cathode
and its negative terminal is the anode.The terminal marked negative is the source external
device.When a battery is connected to an external circuit,electrolytes are able to move as ions
within,allowing the chemical reaction will be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver
energy to the external circuit.It is the movement of those ions within the battery to perform
work.Historically the term “battery” specifically reffered to a device composed of multiple
cells,however the usage has evolved to additionally include devices composed of a single cell.
3.2.5 DEVELOPMENT BOARD :-
Fig.3.8: Development board

A microprocessor development board is a printed circuit board containing a microprocessor
and the minimal support logic needed for an engineer to become acquainted with the
microprocessor on the board and to learn to program on it.It also served users of the
microprocessor as a method to prototype application is products.
Unlike a general-purpose system such as a home computer,usually a development board

contains little or no hardware dedicated to a user interface.
It will have some provision to accept and run a user-supplied program,such as downloading a
program through a serial program,such as downloading a program through a serial port to flash
memory,or some form of programmable
memory in a socket in earlier systems.
3.2.6 RESISTORS:-
A resistor is a two-dimentional electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by
producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current,that is,in accordance
with Ohm’s law:
V=IR
The Primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can
dissipate.Other characteristics include temperature coefficient,noise,and inductance.Less well-
known is critical resistance.
Fig.3.9: Resistors
3.2.7 Solar Pannel:-

Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert
them into electricity or heat. A solar panel is actually a collection of solar (or
photovoltaic) cells, which can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic effect.
These cells are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the surface of solar panels.
Thus, it may also be described as a set of photovoltaic modules, mounted on a structure
supporting it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and connected assembly of
6x10 solar cells. When it comes to wear-and-tear, these panels are very hardy. Solar
panels wear out extremely slow. In a year, their effectiveness decreases only about one
to two per cent (at times, even lesser). Most solar panels are made up using crystalline
silicon solar cells. Solar panels do not lead to any form of pollution and are clean. They
also decrease our reliance on fossil fuels (which are limited) and traditional power
sources.
Fig.3.10: Solar panel
CHAPTER-IV
Operation Of The Solar Tracker:-
In this project, LDR’s are working as light detectors. Before we go into detail, we will have to
understand how the LDR’s work. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) also known as photo resistor
is the light sensitive device. Its resistance decrease when the light falls on it and that’s why it is
frequently used in Dark or Light Detector Circuit.The two LDR’s are placed at the two sides of
solar panel and the Servo Motor is used to rotate the solar panel. The servo will move the solar0.
panel towards the LDR whose resistance will be low, mean towards the LDR on which light is
falling, that way it will keep following the light. And if there is same amount of light falling on
both the LDR, then servo will not rotate. The servo will try to move the solar panel in the
position where both LDR’s will have the same resistance means where same amount of light will
fall on both the resistors and if resistance of one of the LDR will change then it rotates towards
lower resistance LDR.
IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT:
Fig.4.1:Implemented Circuit
CHAPTER-V
5.1RESULT AND DISCUSSION :
Result of this project is, when light falls on the LDR, itsresistance varies and a potential divider
circuit is used to obtain corresponding voltage value (5v) from the resistancece of LDR. The
voltage signal is send to the Arduino microcontroller. Established on the voltage signal, a
corresponding PWM signal is send to the servo motor which causes it to rotate and to end with
attains a position where intensity of light falls on the solar panel is maximum.
5.2 Conclusion:-
An arduino solar tracker was designed and constructed inthe current work. LDR light sensors
were used to sense the intensity of the solar light occurrence on the photo-voltaic cells panel.
Conclusions of this project is summarized as ,The existing tracking system successfully sketched
the light source even it is a small torch light, in a dark room, or it is the sun light rays. The
Arduino solar tracker with servo motor is employed by means of Ardiuno
ATmega328pmicrocontroller. The essential software is developed via Arduino Uno. The cost
and reliability of this solar tracker creates it suitable for the rural usage. The purpose of
renewable energy from this paper offered new and advanced idea to help the people.
REFERENCES:
[1] Koyuncu B and Balasubramanian K, “A microprocessorcontrolled automatic sun tracker,”
IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 37, no. 4,pp. 913-917, 1991.
[2] Konar A and Mandal A K, “Microprocessor based automatic sun tracker,” IEEE Proc. Sci.,
Meas. Technol., vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 237-241,1991.
[3] Rizk J. and Chaiko Y. “Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar Panels”, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 2008.
[4] Filfil Ahmed Nasir, Mohussen Deia Halboot, Dr. ZidanKhamis A. “Microcontroller-Based
Sun Path Tracking System”, Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol. 29, No.7, 2011.
[5] Ashok Kumar Saxena, V.Dutta. “A Versatile Microprocessor Based Controller For Solar
Tracking”.Proc. IEEE, 1990', pp.1105-1109.
[6] Damm, J “An active solar tracking system, Home Brew Magazine “ Issue #17, June/July
1990
[7] GamalM.Dousoky,Abou-Hashema M.EL- SAYED,MasahitoShoyama. “Maximizing Energy-
EfficencyInSingle Axis Solar Tracker Photovoltaic Panels”.8th International Conference on
Power Electronic- ECCEAsia –May 30 June, 2011.
[8] Alimazidi Mohammad, Gillispie J, Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, “The 8051 Microcontroller
and Embedded Systems”, an imprint of Pearson Education, 2006.

Arduino Based Solar Tracking System

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Arduino Based Solar Tracking System

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ARDUINO BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

1.2 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR THEORY

Fig.1.1:Light Dependend Sensor

Fig.1.2:Concept of using LDR’s for sensing

2.1 TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

Generally solar tracking is two types these are as follows,

1.Single axis solar tracking system

2.Dual axis solar tracking system

Single Axis Solar Tracking System:-

Fig.2.1: Single axis solar tracking system

Dual Axis Solar System:-

Fig.2.2:Dual Axis Solar System

2.2 Circuit Diagram For Single Axis Tracking System

Fig.2.3Circuit diagram for single axis suntracking syatem

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.2.4:Block diagram for sun tracking solar

3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:-

 PHOTO RESISTOR /LDR

3.2DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Fig.3.1:Light dependent resistors

The pin-out for the microcontroller is shown below

Fig.3.3: Pin diagram of ATMega 328

Fig.3.4:A Simplified Flow Chart of the Assembly

Algorithm for Motor Control

Fig.3.5:servo motor inside features

Fig.3.6:variable pulse width control servo position

Fig.3.7:circuit diagram of a crystal

3.2.5 DEVELOPMENT BOARD :-

Fig.3.8: Development board

Unlike a general-purpose system such as a home computer,usually a development board

3.2.7 Solar Pannel:-

Fig.3.10: Solar panel

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