Introduction To First Aid & The Humand Body

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID
& THE HUMAND BODY
This lesson is designed to introduce into the students the related definition of terms,
the related acronyms, and the anatomical plane and positions.
This lesson gives guidance on initial care and treatment of a sick or injured person, it
is not a substitute for medical advice.
This lesson introduces to the students regarding the duties and responsibilities of a
first aider in caring sick or injured person. `After taking this course, they are advice to obtain
training from qualified trainers such as Philippine National Red Cross, Bureau of Fire
Protection, and other certified or recognized agencies for them to enhance their basic
knowledge. This lesson gives guidance on initial care and treatment of a sick or injured
person, it is not a substitute for medical advice.
Lastly, the student will be guided to the basic information about the human body to
make them understand the parts and functions so that first aid measures of injuries/illnesses
are better understood and appreciated.
DEFINITION OF FIRST AID

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First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance
is not available or delayed.
ROLES OF FIRST AID

l. It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the services of the physician.
It ends when the services of a physician begin.
2. Ensure safety of him/herself and that of bystanders.
3. Gain access to the victim.
4. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
6. Provide needed care for the patient.
7. Assist advanced personnel.
8. Record all findings and care given to the patient.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
l. Preserve Life
2. To prevent further harm and complications
3. Seek immediate medical help
4. Provide reassurance
1. Alleviate suffering
2. To Prevent added/further injury or danger
3. To Prolong life.
NEED AND VALUE OF FIRST AID
l. To minimize if not totally prevent accident.

2. To prevent added injury or danger.
3. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.
4. Accident happens and sudden illnesses are common and often serious.
5. People very often harm rather than help.
6. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life or limb.
LEGAL CONCERNS
1. Consent – Expressed & Implied

2. Duty to Act – Art 275 No. 1 & 2 of Act 3815.
3. Standard of Care – Proper and Impartial
4. Negligence
5. Abandonment
6. Confidentiality – Data Privacy Act
HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISKS
Common Transmittable Diseases

Helping others is not without important risks and hazards, most important of which is the risk
of contracting an infectious disease. Infectious diseases are those that can spread from one
person to another and develop when germs invade the body and cause illness.
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Disease Transmission
Infectious diseases are those hazards than can spread the following ways:
1. Direct Contact
2. Indirect Contact
3. Airborne Transmission
4. Vector Transmission
PREVENTION AND PROTECTION

- Universal Precautions are set of strategies developed to prevent transmission of
blood borne pathogens.
- Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of
exposure from body secretions and any other type of body substance such as urine,
vomit, feces, sweat, or sputum.
- Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing, equipment and supplies that
keep you from directly contacting infected materials.
BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

1. Personal Hygiene
2. Protective Equipment
3. Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:

1. Observant - should notice all signs.
2. Resourceful - should make the best use of things at hand
3. Gentle - should not cause pain
4. Tactful - should not alarm the victim
5. Sympathetic - should be comforting
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID

1. Unfavorable surroundings.
Night time
Crowded city streets; churches; shopping mall
Busy highways
Cold or rainy weather
Lack of necessary materials or helpers
2. Presence of crowds.
2.1. crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, sometimes offer incorrect advice.
2.2. they may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper procedures.
2.3. a good examination is difficult while a crowd look on.
3. Pressure from victim or relatives.
3.1. The victim usually welcomes help, but if he is drunk, he is often hard to examine
and handle, and is often misleading in his response.
3.2. The hysteria of relatives or the victim, the evidence of pain, blood and possible
early death, exert great pressure on the first aider.
3.3. the first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do what he
would know in calm moments to be wrong. The first aider can meet all these
difficulties. Forewarned is forearmed. He should remember that few cases demand
haste, or good examination is important and can be done slowly, and he has no other
job or appointment as important and so gratifying as saving a life or limb.
CLOTH MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN FIRST AID

l. Dressing or Compress - any sterile cloth materials used to cover the wound
l.2. Other uses of a dressing or compress:
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- control bleeding
- protects the wound from infection
-absorbs liquid from the wound such as blood plasma, water and pus.
l.3. Kinds of dressing: .
- roller gauze
- square or eye pads
- compress or adhesive (two types:) - occlusive dressing - butterfly dressing
l.4. Application
- completely cover the wound
- avoid contamination when handling and applying
2. Bandages
THE LANGUAGE OF TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

The surface of the body has many definite visible features that serve as guidelines or
landmarks to structures that lies beneath them. These external features or topography give
clues to the general anatomy of the body. A sharp awareness of the superficial landmarks of
the body - its topographic anatomy will help the well-trained examiner to evaluate the ill or
injured person. Visual inspection of the body is the simplest step in primary and secondary
surveys.
All emergency medical personnel must be familiar with the topographic anatomy. The
use of proper terms will assure the correct information with least possible confusion. The
term used to describe topographic anatomy are applied to the body when it is in the
anatomic position, or the position standing erect, facing the examiner, arms at the side and
palms forward. When the terms right and left are used, they refer to the patient’s right and
left. The principal region of the body are head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and
extremities (arms and legs).
The front surface of the body, facing the examiner is the anterior surface. The
surface of the patient away from the examiner is the posterior surface. An imaginary vertical
line drawn from the midforehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor is
termed the midline of the body. This imaginary line divides the body into two halves, which
are mirror images of each other. Parts of the body that lie distant from the midline are termed
lateral structures. Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline are termed medial
structures. For example, we speak of the medial (inner) and lateral (outer) of the knee or the
eye. The superior portion of the body, or any part, is that portion near the head, while a
portion nearer the feet is the inferior portion. We also use these terms to describe the
relationship of one structure to another.
 For example, the nose is superior to the mouth and inferior to the forehead. The
terms proximal and distal are used to describe the relationship of any two structures
on a limb. Proximal describes structures that are closer to the trunk. Distal describes
structures that are nearer to the free end of the extremities.
 For example, the elbow is distal to the shoulder yet proximal to the wrist and hand.
The human body is made up of millions of cells each specialized to carry out its own
particular functions but coordinated with all body cells. All cells required food, water
and oxygen and the removal of waste products. To do this the human body must
have:
l. A nervous system to coordinate;

2. A respiratory system to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood;
3. A circulatory system to transport oxygen, food and water and remove waste products;
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4. A digestive system to absorb food and eliminate some waste products;

5. A urinary system to remove waste products;
6. A reproductive system to propagate species;
7. A skeletal system to give form to the body, allow bodily movement, provide protection
to the vital internal organs, produce red blood cells and serves as a reservoir of calcium,
phosphorus and other important body chemicals
8. Skin to control body temperature and appreciate sensation.
9. Sense organs (the skin, ears, eyes, nose and tongue) to appreciate touch, pain, and
temperature, hearing balance, sight, smell and taste.
Thus, oxygen is obtained from the air which we breathe to the lungs. It then enters the
bloodstream and distributed to each cell of the body. Carbon dioxide is formed within the
cell and is carried by the blood to the lungs to be expelled during exhalation to the air.
The food we eat and the water we take is absorbed from the digestive system into the
blood. It is utilized by the cells, and waste products formed enter the blood and:
- go to the kidneys to be eliminated in the urine,
- are passed into the lower bowel to be removed in the feces,
- are converted to carbon dioxide and lost from the lungs.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Controlling all activities of the body is the nervous system. It consist of the brain and the
spinal cord, with nerves distributed to all organs and tissues of the body. The brain
receives, coordinates and reacts to messages received from internal and external
sources but also stores information so that it can react from memory. It is also
responsible for the control of movements of voluntary muscles.
Motor Nerves: pass from the brain to the muscles of the body to control movements.
Injury to a motor nerve causes paralysis of the muscle supplied.
Sensory Nerve: Sense organs are situated in the eye, ear, skin, joints, tongue and
nose. Sensory nerves receive information from sense organ of sight, hearing, balance,
touch, pain, temperature, taste and smell. Sensory nerves lead from these organs to the
brain. Injury to sensory nerves leads to loss of function of the sense organ.
Damage may be caused to the nervous system by:

l. Injury 2. Loss of blood supply 3. Toxins
Abnormal function of the brain or spinal cord leads to:

l. Unconsciousness 2. Paralysis 3. Malfunction
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Parts
l. Air Passages:
l.l. nose and mouth.
l.2. pharynx
l.3. larynx
l.4. trachea supports
l.5. bronchial tubes
2. Chest Cage:
2.1 Lungs
2.2 Heart
2.3 Ribs and their supports
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3. Diaphragm
Air Inspired and Expired:

Air we take in contains 21 percent oxygen and a trace of carbon dioxide approximately
0.04 percent. For every breath, our body uses only 5 percent of oxygen we inspire to
sustain life and produces 4 percent carbon dioxide waste product. During expiration we
give off 4 percent carbon dioxide and l6 percent oxygen
Process of Breathing:
When we breath, about 500 ml (l pint) of air is taken in (inspiration), the diaphragm
moves downward and the ribs upward and outward. This increases the volume of the
chest. A partial vacuum is created in the chest cavity, the lungs expand and the air is
sucked in through the mouth and the nose into the lungs. Normal breathing out
(expiration) is produced by a relaxation of the chest wall and intercostal muscles and
moving up of the diaphragm. This forces air out of the lungs.
The amount of air supplied to the blood is controlled by a center in the brain at the
base of the skull and in the upper part of the spinal cord (respiratory center). This center
controls respiration by analyzing the carbon dioxide content of the blood it receives. Too
much carbon dioxide causes the center to respond by increasing the depth and rate of
the breathing and vice-versa.
The normal breathing rate for an adult at rest is from l2-l8 times per minute, and a
higher rate for children and infants at about l8-25 times per minute and if more oxygen is
required as in exercise, fever or in conditions which restrict the normal function of the
lungs such as pneumonia.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system of the body consist of the circulation of the blood through all
the extremities of the body, and it involves the heart, blood vessels, blood and lymph.
l. Parts
1.l. heart
l.2. blood
l.3. blood vessels
2. Functions
1.1 HEART
The heart is a hollow muscular organ about the size of a fist, lying between the lungs,
behind the breastbone. It slants obliquely downward to the left side of the chest.
Function as an electromuscular pump having a left and a right chamber, each
subdivided into a large and small chamber, provided with valves which aid in the correct
circulation of the blood.
Heart (Pulse Rate): Adult - 60 - 90 beats/min. Child - 90 - l00 beats/min. Infant- l00 -
l20 beats/min.
1.2 BLOOD
The blood is a red, sticky fluid circulating through the blood vessels, has a peculiar, faint
odor, salty in taste and it varies in color from bright scarlet to a bluish red.
Blood is composed of:
l. Red blood cells (RBC) (Erythrocytes) - transport oxygen to the tissues of the body and
carry carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
2. White blood cells (WBC) (Leukocytes) - defend the body against foreign bodies such
as bacteria or combat infection.
3. Plasma (fluid part) - carry the food to all parts of the body and waste materials to the
organ of excretion.
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About one-thirteenth of the weight of human body is blood. A lost of one-third of this is
usually fatal
1.3 BLOOD VESSELS
1. arteries - carry the blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
2. veins - carry blood back to the heart.
3. capillaries - small blood vessels at the end of the arteries.
Course of Blood
l. Dark venous blood laden with carbon dioxide and waste matter picked up in its
progress through the body’s veins, is drawn into the right atrium as the atrium lies
momentarily relaxed.
2. When the atrium is filled up, the valve in its flood opens downward and blood pours
into the ventricular below.
3. When the ventricle is full, its smooth pumping pressure closes the valve, which bulges
out like a parachute. This same pressure simultaneously open another set of valves (half
moon shape or non-return valve) and forces the blood out of the ventricle into the artery
that leads directly to the lungs.
4. In the thin wall network of the lungs, the dark blood is purified by changing its load of
carbon dioxide for oxygen from the outer air.
5. Fresh from the lungs, the blood enters the left atrium. When the atrium is full, the valve
opens and the ventricle begins to fill.
6. The ventricle contracts, pushing its cupful of blood into the aorta, the huge artery that
lead out from the base of the heart.
7. From the aorta, widest river of life, the red blood branches out, ever more slowly,
through arteries and tiny capillaries, to every cell in the body.
The heart repeats this process of contracting and relaxing, day after day, year in, year
out
Course of Important Blood Vessels
Demonstrate the following by chart or model:
o A large artery (aorta) leaves the heart arches, dividing into main branches which go to
the head, upper extremities and the lower extremities.
o The two arteries going to either side of the head and neck are called the carotids.
o The artery which goes to either shoulder and arm is called the subclavian. It becomes
the auxiliary artery in the armpit, and the brachial artery as it passes down the arm.
o From the heart arches the aorta descends, dividing finally into two branches crossing
the mid-groin and running toward each thigh and leg, where they become known as the
femoral.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
I. Parts
1.1. Mouth
1.2. Salivary Glands
1.3 Pharynx
1.4 Esophagus
1.5 Liver
1.6 Gall Bladder
1.7 Pancreas
1.8 Rectum
1.9 Stomach
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1.10 Intestine
1.11 Anus
2. Functions
The food we eat is being chewed within the mouth. Three pairs of salivary glands are
located under the tongue, on each side of the lower jaw and on each cheek which
produce nearly l.5 liters of saliva daily. The digestive enzyme in the saliva initiates the
digestion of starches. It also serve as a binder and as a lubricant. The food and water we
swallow pass the throat along the voice box.
A leaf-shaped valve covering the opening of the trachea is initiated so that liquids
and solids are move into the esophagus and away from the trachea. The contraction of
the muscle in the esophagus propel the food through it to the stomach . Liquids will pass
with very little assistance.
The stomach is located at the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity largely
protected by the lower ribs. Muscular contraction in the wall of the stomach and gastric
juice convert ingested food to a thoroughly mixed semisolid mass. The main function of
the stomach is to receive and store in the large quantity and provide for its movement
into the small bowel in regular small amounts. Poisoning or any reaction to trauma may
paralyze gastric muscular action thus causing prolong retention of food in the stomach.
Pepsin, a digestive enzyme, is produced in the stomach to initiate digestion of proteins.
The pancreas, a flat, solid organ, lies behind and below the liver and stomach. It
contains two kinds of glands. One set of glands secretes nearly 2 liters of pancreatic
juice daily. This juice contains many enzymes that help in the digestion of fat, starch and
protein. It flows directly to the intestine through the pancreatic ducts. The other kind of
gland called the Islet of Langerhans secretes its products into the blood stream across
the capillaries. These islet produce a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in the
blood. It is known as insulin
The liver is located at the upper right quadrant beneath the diaphragm. It is the
largest solid organ in the abdomen and consequently one of the most often injured. It
has several functions. Poisonous substances produce by digestion are brought to the
liver by the blood and are rendered harmless. It also forms factors necessary for blood
clotting and for the production of normal plasma. It also produces between 0.5 to l liter of
bile to assist in the normal digestion of fat.
The liver is also the principal organ for the storage of sugar for immediate use of the
body. It also produces many of the factors that aid in the proper regulation of immune
responses.
The liver is connected to the intestine by the ducts. The gall bladder is an
outpouching of a bile duct that serve as a reservoir for produce in the liver. The presence
of food in the intestine triggers the contraction of the gall bladder to empty its content. It
usually contains 2-3 ounces of bile. When stone is formed at the gall bladder and pass
into the bile duct and causes obstruction, it will produce jaundice.
Intestine. Two kinds of intestine are the small and large. The small intestine is so
named because of its diameter in comparison with the large intestine. The small intestine
receives food from the stomach wherein secretions from the pancreas and liver are
mixed with food for further digestion. It also produce more enzymes and mucus to aid in
the digestion.
Appendix is small tube that opens into the first part of the arge intestine in the right
lower quadrant of the abdomen. It is 3 to 4 inches long. It easily becomes obstructed and
as a result inflamed and infected. Appendicitis, which is the term for this inflammation, is
one of the major causes of severe abdominal distress. The appendix has no major
known function.
The spleen, a major solid organ, is smaller than the liver. It is found in the left upper
quadrant of the abdomen, just beneath the diaphragm. It is not required for life nor it is
associated with the functions of the digestive tract. It’s major function ies in the normal
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production and destruction of blood cells. Its function, when removed, can be assumed
by the liver and bone marrow.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
1.Parts
l.l kidney
l.2 ureters
l.3 urinary bladder
l.4 urethra
2. The urinary system consist of two kidneys which act as filters to remove waste
products from the blood. These products are drained via the ureter into the bladder. The
bladder holds urine until it can be conveniently expelled from the body via the urethra.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
l. Parts
l.l male
.l.2 vasa deferentia
.l.3 Seminal vessels
.l.4 prostate gland
.l.5 urethra
.l.6 penis
l.2 female
.l.l testicles
.2.l ovary
.2.2 fallopian tubes
.2.3 uterus
.2.4 vagina
2. Functions
In the male, fluids from the prostate gland and from the seminal vesicles mix during
intercourse. During intercourse, special mechanism in the nervous system prevent the
passage of urine into the urethra. Only seminal fluids, prostatic fluid and sperm pass
from the penis into the vagina during ejaculation.
In the female, the ovaries release a mature egg approximately every 28 days. The
egg travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus to the vagina. The vagina receives
the sperm during intercourse, when semen and sperm are deposited in it. The sperm
may pass into the uterus and fertilize an egg, causing pregnancy. Should the pregnancy
come to completion at the end of nine months, the baby will pass through the vagina and
be born.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is the framework of the body. It consist of 206 bones joined to
each other loosely or firmly by means of ligaments and muscles. The junction between
bones are called joints. The main bony structure are:
1. the skull
2. the vertebrae
3. the pelvis
4. the ribs
5. the bones of the upper and lower limbs
The Skull is divided into:

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l. The face and jaws which form the framework of the features below the eyes and support
the structure of the nose and mouth.
2. The cranium which provides rigid protection for the enclosed fragile brain. It is made up of
a large number of individual bones firmly united together.
The Vertebrae (spinal column)
The spinal column is made up of thirty-three separate bones vertebrae:

- seven located at the neck (cervical)
- twelve at the chest (thoracic)
- five in the loin (lumbar)
- five in the pelvis (sacral) fixed together to form the sacrum
- four fused together to form the coccyx (tail bone) at the base of the spine.
Between the separate vertebrae, there are discs of elastic tissue called intervertebral
disc. These allow some movement between the vertebrae and act also as shock absorbers.
Enclosed within the vertebral column is the spinal cord. As the cranium protects the brain, so
the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
The Ribs and Sternum
Extending around the chest from thoracic vertebrae, one pair at each vertebra, are
twelve pairs of ribs of which the upper ten pairs are connected with the sternum in front
through a bridge of cartilage. The main function is to protect the chest and its contents and
to give rigidity to the chest walls.
The Bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs
The upper limb is suspended by muscles and ligaments from the trunk. It is
supported by two bones, the shoulder blade (scapula) and the collar bone (clavicle).
The bone of the upper arm is the humerus. The bones of the forearm are the radius
and ulna, and then come the small bones of the wrist (carpal bones),the hand (metacarpal)
and the fingers (phalanges).
The lower limbs are firmly attached to the trunk through a deep socket on the outer
side of each pelvic bone into which the rounded upper end of the thigh bone (femur) fits to
form the hip joint. The hip bones (pelvis) are anchored to the sacrum. The pelvis forms a
bony protection for the contents of the pelvic cavity. The lower leg has the tibia and the fibula
and the small bone of the foot (tarsal) connected to the five metatarsal and phalanges.
The Joints
Between bones are joints where bones come together but at which movement can
occur. These movements can vary from almost none as in the skull, to the most freely
movable joints, the shoulder joints.
In freely movable joints, the joint surfaces are covered with cartilage, which is smooth
and minimizes friction. Also in some joints special pieces of cartilages are found; their
function is to make the joints fit more snugly.
Each freely movable joint is surrounded by a double layered capsule, each attached
to the margins of the surfaces. The inner (synovial) layer of the capsule produces a
lubricating fluids which keeps the joint surfaces moist. The outer layer is made up of strong
fibrous tissues, thickened in certain areas to form ligaments.
The Ligaments
The ligaments are placed in such a way to bind the bones firmly together, without
restricting the normal range of movement of the particular joint.
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The Muscles
Muscles are formed of tissues that allows body movement. There are more than 600
muscles in the human body, generally divided in three types.
l. Skeletal muscles are also called striated muscle. It is responsible to all body movement
resulting from contraction and relaxation.
2. Smooth muscles carry out much of the autonomic work of the body. It is also known as
involuntary muscles. It is found in the walls of most of the tubular structures of the body. With
its contraction and relaxation, it propels or controls the flow of the contents of these
structures along their course. Smooth muscle responds only to primitive stimuli such
stretching heat or the need to relieve waste.
3. Cardiac muscle. The heart is a large muscle comprise of a pair pumps of equal force - one
of the lower and one of higher pressure. The heart must function continuously from birth to
death. It is a specially adapted involuntary muscles with a very rich blood supply and its own
intrinsic regulatory system. Microscopically, it looks different from both skeletal and smooth
muscles. Cardiac muscle can tolerate an interruption of its blood supply for only a few
seconds. It requires a continues supply of oxygen and glucose for normal function. Because
of its special structure and function, cardiac muscle is placed in a separate category.
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Chapter 2
ASSESSING A VICTIM
This lesson is designed to train the students on proper assessment of a victim

such as head-to-toe examination, rescue breathing for adult, rescue breathing for
child, rescue breathing for infant, cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adult; child;
infant, recovery position for unconscious adult; child; infant of a sick or injured
person.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

An emergency scene can be overwhelming. In order for the first aider to help
effectively, it is important that actions have to be prioritized and planned well.
The emergency action principles are applied in all emergencies such assessing a
victim, before transferring a victim, before bandaging a victim, and before caring any
emergency situations. This are the following:
Step 1. Scene Size-up

 Is the scene safe?
 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
 Get consent to give care.
-To obtain consent, do the following:
*Identify yourself to the victim
*State your level of training
*Ask the victim whether you may help
Explain what you observe
Explain what you plan to do
Step 2. Do a Primary Assessment/Survey

A patient’s response level can be summarized in the AVPU mnemonics as follows:
A – Alert
V – Responsive to Voice
P – Responsive to Pain
U – Unresponsive/Unconscious
 Check responsiveness (if unresponsive, consent is implied).
 Protect spine if necessary.
*Primary Assessment can be done with the patient in the position in which you find him or
her, and begins with checking the patient’s responsiveness.
A - Airway
An open airway allows air to enter the lungs for the person to breathe. If the airway is
blocked, the person cannot breathe.
*Head tilt, Use pinky finger.
B - Breathing
While maintaining an open airway, quickly check an unconscious person for
breathing by doing the Look, Listen and Feel ( LLF) technique for no more than 10
seconds.
*Look - Rise and fall of the diaphragm
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*Listen – position your ear beneath the mouth

*Feel – check carotid pulse.
C - Circulation
Pulse – Check for definitive pulse at carotid area for adult or child, while brachial for
infant
Bleeding – Quickly look for severe bleeding by looking over the person’s body from
head to toe for signals such as blood-soaked clothing or blood spurting out of a
wound.
Shock – If left untreated, shock can lead to death. Always look for the signals of
shock whenever you are giving care.
Skin Color, Temperature and Moisture – Assessment of skin temperature, color and
condition can tell you more about the patient’s circulatory system.
Step 3. Activate Medical Assistance and Transportations Facility

Ask someone to call for local emergency number and get an Automated External
Defibrillator (AED)
 Depending on the situation:

If Lone Rescuer:
 CALL FIRST/CARE FIRST – If you are alone, it is important to know when to
call during emergencies. Call First situations are likely to be cardiac
emergencies, where time is a critical factor. In Care First situations, the
conditions are often related to breathing emergencies.
Phone first phone fast.
A bystander should make the telephone call for help (if available).
A bystander will be requested to call for a physician.
Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.
 Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance
What happened?
What is the location?
How many persons injured?
What extent of injury and first aid given?
Telephone number where you are calling.
Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and
drop the phone last.
Step 4. Do Secondary Survey

 Interview the victim
Ask the victim’s name.
Ask what happened.
Assess the SAMPLE history.
S – signs and symptoms
A – allergies
M – medications
P – pertinent past medical history
L – last intake and output
E – events leading up to the injury or illness
 Check the vital signs
Determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)
Adult 60-90/min
Child 80-100/min
Infant 100-120/min
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Determine breathing (respiration rate)
Adult 12-20/min
Child 18-25/min
Infant 25-35/min
Determine skin appearance

 Look at the victim’s face and lips
 Record skin appearance temperature, moisture and color.
 Do Head-to-toe Examination
The golden rules of emergency care
What to do:
Do obtain consent, when possible.
Do think the worst, it’s best to administer first aid for the gravest possibility.
Do call or send for help.
Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.
Do provide comfort and emotional support.
Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
Do be as calm and as direct as possible Do care for the most serious injuries first.
Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication.
Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
Do handle the victim to a minimum.
Do loosen tight clothing
What not to do:

Do not let the victim see his own injury.
Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones.
Do not deny a victim’s physical or emotional coping limitation.
Do not further harm the victim like the following: or trying to arouse an unconscious victim.
or administering fluid/alcoholic drink.
Do not make any unrealistic promises.
Do not trust the judgement of a confused victim.
Do not require the victim to make decisions
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Chapter 3
Basic Life Support
Learning Outcomes
The students are expected to:

1. Recognize what is Heart attack, Cardiac arrest;
2. Perform the techniques for Basic Life support, i.e cardiopulmonary resuscitation,
rescue breath, modified CPR, CPR with AED; and
3. receive and internalize the insights and feedback by the instructor.
Basic Life Support

An emergency procedure that consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both
and the proper application of CPR to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced life is
available.
Heart Attack
Also called myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage to the heart muscle and preventing blood from circulating
effectively. It is usually cause by coronary heart disease.
The term ‘Angina Pectoris’ means literally a constriction of the chest. Angina occurs when
coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle with blood, become narrowed and cannot
carry sufficient blood to meet increased demands during exertion or excitement.
Signs and Symptoms

What to look for
- Chest pain, discomfort or pressure
- Pain or discomfort becomes constant
- Some individuals may show no signs
- Discomfort in other areas of the upper body
- Trouble breathing
- Pale or ashen (gray) skin especially around the face.
- Damp sweat or may sweat heavily
- Feeling dizzy, nauseated or vomiting
- Fatigued, lightheaded or lose consciousness
First Aid Management

- Call the local emergency number immediately.
- Have the person stop what he or she is doing and rest comfortably.
- Loosen any tight or uncomfortable clothing.
- Person who is experiencing chest pain may take prescribe aspirin.
- Closely watch the person until advanced medical personnel take over.
- Be prepared to perform CPR and use and AED, if available, once the person loses
consciousness and stops breathing.
- You can help by assisting patient with taking the prescribed medication.
- Be calm and reassuring.
- Talk to bystanders and if possible, to the person to get more information.
- Do not try to drive the person to the hospital. Patient could quickly get worse on the
way.
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Cardiac Arrest
Occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood circulates through the blood vessels
and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.
It is important to know that there are various types of cardiac arrest. In an emergency,
however, it is not necessary to determine which type of cardiac arrest is present. Begin CPR
immediately when you recognize cardiac arrest.
Rescue Breath (Adult)
1. If (+) pulse (-) breathing = Perform rescue breathing (AR)

2. Perform the procedure gently and tactful.
Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Gina M. Pizza, (2009). First Aid Manual)
1. Open the Airway and apply head-tilt-chin, and lift Maneuver.

2. Check the carotid pulse at the neck.
3. Apply any methods like mouth-to-mouth or mouth to nose, if necessary.
4. Apply breathing of 10 t0 12 breaths per minutes: 1 breath every 4 to 5 seconds for 2
minutes.
5. Apply breath counting: Breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1001, breath 1, 1002,1003, 1002,
breath 1 ,1002, 1003, 1003, breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1004 or up to 1024, breath.
Rescue Breath (Child)

1. Open the Airway and apply head-tilt-chin, and lift Maneuver.

2. Check the carotid pulse at the neck.
4. Apply breathing for 1 to 1.5 seconds per breath.
1. Apply breath counting: Breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1001, breath 1, 1002,1003, 1002,
breath 1 ,1002, 1003, 1003, breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1004 or up to 1040, breath.
Rescue Breath (Infant)

1. Open the Airway and apply head-tilt-chin, and lift Maneuver with neutral position.
2. Check the brachial pulse at the inner aspect of upper arm.
4. Apply breathing for 1 to 1.5 seconds per breath: breath every 3 seconds for 2
minutes.
5. Apply breath counting: Breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1001, breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1002,
breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1003, breath 1, 1002, 1002, 1003, 1004 or up to 1040, breath.
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Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
It is a combination of chest compression and rescue breaths. When the heart is not
beating, chest compressions are needed to circulate blood-containing oxygen.
Table of Comparison on
CPR
CPR COMPARISONS FOR ADULT, CHILD AND INFANTS
Component Adult Child ( 1-age of puberty) INFANT (under 1 yr old)
Recognition of Unresponsive (for all ages)
Cardiac Arrest No breathing or no normal breathing ( i.e. only gasping)
No definite pulse felt within 10 seconds
Activation of EMS If you are alone with Witness Collapse: Follow instruction in the
no mobile phone, left.
leave the victim to No witness collapse: Give 2 minutes CPR
activate emergency then leave the victim to activate help and
response system get AED then return to the child and infant
and get AED before to continue CPR
beginning CPR.
Otherwise if
someone is there to
help get AED and
start CPR
Checking of Carotid Pulse Brachial Pulse
breathing and Breathing could be checked by the rise and fall of the chest for the
circulation rescuer; if no breathing, start CPR.
CPR sequence Compression-Airway-Breathing only if the airway is patent.
Compression rate Atleast 100-120/min
Compression depth 2 inches (5cm) not At least 1/3 AP Atleast 1/3 AP
more than 2.4 diameter diameter
inches About 2 inches 5 cm About 1 ½ inches
(4cm)
Chest Wall Recoil Allow complete recoil between compressions HCPs & PRs rotate
compressors every 2 minute.
Compressions Minimize interruptions in chest compressions
Interruptions Attempt to limit interruptions to <10 seconds
Airway Head-tilt-chin lift (HCP & PR: suspected trauma: jaw thrust
Compression-to- 30:2 30:2
ventilation ratio 1 or 2 rescuers Single rescuers
(until advanced 15:2
airway placed) 2 HCP rescuers
Ventilations with 1 breath every 5-6 seconds (10-12 breaths/min)
advanced airway Asynchronous with chest compressions
(HCP & PR) About 1 second/breath
Visible chest rise
Defibrillation Attach and use AED as soon as available. Minimize interruptions in
chest compressions before and after shock; resume CPR
beginning with chest compressions immediately after each shock.
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Abbreviations: AED – automated external defibrillator; AP – anterior-posterior; CPR –

cardiopulmonary resuscitation; HCP – Healthcare provider; PR – professional rescuer.
When to stop CPR:

- Spontaneous signs of breathing and circulation.
- Turned over to professional provider.
- Operator is exhausted and cannot continue CPR.
- Physician assumes responsibility.
- Scene becomes unsafe.
*Substitution must start at the end of a cycle or after the 2 ventilations.
When not to START CPR

It is recommended that all patients in cardiac arrest receive resuscitation unless:
- The patient has a valid “ Do Not Attempt Resuscitation” (DNAR) order.
- The patient has signs of irreversible death.
- No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital functions have
deteriorated despite maximal therapy for such conditions as progressive septic or
cardiogenic shock.
Chest compression only (Hands only) CPR

Is performed if a person is unwilling or unable to perform ventilation.
Chest compression only (Hands only) CPR is recommended in the following circumstances:
- When a rescuer is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth or rescue
breathing.
- For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions where the simplicity of this modified
technique allow untrained bystanders to rapidly intervene.
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

AEDs are computerized device that are attached to a pulseless victim with adhesive pads.
They will recommend shock delivery only if the victim’s heart rhythm is one that a shock can
treat. AEDs give rescuers a visual and voice prompts to guide rescuer actions.
Defibrillation – is the treatment of irregular, sporadic or absent heart rhythms by and

electrical current to the heart. The most effective treatment for VF is electrical defibrillation.
The probability of successful defibrillation decreases quickly over time. VF deteriorates to
asystole if not treated.
In many cases however, CPR alone cannot correct the underlying heart problem:
defibrillation delivered by an AED is needed, the electrical impulse allows the heart to
develop spontaneous effective rhythm on its own.
Procedure
P – push power button
A – attach electrical pads
A – analyze the rhythm of the heart
S – shock deliver
S – start CPR
Integrating CPR and AED Use

When arriving at the scene of a suspected cardiac arrest, rescuers must rapidly integrate
CPR with the use of the AED. Most of the time, two or more rescuers are at the scene. In
this case the rescuers can initiate these functions simultaneously:
- Activating the emergency response system and getting the AED
- Performing CPR.
P a g e | 19
- Operating the AED.

Use of AED Pads
ADULT (Victims 9years of age and older)
- Use only adult pads ( do not use child pads or child key or switch for victims 8 years
of age and older)
CHILD (1-8 years of age)
- Use child pads if available. If you do not have child pads, you may use adult pads as
long as the pads do not touch.
- If the AED has a key or switch that will deliver a child shock dose, turn the key or
switch.
- For unwitnessed, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children, perform 5 cycles or 2
minutes of CPR before using and attaching the AED.
- For any in-hospital cardiac arrest or for any sudden collapse of a child out-of-hospital,
use AED as soon as it is available.
Lone Rescuer with an AED
- The lone rescuer should quickly activate the emergency response system and get
the AED.
- The rescuer should then return to the victim and begin the steps of CPR.
- The AED should be used only if the victim does not respond, has no breathing, and
has no pulse.
There are 2 exceptions to this rule:
1. If the victim is an adult and a likely victim of asphyxia arrest, the rescuer should give 5
cycles of CPR before activating the emergency response system and getting AED.
2. If the victim is a child and the rescuer did not witness the arrest, the rescuer should give 5
cycles of CPR before activating the emergency response system and getting the AED.
Special situations when not to use AED

1. The victim is less than 1 year old
2. The victim has a hairy chest.
3. The victim is immersed in water or water is covering the victim’s chest.
4. The victim has an implanted defibrillator or pacemaker.
5. The victim has a transdermal patch or other on the surface of the skin where the AED
electrode pads are placed.
Common Emergencies
Chain of Survival
In Hospital Chain of Survival

1. Surveillance and prevention
2. Recognition and activation of the emergency response system
3. Immediate high-quality CPR
4. Rapid Defibrillation
5. Advanced life support and post arrest care
Out of Hospital Chain of Survival

1. Recognition and activation of emergency response
2. Immediate high-quality CPR
3. Rapid Defibrillation
4. Basic and Advanced emergency medical services
5. Advanced Life Support and post arrest care
1. CPR
P a g e | 20
2. Foreign-body Airway Obstructions
Also known as choking, it is a common breathing emergency that occurs when the person’s
airway is partially or completely blocked by a foreign object, such as a piece of food or a
small toy; by swelling in the mouth or throat; or by fluids, such as vomit or blood.
Classification of Airway Obstruction

1. Mild Airway Obstruction – is a type of obstruction in which patient can still talk, cough,
make wheezing sounds, and answer the question, Are you choking?
2. Severe Airway Obstruction is characterized by poor air exchange and increased breathing
difficulty, inability to speak, cough and breathe.
Two Types of Obstruction

1. Anatomical Obstruction – When tongue drops back and obstructs the throat. Other causes
are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling, and whooping cough.
2. Mechanical Obstruction – When foreign objects lodged in the pharynx or airways; solid or
liquid accumulate in the back of the throat.
Back blows & Abdominal/Chest thrust

Causes
The most common cause of choking in adults is airway obstruction which may cause by the
following:
- Swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food
- Drinking alcohol
- Wearing dentures
- Eating while talking excitedly, laughing or eating too fast.
- Walking, playing or running with food or objects in the mouth
- In infants and children, choking occurs while eating or by putting non-food items such
as coins or toys inside the mouth while playing.
Applying pressure on the upper back and upper abdomen or on the chest at the center of
the breastbone from the back so as to remove the object that is causing the obstruction.
1. Initiating gag reflex.
2. Back slap – use lowerpalm of the hand
3. Chest thrust – use of a J motion thrust. Hands position on the chest
4. Abdominal thrust – abdomen
3. Bleeding
Bleeding is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.
Bleeding that is severe enough to critically reduce blood volume is life threatening. This can
cause tissues to die from lack of oxygen. Life threatening bleeding can be either external or
internal.
External bleeding occurs when a blood vessel is opened from the outside, such as through a
tear in the skin.
Types of External bleeding
- Arterial bleeding – described by spurting blood; pulsating flow; bloodis bright red
color
- Venous bleeding – steady slow flow; dark red in color
- Capillary bleeding – slow, even flow
Technique to Control Bleeding

- Direct Pressure
- Pressure Bandage
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4. Shock
Shock is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood
to the body’s tissues and vital organs.
Signs and Symptoms
- Restlessness or irritability
- Altered level of consciousness
- Pale, ashen or greyish color
- Moist skin
- Rapid breathing
- Rapid and weak pulse
- Excessive thirst
Causes
Loss of blood volume – blood or fluid loss from blood vessels decreases blood
volume, usually as a result of bleeding and results in adequate perfusions.
Pump failure – poor pump function occurs when disease or injury damages the heart.
Dilation of peripheral blood vessels – even though blood vessels dilate normally, it is
inadequate to fill the system and provide efficient perfusion.

- Make the person lie down
- Legs may be raise 6 to 12 inches.
- Control any external bleeding
- Help the person maintain normal body temperature – blanket
- Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. – Body temp imbalance
- Reassure the person every so often.
5. Wound
A wound is any physical injury involving a break in the layers of the skin. Wounds are
generally classified as either closed or open
Complications:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Tetanus
- Rabies
Closed Wound – a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies
below the surface.
Signs and Symptoms

- Tender, swollen bruised or hard areas of the body
- Rapid, Weak pulse
- Skin that feels cool or moist or looks pale or bluish
- Vomiting of blood or coughing up blood
- Excessive thirst
- An injured extremity that is blue or extremely pale
- Altered mental state.

- Apply an ice pack ( not directly on the wound) for 10-15 minutes until numbing,
Reapply, 2-3 times
- Elevate the injured part
- Do not assume that all closed wounds are minor injuries.
- Help the person to rest
P a g e | 22
- Provide comfort and reassure the person
Closed Wound – the outer layer of skin is broken. The break in the skin can be as minor as a
scrape of the surface layers or as severe as deep penetration.
Types
- Abrasions
- Lacerations
- Avulsion
- Amputation
- Puncture
- Incision

General care for open wound includes controlling, bleeding, preventing infection and
using dressings and bandages correctly.
Minor Open Wounds

- Use a barrier bet your hand and the wound
- Apply Direct Pressure
- Wash abrasions and other superficial wounds
- Apply povidone-iodine (pvp-i) antiseptic solution or if available, triple antibiotic
ointment or cream (alcohol is a no-no)
- Cover the wound with a sterile dressing.
- Wash your hands immediately after giving care.
Major Open Wounds

- Call the local emergency number.
- Put on PPE
- Control bleeding by applying direct pressure or employing a pressure bandage.
- Monitor airway and breathing
- In cases where the injured party is in shock, keep him or her from experiencing chills
or feeling overheated.
- Have the person rest comfortable and provide reassurance.
- Wash your hands immediately after giving care.
6. Burns
Burns are injuries to the skin and other body tissues that is caused by heat, chemicals,
electricity or radiation.
Classification
- Superficial (first-degree) burns
- Partial-thickness (second-degree) burns
- Full-thickness (third-degree) burns

Thermal Burns
- Check the scene for safety.
- Stop the burning by removing the victim from the source of the burn.
- Check for life threatening conditions.
- Cool the burn with large amounts of cold running water.
- Cover the burn loosely with a sterile dressing.
- Prevent infection. Do not break blisters
P a g e | 23
- Apply a triple antibiotic ointment if the person has no known allergies or sensitivities
to the medication.
- Take steps to minimize shock.
- Comfort and reassure the victim.
Chemical Burns
- Remove the chemical from the skin as quickly as possible.
- Flush the burn with large amounts of cooling running water.
- If an eye is burned by a chemical, flush the affected eye with water until advanced
medical personnel take over.
- If possible, have the person remove contaminated clothes to preven the spread of
infection while you continue to flush the area.
Critical Burns – burns that require immediate medical care. These are based on factors such
as depth, area and location. The following are considered critical burns:
1. Full thickness burns that cover more than 5% of the body’s surface area.
2. Partial thickness burns that cover more than 10% of the body’s surface area or those that
can be found in multiple locations.
3. Burns to the face, genitals, and injuries that completely encircle the hands or feet which
may cause possible constriction and prevent circulation
4. Burns caused by chemicals, electricity and explosives.
5. Burns involving someone under 5 yrs old or older than 5 who have thinner skin and often
burn more severely.
6. Burns involving people with chronic medical problems such as heart or kidney ailments.
7. People who may be undernourished. People who are exposed to burn sources who may
not be able to leave the area.
Electrical burns
- Never go near the person until you are sure that he or she is no longer in contact with
the power source.
- Turn off the power at its source and be aware of any life-threatening conditions.
- Call the local emergency number
- Be aware that electrocution can cause cardiac and respiratory emergencies.
- Care for shock and thermal burns
- Look for entry and exit wounds and give appropriate care.
- Remember that anyone suffering from electric shock requires advanced medical
attention.
Radiation burns
- Care for a radiation burn, i.e. sunburn, as you would for any thermal burn.
- Always cool the burn and protect the area from further damage by keeping the
person away from the burn source.
7. Head and Spine Injuries

Types
Head injury – a head injury is potentially dangerous if not properly treated, injuries
that seem minor could become life threatening. Head injuries include scalp wound, skull
fractures and brain injuries.
Concussion – a concussion involves a temporary loss of brain function from a blow
received by a victim to the head. Loss of consciousness may not always occur, but its after-
effects can be easily recognized.
Spinal injury – spine injuries often fracture the vertebrae and sprain the ligaments.
Prevent injuries to the head, neck and back by practicing these safety guidelines:
- Wear safety belts ( lap and shoulder restraints) and place children in care safety
seats
- Wear approved helmets, eyewear, faceguards and mouth guards.
- Climb steps carefully to prevent slipping or falling.
P a g e | 24
- Obey rules in sports and recreational activities.

- Avoid inappropriate alcohol use.
- Inspect work and recreational equipment regularly.
- Think and talk about safety.

- Call the local emergency number
- Minimize movement of the head, neck and back
- Check for life-threatening conditions
- Maintain open airways
- Monitor consciousness and breathing
- Control any external bleeding with direct pressure unless the bleeding is located
directly over a suspected fracture
- Help patients maintain normal body temperature.
8. Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries

Types
A strain or and pulled muscle is caused or by the overstretching and tearing of
muscles or tendons. This usually involves muscles in the neck, back, thigh or the back of the
lower leg.
A sprain is the tearing of ligaments at a joint. The area of the joint most easily injured
are the ankle, knee, wrist and fingers.
A dislocation is the movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position. This
movement is usually caused by a violent force tearing the ligaments that hold the bones in
place.
A fracture is a complete break, a chip or a crack in a bone. In general, fractures are
not life threatening. However, a breakage in the large bones, a severed, artery and
difficulties in breathing are dangerous signals to look out for. A fracture is either close or
open.
Signs and Symptoms

- Pain
- Significant bruising and swelling
- Significant deformity
- Inability to use affected body part normally
- Bone fragments sticking out of a wound
- Grating sensations after hearing a bone pop or snap
- Cold, numb and tingly sensations on the injured area
- When the cause of injury suggests that it may be severe.
R – Rest
I – Immobilize
C - Cold
E – Elevate
Splinting – soft(adjustable)/rigid splint
9. Fainting
It is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction of
blood flow to the brain.
Signs and Symptoms

P a g e | 25
- Light-headedness or dizziness
- Signs of shock, such as pale, cool or moist skin
- Nausea and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes
Causes
- An emotional stressful event.
- Pain
- Specific medical conditions such as heart disease
- Standing for long periods of time or overexertion
- Pregnant women and the elderly are more likely than others to faint when suddenly
changing positions

- Position the victim on his or her back
- Keep the victim in a lying position
- Loosen any restrictive clothing, such as tie or a buttoned-up collar
- Check for any other life-threatening and non-life-threatening conditions
- Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink
10. Heat-related Emergencies
Heat exhaustion – is a milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after exposure to
high temperatures. This may also be a result of inadequate fluid intake or insufficient
replacement of fluids.
Signs and Symptoms

- Heavy sweating
- Muscle cramps
- Dizziness
- Nausea or vomiting
- Cool, moist skin
- Paleness
- Tiredness and weakness
- Headache and fainting
- Fast, weak pulse rate

- Remove the patient from the hot environment. Fan the body, place ice bags, or spray
water on the skin.
- Start oral rehydration with a beverage containing salt or make them drink an Oral
Rehydration Solution
Heat Stroke – is a form of hyperthermia. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can

contribute to failure of the body’s temperature control system.

- Call or have someone call the local emergency number
- Move the person into a cool place, shaded area or an air-conditioned room.
- Cool the patient immediately by immersing him/her in water.
- If water immersion is not possible or is delayed, the following actions can be
performed: water, spray the patient with water, fan the patient, dose the patient with
copious amount of cold or cover the patient with ice towels or surround the patient
with ice bags.
- Respond to any life-threatening conditions that may come about.
P a g e | 26
Signs and Symptoms

- Stange behavior
- Hadaches
- Dizziness
- Hallucinations
- Confusion
- Agitation
- Disorientation
- Coma
- High body temperature
- Absence of sweating
- Red, hot dry and flushed skin
- Rapid pulse and difficulty of breathing
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fatigue and
- Weakness
Special Situations
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Evacuation Drill – A physical or mental exercise aimed at perfecting facility or

skill especially in regularity.
3 types of Drill
1. Scheduled Drill
2. Unannounced Drill
3. In-service Drill
Duties and Roles of the First Team

- Ensure all member review skill application
- Determine an area for establishing medical station
- Ensure all first aid/medical supplies and equipment is available
- Maintain a list of other fist responders in nearby institution. If needed
- Provide first aid care to injured and ill patients
- Coordinate with other responding units
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Chapter 4
Transfer
Learning Outcomes
1. Be familiar with the different types of transfer
2. Determine the appropriate types of transfer to a different type of injury and etc.
Lifting and Moving
This lesson is designed to train the students on proper methods of transfer of sick or
injured person such ankle pull, blanket pull/drag, shoulder/armpit pull, collar pull, fireman’s
drag, one-man assist to walk, arms/lover’s carry, pack-strap carry, piggy-back carry,
fireman’s/firefighter’s carry, two-man assist to walk, two-person chair carry, extremity carry,
two-handed seat carry, four-handed seat carry, hammock carry, bearers alongside,
four/six/eight-man carry, improvise stretchers, blanket stretcher, commercial stretcher, and
rescue during earthquake incident.
Lifting and carrying are dynamic processes. A patient can be moved to safety in
many different ways, but no one way is best for every situation. The objective is to move a
patient to safety without causing injury to either the patient or the first aider
Emergency move
Is the movement of a patient to a safe place before initial assessment and care is
provided, typically because there is some potential danger.
Non-emergency move
Is the movement of a patient when both the scene and the patient are stable.
Generally, DO NOT move an injured or ill person while giving care except in the following
situation.
1. When faced with immediate danger such as fire, lack of oxygen, risk of explosion or
collapsing structure. Give care only when it can be done safely.
2. When there is a need to get to another person who may have more of a serious problem.
In this case, a person with minor injuries may be moved to reach someone needing
immediate care.
3. When it is necessary to give proper care. For example, if someone needs CPR, he or she
might have to be moved from bed because CPR needs to be performed on a firm, flat
surface. If the surface is not adequate for giving the necessary care, the person should be
moved.
Lifting and Moving Guidelines

1. Only attempt to move persons who you are sure you can comfortable handle.
2. Bend your body at the knees and hips.
3. Lift with your legs, not with your back.
P a g e | 28
4. Walk carefully using short steps.

5. When possible, move forward rather than backward.
6. Always look where you are going.
7. Support the victim’s head and back, if necessary.
8. If supine, lift and carry the patient’s entire body as one unit.
9. Avoid bending or twisting a victim with a possible head, neck or back injury.
10. Use the log-roll technique when placing a blanket or a spine board under the patient in
preparation for a carry.
Types
1. Ankle Drag/Pull
Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Ventosa Florencio, (2008). First Aid Manual.
1. Kneel and holds the both ankles and pant cuffs of a

victim.
2. Slowly stand and pull the legs of the victim with
straight back.
3. Pull straight the victim as align to your body.
4. Observe that the head should not bounce over bumps
surface.
2. Blanket Pull/Drag
1. Logroll the blanket and slightly place the victim with 2 feet from one corner of the
blanket.
2. Cover or wrap the victim with blanket corners.
3. Maintain your back as straight not your legs as possible.
4. Always pull as straight and in-line as possible.
3. Shoulder/Armpit Drag/Pull
1. Kneel and holds the clothing under shoulders of the
victim.
2. Arms must be always on both sides of the head.
3. Always support the head with both hands.
4. Squat position and slightly pull as straight and in-line
with your body.
4. Collar Drag/Pull
1. Squat position and hold the collar under shoulders of the

victim.
2. Slowly up your body and always support the head on both
sides.
3. Always pull the victim as straight and in-line in your body.
5. Fireman’s Drag
P a g e | 29
1. Position yourself at the side of the victim and form
narrow cravat bandage.
2. Place the narrow cravat bandage over the hands and tie
the hands of the victim.
3. Anchored the tied hand your shoulder and support the
head.
4. Raise you guide hand and slightly drag straightly the
victim and in-line in your body.
6. One-man Assist to Walk

1. Kneel beside the victim at shoulder level of the victim.

2. Laydown the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands and the
feet.
3. Bend the both feet, insert your hand over the shoulder and assist
the victim to up his upper body limbs.
4. Place the victim on your lap with forty-five degrees and assist the
victim to stand up.
5. Position your feet at the back of injured feet of the victim.
6. Assist the victim to walk by dragging the inured part.
7. Arm/Lover’s Carry
2. Laydown the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands
and the feet.
3. Bend the both feet, insert your hand over the shoulder
and assist the victim to up his upper body limbs.
4. Place the victim on your lap with forty-five degrees
slightly twist your body and slightly up the victim.
7. Pack-Strap Carry

2. Laydown the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands and the
feet.
3. Bend the both feet, insert your hand over the shoulder and assist
the victim to up his upper body limbs.
4. Place the victim’s arms over your shoulder and cross the arms,
grasping the victim’s opposite wrist.
5. Pull the arms close to your chest, squat slightly and drive your hips into the victim
while bending slightly at the waist.
6. Balance the load on your hips and support the victim with your legs.
8. Piggy-back Carry

P a g e | 30
2. Laydown the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands and the feet.
3. Bend the both feet, insert your hand over the shoulder and assist the victim to up his
upper body limbs. Carry the victim over one shoulder.
4. If conscious, the rescuer’s arm, on the side that the victim is being carried, is
wrapped across the victim’s legs and grasps the victims opposite arm. If
unconscious, grasps the victim’s opposite arms and move.
9. Fireman’s/Firefighter’s Carry

2. Laydown the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands and the feet. Bend the both
feet.
3. Position your foot at the bended feet of the victim, ask the victim to
extend his right or left hand, then carry the victim on one shoulder.
10. Two-man Assist to Walk
2. The primary rescuer will lay down the victim on the flat surface and fix the hands and
the feet. Bend the both feet. The rescuers rescuer will assist the victim to stand up.
3. The rescuer’s hand nearest the feet grabs the victim’s on their side of the victim. The
rescuer’s other hand grasps the clothing of the shoulder nearest them. Pulling and
lifting the victim’s arms, the rescuers bring the victim into a sitting position. The
conscious victim will then stand with rescue assistance. The rescuers place their
hands around the victim’s waist.
4. For the unconscious victim, the rescuers will grasp the belt or waistband of the
victim’s clothing. The rescuers will then squat down.
5. Place the victim’s arms over their shoulders so that they end up facing the same
direction as the victim. Then, using their legs, they stand with the victim.
6. The rescuers then move out, dragging the victim’s legs behind.
11. Two-person Chair Carry
1. The rescuers will carry the victim up and place it in a chair.

2. The secondary rescuer will position at the front and the primary
rescuer will position at the back of the victim.
3. The primary rescuer should face in and grasp the chair legs.
4. The second rescuer should separate the victim’s legs, back into the
chair and, on the command of the rescuer at the head, both
rescuers stand using their legs.
12. Extremity Carry

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the feet. Place both the victim’s arms over your shoulder.
3. If, unconscious victim, cross the victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrist. If,
conscious victim, let the victim too hold.
4. Hold the bend knees.
5. Squat slightly and drive your hips into the victim while bending slightly at the waist.
6. Balance the load on your hips and support the victim with your legs.
13. Two-handed Seat Carry/Hands as a litter

the feet. Place the victim on your lap in a 45 degrees.
3. Reach under the victim’s shoulders and under their knees.
4. Grasp the other rescuer’s wrists.
5. From the squat, with good lifting technique, stand
6. Walk in the direction that the victim is facing.
14. Four-handed Seat Carry
1. Position the hands as indicted in the graphic.

2. Lower the seat and allow the victim to seat.
3. Lower the seat using your legs, not your back.
4. When the victim is in place, stand using your legs, keeping your
back straight.
15. Hammock Carry
1. Size-up, then the odd number will proceed at the opposite side.
2. Reach under the victim and grasp one wrist on the opposite
rescuer.
3. The rescuers on the ends will only be able to grasp one wrist on
the opposite rescuer.
4. The rescuers with only one wrist grasped will use their free hands
to support the victim’s head and feet/legs.
5. The rescuers will then squat and lift the victim on the command of
the person nearest the head, remembering to use proper lifting techniques.
16. Bearers Alongside Carry
1. Apply size-up.
2. Reach under the victim and grasp the wrist on one side.
3. The rescuers will put the victim on their laps.
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4. The rescuers will then squat and lift the victim on the command of the person nearest
the head, remembering to use proper lifting techniques.
5. The rescuers will move the victim with proper transportation.
17. Four/Six/Eight-man Carry
1. Apply size-up, and then the odd number will proceed at the opposite
side.
2. The rescuers will kneel closer to the victim.
3. The rescuers will then put the victim on their laps and remembering
the proper lifting.
4. The rescuers will move the victim with proper transportation.
18. Improvised Stretcher
Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Gina M. Piazza, (2009). First Aid Manual)
1. All rescuers will kneel on the knee nearest the victim’s feet.
2. The rescuer at the head will give the command, the rescuers lift
the victim up and rest the victim on their knees.
3. On the command of the lead man, all rescuers will stand.
4. To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same foot, walking in a
line abreast.
19. Blanket Stretcher

Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Gina M. Piazza, (2009). First Aid Manual)
1. All rescuers will kneel on the knee nearest the victim's feet.
2. The rescuer at the head will give the command, the rescuers
lift the victim up and rest the victim on their knees.
3. On the command of the person at the head, all the rescuers
will stand.
4. To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same foot, walking in a line abreast.
Chapter 5
Bandage and its techniques
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Bandaging Technique
This lesson is designed to train students on bandaging techniques such as making a

broad-fold bandage, making a narrow-fold bandage, tying and untying a square knot, storing
a triangular bandage, heat top/side injury, face/back of the head injury, chest/back injury,
hand/foot injury, forehead/eye injury, face/ear/cheek/jaw injury, shoulder/hip injury, palm
injury (pressure bandage), elbow injury (figure l), shoe-on for sprain ankle, shoe-off for
sprain ankle, hip and thigh injury, fractured pelvis, lower leg injury, spine board, sling for arm
injury, sling for collarbone injury, sling for shoulder injury, sling for rib injury, jacket corner
sling, button-up jacket sling, long-sleeve sling, and belt/thin garment sling using the
triangular bandage and improves on specific injuries to a sick or injured person.
Bandage - any clean cloth materials sterile or not use to hold the dressing in place
Other uses of bandage:

- control bleeding
- tie splints in place
- immobilize body part
- for arm support - use as a sling
Kinds of Bandage
- Triangular
- Cravat
- Roller
- Four-tail
- Muslin Binder
- Elastic Bandage
Application
1. Must be proper, neat and correct
2. Apply Snugly not too loose nor tight
3. Always check for tightness caused by later swelling
4. Tie ends with a square knot
Triangular Bandage – usually made from a 40-inch square piece of cloth, cut from one
corner to the opposite to form a triangle. It can be folded to cravats (Broad cravat, Semi-
broad cravat and narrow cravat)
Square knot - use square knot in the ends of bandage

*Rule in tying square knot: right end over left end then left end over right end (vice versa)
Advantages of square knot:

- easy to tie and untie
- it has a comfortable flat surface
- once secured, does not slip nor tightened or loosen.
Procedures in folding a triangular bandage.

Broad Bandage
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1. Open out a triangular bandage and place the apex at the

center of the base.
2. Fold the bandage in half again in the same direction, so that
the first folded edge touches the base.
Narrow Cravat
1. After making a broad-fold bandage.
2. Another fold in a horizontal.
Tying and untying Square knot

1. Pass the left end of the

bandage over and under the
right end.
2. Lift both ends of the bandage
above the rest of the
material.
3. Pass the end in your right
hand over and under the left
end.
4. Pull the ends to tighten the
knot, and then tuck them
under the bandage.
Pull one end and one piece of bandage from the same side of the knot firmly so that
the piece of bandage straightens. Hold the knot and pull the straightened end through it.
Storing a triangular bandage

P a g e | 35
1. Begin the folding the triangular into a narrow - fold
bandage. Bring the two ends of the bandage into
the center.
2. Continue folding the ends into the center until the
bandage is a convenient size for storing. Always
keep the bandage in a clean place.
Bandaging Techniques Procedures
1. Head/Top/Side Injury
Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Adonis A. Mongol, (2011). First Aid Handbook)
1. Assist the victim to sit down in a comfortable surface.
2. Gently place dressing gauze at the injured part.
3. Place the base of triangular bandage at the center of the forehead
and fold for three times.
4. Cross the ends of the triangular bandage at the back of the head
and make square knot.
5. Pull the end of the apex to arrange and fold for two or three times
and insert at the back.
2. Face/Back of the Head
1. Gently place dressing gauge at the injured part.

2. Gently place the narrow cravat at the center of the injured
part.
3. Cross the narrow cravat at the opposite side.
4. The narrow cravat coming from the jaw will pass it
through at the front.
5. Then square knot beside the injured part.
3. Chest/Back Injury
1. Position the flat bandage at the chest/back.

2. The apex is in the upper part of the body.
3. The base is in the lower part of the body.
4. Fold the base and apex part 3 times.
5. Tie the base to base and to the apex.
4.Hand/Foot Injury
1. Open the triangular bandage. Place the victim’s hand or

foot on the bandage, fingers toward the point. Fold the
point over the hand or foot.
2. Cross the ends over the hand, and pass around the wrist
in opposite directions. Tie the ends in a square knot.
P a g e | 36
3. Pull the point gently to tighten the bandage. Fold the point up over the knot and tuck
it in.
5. Forehead/Eye injury

2. Place the narrow cravat at the center of the injured part.
3. Cross at the back and square knot at the front beside the injured
part.
6. Face/Ear/Cheek/Jaw Injury

2. Place the narrow cravat at the center of the inured
part.
3. Cross the narrow cravat at the opposite side.
4. Then square knot beside the injured part.
7. Shoulder/Hip Injury
1. Assist the victim sit down in a comfortable surface. Gently place the arm
on the injured side across her body in the position that is most
comfortable, with her hand toward the opposite shoulder. Ask the victim to
support her elbow on the injured side, or help her do it.
2. Support the arm on the injured side with an elevation sling; make sure the
knot is clear of the injury. Insert soft padding, such as a folded towel or
clothing, between the arm and the chest.
3. For extra support if necessary, secure the limb to the chest by tying a swathe around
the chest and the sling.
4. Arrange to take or send the victim to the hospital in a sitting positing.
8. Palm Injury (Pressure Bandage)
Procedure: The procedure below is your guide.
1. Gently place dressing gauze at the injured part. Form the

bandage into narrow cravat.
2. Form X up to the wrist.
3. Then square knot at the wrist.
9. Arm/Forearm/Elbow Injury (L)

1. Support the injured limb in a comfortable position for the

victim, with the joint particularly flexed. Place the tail of
the bandage on the inner side of the joint. Pass the
bandage over and around to the outside of the joint.
P a g e | 37
Make one-and-a-half turns, so that the tail end of the bandage is fixed and the joint is
covered.
2. Pass the bandage to the inner side of the limb, just above the joint. Make a turn
around the limb, covering the upper half of the bandage from the first turn.
3. Pass the bandage from the inner side of the upper limb to just below the joint. Make
one diagonal turn below the elbow joint to cover the lower half of the bandaging from
the first straight turn.
4. Continue to bandage diagonally above and below the joint in a figure-eight. Increase
the bandaged area by covering about two-thirds of the previous turn with each new
layer.
5. To finish bandaging the joint, make two straight turns around the limb, then secure
the end of the bandage. Check the circulation beyond the bandage as soon as you
have finished.
10. Shoe on
1. Form narrow cravat bandage.

2. Place the narrow cravat bandage at the flat surface of the
foot.
3. Form 2X and square knot at the front.
11. Shoe off
1. Form narrow cravat bandage.

2. Place the narrow cravat bandage at the top.
3. Form 3X and square knot at the front.
12. Hip/Thigh Injury

1. Assist the victim to lie down. Summon a helper to

support the injured limb at the knee. For a hip
dislocation, place a pillow under the knee if this
makes the victim more comfortable.
2. For a femur fracture, gently straighten the
victim’s leg. If necessary, realign the limb.
Support the limb at the ankle while you straighten
it; pull gently in the line of the limb. This usually
reduces the pain.
3. Call for emergency help. If the ambulance is
expected to arrive quickly, keep the leg supported in the same position (rather than
trying to straighten it) until the ambulance arrive.
4. If the ambulance is not expected to arrive quickly, immobilize a femur fracture by
securing it to the uninjured leg. Gently bring the uninjured leg alongside the injured
one. Position a narrow-fold bandage at the ankles and feet, then a broad-fold one at
the knees. Add additional bandages above and below the fracture site. Place soft
padding between the legs to prevent the bony parts from rubbing. Secure the
bandages on the uninjured side.
5. Take any steps possible to treat the victim for shock; insulate her from the cold with
blankets or clothing. Do not raise her legs.
P a g e | 38
13. Fracture Pelvis

1. Assist the victim to lie down on her back with her head flat or low to
minimize shock. Keep her legs straight and flat or, if it is more
comfortable, help her bend her knees slightly and support them with
padding. Such as a cushion or folded clothing.
2. Place the padding between the bony points of the knees and the
ankles. Immobilize the legs by bandaging them together with folded
triangular bandages; secure the feet and ankles with a narrow-fold
bandage, and the knees with abroad-fold bandage.
3. Call for emergency help. Treat the victim for shock. Do not raise the
legs.
4. Monitor and record vital signs-level of response, breathing, and pulse-until help
arrives.
14. Lower Leg Injury
1. Assist the victim to lie down, and gently steady and support the
injured leg. If there is a wound, carefully expose it and treat the
bleeding. Place a dressing over the wound to protect it.
2. Call for emergency help. Support the injured leg with your hands;
hold the joints above and below the fracture site to prevent any
movement. Maintain support until the ambulance arrives.
3. If ambulance is delayed, support the victim injured leg by splinting it to the other leg.
Bring the uninjured leg alongside the injured one and slide bandages under both
legs. Position a narrow-fold bandages at the feet and ankles, then broad-fold
bandages at the knees and above and below the fracture site, and insert padding
between the lower legs. Tie a figure-eight bandage around the feet and ankles, and
then secure the other bandages, knotting them on the uninjured side.
15. Spineboard
1. Prepare at least 10 to 13 narrow cravat bandages. All rescuers kneel

beside the victim. One side will tie all the bandages. Other rescuers at
the side will ensure the tie of the bandages.
2. Tie the feet. Straight tie above the ankle foot at the spine board.
Straight tie on the thigh at the spine board. Make 2x tie above the legs
at the spine board.
3. Straight tie on the hip and chest at the spine board. Make twice tie above the
stomach at the spine board. Curve tie below the chin at the spine board.
4. Straight tie above the forehead at the spine board.
5. Tie the feet at the spine board to control the movement if transported.
16. Sling immobilization
1. Ensure that the injured arm is supported with the hand

slightly higher than the elbow. Fold the base of the
bandage under to form a hem. Place the bandage with
the base parallel to the victim’s body and level with his
P a g e | 39
little fingernail. Slide the upper end under the injured arm and pull it around the neck
to the opposite shoulder.
2. Fold the lower end of the bandage up over the forearm and bring it to meet the upper
end at the shoulder.
3. Tie a square knot (opposite) on the injured side, at the hallow above the victim’s
collar bone. Tuck both under the knot to pad it. Adjust the slings so that the front
edge supports the hand-it should extend to the top of the victim’s little finger.
4. Hold the point of the bandage beyond the elbow and wrist it until the fabric fits the
elbow snugly, then tuck it in or knot it. Alternately, if you have a safety pin, fold the
fabric and fasten it to the front.
5. Bind the finished sling to the body with another triangular bandage. As soon as you
have finished, check the circulation in the fingers. Re-check every ten minutes. If
necessary, loosen and reapply the bandages and sling.
17. Underarm Sling

1. Assist the victim to sit down in a comfortable surface. Lay the arm on the injured side
diagonally across her chest with her fingertips toward her opposite shoulder. Ask her
to support the elbow on the injured side with her other hand.
2. Support the arm on the affected side with an elevation sling.
3. Gently place some soft padding, such as a small towel or folded clothing, between
the arm and the body to make the victim more comfortable.
4. Secure the arm to the chest with a triangular bandage tied around the chest and over
the sling. Once the arm is supported the victim may be able to tighten her head.
5. Arrange to take or send the victim to the hospital in a sitting position.
18. Sling for Shoulder Injury
1. Assist the victim to sit down in a comfortable surface. Gently place the
arm on the injured side across her body in the position that is most
comfortable, with her hand toward the opposite shoulder. Ask the victim
to support her elbow on the injured side, or help her do it.
2. Support the arm on the injured side with an elevation sling; make sure
the knot is clear of the injury. Insert soft padding, such as a folded towel
or clothing, between the arm and the chest.
3. For extra support if necessary, secure the limb to the chest by tying a
swathe around the chest and the sling. Arrange to take or send the
victim to the hospital in a sitting positing.
19. Sling for Rib Injury
1. Assist the victim to sit down in a comfortable surface and ask him to support the arm
on the injured side; help him if necessary. For extra support place the arm on the
injured side in a sling.
2. Arrange to take or send the victim to the hospital.
20. Jacket Corner Sling

1. Fix the victim’s jacket.

2. Fold the lower edge on the injured side up over his arm.
P a g e | 40
3. Secure the corner of the arm to the jacket breast with a large safety pin.
4. Tuck and pin the excess material closely around the elbow.
21. Button-up Jacket Sling

1. Fix one button of a jacket or coat.

2. Slightly place the hand of the inured arm inside the garment at the
gap formed by the unfastened button.
3. Advice the victim to rest his wrist on the button just beneath the
gap.
22. Long- Sleeve Sling

1. Place the injured arm across the victim’s chest.

2. Clip the cuff of the sleeve to the breast of the shirt.
3. Pin the sleeve at the victim’s opposite shoulder, to keep her arm
raised.
23. Belt/Thin Garment Sling

1. Prepare any thin garments such as belt, tie, ID lace or panty

hose for slings.
2. Fasten the item to form a loop.
3. Place it over the victim’s head, and then twist it once to form a
smaller loop at the front.
4. Place the victim’s hand into the loop.
Chapter 6
EMERGENCY CARE FOR
SELECTED SITUATIONS
P a g e | 41
This lesson is designed to train students in caring and treating sick or injured
person in emergency care for selected situations such as abdominal wound,
bleeding from the ear, bleeding from the mouth, bleeding from the varicose vein,
blister, bruising, burns and scalds, chocking adult, chocking child, chocking infant,
crush injury, cuts and scrapes, drowning, eye wound, external bleeding, fainting,
foreign object in a wound, hanging and strangulation, hyperventilation, nose
bleeding, removing clothing in lower body injuries, removing clothing in upper body
injuries, removing clothing an open-face or riding helmet, and removing a full-face
helmet.
1. Abdominal Wound
P a g e | 42
1. Assist the victim to lies down in a comfortable and adjust any tight
clothing, such belt or shirt.
2. Apply or help the victim to cover the wound with clean cloth/sterile.
3. In the non-combat operation, raise and support the victim’s knees to
ease strain on injury. In combat operation of military/police, don’t
raise, it would the possible target of the enemy.
4. Call for emergency help for assistance. Monitor and record vital signs-while waiting
for help to arrive.
2. Bleeding from ear

1. Assist the victim into a half-sitting position, with his head

tilted to the injured side to allow blood to drain away.
2. Place and hold slightly the sterile dressing or a clean, gauze
on the ear.
3. Transport the Victim to the hospital for proper care or
medication.
3. Bleeding from the Mouth

1. Let the victim to sit down in a comfortable surface, with her head
forward and tilted slightly to the injured side, to allow blood to drain
from her mouth.
2. Put sterile gauze pad over the wound.
3. Ask the victim to squeeze the pad between fingers and thumps and
press on the wound for ten minutes.
4. If bleeding persists, replace the pad. Tell the victim to let the blood
dribble out; if the victim swallows it, it may reduce vomiting. Do not
wash the mouth because this may disturb a clot. Advice the victim
to avoid drinking anything hot for 12 hours.
4. Bleeding Varicose Vein

Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Jezreel B. Vicente (2015). First Aid Handbook)
1. Assist the victim lie down on his back in the

comfortable surface. In non-combat operation, raise
and support the injured leg as high as possible to
immediately reduce the amount of bleeding. In combat
operation by the military or police don’t raise the
injured part, it would be the possible target of the
enemy.
2. Rest the injured leg on your shoulder or on chair.
Apply direct pressure on injury, using sterile dressing,
or clean gauze pad, until the blood is under control. If
necessary, carefully cut away clothing to expose the
site of bleeding.
3. Remove garments such as girdles or pantyhose
because these may cause the bleeding to continue.
4. Keeping the leg raised, put another large, soft pad
over the dressing. Bandage it firmly enough to exert even pressure, but not so tightly
that the circulation in the limb is impaired.
P a g e | 43
5. Call for emergency help for assistance. Keep the injured part raised until the help
arrives. Monitor the victim vital signs-level of response, breathing, and pulse
regularly. Check the circulation in the limb beyond the bandage every ten minutes.
5. Blisters
1. Wash the area with clean water and rinse. Gently pat the
area and surrounding skin dry thoroughly with sterile gauze
pad. If it is not possible to wash the area, keep it as clean as
possible.
2. Cover the blister with an adhesive dressing; make sure the
pad of the bandage is larger than the blister. Ideally use a
bandage, which has a cushioned pad that provides extra
protection and comfort.
6. Bruising
1. In non-combat operation, raise and support the injured part

in a comfortable position. In combat operation by the military
or police, don’t raise, it would the possible target of the
enemy.
2. Press the area firmly using a cold compress and keep the
compress in the place at least ten minutes.
7. Burning and Scalds

(Jezreel B. Vicente (2015). First Aid

Handbook)
1. Assist the victim to sit or lie down in a comfortable surface. Flood the injury with cold
water; cool for at least ten minutes.
2. Apply plastic wrap over the burn part.
8. Choking Adult
1. If the victim is breathing, encourage her to cough to try to

remove the obstruction
2. Stand behind the victim. Put around her, put one fist
between her navel and bottom of her breastbone. Pull
sharply inward and upward
P a g e | 44
3. Call for emergency help if the victim losses consciousness, and then start chest
9. Choking child
1. If the victim is breathing, encourage her to cough to try to remove the obstruction
2. Stand behind the victim. Put around her, put one fist between her navel and bottom
of her breastbone. Pull sharply inward and upward
3. Continue abdominal thrusts until the obstruction clears then call for emergency help.
10. Choking Infant

1. If unable to cough or breathe, lay him face down along your
firearm. Give up to five blows from the shoulder blade with the
heel of the hand.
2. Turn the infant face up along you other forearm. Check the
mouth.
3. Place two fingertips on the lower half of the infant ‘s breastbone,
a finger’s breath below nipples. Give five sharp thrusts.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 until object is expelled or the infant loss
consciousness. Do CPR on the unconscious infant for two
minutes, call for emergency help.
11. Crush Injury

Procedure: The procedure below is your guide. (Jezreel B. Vicente
(2015). First
Aid Handbook)
1. If victim is crushed for less than 15 minutes and you can
release him. Control external bleeding and steady and support
any suspected fracture. Treat the victim for shock.
2. If the victim has been crushed for more than 15 minutes, or you
cannot move the cause, leave him in the position found a
comfort and reassure him.
12. Cut and Scrapes

1. Clean wound with running water or alcohol. Pat the wound

dry using a gauze swab.
2. Raise and support the injured part above the level of heart.
3. Apply a victim to seek medical and sterile dressing. If there is
particular risk of infection, advice ice.
13. Drowning
1. Lie the victim down on rug or coat.

2. Treat the victim for hypothermia; replace wet clothing with dry
clothing.
3. Call for emergency help.
14. Eye wound

P a g e | 45
1. Help the victim lie down on his back

2. Give the victim sterile dressing or a clean, no-fluffy pad to hold
over the affected eye.
15. External Bleeding

1. Apply firm pressure with your figures or palm of your hand.

2. Raise and support the injured part so that it is above the
level of the victim’s heart.
3. Raise and support his legs to minimize the risk of shock.
4. Secure a pad over the wound with a bandage. Check the
circulation beyond the bandage every ten minutes. Loosen
and reapply the bandage if necessary.
5. Call for emergency help. Monitor and record vital signs. And pulse until help arrives.
16. Fainting
1. When a victim feels faint, advise him to lie down. Kneel down;
raise his legs, supporting her ankles on your shoulders to
improve blood flow to the brain. Watch her face for signs of
recovery.
2. Make sure that the victim has a plenty of fresh air; ask someone
to open a window if you are indoors. In addition, ask any
bystanders to stands clear. He may be more comfortable if her knees are bent.
3. As the victim recovers, reassure him and help him sit up gradually. If he starts to feel
faint again, repeat the procedures.
17. Foreign Object in the Wound

1. Control bleeding by applying pressure on either side of the object
and raising the area above the victim’s heart level. Drape a piece
of gauze over the wound and object.
2. Build up padding on either side of the object until it is high enough
for you to be able to bandage over the object without pressing it
farther into the wound. Hold the padding in place until the
bandaging is complete.
18. Hanging / Strangulation
1. Quickly remove any constriction from around the victim’s neck.

2. Support the body when the victim is hanging.
3. If conscious, help the victim toile down while supporting his
head and neck.
4. Call for Emergency help.
P a g e | 46
19. Hyperventilation
1. Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic emergency sugar

candy, fruit, juice or a soft drink containing a sugar.
2. If the person is unconscious, check CAB and call for a physician.
3. Immediate transport to the Hospital.
20. Nose Bleeding

1. Tell the victim to sit down and tilt his head forward to allow the blood to drain from the
nostrils. Ask him to breathe through his mouth and pinch the soft part of his nose for
up to ten minutes, holding constant pressure. Reassure and help him if necessary.
2. Advise the victim not to speak, swallow, cough, spit or sniff.
3. After ten minutes, tell the victim to release the pressure.
4. If the bleeding stopped. Clean around his nose with lukewarm water. Advise him to
rest quietly.
5. If the bleeding stops and then restart, help the victim reapply pressure.
21. Removing Clothing in Lower Body Injuries

a) Shoes - Untie any laces, support the ankle, and carefully
pull the shoe off by the heel. To remove long boots, you
may need to cut them down the back seam.
b) Socks - Remove socks by pulling them off gently. If this is
not possible, lift each sock away from the leg and cut the
fabric with a pair of scissors.
c) Trousers - Gently pull- up the trouser leg to expose the calf
from the waist. If you need to cut the clothing, lift it clear of
the victim’s injury.
22. Removing Clothing in Upper Body Injuries

a) Jackets - Support the injured arms. Undo any fastenings on the jacket and gently pull
the garment off the victim’s shoulders. Remove the arm on the uninjured side from its
sleeve. Pull the garment around to the injured side of the body and ease it off the
injured arm.
b) Sweaters and Sweatshirts - With clothing that cannot be unfastened, begin by easing
the arm on the uninjured side out of its sleeve. Next, roll up the garment and stretch it
over the victim’s head. Finally, slip off the other sleeve of the garment, taking care
not to disturb her arm on the injured side.
P a g e | 47
23. Removing an Open-Face/Riding Helmet

1. Undo or cut through the chinstrap. Support the victim’s

head and neck, keeping them aligned with the spine.
Hold the lower jaw with one hand and support the neck
with the other hand.
2. Ask a helper to grip the sides of the helmet and pull
them apart to take pressure off the head, then lift the
helmet and backward.
24. Removing a Full-Face Helmet

1. Undo or cut the straps. Working from the base of the helmet, ease your fingers
underneath the rim. Support the back of the neck with one hand and hold the lower
jaw firmly. Ask a helper to hold the helmet with both hands.
2. Continue to support the victim’s neck and lower jaw. Ask your helper, working from
above, to tilt the helmet backward (without moving the head) and gently lift the front
of the helmet clear of the victim’s chin.
3. Maintain support on the head and neck. Ask your helper to tilt the helmet forward
slightly so that it will pass over the base of the victim’s skull, and then lift it straight off
the victim’s head.
25. Actual Application/Simulation on Rescue Operation

1. Receive call from bystander.

2. Conduct short briefing/planning.
3. Establish Command Post.
4. Establish Evacuation Area.
5. Survey the scene and cordon – security personnel on post.
6. Triage the victims.
7. Apply proper rescue to the victims.
 Apply first aid and bandaging.
 Transport the victims to the safe or evacuation area, if necessary transfer to the
hospital.
8. Accounting. Counting of victims/assessment.
9. Debriefing.
P a g e | 48
Lesson 7
BASIC WATER SAFETY
This lesson is designed to train students in basic water safety such as turtle
float, jellyfish float, front float, back float, cloths and pants floating, basic defense
against grabbling, flatter kick, and frog kick.
1. Turtle Float
Process: After checking the activity, the instructor should process the correct answer. The
instructor should make a Conclusion or Summary about the topic before going to another
topic. The instructor should give his/her recommendation, if any.
2. Jellyfish Float
1. Perform bubbles-up for three (3) counts.

2. Exhale and hold your breath.
3. Hold your toes and relax in a prescribed time.
4. Perform another bubbles-up for three (3) counts and rest.
3. Front Float

3. Spread your hands and legs and relax facing the floor in a pre3scribed time.
4. Back Float

3. Spread your hands and legs and relax facing the sky in a prescribed time.
5. Cloth and pant float

P a g e | 49

1. Hold your pant/cloth at the back of your head.
2. Jump into the water.
3. Make a knot and blow using the water.
4. Hold the end and float.
5. Apply flatter kick or frog kick in a prescribed time.
6. Perform bubble-up for three (3) counts and rest.
Basic Defense against Grappling

2. If you are grab by the victim, exhale and inhale, submerge into the water.
3. Performed the appropriate technique in removing the grab in a prescribed time, then
swim and escape.
Flatter Kick and Hand Shark Swimming

3. Kick the wall to move forward with shark movement.
4. Swim with the use of flatter kick and hand free style to move forward in a prescribed
time.
5. Perform another bubbles – up for three (3) counts and rest.
Flatter Kick and Butterfly Swimming

4. Swim with the use of flatter kick and hand free style to move forward in a prescribed
time.
Frog Kick and Hand Shark Swimming

4. Swim with the use of frog kick and combination of hand free style to move forward in
a prescribed time.
Frog Kick and Flatter Hand Swimming

P a g e | 50

4. Swim with the use of frog kick and combination of hand free style to move forward in
a prescribed time.

Introduction To First Aid & The Humand Body

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Page |1

DEFINITION OF FIRST AID

ROLES OF FIRST AID

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

NEED AND VALUE OF FIRST AID

l. To minimize if not totally prevent accident.

1. Consent – Expressed & Implied

HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISKS

Common Transmittable Diseases

PREVENTION AND PROTECTION

BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:

HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID

CLOTH MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN FIRST AID

THE LANGUAGE OF TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

l. A nervous system to coordinate;

4. A digestive system to absorb food and eliminate some waste products;

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Damage may be caused to the nervous system by:

Abnormal function of the brain or spinal cord leads to:

Air Inspired and Expired:

Course of Important Blood Vessels

Demonstrate the following by chart or model:

THE URINARY SYSTEM

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The Skull is divided into:

The Vertebrae (spinal column)

The spinal column is made up of thirty-three separate bones vertebrae:

The Ribs and Sternum

The Bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs

This lesson is designed to train the students on proper assessment of a victim

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

Step 1. Scene Size-up

Step 2. Do a Primary Assessment/Survey

*Listen – position your ear beneath the mouth

Step 3. Activate Medical Assistance and Transportations Facility

 Depending on the situation:

Step 4. Do Secondary Survey

Determine breathing (respiration rate)

Determine skin appearance

The golden rules of emergency care

What not to do:

The students are expected to:

Basic Life Support

Signs and Symptoms

First Aid Management

Rescue Breath (Adult)

1. If (+) pulse (-) breathing = Perform rescue breathing (AR)

1. Open the Airway and apply head-tilt-chin, and lift Maneuver.

Rescue Breath (Child)

1. Open the Airway and apply head-tilt-chin, and lift Maneuver.

Rescue Breath (Infant)

Abbreviations: AED – automated external defibrillator; AP – anterior-posterior; CPR –

When to stop CPR:

When not to START CPR

Chest compression only (Hands only) CPR

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Defibrillation – is the treatment of irregular, sporadic or absent heart rhythms by and