Features of Water Surface Profiles: - M - Curves
Features of Water Surface Profiles: - M - Curves
Features of Water Surface Profiles: - M - Curves
• M – Curves
Features of Water Surface Profiles
• M1 – Curve
3
b). Y→0 , V →, Se →So , (So – Se )= yo
S o
The water surface approach the bed with some angel, it may be taken as
yc
Features of Water Surface Profiles
• S – Curves
Features of Water Surface Profiles
• S1 – Curve
H – Curves
Features of Water Surface Profiles
Control Sections
• A control section is defined as a section in which a fixed
relationship exists between the discharge and depth of
flow
Where Se = average friction slope in the reach x; And if we solve it for Δx
We have to remind
Numerical Analysis
• Procedure for direct Step method
– identify type profile and flow
– choose Δy and thus yn+1 , then fix the depth y at each end of the reach
up to yn+1
– calculate hydraulic radius, velocity, friction slope for each depth ( yn
and yn+1 )
– calculate Δx and the then cumulative x which is the distance of the
assumed depth from control section
• Note
– if the flow is subcritical the step computation should be upstream, but
for supercritical it is downstream
– If one of the depth is uniform depth for the section under
consideration, then 1% off value of normal depth y0 must be taken.
• for profiles M1 and S2, where normal depth is approached
asymptotically from above 1.01 y0,
• for profiles M2 and S3, where normal depth is approached
asymptotically from below 0.99 y0
– Start from a control section.
Example 4.2
A trapezoidal channel has a bed width B=5.0m, S0=
0.0004, side slope m=2H:1V and n=0.02. The
normal depth of flow y0=3.0m. If the channel
empties into a pool at downstream end and the
pool elevation is 1.25m higher than the channel
bed at the downstream end,
a) calculate the GVF profile from section having
critical depth up to a section having a depth of
2.96m by direct step method
b) calculate the distance between two sections
having depths of 2.30m and 2.80m respectively
Summary of GVF
• It is mainly/ practically use in Backwater effect of a dam
• Remember the basic assumptions of GVF Computation
– Steady flow
– Gradually Varied water surface (Hydrostatic pressure
distribution)
– One-dimensional analysis
– Small channel slope
– Rigid boundary Constant (averaged) friction slope between
adjacent sections
• Basic Data requirement
– Complete cross-sectional properties
– Discharge that selected for 5-year, 25-year, or 100-year flood
analysis obtained from the hydrological analysis
– Channel roughness coefficient
– The termination depth of the computation
• Major steps for the Computation
– Compute the critical and normal depths of flows
– Define the water surface profile
– Compute the profile